{"version":"2026.10.24.3","counts":{"total":928,"assessed":840,"excluded":36,"unavailable":52},"checked":"2026-10-24","scope":"All 928 retained candidates received a source-specific assessment or an explicit access-limited disposition. Most assessments use original abstracts; selected full texts and figures were checked as recorded individually. No independent duplicate review is claimed.","records":[{"pmid":"16410","disposition":"context","design":"Cell mechanism experiment","population":"One glycogen-containing mouse tumor subline; replicate counts unspecified.","comparison":"Pyruvate, mitochondrial inhibitors and glycolysis inhibition under nutrient-replete/depleted conditions.","protocol":"Glycogen breakdown and lactate measurements.","findings":"Stored sugar could enter different metabolic routes depending on treatments and substrate availability.","limitations":"No patient trial or demonstration that dietary fasting removes the relevant tumor fuel.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"NAD(P)H utilization in the reduction of pyruvate to lactate in a glycogen-containing subline of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells.","year":"1977","authors":"Eboli ML, Galeotti T.","doi":"10.1007/bf00305366","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16410/","journal":"Zeitschrift fur Krebsforschung und klinische Onkologie. Cancer research and clinical oncology"},{"pmid":"126518","disposition":"context","design":"Cell experiment","population":"Two related mouse tumor strains; replicate counts unspecified.","comparison":"Two strains; additional controls not described.","protocol":"Laboratory glycogen synthesis.","findings":"Both strains made glycogen, mainly inside nuclei.","limitations":"Shows synthesis, not dependence, fasting effects or cancer treatment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glycogen synthesis by two Ehrlich ascites tumour cell strains in vitro.","year":"1975","authors":"Granzow C, Granzow V.","doi":"10.1007/bf02889254","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/126518/","journal":"Virchows Archiv. B, Cell pathology"},{"pmid":"164857","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory comparison of tumor-cell strains","population":"Two Ehrlich ascites tumor strains, H and HL; replicate numbers absent","comparison":"Glycogen-forming H versus non-glycogen-forming HL, with substrate/hormone exposures","protocol":"Cell glycogen synthesis and enzyme-activity measurements","findings":"One tumor strain contained and formed glycogen while the other did neither, despite similar measured enzyme activities.","limitations":"Historical cell experiment with no fasting treatment or patient outcomes; it does not establish which cancers depend on glycogen in living patients.","access":"Original publisher summary checked at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X75800398; full methods not verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glycogen synthesis by a strain of Ehrlich ascites tumor.","year":"1975","authors":"Katz J, Golden S, Rubinstein D, Van de Velde RL.","doi":"10.1016/s0006-291x(75)80039-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/164857/","journal":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications"},{"pmid":"529126","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/529126"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Radiotelemetric measurement of normal human small bowel motor activity during prolonged fasting [proceedings].","year":"1979","authors":"Archer L, Benson MJ, Green WJ, Hardy RJ, Thompson DG, Wingate DL.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/529126/","journal":"The Journal of physiology"},{"pmid":"679499","disposition":"context","design":"Human controlled physiology","population":"6 women with obesity; 8 normal-weight controls.","comparison":"Women assessed before/after fasting; controls assessed under basal conditions.","protocol":"Twelve-day fast; hourly hormone sampling.","findings":"Integrated growth hormone, prolactin and cortisol increased; some daily hormone patterns changed.","limitations":"Small nonrandomized comparison; hormone elevation is not evidence of rejuvenation or clinical benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Simultaneous study of cortisol, growth hormone and prolactin nyctohemeral variations in normal and obese subjects. Influence of prolonged fasting in obesity.","year":"1978","authors":"Copinschi G, De Laet MH, Brion JP, Leclercq R, L'Hermite M, Robyn C, Virasoro E, Van Cauter E.","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2265.1978.tb03568.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/679499/","journal":"Clinical endocrinology"},{"pmid":"833012","disposition":"context","design":"Human tissue histochemistry","population":"Gastric adenocarcinoma samples; number unspecified.","comparison":"Native versus experimentally synthesized glycogen; nuclear/cytoplasmic locations.","protocol":"Microscopy and enzyme-driven tissue incubation.","findings":"Glycogen was observed in cellular compartments; nuclei could synthesize it under experimental conditions.","limitations":"Localization and synthesis do not establish essential fuel use or fasting-induced tumor killing.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intranuclear synthesized and native glycogen particles in human gastric cancer: ultrastructure and histochemistry.","year":"1977","authors":"Ohyumi M, Takano S.","doi":"10.1007/bf00491071","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/833012/","journal":"Histochemistry"},{"pmid":"996238","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/996238"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Effect of irradiation with fast electrons on the uridine diphosphate glucose mechanism of glycogen synthesis in NKly tumors, spleen and liver of tumor bearing mice].","year":"1976","authors":"Goriukhina TA, Misheneva VS, Burova TM, Seĭts IF.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/996238/","journal":"Radiobiologiia"},{"pmid":"1022122","disposition":"context","design":"Human physiology","population":"Adults with and without obesity; numbers unspecified.","comparison":"Non-obese controls and within-person fasting measurements.","protocol":"Fourteen-day complete fast.","findings":"Free fatty acids increased; the measured fat-mobilizing activity rose in non-obese participants but not significantly with obesity.","limitations":"Biochemical changes without randomized allocation or clinical outcomes; no quantified health benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Lipid mobilizing activity in the blood of obese patients during prolonged fasting.","year":"1976","authors":"Paluszak J, Graczykowska-Koczorowska A, Zietek J.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1022122/","journal":"Annals of the Medical Section of the Polish Academy of Sciences"},{"pmid":"1062556","disposition":"context","design":"Human uncontrolled observation","population":"19 patients with obesity.","comparison":"Before/after; no nonfasting control described.","protocol":"15–71 days fasting with water, vitamins and minerals.","findings":"Dental plaque decreased while gum-inflammation scores increased.","limitations":"Small selected sample and widely varying duration; no causal or general safety estimate.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Gingival status during prolonged fasting for weight loss.","year":"1976","authors":"Squire CF, Costley JM.","doi":"10.1902/jop.1976.47.2.98","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1062556/","journal":"Journal of periodontology"},{"pmid":"1164435","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-291x(75)80293-2"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Synthesis of lipids, cholesterol precursors and cholesterol in glycogen-free and glycogen-synthesizing sublines of the Ehrlich ascites tumor.","year":"1975","authors":"Granzow C, Weber J, Werner D.","doi":"10.1016/s0006-291x(75)80293-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1164435/","journal":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications"},{"pmid":"1263845","disposition":"context","design":"Human physiology","population":"15 patients with obesity.","comparison":"Serial baseline/fasting measurements; additional substrate/drug challenges.","protocol":"Therapeutic fasting up to 28 days.","findings":"Uric acid rose from 5.9 to 12.5 mg/dL at day 7, later falling; creatinine clearance also declined.","limitations":"No nonfasting randomized group; renal and biochemical signals are not demonstrated net health benefits.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Renal excretion of uric acid during prolonged fasting.","year":"1976","authors":"Fox IH, Halperin ML, Goldstein MB, Marliss ER.","doi":"10.1016/0026-0495(76)90009-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1263845/","journal":"Metabolism: clinical and experimental"},{"pmid":"1266118","disposition":"context","design":"Human tumor-tissue study","population":"Endometrial cancers of differing morphology; number unspecified.","comparison":"Tumor subtypes and hormone-history associations; controls unspecified.","protocol":"Tissue glycogen and enzyme measurements.","findings":"Most sampled tumors reportedly lacked glycogen; a subset had abundant glycogen and related enzyme activity.","limitations":"Descriptive older tissue study, not a direct survival-dependency experiment; sampling and assay limits unresolved.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Glycogen level in endometrial cancer].","year":"1976","authors":"Prianishnikov VA, Bokhman IaV, Chepik OF.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1266118/","journal":"Voprosy onkologii"},{"pmid":"1299450","disposition":"context","design":"Before-and-after physiological study","population":"Healthy male volunteers; number not given.","comparison":"Participants before fasting, after fasting and after eating resumed; no separate control reported.","protocol":"14-day fast and follow-up after 14 days of eating.","findings":"Visual brain-response timing and wave patterns changed and had not fully returned to baseline at follow-up.","limitations":"No demonstrated improvement in thinking, memory or clinical health; small-study methods and participant count unavailable in abstract.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Evoked potentials of the human brain during prolonged fasting].","year":"1992","authors":"Gorozhanin VS.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1299450/","journal":"Aviakosmicheskaia i ekologicheskaia meditsina = Aerospace and environmental medicine"},{"pmid":"2202174","disposition":"context","design":"Small physiological comparison","population":"9 healthy adults and 7 adults with type 2 diabetes.","comparison":"Two participant groups; each measured after 12 and 18 hours without food.","protocol":"Extended an overnight fast by six hours; tracer and indirect calorimetry measurements.","findings":"Glucose fell in both groups. Healthy participants increased fat oxidation; diabetic participants already had higher fat oxidation at 12 hours and changed little thereafter.","limitations":"Acute physiology, not evidence of lasting diabetes control; small sample and no fed intervention control.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of prolonged overnight fasting on energy metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetic and non-diabetic subjects.","year":"1990","authors":"Groop LC, Bonadonna R, DelPrato S, Ratheiser K, DeFronzo RA.","doi":"10.1530/acta.0.1230030","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2202174/","journal":"Acta endocrinologica"},{"pmid":"2350775","disposition":"context","design":"Four-group dietary comparison; randomization not specified","population":"38 adults with BMI above 35; group sizes not provided.","comparison":"Three low-energy diets with different protein/energy contents and one complete-fast group.","protocol":"16 days of metabolic balance and resting-energy measurements.","findings":"All groups lost substantial weight. Only complete fasting lowered resting energy expenditure and produced negative nitrogen balance; higher-protein diets maintained positive nitrogen balance.","limitations":"Short-term weight includes water and other tissues; no long-term outcomes, allocation details or exact arm sizes in abstract.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[A low-energy protein diet and complete fasting in obese patients. Effect on energy metabolism].","year":"1990","authors":"Kábrt J, Masek Z, Svacina S, Koubková H, Sonka J.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2350775/","journal":"Casopis lekaru ceskych"},{"pmid":"2356851","disposition":"context","design":"Longitudinal diet and laboratory immune-function study","population":"Adults with obesity; participant number not given.","comparison":"Before versus during diet; ketotic versus nonketotic participants; no randomized untreated group described.","protocol":"Three months of a protein-sparing low-calorie diet, not a water-only fast.","findings":"Some lymphocyte responses increased; serum from ketotic participants reduced laboratory neutrophil movement and microbial killing.","limitations":"Laboratory immune tests do not establish clinical infection risk or immune rejuvenation; weight loss and diet components cannot be separated.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of prolonged modified fasting in obese persons on in vitro markers of immunity: lymphocyte function and serum effects on normal neutrophils.","year":"1990","authors":"McMurray RW, Bradsher RW, Steele RW, Pilkington NS.","doi":"10.1097/00000441-199006000-00005","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2356851/","journal":"The American journal of the medical sciences"},{"pmid":"2739816","disposition":"context","design":"Comparative tissue study","population":"80 patients with stomach cancer and 16 with superficial chronic gastritis.","comparison":"Tumor versus nearby unchanged stomach tissue; a separate gastritis control group; comparisons by tumor type.","protocol":"Measured tissue glycogen and fat at endoscopy.","findings":"Tumors had higher glycogen, especially slower-growing, well-differentiated types; rapidly growing types had less.","limitations":"Tissue association does not establish glycogen dependence or show that fasting depletes tumor glycogen.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Gastric cancer with special references to WHO and Laurén's classifications: glycogen and triacylglycerol concentrations in the tumor.","year":"1989","authors":"Namiot Z, Stasiewicz J, Szałaj W, Skwarski L, Jodczyk J, Górski J.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2739816/","journal":"Neoplasma"},{"pmid":"2838198","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled laboratory experiment","population":"Rats and isolated liver cells; animal number not reported in abstract.","comparison":"Phenobarbital diet versus standard diet; choline-deficient diet also discussed.","protocol":"0.06% dietary phenobarbital, a liver tumor promoter.","findings":"Insulin receptor number and responsiveness of glycogen synthesis fell; glucagon receptors and glycogen breakdown responses were preserved.","limitations":"A chemical tumor-promotion model, not fasting or tumor fuel deprivation; duration and allocation not specified.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Alterations induced by phenobarbital, a liver tumor promoter, in hepatocyte receptors for insulin and glucagon and glycogen metabolism.","year":"1988","authors":"Betschart JM, Virji MA, Gupta C, Shinozuka H.","doi":"10.1093/carcin/9.7.1289","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2838198/","journal":"Carcinogenesis"},{"pmid":"2997016","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://doi.org/10.1016/s0046-8177(85)80175-1"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glycogen-rich, clear cell breast cancer: with comments concerning other clear cell variants.","year":"1985","authors":"Fisher ER, Tavares J, Bulatao IS, Sass R, Fisher B.","doi":"10.1016/s0046-8177(85)80175-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2997016/","journal":"Human pathology"},{"pmid":"3008395","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://doi.org/10.3109/01913128609014596"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Random glycogen-ER complexes in small cell chest wall tumor.","year":"1986","authors":"","doi":"10.3109/01913128609014596","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3008395/","journal":"Ultrastructural pathology"},{"pmid":"3191497","disposition":"context","design":"Tumor metabolism experiment","population":"Human breast tumors grown in immune-deficient rats; tumor and animal counts not specified.","comparison":"Two breast tumor types, substrate availability and blood flow; normal tissue for tissue chemistry.","protocol":"Measured glucose, lactate, ketone uptake and tissue acidity in implanted tumors.","findings":"Tumors took up glucose; 82% consumed beta-hydroxybutyrate and 73% consumed acetoacetate. Uptake varied with supply and blood flow.","limitations":"Demonstrates ketone use in these tumors, not that a ketogenic diet accelerates every cancer; no patient dietary intervention or survival comparison.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glucose uptake, lactate release, ketone body turnover, metabolic micromilieu, and pH distributions in human breast cancer xenografts in nude rats.","year":"1988","authors":"Kallinowski F, Vaupel P, Runkel S, Berg G, Fortmeyer HP, Baessler KH, Wagner K, Mueller-Klieser W, Walenta S.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3191497/","journal":"Cancer research"},{"pmid":"3252958","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Serum alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and LDH diagnostic patterns; this is not beta-hydroxybutyrate fuel use, fasting, or glycogen-dependent cancer growth.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Lactic dehydrogenase isozyme patterns and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activities in serum from newborns, patients with ovarian cancer or myocardial infarction.","year":"1988","authors":"Kikuchi Y, Kita T, Furuya K, Kato K.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3252958/","journal":"Cancer biochemistry biophysics"},{"pmid":"3308588","disposition":"context","design":"Human tracer physiology","population":"14 people with type 2 diabetes; separate clamp sample not specified.","comparison":"Serial fasting measurements and separate glucose-clamp experiment.","protocol":"10.5-hour tracer infusion; eight-hour glucose clamp.","findings":"Glucose and liver glucose output declined; short or inappropriate steady-state tracer assumptions overestimated production.","limitations":"Indexed abstract is truncated; measurement-method study, not long-term therapeutic efficacy.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of fasting on plasma glucose and prolonged tracer measurement of hepatic glucose output in NIDDM.","year":"1987","authors":"Glauber H, Wallace P, Brechtel G.","doi":"10.2337/diab.36.10.1187","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3308588/","journal":"Diabetes"},{"pmid":"3689968","disposition":"context","design":"Animal tumor physiology","population":"Rats bearing two hepatoma models; counts unspecified.","comparison":"Tumor-bearing versus healthy controls across disease stages.","protocol":"Postimplantation tissue glycogen and glucose measurements.","findings":"Terminal liver glycogen depletion coexisted with preserved muscle stores and increased brain glycogen.","limitations":"Host glycogen pools differ from tumor fuel requirements; no fasting intervention or survival benefit established.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Change in tissue glycogen reserves in tumor bearers as a reflection of a hypoglycemic stress syndrome].","year":"1987","authors":"Chekulaev VA, Shelepov VP, Pasha-Zade GR, Shapot VS.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3689968/","journal":"Biulleten' eksperimental'noi biologii i meditsiny"},{"pmid":"3954747","disposition":"context","design":"Animal tumor physiology","population":"Tumor-bearing and non-tumor-bearing rats; counts unspecified.","comparison":"Tumor status, liver removal and isolated-tissue substrate tests.","protocol":"Seventy-two-hour starvation.","findings":"Tumor-bearing rats had greater ketosis; the tested carcinoma itself used ketones poorly, while host tissues handled fuels differently.","limitations":"One tumor model supports limited ketone use, not a universal rule or proof that ketosis kills cancer.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ketone-body metabolism in tumour-bearing rats.","year":"1986","authors":"Rofe AM, Bais R, Conyers RA.","doi":"10.1042/bj2330485","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3954747/","journal":"The Biochemical journal"},{"pmid":"4002708","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4002708"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Evaluation of mucosal energy substrates in patients with stomach cancer. I. Glycogen concentration].","year":"1985","authors":"Namiot Z, Szałaj W, Jodczyk J, Górski J, Stasiewicz J.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4002708/","journal":"Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960)"},{"pmid":"4016835","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4016835"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Growth dependence of nuclear glycogen synthesis in mutant HD33 Ehrlich-Lettré ascites tumor cells.","year":"1985","authors":"Kopun M, Granzow C.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4016835/","journal":"Cellular and molecular biology"},{"pmid":"4239418","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00524776"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Glycogen in the nuclei of ehrlich-ascites-tumor cells].","year":"1969","authors":"Scholz W, Paweletz N.","doi":"10.1007/bf00524776","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4239418/","journal":"Zeitschrift fur Krebsforschung"},{"pmid":"4253580","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00531214"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Resistance to colchicine in a glycogen-containing subline of the Ehrlich-Lettré-ascites-tumour].","year":"1970","authors":"Granzow C, Ehe-Galster U.","doi":"10.1007/bf00531214","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4253580/","journal":"Zeitschrift fur Krebsforschung"},{"pmid":"4297352","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4297352"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Histochemical studies on intracellular glycogen metabolism in AH l3 ascites tumor cells. 1. Autoradiographic study on the AH l3 cell cycle].","year":"1967","authors":"Ieiri Y.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4297352/","journal":"Kumamoto Igakkai zasshi. The Journal of the Kumamoto Medical Society"},{"pmid":"4297353","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4297353"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Histochemical studies on intracellular glycogen metabolism in AH 13 ascites tumor cells. 2. AH 13 cell cycle and intracellular reaction of glycogen, phosphorylase and UDPG-glycogen glucosyltransferase].","year":"1967","authors":"Ieiri Y.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4297353/","journal":"Kumamoto Igakkai zasshi. The Journal of the Kumamoto Medical Society"},{"pmid":"4297354","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4297354"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Histochemical studies on intracellular glycogen metabolism in AH 13 ascites tumor cells. 3. Autoradiographic study on RNA synthesis in the AH-13 cell and intracellular glycogen in the cell cycle].","year":"1967","authors":"Ieiri Y.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4297354/","journal":"Kumamoto Igakkai zasshi. The Journal of the Kumamoto Medical Society"},{"pmid":"4302888","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Indexed review of enzyme activity, not an original fasting intervention or independent cancer experiment.","access":"Original bibliographic record and review publication type checked; no abstract indexed.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[FDPase and glycogen synthetase in liver cancer--comparison with enzymes of the liver and muscles].","year":"1968","authors":"Tsuiki S.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4302888/","journal":"Tanpakushitsu kakusan koso. Protein, nucleic acid, enzyme"},{"pmid":"4310237","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4310237"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Increase of glycogen and oligosaccharide contents in ascites tumor cells under the influence of alkylating agents.","year":"1969","authors":"Tashiro T, Sakurai Y.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4310237/","journal":"Gan"},{"pmid":"4330425","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(71)90116-4"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Transformation of glucosamine to glycogen and lactate by ascites tumor cells.","year":"1971","authors":"Sukeno T, Kikuchi H, Saeki H, Tsuiki S.","doi":"10.1016/0304-4165(71)90116-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4330425/","journal":"Biochimica et biophysica acta"},{"pmid":"4344667","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00307089"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Elimination of intranuclear glycogen and its transport to the cytoplasm in Ehrlich-Lettré mouse-ascites-tumour.","year":"1972","authors":"Paweletz N, Granzow C.","doi":"10.1007/bf00307089","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4344667/","journal":"Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung und mikroskopische Anatomie (Vienna, Austria : 1948)"},{"pmid":"4350046","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/4350046"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Changes of hepatic glycogen, lactic acid, glucose-6-phosphatase activity and succinate dehydrogenase in the sourse of tumor development under the influence of B thymus extract].","year":"1973","authors":"Potop I, Boeru V, Panaitiu G.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4350046/","journal":"Studii si cercetari de endocrinologie"},{"pmid":"5047713","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2744(72)90011-3"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Inactivation of glycogen synthase by the tumor inhibitor vernolepin.","year":"1972","authors":"Smith CH, Larner J, Thomas AM, Kupchan SM.","doi":"10.1016/0005-2744(72)90011-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5047713/","journal":"Biochimica et biophysica acta"},{"pmid":"5073294","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2964(72)90048-5"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Studies of the liver glycogen of mice during the growth of a glycogen-free and a glycogen-containing subline of the Ehrlich-Lettré ascites tumour.","year":"1972","authors":"Granzow C, Beheim P.","doi":"10.1016/0014-2964(72)90048-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5073294/","journal":"European journal of cancer"},{"pmid":"5148385","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5148385"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Phosphorylase and glycogen in epidermoid cancer of the lung and benign proliferations of the squamous epithelium of the bronchi].","year":"1971","authors":"Badmaeva VV.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5148385/","journal":"Arkhiv patologii"},{"pmid":"5443437","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5443437"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of alkylating agents on glycogen phosphorylase activity of ascites tumor cells.","year":"1970","authors":"Tashiro T, Sakurai Y.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5443437/","journal":"Gan"},{"pmid":"5443438","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5443438"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of alkylating agents on glycogen synthetase activity of ascites tumor cells.","year":"1970","authors":"Tashiro T, Sakurai Y.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5443438/","journal":"Gan"},{"pmid":"5466039","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5466039"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[The effect of tumor development in the body on the deposition of glycogen in the liver].","year":"1970","authors":"Tagi-Zade SB, Shapot VS.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5466039/","journal":"Voprosy meditsinskoi khimii"},{"pmid":"5556597","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://doi.org/10.3109/00365517109080222"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Human forearm muscle metabolism during exercise. VI. Substrate utilization in prolonged fasting.","year":"1971","authors":"Hagenfeldt L, Wahren J.","doi":"10.3109/00365517109080222","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5556597/","journal":"Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation"},{"pmid":"5845153","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5845153"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Mathematical analysis of body weight changes following complete prolonged fasting by human subjects].","year":"1965","authors":"Shapiro IuL, Sternin LE.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5845153/","journal":"Patologicheskaia fiziologiia i eksperimental'naia terapiia"},{"pmid":"5956662","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/5956662"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Increase of glycogen and oligosaccharide contents in ascites tumor cells by action of nitrogen mustard.","year":"1966","authors":"Tashiro T, Aoshima M, Sakurai Y.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5956662/","journal":"Gan"},{"pmid":"6118869","disposition":"context","design":"Cell metabolism experiment","population":"Two neural tumor cell lines, neuroblastoma C1300 and glioma C6; repeat counts unspecified.","comparison":"Ketones versus glucose substrates and culture-stage comparisons.","protocol":"Enzyme assays, lipid synthesis and substrate oxidation.","findings":"Both lines metabolized ketones; acetoacetate contributed to lipids and increased its own oxidation in neuroblastoma.","limitations":"Direct metabolic counterexample to universal ketone incapacity, but not a clinical diet trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ketone-body metabolism in glioma and neuroblastoma cells.","year":"1981","authors":"Patel MS, Russell JJ, Gershman H.","doi":"10.1073/pnas.78.11.7214","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6118869/","journal":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"pmid":"6147189","disposition":"context","design":"Tumor metabolism experiment","population":"Peripheral-tissue tumor models; exact tissues and numbers not specified in abstract.","comparison":"Ketone versus glucose substrate tracing; enzyme activity comparisons.","protocol":"Labeled ketone oxidation and alternative ketone-processing enzyme assays.","findings":"Tumors produced carbon dioxide from ketones despite low activity of the conventional transferase; an alternative enzyme could explain this.","limitations":"Mechanistic evidence against universal inability to use ketones; clinical dietary effects untested.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Role of acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase in acetoacetate utilization by tumor cells.","year":"1984","authors":"Tisdale MJ.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6147189/","journal":"Cancer biochemistry biophysics"},{"pmid":"6183569","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/22/2/395","https://doi.org/10.1016/s0026-895x(25)15122-5"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Calmodulin inhibitors activate glycogen phosphorylase B to A conversion in C6 glioma cells.","year":"1982","authors":"Norman JA, Staehelin M.","doi":"10.1016/s0026-895x(25)15122-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6183569/","journal":"Molecular pharmacology"},{"pmid":"6207036","disposition":"context","design":"Animal tumor physiology","population":"Rats with pituitary hormone-secreting tumors; counts unspecified.","comparison":"Tumor-bearing versus intact rats.","protocol":"Tissue growth, glycogen and adrenal steroid synthesis.","findings":"Hormone excess accompanied organ growth, altered glycogen and reduced steroid production per tissue mass.","limitations":"Host effects of a hormone-secreting tumor, not evidence that fasting treats cancer.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Nucleic acids, glycogen deposition and adrenal gland steroidogenesis in rats with a pituitary mammotropic tumor (MtTF4).","year":"1984","authors":"Klepac R.","doi":"10.1055/s-0029-1210375","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6207036/","journal":"Experimental and clinical endocrinology"},{"pmid":"6255997","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Membrane fractionation and biochemical isolation methods in a glycogen-free tumor substrain; no test of fasting, cancer fuel dependence or relevant autophagy outcomes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Plasma membrane heterogeneity in ascites tumor cells. Isolation of a light and a heavy membrane fraction of the glycogen-free Ehrlich-Lettré substrain.","year":"1980","authors":"Haeffner EW, Kolbe K, Schroeter D, Paweletz N.","doi":"10.1016/0005-2736(80)90389-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6255997/","journal":"Biochimica et biophysica acta"},{"pmid":"6265468","disposition":"context","design":"Cell and isolated-nucleus experiment","population":"Mouse Ehrlich-Lettre HD33 tumor cells; sample counts unspecified.","comparison":"Isolated nuclei and whole-cell enzyme localization.","protocol":"Five days after tumor transplantation; labeled glucose-donor incubation.","findings":"Nuclei contained substantial glycogen-synthase activity and synthesized glycogen.","limitations":"Biological capability, not dependence or a patient fasting outcome.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Role of nuclear glycogen synthase and cytoplasmic UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase in the biosynthesis of nuclear glycogen in HD33 Ehrlich-Lettré ascites tumor cells.","year":"1981","authors":"Granzow C, Kopun M, Zimmermann HP.","doi":"10.1083/jcb.89.3.475","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6265468/","journal":"The Journal of cell biology"},{"pmid":"6354950","disposition":"context","design":"Human uncontrolled physiology","population":"9 women with obesity; fat biopsies in 5.","comparison":"Before/after fasting; basal and norepinephrine-stimulated tissue assays.","protocol":"Approximately 22 days of fasting with weekly blood tests.","findings":"Several circulating lipids, glucose and insulin fell; fat-cell fatty-acid uptake and esterification decreased.","limitations":"No nonfasting control or clinical event endpoint; small biopsy subset.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Reduced uptake and esterification of free fatty acids during prolonged fasting.","year":"1983","authors":"Wirth A, Ritthaler F, Roth A, Schlierf G.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6354950/","journal":"International journal of obesity"},{"pmid":"6398316","disposition":"context","design":"Human uncontrolled physiology","population":"7 adults with obesity without diabetes.","comparison":"Before fasting, during fasting and after refeeding; no parallel control.","protocol":"Seven-day fast followed by low-calorie refeeding.","findings":"Insulin and C-peptide fell substantially; circulating levels returned toward prefast values with food.","limitations":"A reversible secretion change is not diabetes remission or permanent insulin reset.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Insulin secretion in human obesity: effects of prolonged fasting and refeeding.","year":"1984","authors":"Bolinder J, Engfeldt P, Gunnarsson R.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6398316/","journal":"International journal of obesity"},{"pmid":"6417664","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Tumor-promoting chemicals were tested in isolated normal rat liver cells for enzyme regulation; this does not test cancer nutrient dependence or a fasting intervention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Modification of glycogen synthase activity in isolated rat hepatocytes by tumor-promoting phorbol esters: evidence for differential regulation of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase.","year":"1983","authors":"Roach PJ, Goldman M.","doi":"10.1073/pnas.80.23.7170","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6417664/","journal":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"pmid":"6418376","disposition":"context","design":"Cell metabolism experiment","population":"Three human tumor lines: colon, melanoma and bladder; replicate counts unspecified.","comparison":"Different growth phases within each line.","protocol":"Glycogen and enzyme measurements across culture growth.","findings":"Glycogen breakdown activity was highest during rapid division; storage increased as growth slowed.","limitations":"Correlative cell physiology, not proof that glycogen depletion will kill tumors.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Growth-related enzymatic control of glycogen metabolism in cultured human tumor cells.","year":"1984","authors":"Rousset M, Paris H, Chevalier G, Terrain B, Murat JC, Zweibaum A.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6418376/","journal":"Cancer research"},{"pmid":"6539682","disposition":"context","design":"Animal hormone-intervention experiment","population":"Male Wistar rats; counts unspecified.","comparison":"Hormone elevation by injection or infusion versus fed/resting and fasting/exercising comparisons.","protocol":"72-hour fast or seven-hour treadmill exercise.","findings":"Elevated testosterone altered circulating substrates and sometimes muscle glycogen; it did not prevent exercise-related glycogen exhaustion.","limitations":"Hormone manipulation confounds attribution to fasting; no human clinical outcome.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Metabolic effects of testosterone during prolonged physical exercise and fasting.","year":"1984","authors":"Guezennec CY, Ferre P, Serrurier B, Merino D, Aymonod M, Pesquies PC.","doi":"10.1007/bf01015214","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6539682/","journal":"European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology"},{"pmid":"6594997","disposition":"context","design":"Cell enzyme-regulation experiment","population":"Mouse neuroblastoma and rat glioma lines; replicate counts unspecified.","comparison":"Culture age and acetoacetate exposure comparisons.","protocol":"Three-to-nine-day cultures and labeled enzyme-turnover assays.","findings":"Ketone-processing enzyme abundance changed with growth; acetoacetate increased enzyme synthesis in neuroblastoma.","limitations":"Shows adaptive ketone-processing capacity, not a fasting treatment effect.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Turnover of succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid CoA-transferase in glioma and neuroblastoma cells. Specific influence of acetoacetate in neuroblastoma cells.","year":"1984","authors":"Haney PM, Bolinger L, Raefsky C, Patel MS.","doi":"10.1042/bj2240067","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6594997/","journal":"The Biochemical journal"},{"pmid":"6669932","disposition":"context","design":"Human uncontrolled physiology","population":"11 healthy subjects.","comparison":"Before/after fasting and meal-response tests.","protocol":"Five-day fast followed by refeeding.","findings":"Several gut-hormone concentrations rose during fasting and responded differently when food resumed.","limitations":"No independent nonfasting control, clinical benefit endpoint or universal timing inference.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The fasting levels and the postprandial response of gastroenteropancreatic hormones before and after prolonged fasting.","year":"1983","authors":"Oktedalen O, Opstad PK, Waldum H, Jorde R.","doi":"10.3109/00365528309181637","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6669932/","journal":"Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology"},{"pmid":"6724863","disposition":"context","design":"Animal physiology","population":"Rats; numbers unspecified.","comparison":"Fasting and phenobarbitone exposure comparisons; detailed allocation absent.","protocol":"Liver heme pathways and urinary/fecal porphyrin measurement.","findings":"Fasting increased porphyrin excretion; the drug further amplified this response.","limitations":"A disease-model mechanism and potential safety signal, not a human treatment or risk-frequency estimate.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of prolonged fasting on heme metabolism in the rat.","year":"1984","authors":"Lahav M, Schoenfeld N, Epstein O, Greenblat Y, Atsmon A.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6724863/","journal":"Israel journal of medical sciences"},{"pmid":"6889494","disposition":"context","design":"Animal physiology","population":"Male rats; total and arm counts unspecified.","comparison":"Exercise or fasting compared with controls, plus hormone-stimulation challenge.","protocol":"24–72-hour fasting; separate 1–7-hour treadmill exposures.","findings":"Testosterone, luteinizing hormone, insulin and glycogen fell; hormone challenge still raised testosterone.","limitations":"Animal endocrine response; fasting and exercise conditions are distinct and cannot establish human benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of prolonged physical exercise and fasting upon plasma testosterone level in rats.","year":"1982","authors":"Guezennec CY, Ferre P, Serrurier B, Merino D, Pesquies PC.","doi":"10.1007/bf02334064","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6889494/","journal":"European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology"},{"pmid":"7167010","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/7167010"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Metabolic correlations of thyroid hormone changes induced by complete fasting in obese patients].","year":"1982","authors":"Lefebvre J, Wemeau JL, Dhondt JL, Wemeau-Jacquemont C, Coliche V, Linquette M.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7167010/","journal":"LARC medical"},{"pmid":"7361502","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/7361502"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Action of hydrazine sulfate on energy metabolism and glycogen synthesis in animal liver and tumor cells].","year":"1980","authors":"Misheneva VS, Burova TM, Goriukhina TA.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7361502/","journal":"Voprosy onkologii"},{"pmid":"7459858","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory survey and cell-growth experiments","population":"58 human-derived tumor cell lines; growth-time-course experiments in five lines","comparison":"Between cell lines and across growth phases; no patient fasting control","protocol":"Glycogen measurements during proliferation and growth arrest","findings":"Glycogen was detectable in all 58 lines but varied greatly; in the five time courses, stores rose as cell division slowed.","limitations":"Presence of glycogen does not establish that every cancer requires it to survive, or that fasting removes it. Fifty-eight cell lines are not 58 treated patients.","access":"Original publisher abstract checked at Cancer Research, 1981;41:1165–1170; full methods not verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Presence of glycogen and growth-related variations in 58 cultured human tumor cell lines of various tissue origins.","year":"1981","authors":"Rousset M, Zweibaum A, Fogh J.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7459858/","journal":"Cancer research"},{"pmid":"7569738","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled longitudinal fasting study","population":"36 lean healthy adults; mean BMI 24.3.","comparison":"Within-person measurements; no separate nonfasting control.","protocol":"7–21 days of fasting followed by one week of low-calorie refeeding.","findings":"After one week cholesterol rose about 25% and triglycerides 24%; longer fasting brought them toward baseline. Refeeding lowered cholesterol but raised triglycerides above baseline.","limitations":"Biomarker changes vary by measurement time; no cardiovascular outcome, randomized comparison or evidence of lasting benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Hypercholesterolaemia of prolonged fasting and cholesterol lowering of re-feeding in lean human subjects.","year":"1995","authors":"Thampy KG.","doi":"10.3109/00365519509104973","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7569738/","journal":"Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation"},{"pmid":"8108273","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled animal metabolism experiment","population":"Rats bearing tumors and healthy rats; numbers not stated.","comparison":"Three groups: tumor-bearing, freely fed healthy controls and healthy controls restricted to match tumor-group intake.","protocol":"Tracer measurements for three hours after a standard test meal.","findings":"Tumor-bearing rats increased liver glycogen synthesis and suppressed fat synthesis; food-restricted healthy controls showed different responses.","limitations":"Host liver metabolism in cancer wasting, not proof tumors require glycogen; no fasting treatment or survival test.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Alterations in postprandial glycogen and lipid synthesis in cachectic tumor-bearing rats.","year":"1993","authors":"Emery PW, Carpenter TT, Obeid OA.","doi":"10.1080/01635589309514291","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8108273/","journal":"Nutrition and cancer"},{"pmid":"8834942","disposition":"context","design":"Case report","population":"One student aviator.","comparison":"No control group.","protocol":"Clinical assessment of recurrent fasting with self-induced vomiting.","findings":"The presentation was classified as an eating disorder despite not meeting full anorexia or bulimia criteria.","limitations":"Fasting occurred with other disordered eating behaviors; one case cannot estimate incidence or show effects of supervised fasting.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A case of \"eating disorder NOS\": aeromedical implications of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria.","year":"1996","authors":"Berg JS, Moore JL.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8834942/","journal":"Aviation, space, and environmental medicine"},{"pmid":"9200157","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled animal tracer experiment","population":"Rats with Leydig-cell tumors and healthy rats; sample sizes not stated.","comparison":"Tumor-bearing versus healthy controls, each receiving a meal with or without acipimox.","protocol":"Overnight fast, test meal and one-hour tracer assessment.","findings":"Acipimox reduced elevated liver glycogen synthesis in tumor-bearing rats but did not normalize all metabolic abnormalities.","limitations":"Drug effects on host metabolism during cancer wasting; no tumor starvation, fasting-benefit or survival conclusion.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of acute acipimox administration on the rates of lipid and glycogen synthesis in cachectic tumor-bearing rats.","year":"1997","authors":"Obeid OA, Emery PW.","doi":"10.1080/01635589709514559","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9200157/","journal":"Nutrition and cancer"},{"pmid":"9374844","disposition":"context","design":"Small human infusion experiments","population":"Four fasted participants given sodium chloride and five given sodium bicarbonate; overlap not specified.","comparison":"Two infusion conditions during prolonged fasting; within-condition baseline comparisons.","protocol":"Investigated kidney potassium handling after prolonged total fasting.","findings":"Bicarbonate caused much greater potassium excretion than chloride; the report describes substantial potassium depletion during the first two fasting weeks.","limitations":"Very small physiological experiments; participant overlap, fasting duration and clinical adverse-event rates not fully described in abstract.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Control of excretion of potassium: lessons from studies during prolonged total fasting in human subjects.","year":"1997","authors":"Lin SH, Cheema-Dhadli S, Gowrishankar M, Marliss EB, Kamel KS, Halperin ML.","doi":"10.1152/ajprenal.1997.273.5.f796","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9374844/","journal":"The American journal of physiology"},{"pmid":"9405232","disposition":"context","design":"Animal and cell-mechanism study","population":"Mice with MAC16 colon tumors and liver-cell experiments; numbers not stated.","comparison":"Tumor-associated weight loss and dose responses to a tumor-derived lipid-mobilizing factor; detailed controls not given.","protocol":"Measured liver glycogen and signaling associated with glycogen breakdown.","findings":"Liver glycogen fell with body-weight loss; the tumor-derived factor stimulated signaling that can break down liver glycogen.","limitations":"Host glycogen loss during cancer wasting is not evidence that fasting removes cancer; no patient intervention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Mechanism of depletion of liver glycogen in cancer cachexia.","year":"1997","authors":"Hirai K, Ishiko O, Tisdale M.","doi":"10.1006/bbrc.1997.7732","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9405232/","journal":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications"},{"pmid":"9507514","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled animal tracer experiment","population":"Rats with Leydig-cell tumors and healthy rats; sample sizes not reported.","comparison":"Tumor and healthy groups received meals with or without 50 mg glycerol.","protocol":"Overnight fast, 16-kJ meal and one-hour tissue collection.","findings":"Glycerol made a small contribution to liver glycogen in both groups; adding glycerol did not significantly change overall glycogen synthesis.","limitations":"Host liver metabolism, not cancer-cell glycogen dependence or a clinical fasting benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glycogen synthesis in tumor-bearing rats after ingestion of a high-glycerol meal.","year":"1998","authors":"Obeid OA, Alhamdan AA, Emery PW.","doi":"10.1080/01635589809514641","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9507514/","journal":"Nutrition and cancer"},{"pmid":"9581683","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Normal rat liver-cell cytokine signaling study. Tumor necrosis factor is a cytokine name here; no tumor model, fasting intervention or cancer fuel dependency was tested.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Interleukin 1beta and interleukin 6, but not tumor necrosis factor alpha, inhibit insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis in rat hepatocytes.","year":"1998","authors":"Kanemaki T, Kitade H, Kaibori M, Sakitani K, Hiramatsu Y, Kamiyama Y, Ito S, Okumura T.","doi":"10.1002/hep.510270515","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9581683/","journal":"Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)"},{"pmid":"9619867","disposition":"context","design":"Observational tissue comparison","population":"100 patients, including people with partial stomach removal and nonoperated ulcer or cancer controls; subgroup counts not supplied.","comparison":"Surgically altered versus nonoperated stomachs and time since surgery.","protocol":"Endoscopic tissue glycogen measurements.","findings":"Glycogen in the stomach remnant was higher than in nonoperated stomachs and increased with time after surgery.","limitations":"Suggested cancer-risk connection was a hypothesis; no prospective risk estimate, glycogen-deprivation intervention or fasting comparison.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glycogen content in the gastric mucosa of partially resected stomach; a possible relationship with the development of cancer.","year":"1998","authors":"Skwarski L, Namiot Z, Stasiewicz J, Kemona A, Kralisz M, Górski J.","doi":"10.1016/s0304-3835(98)00016-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9619867/","journal":"Cancer letters"},{"pmid":"10374690","disposition":"context","design":"Tissue biomarker investigation with discussion of previous studies","population":"136 stomach specimens, 96 colorectal surgical specimens and 55 endoscopically removed colorectal adenomas; unique patient count unclear.","comparison":"Cancer, precancerous lesions and normal mucosa.","protocol":"Measured brain-type glycogen phosphorylase expression and related proliferation markers.","findings":"The enzyme was expressed in many intestinal-type stomach and colorectal cancers and certain precancerous areas.","limitations":"Enzyme expression may be a marker; it does not prove glycogen is indispensable. Specimen counts are not necessarily independent participants.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Carcinogenesis of intestinal-type gastric cancer and colorectal cancer is commonly accompanied by expression of brain (fetal)-type glycogen phosphorylase.","year":"1999","authors":"Shimada S, Tashima S, Yamaguchi K, Matsuzaki H, Ogawa M.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10374690/","journal":"Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR"},{"pmid":"10452680","disposition":"context","design":"Cross-sectional cancer-tissue study","population":"People with colorectal cancer; number not provided in abstract.","comparison":"Cancer, nearby tissue and normal colorectal tissue; comparisons by cell-cycle phase and stage.","protocol":"Measured tissue glycogen and cell-cycle distribution.","findings":"Cancer tissue contained more glycogen; higher glycogen was associated with more cells in a resting/early cell-cycle phase and less proliferation.","limitations":"No experimental glycogen depletion; the proposed growth-inhibition strategy was speculative, not a tested treatment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Estimation of glycogen levels in human colorectal cancer tissue: relationship with cell cycle and tumor outgrowth.","year":"1999","authors":"Takahashi S, Satomi A, Yano K, Kawase H, Tanimizu T, Tuji Y, Murakami S, Hirayama R.","doi":"10.1007/s005350050299","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10452680/","journal":"Journal of gastroenterology"},{"pmid":"10547214","disposition":"context","design":"Open-label randomized crossover trial","population":"70 adults with type 2 diabetes fasting during Ramadan.","comparison":"Two insulin regimens in crossover: lispro versus soluble human insulin; everyone fasted.","protocol":"Self-monitored glucose around sunset meals and hypoglycemia over 14-day treatment periods.","findings":"Lispro reduced average reported hypoglycemic episodes from 2.6 to 1.3 per person and reduced the after-meal glucose rise.","limitations":"Tests insulin choice during fasting, not benefits of fasting versus eating; self-report and open-label design limit certainty.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Insulin lispro (Lys(B28), Pro(B29) in the treatment of diabetes during the fasting month of Ramadan. Ramadan Study Group.","year":"1999","authors":"Akram J, De Verga V.","doi":"10.1046/j.1464-5491.1999.00164.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10547214/","journal":"Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association"},{"pmid":"10626178","disposition":"context","design":"Small physiological case-control study","population":"10 people with gastrointestinal cancers and 5 healthy volunteers.","comparison":"Cancer group versus healthy volunteers for glucose uptake; muscle, liver and fat measurements within cancer group.","protocol":"Insulin clamp, tissue glycogen and glucose-transporter measurements.","findings":"Cancer patients had lower insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and storage. Muscle glycogen correlated with glucose disposal; liver glycogen did not.","limitations":"Observational host metabolism, not tumor fuel dependence; the authors raised nutritional support rather than fasting as a possible need.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Insulin resistance and tissue glycogen content in the tumor-bearing state.","year":"1999","authors":"Marat D, Noguchi Y, Yoshikawa T, Tsuburaya A, Ito T, Kondo J.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10626178/","journal":"Hepato-gastroenterology"},{"pmid":"11547222","disposition":"context","design":"Open-label randomized crossover trial","population":"64 adults with type 1 diabetes completed the protocol; starting enrollment not given.","comparison":"Two insulin regimens: lispro versus regular insulin, both with NPH; no nonfasting group.","protocol":"Two weeks per regimen during Ramadan.","findings":"Hypoglycemia affected 15/64 on lispro versus 31/64 on regular insulin; after-meal glucose excursions were also lower.","limitations":"Medication comparison in people choosing to fast; does not establish that fasting is safe or beneficial for type 1 diabetes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Treatment of type 1 diabetes with insulin lispro during Ramadan.","year":"2001","authors":"Kadiri A, Al-Nakhi A, El-Ghazali S, Jabbar A, Al Arouj M, Akram J, Wyatt J, Assem A, Ristic S.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11547222/","journal":"Diabetes & metabolism"},{"pmid":"11840185","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled fasting study","population":"18 inpatients: 7 with BMI at least 30 and 11 below 30.","comparison":"Two BMI subgroups; before-and-after measurements; no nonfasting control.","protocol":"Nine days of complete fasting; eating questionnaires before and 18 days afterward.","findings":"Average weight loss was 7.4 versus 6.7 kg. Hunger decreased in the lower-BMI group but tended to increase in the group with obesity.","limitations":"Short-term scale weight is not all fat; small groups, no randomized comparator and a broader clinic program limit causal attribution.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Appetite sensations and eating behaviors to complete fasting in obese and non-obese individuals.","year":"2002","authors":"Oh SY, Kim BS, Choue R.","doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601285","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11840185/","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition"},{"pmid":"11995970","disposition":"context","design":"Tumor-tissue enzyme study","population":"Brain tumor extracts from anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma; specimen count not stated.","comparison":"Tumor types and reference enzyme activity; control-tissue details absent from abstract.","protocol":"Measured enzymes that break down glycogen.","findings":"Some glucosidase activities increased while phosphorylase activity nearly disappeared in both tumor types.","limitations":"Different breakdown pathways can behave differently; enzyme assays alone do not show that fasting kills these tumors.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Activity of glycogen depolymerizing enzymes in extracts from brain tumor tissue (anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme).","year":"2001","authors":"Kotoński B, Wilczek J, Madej J, Zarzycki A, Hutny J.","doi":"10.18388/abp.2001_3869","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11995970/","journal":"Acta biochimica Polonica"},{"pmid":"12039649","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled animal and isolated-organ experiment","population":"Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats and healthy rats; numbers not supplied.","comparison":"One healthy comparison condition; liver responses with and without glucose or hormones.","protocol":"Measured food intake, liver glycogen and isolated liver glucose metabolism.","findings":"Tumor-bearing rats ate less and had markedly lower liver glycogen; their livers stored glucose less effectively.","limitations":"Cancer-related host metabolism and reduced intake, not an intervention showing tumor starvation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glucose and glycogen catabolism in perfused livers of Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats and the response to hormones.","year":"2002","authors":"Vicentino C, Constantin J, Aparecido Stecanella L, Bracht A, Yamamoto NS.","doi":"10.1016/s0928-4680(02)00003-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12039649/","journal":"Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology"},{"pmid":"12161056","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized medication trial","population":"235 adults with type 2 diabetes: 116 repaglinide, 119 glibenclamide.","comparison":"Two drug groups; all participants observed Ramadan.","protocol":"Treatment started six weeks before Ramadan and continued through four weeks afterward.","findings":"Reported midday low-glucose events were less frequent with repaglinide; the between-group HbA1c change was not significant.","limitations":"Tests medication management, not fasting versus nonfasting; the reported event threshold of 4.5 mmol/L differs from common modern hypoglycemia definitions.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Repaglinide versus glibenclamide treatment of Type 2 diabetes during Ramadan fasting.","year":"2002","authors":"Mafauzy M.","doi":"10.1016/s0168-8227(02)00104-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12161056/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"12162411","disposition":"context","design":"Small physiological comparison and nutrition experiments","population":"30 people with cirrhosis and 13 healthy adults; prolonged-fast subsets 7 and 5, snack experiments 6 and 6.","comparison":"Cirrhosis versus healthy controls; three 210-kcal supplements; within-person late-evening supplementation.","protocol":"Compared overnight and longer-than-12-hour fasting, then glucose, rice snack or an amino-acid-enriched nutrient mixture.","findings":"Cirrhosis was associated with faster onset of a catabolic fuel pattern. Evening nutrition improved morning fuel-use measurements.","limitations":"Small overlapping subgroups and surrogate outcomes; supports avoiding nutritional depletion in cirrhosis, not a fasting benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Severe catabolic state after prolonged fasting in cirrhotic patients: effect of oral branched-chain amino-acid-enriched nutrient mixture.","year":"2002","authors":"Nakaya Y, Harada N, Kakui S, Okada K, Takahashi A, Inoi J, Ito S.","doi":"10.1007/s005350200082","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12162411/","journal":"Journal of gastroenterology"},{"pmid":"12470446","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled clinical series","population":"68 consecutive patients with borderline high blood pressure.","comparison":"Before versus after treatment; no randomized or separate dietary control.","protocol":"Inpatient preparation, average 13.6-day water-only fast and six-day low-sodium plant-based refeeding.","findings":"Mean blood pressure fell 20/7 mm Hg; about 82% ended at or below 120/80.","limitations":"Cannot separate fasting from salt restriction, weight change, refeeding or regression to the mean. No long-term cardiovascular outcomes or controlled safety estimate.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Medically supervised water-only fasting in the treatment of borderline hypertension.","year":"2002","authors":"Goldhamer AC, Lisle DJ, Sultana P, Anderson SV, Parpia B, Hughes B, Campbell TC.","doi":"10.1089/107555302320825165","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12470446/","journal":"Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.)"},{"pmid":"12560163","disposition":"context","design":"Open-label multicenter randomized crossover trial","population":"151 people with type 2 diabetes.","comparison":"Two insulin mixtures during Ramadan; no nonfasting control.","protocol":"14 days on each insulin regimen with self-monitored glucose.","findings":"Lispro Mix25 modestly lowered average daily glucose and evening glucose excursions compared with human insulin 30/70.","limitations":"A medication comparison, not evidence that Ramadan fasting improves diabetes; open-label self-measurement and short duration.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A comparison of insulin lispro Mix25 and human insulin 30/70 in the treatment of type 2 diabetes during Ramadan.","year":"2003","authors":"Mattoo V, Milicevic Z, Malone JK, Schwarzenhofer M, Ekangaki A, Levitt LK, Liong LH, Rais N, Tounsi H, Ramadan Study Group.","doi":"10.1016/s0168-8227(02)00202-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12560163/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"13115224","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13115224"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Glycogen content in whole blood and in leukocytes in cancer].","year":"1953","authors":"KASAB'IAN SS.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13115224/","journal":"Arkhiv patologii"},{"pmid":"13220791","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13220791"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[On the influence of the urine extract of patients with malignant tumor on liver glycogen, liver fat and adrenal fat].","year":"1954","authors":"SAITO T, ITO Y.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13220791/","journal":"Gan"},{"pmid":"13276375","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3002(55)90068-8"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Factors influencing the oxidation of di-beta-hydroxybutyrate by tumour mitochondria.","year":"1955","authors":"EMMELOT P, BOS CJ.","doi":"10.1016/0006-3002(55)90068-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13276375/","journal":"Biochimica et biophysica acta"},{"pmid":"13315329","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3002(56)90492-9"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Enzymic activities of tumour mitochondria as evidenced by their inhibitory effect on the oxidation of DL-, D- and L-beta-hydroxybutyrate by liver mitochondria.","year":"1956","authors":"EMMELOT P, BOS CJ.","doi":"10.1016/0006-3002(56)90492-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13315329/","journal":"Biochimica et biophysica acta"},{"pmid":"13339539","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13339539"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Glycogen-cell cancer of the uterine cervix].","year":"1956","authors":"PICARD E, NYIRJESY I.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13339539/","journal":"Acta - Unio Internationalis Contra Cancrum"},{"pmid":"13403966","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13403966"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Effect of glycine on liver glycogen content in normal and tumor-bearing mice following administration of medinal].","year":"1956","authors":"GRUZDEVA KN.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13403966/","journal":"Biulleten' eksperimental'noi biologii i meditsiny"},{"pmid":"13437967","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13437967"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Fatty acid oxidation in normal and neoplastic tissues; the oxidation of beta-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate by tumour mitochondria.","year":"1957","authors":"EMMELOT P, BOS CJ.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13437967/","journal":"Enzymologia"},{"pmid":"13524521","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13524521"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Mechanism of polysaccharide synthesis and biological significance of glycogen in tumor cells.","year":"1957","authors":"TAKEUCHI T.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13524521/","journal":"Gan"},{"pmid":"13609996","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13609996"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Behavior of creatine metabolism in decompensated heart patients subjected to prolonged fasting treatment].","year":"1958","authors":"FERUGLIO G, TOSO M.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13609996/","journal":"Giornale di clinica medica"},{"pmid":"13619986","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13619986"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Changes in glycogen, RNA and DNA contents in livers of tumor-bearing rats.","year":"1958","authors":"HORI SH, TAKAYAMA S, MATSUMOTO T, MAKINO S.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13619986/","journal":"Gan"},{"pmid":"13793866","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13793866"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Behavior of the blood protein picture in cardiac patients with congestive decompensation after treatment with prolonged fasting].","year":"1959","authors":"ANTONACI BL, DEL GIOVANE L, MACAGNINO G.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13793866/","journal":"Minerva cardioangiologica"},{"pmid":"13793871","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/13793871"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Behavior of the blood protein picture in heart patients in congestive failure, after treatment with prolonged fasting].","year":"1959","authors":"ANTONACI BL, MACAGNINO G, DEL GIOVANE L.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13793871/","journal":"Atti della Societa italiana di cardiologia"},{"pmid":"13938592","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://doi.org/10.1038/196478a0"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Regulatory mechanisms of glycogen deposition in liver of normal and tumour-bearing rat, and in Novikoff ascites hepatoma.","year":"1962","authors":"NIGAM VN.","doi":"10.1038/196478a0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13938592/","journal":"Nature"},{"pmid":"14074646","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://doi.org/10.1038/200084b0"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"ACTION OF TUMOR GROWTH AND TISSUE PRODUCTS ON THE ZONAL DISTRIBUTION OF LIVER GLYCOGEN IN RATS AND MICE.","year":"1963","authors":"GUIMARAES JP, MOTTA MC.","doi":"10.1038/200084b0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14074646/","journal":"Nature"},{"pmid":"14149591","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14149591"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[THE URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE GLUCOSE SYSTEM AND GLYCOGEN TRANSFORMATION IN ASCITES TUMOR CELLS].","year":"1964","authors":"KHARCHENKO MF, SEITS IF.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14149591/","journal":"Voprosy onkologii"},{"pmid":"14207052","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.0300269"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"THE EFFECT OF COMPLETE FASTING ON THE PLASMA AND URINARY IODIDE IN HYPOTHYROID PATIENTS.","year":"1964","authors":"HARDEN RM.","doi":"10.1677/joe.0.0300269","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14207052/","journal":"The Journal of endocrinology"},{"pmid":"14266517","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14266517"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[HISTOCHEMICAL AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF GLYCOGEN METABOLISM IN TUMOR CELLS].","year":"1964","authors":"HIRATA Y.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14266517/","journal":"Kumamoto Igakkai zasshi. The Journal of the Kumamoto Medical Society"},{"pmid":"14266518","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14266518"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[HISTOCHEMICAL AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF GLYCOGEN METABOLISM IN TUMOR CELLS. II. ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF PHOSPHORYLASE IN YOSHIDA ABDOMINAL ASCITES TUMOR].","year":"1964","authors":"HIRATA Y.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14266518/","journal":"Kumamoto Igakkai zasshi. The Journal of the Kumamoto Medical Society"},{"pmid":"14275568","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14275568"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"SYSTEM OF URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE GLUCOSE AND OF GLYCOGEN TRANSFORMATION IN ASCITES CANCER CELLS.","year":"1965","authors":"KHARCHENKO MF, SEITZ IF.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14275568/","journal":"Federation proceedings. Translation supplement; selected translations from medical-related science"},{"pmid":"14480504","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14480504"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Glycogen of tumor cells. I Experimental studies on the Yoshida sarcoma cells].","year":"1961","authors":"NOUCHI F.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14480504/","journal":"[Fukushima igaku zasshi] Fukushima medical journal"},{"pmid":"14520474","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled mouse tumor experiment","population":"Mice implanted with CT-2A brain tumors; animal numbers not stated in abstract.","comparison":"Four arms: standard or ketogenic diet, each unrestricted or restricted to 40% of control calories.","protocol":"Assessed tumor weight and metabolic markers 13 days after implantation.","findings":"Both calorie-restricted diets reduced tumor growth about 80%; unrestricted ketogenic feeding did not prevent rapid growth.","limitations":"One mouse tumor model; dietary calories and host weight matter. Does not establish that ketones alone starve human brain cancers.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Role of glucose and ketone bodies in the metabolic control of experimental brain cancer.","year":"2003","authors":"Seyfried TN, Sanderson TM, El-Abbadi MM, McGowan R, Mukherjee P.","doi":"10.1038/sj.bjc.6601269","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14520474/","journal":"British journal of cancer"},{"pmid":"14905791","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14905791"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Histochemical study of glycogen and nucleic acids in the early diagnosis of cancer of the uterine cervix].","year":"1951","authors":"MORICARD R, GOTHIE S.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14905791/","journal":"Comptes rendus de la Societe francaise de gynecologie"},{"pmid":"15026145","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"HepG2 cells were used to study cytokine-induced insulin resistance. No cancer growth/death endpoint, fasting regimen or glycogen-dependence experiment was reported; tumor necrosis factor is a cytokine name.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Modulation of insulin effects on phosphorylation of protein kinase B and glycogen synthesis by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in HepG2 cells.","year":"2004","authors":"Gupta D, Khandelwal RL.","doi":"10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.01.003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15026145/","journal":"Biochimica et biophysica acta"},{"pmid":"15081640","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled pregnant-animal study","population":"Pregnant Wistar rats; group counts not stated.","comparison":"Three groups: healthy control, Walker-tumor bearing and injected tumor ascitic fluid.","protocol":"Placental and fetal measurements on gestation days 16, 19 and 21.","findings":"Tumor and ascitic-fluid groups had lower placental glycogen, placental/fetal weights and tissue damage.","limitations":"Cancer effects on maternal-fetal nutrition, not evidence for therapeutic fasting; no fasting arm or human pregnancy outcome.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Placental glycogen metabolism changes during walker tumour growth.","year":"2004","authors":"Toledo MT, Gomes Marcondes MC.","doi":"10.1016/j.placenta.2003.11.005","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15081640/","journal":"Placenta"},{"pmid":"15330163","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory cell experiment","population":"Four human stomach cancer cell lines and two fibroblast lines; replicate counts not stated.","comparison":"Glucose-containing medium versus monoacetoacetin-containing medium; cell lines with or without detectable SCOT expression.","protocol":"Compared proliferation using several assays and measured ketone-processing enzyme expression.","findings":"Two SCOT-deficient cancer lines grew less on monoacetoacetin; two SCOT-expressing cancer lines and fibroblasts were not suppressed.","limitations":"Supports differences between cancer types, not universal ketone intolerance; artificial culture conditions and no patient trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Growth-inhibitory effects of the ketone body, monoacetoacetin, on human gastric cancer cells with succinyl-CoA: 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase (SCOT) deficiency.","year":"2004","authors":"Sawai M, Yashiro M, Nishiguchi Y, Ohira M, Hirakawa K.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15330163/","journal":"Anticancer research"},{"pmid":"15432362","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/20.7.644"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Cytochemical study of glycogen in the diagnosis of cervical cancer.","year":"1950","authors":"AYRE WB, AYRE JE.","doi":"10.1093/ajcp/20.7.644","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15432362/","journal":"American journal of clinical pathology"},{"pmid":"15486816","disposition":"context","design":"Small uncontrolled physiological study","population":"Four healthy lean volunteers.","comparison":"Within-person baseline and two muscle types; no fed control group.","protocol":"120-hour fast with muscle spectroscopy at baseline, 24, 72 and 120 hours.","findings":"Fat stored within muscle increased, especially in the tibialis anterior; uptake exceeded oxidation in these measurements.","limitations":"Four people and a surrogate tissue measurement; no demonstrated benefit or lasting clinical harm, and no direct autophagy measurement.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Muscle type dependent increase in intramyocellular lipids during prolonged fasting of human subjects: a proton MRS study.","year":"2004","authors":"Wietek BM, Machann J, Mader I, Thamer C, Häring HU, Claussen CD, Stumvoll M, Schick F.","doi":"10.1055/s-2004-825928","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15486816/","journal":"Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme"},{"pmid":"15502416","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective before-and-after study","population":"38 healthy adults: 17 women and 21 men.","comparison":"Before versus after Ramadan; sex and age subgroups; no nonfasting control.","protocol":"CT assessment of abdominal fat and body measurements.","findings":"Overall weight and abdominal fat did not change significantly. Visceral fat decreased in women and participants in their twenties.","limitations":"Small exploratory subgroups and no concurrent control; subgroup results do not establish a general fat-loss effect.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effect of fasting month of Ramadan on the abdominal fat distribution: assessment by computed tomography.","year":"2004","authors":"Yucel A, Degirmenci B, Acar M, Albayrak R, Haktanir A.","doi":"10.1620/tjem.204.179","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15502416/","journal":"The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine"},{"pmid":"15564673","disposition":"context","design":"Animal and immune-cell laboratory experiments","population":"Meth A tumor-bearing mice and macrophage-like J774.1 cells; numbers not specified.","comparison":"Synthesized glycogen compared with modified glycogen and several other glucans; detailed animal control allocation absent.","protocol":"Administered synthesized glycogen orally or alongside tumor cells and measured immune activation and tumor outcomes.","findings":"Some glycogen preparations prolonged mouse survival or inhibited local tumor growth and activated immune cells.","limitations":"Giving a glycogen-derived compound is different from depleting tumor glycogen; no clinical fasting or cancer-treatment evidence.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Anti-tumor activity of an enzymatically synthesized alpha-1,6 branched alpha-1,4-glucan, glycogen.","year":"2004","authors":"Ryoyama K, Kidachi Y, Yamaguchi H, Kajiura H, Takata H.","doi":"10.1271/bbb.68.2332","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15564673/","journal":"Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry"},{"pmid":"15599384","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory cancer-cell intervention","population":"MIA pancreatic cancer cells and CRL-1501 normal fibroblasts; independent replicate counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Dose comparisons of glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor CP-320626 and normal-cell comparison.","protocol":"50–100 micromolar inhibitor with isotope tracing, growth and cell-death assays.","findings":"Inhibiting glycogen breakdown reduced cancer-cell biosynthesis and growth and was associated with apoptosis; fibroblasts showed less injury.","limitations":"Drug action in culture is not dietary glycogen removal; slower fibroblast growth and possible off-target drug effects limit selectivity claims.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Metabolic sensitivity of pancreatic tumour cell apoptosis to glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor treatment.","year":"2004","authors":"Lee WN, Guo P, Lim S, Bassilian S, Lee ST, Boren J, Cascante M, Go VL, Boros LG.","doi":"10.1038/sj.bjc.6602243","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15599384/","journal":"British journal of cancer"},{"pmid":"15790394","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory prostate-cancer cell study","population":"Engineered PC3 cells and LNCaP cells; replicate counts not stated.","comparison":"Androgen conditions, vector conditions and glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor CP-91149 versus corresponding controls.","protocol":"24-hour to five-day hormone-response and glycogen measurements.","findings":"Growth arrest coincided with increased glycogen; blocking glycogen breakdown further increased stores and reduced cell number.","limitations":"Shows that stored glycogen amount and usable fuel are different. No fasting arm, animal efficacy or patient recurrence evidence.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glycogen synthesis correlates with androgen-dependent growth arrest in prostate cancer.","year":"2005","authors":"Schnier JB, Nishi K, Gumerlock PH, Gorin FA, Bradbury EM.","doi":"10.1186/1471-2490-5-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15790394/","journal":"BMC urology"},{"pmid":"16170333","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory glioma-cell mechanism study","population":"U87 and LN229 glioma cell lines; replicate counts not specified.","comparison":"Mitochondrial inhibition or low oxygen versus baseline; PTEN restoration and pathway inhibitors.","protocol":"Measured migration, adhesion, invasion, lactate and signaling.","findings":"Cells could migrate using glycolysis; PTEN restoration and pathway inhibition reduced that migration in selected conditions.","limitations":"Glycogen-related signaling was implicated, but direct dietary depletion and clinical tumor control were not tested.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glycolytic glioma cells with active glycogen synthase are sensitive to PTEN and inhibitors of PI3K and gluconeogenesis.","year":"2005","authors":"Beckner ME, Gobbel GT, Abounader R, Burovic F, Agostino NR, Laterra J, Pollack IF.","doi":"10.1038/labinvest.3700355","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16170333/","journal":"Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology"},{"pmid":"17018141","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Drug-induced breast-cancer cell death through GSK3 signaling. The abstract does not test fasting, ketone use, glycogen fuel dependence or autophagy as a fasting response; the kinase name alone does not establish relevance.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3beta) in mediating the cytotoxic effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.","year":"2006","authors":"Alao JP, Stavropoulou AV, Lam EW, Coombes RC.","doi":"10.1186/1476-4598-5-40","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17018141/","journal":"Molecular cancer"},{"pmid":"17263085","disposition":"context","design":"Nonrandomized controlled exploratory study","population":"55 chronic-pain inpatients: 36 modified fasting, 19 low-calorie controls.","comparison":"Two dietary groups with different baseline BMI; no random allocation described.","protocol":"Eight days at about 300 kcal/day versus a mildly reduced-calorie diet; two-week observation.","findings":"Mood ratings improved late in fasting; weight and leptin fell more, but those changes did not explain the mood ratings.","limitations":"Unblinded, nonrandomized, small and mostly female; subjective mood is not a proven treatment effect for depression or chronic pain.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Prolonged fasting in patients with chronic pain syndromes leads to late mood-enhancement not related to weight loss and fasting-induced leptin depletion.","year":"2006","authors":"Michalsen A, Kuhlmann MK, Lüdtke R, Bäcker M, Langhorst J, Dobos GJ.","doi":"10.1080/10284150600929656","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17263085/","journal":"Nutritional neuroscience"},{"pmid":"17367310","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective safety cohort","population":"56 people with type 1 diabetes intending to fast.","comparison":"Successful versus unsuccessful fasters; no nonfasting comparison group.","protocol":"More than 25 hours of intended fasting with insulin adjustment, glucose checks and stop rules.","findings":"37 completed the fast; others stopped for low or high glucose. No serious side effects were reported.","limitations":"Completion depended on monitoring and stopping when unsafe; this selected small cohort cannot establish universal safety or benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Type 1 diabetes and prolonged fasting.","year":"2007","authors":"Reiter J, Wexler ID, Shehadeh N, Tzur A, Zangen D.","doi":"10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02098.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17367310/","journal":"Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association"},{"pmid":"17374948","disposition":"context","design":"Nonrandomized controlled before-and-after study","population":"40 healthy normal-weight fasters and 28 age/BMI-matched nonfasters.","comparison":"One concurrent nonfasting group; repeated measurements in both groups.","protocol":"Ramadan daytime fasting for one month; blood tests before, near the end and three weeks afterward.","findings":"Inflammatory markers and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio improved in fasters; total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL did not significantly change.","limitations":"Biomarker outcomes, not heart attacks; meal composition, sleep and participant selection may account for differences.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and biochemical parameters during prolonged intermittent fasting.","year":"2007","authors":"Aksungar FB, Topkaya AE, Akyildiz M.","doi":"10.1159/000100954","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17374948/","journal":"Annals of nutrition & metabolism"},{"pmid":"17426442","disposition":"context","design":"Genetic cell and mouse tumor experiments","population":"Rat C6 glioma cells and tumors implanted in nude mice; replicate and mouse counts not supplied.","comparison":"Antisense glycogen-synthase cells versus control cells/tumors.","protocol":"Reduced glycogen-synthase expression before testing invasion and tumor growth.","findings":"Engineered cells synthesized less glycogen, invaded less and formed smaller tumors; altered immune-marker expression was a possible mechanism.","limitations":"Genetic manipulation is not fasting; protein effects beyond glycogen storage and model-specific effects remain possible.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A new putative target for antisense gene therapy of glioma: glycogen synthase.","year":"2007","authors":"Ardourel M, Blin M, Moret JL, Dufour T, Duc HT, Trojan J, Cloix JF.","doi":"10.4161/cbt.6.5.4232","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17426442/","journal":"Cancer biology & therapy"},{"pmid":"17656593","disposition":"context","design":"Detailed case study with reference participants","population":"One person after a 44-day voluntary fast; 16 BMI-matched reference subjects.","comparison":"One index case versus reference values spanning the recovering BMI range.","protocol":"Monitored hormones and biochemical changes during refeeding after water-only starvation.","findings":"Body weight had fallen 25%; refeeding brought marked phosphate depletion, fluid shifts, edema and abnormal liver tests, with vitamin depletion also detected.","limitations":"A single extreme fast cannot estimate frequency, but documents serious refeeding risks; reference subjects were not randomized controls.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Metabolic and hormonal changes during the refeeding period of prolonged fasting.","year":"2007","authors":"Korbonits M, Blaine D, Elia M, Powell-Tuck J.","doi":"10.1530/eje-06-0740","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17656593/","journal":"European journal of endocrinology"},{"pmid":"17679744","disposition":"context","design":"Small prospective comparative safety study","population":"15 people with predialysis chronic kidney disease and 6 healthy volunteers.","comparison":"Kidney-disease versus healthy groups; before and near-end Ramadan measurements; no nonfasting group.","protocol":"Daytime food and fluid restriction during Ramadan.","findings":"Filtration-rate changes did not differ significantly, but a urinary marker of tubular injury rose more in the kidney-disease group.","limitations":"Small sample, variable changes and surrogate injury marker; cannot quantify long-term kidney damage or establish safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Fasting the month of Ramadan by Muslims: could it be injurious to their kidneys?","year":"2007","authors":"El-Wakil HS, Desoky I, Lotfy N, Adam AG.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17679744/","journal":"Saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation : an official publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia"},{"pmid":"18056775","disposition":"context","design":"Within-person physiological intervention","population":"Six healthy lean men.","comparison":"12 versus 60 hours fasting, repeated with and without high-dose aspirin.","protocol":"Two fasting experiments; approximately 6 g/day aspirin in one condition.","findings":"After 60 hours insulin-mediated peripheral glucose uptake fell 46%; aspirin did not prevent the fall.","limitations":"Acute fasting adaptation is not the same as chronic diabetes. Small male-only study; no clinical benefit or long-term disease endpoint.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Prolonged fasting induces peripheral insulin resistance, which is not ameliorated by high-dose salicylate.","year":"2008","authors":"van der Crabben SN, Allick G, Ackermans MT, Endert E, Romijn JA, Sauerwein HP.","doi":"10.1210/jc.2006-2491","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18056775/","journal":"The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism"},{"pmid":"18135753","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://europepmc.org/article/MED/18135753"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The action of prolonged fasting on the hydro-saline balance of decompensated heart patients.","year":"1949","authors":"DAGNINI G.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18135753/","journal":"Folia cardiologica"},{"pmid":"18680716","disposition":"context","design":"Human physiological and drug-response investigations","population":"76 healthy people in the baseline analysis; fasting, ketogenic-diet and drug subgroup sizes not specified in abstract.","comparison":"Two-day versus seven-day fasting, ketogenic feeding and fenofibrate-related comparisons.","protocol":"Measured circulating FGF21 across dietary and drug conditions.","findings":"FGF21 rose after seven days of fasting but not after two days or ketogenic feeding, despite ketosis.","limitations":"Human and rodent timing differed; a hormone concentration does not measure autophagy, cancer clearance or health benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The circulating metabolic regulator FGF21 is induced by prolonged fasting and PPARalpha activation in man.","year":"2008","authors":"Gälman C, Lundåsen T, Kharitonenkov A, Bina HA, Eriksson M, Hafström I, Dahlin M, Amark P, Angelin B, Rudling M.","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2008.06.014","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18680716/","journal":"Cell metabolism"},{"pmid":"18701488","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Glioma drug-target study of GSK3 signaling and mitochondrial glucose regulation. It does not test fasting, ketone fuel use or glycogen storage/depletion; kinase naming alone is not evidence about glycogen dependence.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition induces glioma cell death through c-MYC, nuclear factor-kappaB, and glucose regulation.","year":"2008","authors":"Kotliarova S, Pastorino S, Kovell LC, Kotliarov Y, Song H, Zhang W, Bailey R, Maric D, Zenklusen JC, Lee J, Fine HA.","doi":"10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0850","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18701488/","journal":"Cancer research"},{"pmid":"18805103","disposition":"context","design":"Observational registry and behavioral survey","population":"4,629 angiography patients in a religion analysis; a separate 448-patient survey assessed fasting behavior.","comparison":"People reporting routine fasting versus nonfasters in the survey; religious groups in the larger registry.","protocol":"Compared habitual behaviors with coronary narrowing at angiography.","findings":"Fasting was associated with lower prevalence of coronary disease; adjusted odds ratio 0.46, 95% CI 0.27–0.81 in the survey.","limitations":"Association, not randomization or proof of prevention; selection for angiography, self-report and correlated lifestyle factors can confound results.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Usefulness of routine periodic fasting to lower risk of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography.","year":"2008","authors":"Horne BD, May HT, Anderson JL, Kfoury AG, Bailey BM, McClure BS, Renlund DG, Lappé DL, Carlquist JF, Fisher PW, Pearson RR, Bair TL, Adams TD, Muhlestein JB, Intermountain Heart Collaborative Study.","doi":"10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.05.021","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18805103/","journal":"The American journal of cardiology"},{"pmid":"18825302","disposition":"context","design":"Small nonrandomized medication/safety pilot","population":"19 adults enrolled: 11 fasting, 8 nonfasting; 7 per group completed.","comparison":"One nonfasting comparison group; all used repaglinide plus insulin glargine.","protocol":"Before-and-after Ramadan glucose, weight, blood pressure and hypoglycemia monitoring.","findings":"No significant glucose-control change or reported hypoglycemia among completers.","limitations":"Very small selected low-risk population and attrition, particularly in fasters; absence of events does not establish general safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Repaglinide plus single-dose insulin glargine: a safe regimen for low-risk type 2 diabetic patients who insist on fasting in Ramadan.","year":"2009","authors":"Bakiner O, Ertorer ME, Bozkirli E, Tutuncu NB, Demirag NG.","doi":"10.1007/s00592-008-0062-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18825302/","journal":"Acta diabetologica"},{"pmid":"18839326","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized transplant safety study","population":"82 kidney recipients: 41 choosing to fast and 41 not fasting.","comparison":"One concurrent nonfasting group; all had stable function and transplant at least one year earlier.","protocol":"Monitored kidney function across Ramadan.","findings":"Average estimated filtration remained stable in both groups, including those with moderately reduced baseline function.","limitations":"Selection of stable patients and short follow-up limit generalization to recent transplants, unstable grafts or more severe disease.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ramadan fasting in kidney transplant recipients with normal renal function and with mild-to-moderate renal dysfunction.","year":"2009","authors":"Einollahi B, Einollahi B, Lessan-Pezeshki M, Pourfarziani V, Aghdam B, Rouzbeh J, Ghadiani MH, Nemati E.","doi":"10.1007/s11255-008-9476-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18839326/","journal":"International urology and nephrology"},{"pmid":"19084375","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized animal experiment","population":"Male C57BL/6J mice; numbers not reported in abstract.","comparison":"Three groups: alternate-day restriction on low-fat diet, on high-fat diet, and unrestricted controls.","protocol":"Four weeks; fast days supplied 15% of usual energy.","findings":"Both fasting regimens lowered proliferation in several tissues and circulating IGF-1 without lowering body weight.","limitations":"Reduced normal-tissue proliferation is a surrogate, not demonstrated cancer prevention or human longevity; possible shared experiment with related metabolic report.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Alternate-day fasting reduces global cell proliferation rates independently of dietary fat content in mice.","year":"2009","authors":"Varady KA, Roohk DJ, Bruss M, Hellerstein MK.","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2008.10.017","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19084375/","journal":"Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)"},{"pmid":"19106250","disposition":"context","design":"Random-order three-condition crossover physiology study","population":"14 healthy young adults: 8 women and 6 men.","comparison":"Overnight fast, 24-hour fast with placebo, and 24-hour fast with acipimox.","protocol":"Repeated glucose-tolerance tests and overnight fatty-acid measurements.","findings":"The 24-hour fast raised fatty acids and lowered measured insulin sensitivity and acute insulin response; acipimox partly reversed the combined effect.","limitations":"Short-term fuel adaptation does not establish lasting diabetes risk or benefit; small healthy sample.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of prolonged fasting and sustained lipolysis on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in normal subjects.","year":"2009","authors":"Salgin B, Marcovecchio ML, Humphreys SM, Hill N, Chassin LJ, Lunn DJ, Hovorka R, Dunger DB.","doi":"10.1152/ajpendo.90613.2008","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19106250/","journal":"American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism"},{"pmid":"19127293","disposition":"context","design":"Animal dietary intervention and gene-expression study","population":"Male and female rats starting at four months of age; sample sizes not in abstract.","comparison":"20% and 40% calorie restriction, every-other-day feeding and high-fat/high-glucose conditions; reference diet details require full text.","protocol":"Six months of diet exposure with gonadal gene and hormone measurements.","findings":"Responses differed markedly by sex and diet; intermittent feeding altered many more measured genes in males.","limitations":"Gene-expression patterns do not establish improved fertility. Human reproductive safety or benefit cannot be inferred.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Gonadal transcriptome alterations in response to dietary energy intake: sensing the reproductive environment.","year":"2009","authors":"Martin B, Pearson M, Brenneman R, Golden E, Wood W, Prabhu V, Becker KG, Mattson MP, Maudsley S.","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0004146","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19127293/","journal":"PloS one"},{"pmid":"19176964","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized safety cohort","population":"80 adults with multiple sclerosis: 40 Ramadan fasters, 40 nonfasters.","comparison":"One concurrent nonfasting group; participants had mild disability.","protocol":"Short-term observation around Ramadan.","findings":"Authors reported no short-term adverse effect on the disease course.","limitations":"Indexed abstract is incomplete around eligibility/results; detailed effect estimates and follow-up duration cannot be verified from it. Selected mild disease and nonrandom allocation limit inference.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Short-term effects of prolonged fasting on multiple sclerosis.","year":"2009","authors":"Saadatnia M, Etemadifar M, Fatehi F, Ashtari F, Shaygannejad V, Shaygannejad V, Chitsaz A, Maghzi AH.","doi":"10.1159/000197108","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19176964/","journal":"European neurology"},{"pmid":"19195863","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized animal diet experiment","population":"30 female mice across five groups; exact allocation not supplied in abstract.","comparison":"Daily 25% calorie restriction, three alternate-day regimens with 75%, 85% or 100% fast-day restriction, and unrestricted control.","protocol":"Four-week dietary intervention with body-fat and lipid-turnover measurements.","findings":"All restricted regimens shifted fat distribution toward subcutaneous stores and increased adiponectin; only daily restriction lowered body weight versus other groups.","limitations":"Mouse tissue and hormone surrogates, not proven human cardiovascular protection; alternate-day groups may have differed in total intake.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Improvements in body fat distribution and circulating adiponectin by alternate-day fasting versus calorie restriction.","year":"2010","authors":"Varady KA, Allister CA, Roohk DJ, Hellerstein MK.","doi":"10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.11.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19195863/","journal":"The Journal of nutritional biochemistry"},{"pmid":"19237803","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled prospective transplant safety study","population":"22 stable kidney recipients: 10 men, 12 women; all over one year after transplant.","comparison":"Before, during and after Ramadan; no nonfasting control.","protocol":"Medication dosing moved to sunset and predawn with clinical and laboratory monitoring.","findings":"Kidney tests, drug levels and other measured parameters remained stable; no undue symptoms were reported.","limitations":"Small selected stable cohort cannot establish safety for unstable grafts or estimate rare complications.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Fasting Ramadan in kidney transplant patients is safe.","year":"2009","authors":"Boobes Y, Bernieh B, Al Hakim MR.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19237803/","journal":"Saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation : an official publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia"},{"pmid":"19375762","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized animal diet experiment","population":"Male C57BL/6 mice; group sizes not given.","comparison":"Three arms: alternate-day restriction with low-fat or high-fat diet, and unrestricted controls.","protocol":"Four weeks; 85% energy restriction on fast days.","findings":"Fasting groups had a lower visceral-fat proportion, improved lipid markers and less aortic smooth-muscle proliferation, with similar body weight.","limitations":"Surrogate mouse outcomes, not heart-attack prevention; regimen and laboratory overlap with the related cell-proliferation report may represent shared animals.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Modified alternate-day fasting and cardioprotection: relation to adipose tissue dynamics and dietary fat intake.","year":"2009","authors":"Varady KA, Hudak CS, Hellerstein MK.","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2009.01.018","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19375762/","journal":"Metabolism: clinical and experimental"},{"pmid":"19480693","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory cell comparison","population":"Seven human cancer cell lines and three fibroblast control lines; replicate counts not stated.","comparison":"10 mM glucose alone versus glucose plus 10 mM acetoacetate in each cell line.","protocol":"Measured growth, ATP and the mitochondrial protein UCP2.","findings":"Cancer lines showed lower growth and ATP with acetoacetate; fibroblasts did not show the same pattern.","limitations":"High-concentration culture exposure, not fasting or a patient treatment; proposed UCP2 mechanism and effects in other cancers require separate testing.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Acetoacetate reduces growth and ATP concentration in cancer cell lines which over-express uncoupling protein 2.","year":"2009","authors":"Fine EJ, Miller A, Quadros EV, Sequeira JM, Feinman RD.","doi":"10.1186/1475-2867-9-14","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19480693/","journal":"Cancer cell international"},{"pmid":"19787180","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized exercise-timing trial during Ramadan","population":"93 students; arm sizes not supplied.","comparison":"Two groups exercising during versus after Ramadan; both experienced fasting.","protocol":"Measurements before, at the end and 40 days after Ramadan.","findings":"Weight and some glucose/lipid measures improved, but most lipid patterns were comparable between groups.","limitations":"Randomization tested exercise timing, not fasting versus no fasting; diet and sleep changes remain possible explanations.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The interaction between physical activity and fasting on the serum lipid profile during Ramadan.","year":"2009","authors":"Haghdoost AA, Poorranjbar M.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19787180/","journal":"Singapore medical journal"},{"pmid":"19805911","disposition":"context","design":"Rodent and pancreatic-cell mechanism experiments","population":"Rodent pancreatitis models and isolated pancreatic cells; counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Pancreatitis versus fasting-related autophagy, with enzyme and autophagy inhibition experiments.","protocol":"Measured protein degradation, lysosomal enzymes and digestive-enzyme activation.","findings":"Fasting increased effective degradation, whereas pancreatitis accumulated autophagic structures with impaired clearance.","limitations":"More autophagic structures do not necessarily mean more effective autophagy; no human fasting duration or cancer-treatment result.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","notices":[{"type":"Erratum in","reference":"J Clin Invest. 2013 Apr 1;123(4)1844","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19805911/"}],"integrityNote":"Original corrigendum checked: Figure 2A used noncontiguous lanes from the same gel; the corrected legend now states this.","title":"Impaired autophagic flux mediates acinar cell vacuole formation and trypsinogen activation in rodent models of acute pancreatitis.","year":"2009","authors":"Mareninova OA, Hermann K, French SW, O'Konski MS, Pandol SJ, Webster P, Erickson AH, Katunuma N, Gorelick FS, Gukovsky I, Gukovskaya AS.","doi":"10.1172/jci38674","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19805911/","journal":"The Journal of clinical investigation"},{"pmid":"19833729","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory cell mechanism study","population":"A549 lung cancer and other cell models; number of independent experiments not given.","comparison":"Glucose deprivation versus glucose availability; glycogen-breakdown and enzyme perturbations.","protocol":"Measured protein sugar modification, glycogen use and ATP production.","findings":"Glycogen breakdown supported increased protein modification during glucose deprivation, while ATP synthesis was blocked.","limitations":"Suggests a stress-adaptation pathway rather than showing glycogen supplies all cancer energy; no human fasting or tumor-clearance experiment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"O-GlcNAc protein modification in cancer cells increases in response to glucose deprivation through glycogen degradation.","year":"2009","authors":"Kang JG, Park SY, Ji S, Jang I, Park S, Kim HS, Kim SM, Yook JI, Park YI, Roth J, Cho JW.","doi":"10.1074/jbc.m109.026351","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19833729/","journal":"The Journal of biological chemistry"},{"pmid":"20002478","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled medication/safety cohort","population":"349 adults with type 2 diabetes: 100 insulin-naive and 249 previously insulin-treated.","comparison":"Before, during and after Ramadan on glargine plus glimepiride; no nonfasting control.","protocol":"Medication titration and glucose/hypoglycemia tracking.","findings":"Mild hypoglycemic episodes rose from 156 before Ramadan to 346 during it and fell afterward; one severe episode occurred in each period.","limitations":"Event counts are not numbers of affected people. Medication adjustment and self-selection prevent attributing all changes to fasting alone.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Efficacy and safety of insulin glargine and glimepiride in subjects with Type 2 diabetes before, during and after the period of fasting in Ramadan.","year":"2009","authors":"Salti I, Diabetes and Ramadan Study Group.","doi":"10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02836.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20002478/","journal":"Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association"},{"pmid":"20157582","disposition":"context","design":"Cancer-treatment case series","population":"10 patients with different cancers; 6 experienced chemotherapy both with and without fasting.","comparison":"Within-person comparisons in six cases; no randomized or independent control group.","protocol":"Voluntary fasting 48–140 hours before and/or 5–56 hours after chemotherapy, averaging four cycles.","findings":"Patients reported mainly hunger/lightheadedness from fasting; six reported fewer chemotherapy symptoms while fasting. Tumor responses were not obviously prevented.","limitations":"Selected self-reports across different treatments cannot establish safety, improved survival or tumor starvation; cancer response remained attributable to chemotherapy.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Fasting and cancer treatment in humans: A case series report.","year":"2009","authors":"Safdie FM, Dorff T, Quinn D, Fontana L, Wei M, Lee C, Cohen P, Longo VD.","doi":"10.18632/aging.100114","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20157582/","journal":"Aging"},{"pmid":"20166128","disposition":"context","design":"Seven-arm randomized animal tumor experiment","population":"105 male immunodeficient mice, 15 per group, with LAPC-4 prostate tumors.","comparison":"Unrestricted control; one- or two-day weekly fasting with unrestricted or calorie-matched feeding; daily 14% or 28% restriction.","protocol":"Randomized when tumors reached 200 mm³; endpoint at 1,500 mm³.","findings":"No regimen significantly improved time to the tumor-size endpoint; several favorable trends were statistically inconclusive.","limitations":"Exploratory small arms and multiple comparisons; endpoint was a tumor-volume euthanasia threshold, not spontaneous human cancer survival.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of intermittent fasting with or without caloric restriction on prostate cancer growth and survival in SCID mice.","year":"2010","authors":"Buschemeyer WC, Klink JC, Mavropoulos JC, Poulton SH, Demark-Wahnefried W, Hursting SD, Cohen P, Hwang D, Johnson TL, Freedland SJ.","doi":"10.1002/pros.21136","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20166128/","journal":"The Prostate"},{"pmid":"20573749","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized crossover human physiology study","population":"12 healthy men.","comparison":"60-hour fast versus 60-hour normal feeding in the same participants.","protocol":"Respiration-chamber stay, insulin clamp and muscle-fiber measurements.","findings":"Fasting increased fatty acids and muscle lipid, reduced muscle insulin sensitivity and lowered measured mitochondrial respiration despite increased whole-body fat oxidation.","limitations":"Acute adaptation in healthy men does not establish chronic mitochondrial harm or clinical benefit; no cancer or autophagy-clearance endpoint.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Prolonged fasting identifies skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction as consequence rather than cause of human insulin resistance.","year":"2010","authors":"Hoeks J, van Herpen NA, Mensink M, Moonen-Kornips E, van Beurden D, Hesselink MK, Schrauwen P.","doi":"10.2337/db10-0519","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20573749/","journal":"Diabetes"},{"pmid":"20657169","disposition":"context","design":"Animal assay-development experiment","population":"Mouse skeletal muscle; animal counts not given in abstract.","comparison":"With versus without colchicine blockade, plus dietary restriction, rapamycin or denervation conditions.","protocol":"Blocked autophagosome degradation for two days to distinguish formation from clearance.","findings":"Dietary restriction increased measured autophagic flux; this was not reliably visible from static LC3 levels alone.","limitations":"A mouse assay, not a human timing rule; a single LC3 measurement cannot establish when autophagy starts or peaks.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Quantitation of \"autophagic flux\" in mature skeletal muscle.","year":"2010","authors":"Ju JS, Varadhachary AS, Miller SE, Weihl CC.","doi":"10.4161/auto.6.7.12785","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20657169/","journal":"Autophagy"},{"pmid":"20716631","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized animal tumor diet experiment","population":"150 male immunodeficient mice with LAPC-4 tumors; 10 additional non-tumor mice were feeding references.","comparison":"Three tumor-bearing arms: 0%, 10% or 20% carbohydrate calories; non-tumor low-fat reference group.","protocol":"Diet intervention after implantation; endpoint when tumor reached 1,000 mm³.","findings":"Time to endpoint did not differ across low-carbohydrate diets; temporary tumor-size differences did not persist.","limitations":"No concurrent tumor-bearing usual-diet arm for testing low carbohydrate versus standard feeding; animal endpoint and feeding-reference mice must not be confused with patient controls.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Low-carbohydrate diets and prostate cancer: how low is \"low enough\"?","year":"2010","authors":"Masko EM, Thomas JA, Antonelli JA, Lloyd JC, Phillips TE, Poulton SH, Dewhirst MW, Pizzo SV, Freedland SJ.","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0071","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20716631/","journal":"Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.)"},{"pmid":"20733612","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized controlled animal tumor experiment","population":"100 male immunodeficient mice implanted with LAPC-4 prostate cancer.","comparison":"Two arms: unrestricted Western diet versus same diet with two 24-hour fasts weekly.","protocol":"Repeated tumor measurements until 1,000-mm³ endpoint.","findings":"Fasting did not significantly slow tumor growth or improve time to endpoint; IGF-1 was higher in fasting mice at sacrifice.","limitations":"A larger follow-up to an earlier pilot; demonstrates lack of benefit in this model, not an answer for every tumor or fasting schedule.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of intermittent fasting on prostate cancer tumor growth in a mouse model.","year":"2010","authors":"Thomas JA, Antonelli JA, Lloyd JC, Masko EM, Poulton SH, Phillips TE, Pollak M, Freedland SJ.","doi":"10.1038/pcan.2010.24","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20733612/","journal":"Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases"},{"pmid":"20861672","disposition":"context","design":"Animal and human-tissue metabolic profiling with mechanistic model","population":"Caveolin-1-null mouse mammary tissue, stromal cells and human breast-cancer stroma; sample sizes not in abstract.","comparison":"Caveolin-1-deficient versus reference tissue and molecular-profile comparisons.","protocol":"Measured metabolites, gene expression and microRNAs associated with stromal autophagy.","findings":"Profiles were consistent with tissue breakdown and increased ketone production; authors proposed that stromal nutrients can support nearby cancer cells.","limitations":"Profiling supports a model, not a direct trial that fasting worsens cancer. Proposed circulating biomarkers and causal nutrient transfer require separate validation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The autophagic tumor stroma model of cancer: Role of oxidative stress and ketone production in fueling tumor cell metabolism.","year":"2010","authors":"Pavlides S, Tsirigos A, Migneco G, Whitaker-Menezes D, Chiavarina B, Flomenberg N, Frank PG, Casimiro MC, Wang C, Pestell RG, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Howell A, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP.","doi":"10.4161/cc.9.17.12721","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20861672/","journal":"Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)"},{"pmid":"21159037","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled pregnancy safety cohort","population":"24 pregnant women with diabetes: 14 gestational, 9 type 2 and 1 type 1.","comparison":"Before versus after Ramadan; once- or twice-daily NPH schedules; no nonfasting control.","protocol":"Glucose monitoring and insulin adjustment during Ramadan.","findings":"Glucose markers improved; 79.2% fasted more than 15 days without reported hypoglycemia or fetal death.","limitations":"Small selected sample and no control cannot establish fetal or maternal safety; absence of fetal deaths does not exclude other pregnancy risks.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Safety and tolerability of once or twice daily neutral protamine hagedorn insulin in fasting pregnant women with diabetes during Ramadan.","year":"2011","authors":"Nor Azlin MI, Adam R, Sufian SS, Wahab NA, Mustafa N, Kamaruddin NA, Jamil MA.","doi":"10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01330.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21159037/","journal":"The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research"},{"pmid":"21506631","disposition":"context","design":"Five-country prospective observational safety study","population":"1,397 enrolled adults with type 2 diabetes on sulfonylureas; 1,378 returned diaries.","comparison":"Nonrandomized comparisons among three drugs and countries; no nonfasting control.","protocol":"Daily symptom and glucose diaries during Ramadan; 89% reported observing the fast.","findings":"271/1,378 reported symptomatic hypoglycemia (19.7%); 6.7% had events requiring assistance. Rates varied by drug and country.","limitations":"Symptoms were not always glucose-confirmed; treatment selection and differing participants confound drug comparisons. Stronger evidence for a real safety concern than for fasting efficacy.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Hypoglycaemia in sulphonylurea-treated subjects with type 2 diabetes undergoing Ramadan fasting: a five-country observational study.","year":"2011","authors":"Aravind SR, Al Tayeb K, Ismail SB, Shehadeh N, Kaddaha G, Liu R, Balshaw R, Lesnikova N, Heisel O, Girman CJ, Musser BJ, Davies MJ, Katzeff HL, Engel SS, Radican L, 2009 Ramadan Study Group.","doi":"10.1185/03007995.2011.578245","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21506631/","journal":"Current medical research and opinion"},{"pmid":"21568833","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized two-cohort medication study","population":"72 enrolled: 30 vildagliptin, 41 sulfonylurea, 1 untreated; 23 and 36 completed the two treated groups.","comparison":"Two medication groups on background metformin; all intended Ramadan fasting.","protocol":"Up to 16 weeks surrounding Ramadan.","findings":"No hypoglycemia was reported in the vildagliptin completers versus 15/36 sulfonylurea completers; HbA1c and adherence also favored vildagliptin.","limitations":"Small nonrandomized groups, substantial attrition and missing diet/activity data; tests medication choice, not fasting benefits.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Comparison of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor vildagliptin and the sulphonylurea gliclazide in combination with metformin, in Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus fasting during Ramadan: results of the VECTOR study.","year":"2011","authors":"Hassanein M, Hanif W, Malik W, Kamal A, Geransar P, Lister N, Andrews C, Barnett A.","doi":"10.1185/03007995.2011.579951","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21568833/","journal":"Current medical research and opinion"},{"pmid":"21736666","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized controlled pregnancy study","population":"72 healthy second-trimester pregnancies: 42 fasting and 30 nonfasting.","comparison":"One nonfasting group and exploratory fasting-duration subgroups.","protocol":"Maternal oxidative markers during Ramadan and pregnancy outcomes afterward.","findings":"Overall oxidative measures, birth weight and maternal weight gain did not significantly differ; one duration subgroup had higher antioxidant status.","limitations":"Small selected uncomplicated pregnancies, multiple subgroup comparisons and no randomization; a null result cannot establish safety for all pregnancies.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of Ramadan fasting on maternal oxidative stress during the second trimester: a preliminary study.","year":"2011","authors":"Ozturk E, Balat O, Ugur MG, Yazıcıoglu C, Pence S, Erel Ö, Kul S.","doi":"10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01419.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21736666/","journal":"The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research"},{"pmid":"21791085","disposition":"context","design":"Cell experiments and controlled mouse glioma study","population":"Five glioma cell lines, rat neurons and mice with implanted glioma; replicate and animal counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Glucose withdrawal with or without beta-hydroxybutyrate; unrestricted ketogenic versus reference diet in mice.","protocol":"Assessed cell survival, ketone-processing enzymes and mouse survival.","findings":"Ketones protected neurons but not tested glioma cells under glucose withdrawal. In mice, diet raised ketones but neither lowered glucose nor improved survival.","limitations":"Cell-culture vulnerability did not translate into dietary benefit in this model; cannot generalize metabolic behavior to all gliomas.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Differential utilization of ketone bodies by neurons and glioma cell lines: a rationale for ketogenic diet as experimental glioma therapy.","year":"2011","authors":"Maurer GD, Brucker DP, Bähr O, Harter PN, Hattingen E, Walenta S, Mueller-Klieser W, Steinbach JP, Rieger J.","doi":"10.1186/1471-2407-11-315","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21791085/","journal":"BMC cancer"},{"pmid":"21794124","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm feasibility pilot","population":"16 patients with advanced metastatic cancers and no conventional options; five completed three months.","comparison":"Within-person measurements; no control group.","protocol":"Diet below 70 g carbohydrate daily with optional protein/fat supplements for three months.","findings":"Some completers reported better emotional functioning or sleep; many stopped, including for progression, and two died early.","limitations":"High attrition and selected completer reports; no evidence of tumor starvation or survival benefit, and no controlled estimate of safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of a ketogenic diet on the quality of life in 16 patients with advanced cancer: A pilot trial.","year":"2011","authors":"Schmidt M, Pfetzer N, Schwab M, Strauss I, Kämmerer U.","doi":"10.1186/1743-7075-8-54","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21794124/","journal":"Nutrition & metabolism"},{"pmid":"21986487","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled diabetes cohort","population":"88 adults with type 2 diabetes, 45 men and 43 women.","comparison":"Beginning, end and one month after Ramadan; no nonfasting comparison.","protocol":"Participants chose to fast at least ten days.","findings":"Glucose and HbA1c worsened during Ramadan while BMI and some lipid measures improved; HbA1c fell after Ramadan.","limitations":"Medication and diet differences may confound results; demonstrates mixed outcomes, not a consistent glucose-control benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of Ramadan fasting on glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes.","year":"2012","authors":"Norouzy A, Mohajeri SM, Shakeri S, Yari F, Sabery M, Philippou E, Varasteh AR, Nematy M.","doi":"10.3275/8015","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21986487/","journal":"Journal of endocrinological investigation"},{"pmid":"22080051","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled animal immune/tumor experiments","population":"Tumor-bearing mice and BALB/c immune experiments; sample sizes not provided.","comparison":"Oral synthesized glycogen versus water controls; additional intestinal-delivery and immune-cell experiments.","protocol":"Assessed tumor growth, survival, natural-killer activity and neural/intestinal signals.","findings":"Glycogen treatment increased measured immune activity and was associated with less tumor growth and longer survival.","limitations":"A glycogen preparation acting as an immune stimulus is different from fasting or tumor glycogen deprivation; no clinical cancer trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effect of orally administered glycogen on anti-tumor activity and natural killer cell activity in mice.","year":"2012","authors":"Kakutani R, Adachi Y, Kajiura H, Takata H, Kuriki T, Ohno N.","doi":"10.1016/j.intimp.2011.10.017","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22080051/","journal":"International immunopharmacology"},{"pmid":"22158071","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory pancreatic-cancer cell experiment","population":"MIA PaCa-2 cells; 22 protein spots and 4 phosphorylated-protein spots analyzed, not participant counts.","comparison":"Increasing glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor doses versus reference conditions.","protocol":"CP-320626 at 25, 50 and 100 micromolar; proteomic and protein-turnover analysis.","findings":"Blocking glycogen breakdown altered protein turnover and several growth/survival signaling pathways.","limitations":"Explains a drug response in one cell model; no dietary intervention, animal survival or human cancer benefit demonstrated.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Inhibition of glycogen phosphorylation induces changes in cellular proteome and signaling pathways in MIA pancreatic cancer cells.","year":"2012","authors":"Ma D, Wang J, Zhao Y, Lee WN, Xiao J, Go VL, Wang Q, Recker RR, Xiao GG.","doi":"10.1097/mpa.0b013e318236f022","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22158071/","journal":"Pancreas"},{"pmid":"22253197","disposition":"context","design":"Cell-mechanism and clinical-profile association study","population":"Epithelial cancer cell models and patient expression profiles; counts not stated in abstract.","comparison":"Rab25/AKT-related manipulations under nutrient stress versus controls.","protocol":"Measured ATP, glucose uptake, glycogen, cell survival and autophagy.","findings":"Rab25 increased stored glycogen and maintained energy during nutrient stress; a related expression profile was associated with worse patient prognosis.","limitations":"Supports one adaptation mechanism, not a universal fuel requirement. Patient association does not demonstrate benefit from fasting or targeted treatment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Rab25 increases cellular ATP and glycogen stores protecting cancer cells from bioenergetic stress.","year":"2012","authors":"Cheng KW, Agarwal R, Mitra S, Lee JS, Carey M, Gray JW, Mills GB.","doi":"10.1002/emmm.201100193","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22253197/","journal":"EMBO molecular medicine"},{"pmid":"22375235","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled athlete study","population":"12 female athletes aged 15–27.","comparison":"Four measurements from before Ramadan to two weeks afterward; no nonfasting control.","protocol":"Usual training during Ramadan, with diet, body composition and performance testing.","findings":"Weight and energy intake fell during Ramadan. Jump and balance results showed no significant time effect; agility did change in the reported analysis.","limitations":"Small sample, repeated testing and no concurrent control; the broad conclusion of unchanged performance should not erase the reported agility finding.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of ramadan fasting on body composition and physical performance in female athletes.","year":"2011","authors":"Memari AH, Kordi R, Panahi N, Nikookar LR, Abdollahi M, Abdollahi M, Akbarnejad A.","doi":"10.5812/asjsm.34754","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22375235/","journal":"Asian journal of sports medicine"},{"pmid":"22386777","disposition":"context","design":"Within-person hormone physiology study","population":"11 normal-weight young adults: 7 women and 4 men.","comparison":"Overnight versus 24-hour fasting in the same participants.","protocol":"Frequent overnight growth-hormone and fatty-acid sampling.","findings":"Free and total growth hormone rose together after 24 hours, while binding protein and the free fraction did not change significantly.","limitations":"Hormone elevation is not evidence of muscle growth, rejuvenation or cancer prevention; small acute study with no clinical endpoints.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effect of prolonged fasting on levels of growth hormone-binding protein and free growth hormone.","year":"2012","authors":"Salgin B, Marcovecchio ML, Hill N, Dunger DB, Frystyk J.","doi":"10.1016/j.ghir.2012.02.003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22386777/","journal":"Growth hormone & IGF research : official journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society"},{"pmid":"22394625","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-arm animal tumor experiment","population":"120 male nude mice with LAPC-4 prostate tumors; arm counts not given in abstract.","comparison":"Western or zero-carbohydrate ketogenic diet, each with vehicle or lactate-transporter inhibitor CHC.","protocol":"Weight-matched feeding; animals assessed on day 53.","findings":"Overall four-group tumor comparison was not significant. A separate diet-effect analysis favored ketogenic feeding; CHC did not reduce tumor volume.","limitations":"Multiple analytical comparisons and one mouse model; no demonstrated synergy or human survival benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Carbohydrate restriction and lactate transporter inhibition in a mouse xenograft model of human prostate cancer.","year":"2012","authors":"Kim HS, Masko EM, Poulton SL, Kennedy KM, Pizzo SV, Dewhirst MW, Freedland SJ.","doi":"10.1111/j.1464-410x.2012.10971.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22394625/","journal":"BJU international"},{"pmid":"22425331","disposition":"context","design":"Observational survey with pooled analysis","population":"200 new angiography patients; pooled analyses also used 448 participants from an earlier report.","comparison":"Self-reported routine fasters versus nonfasters.","protocol":"Compared diagnosed diabetes and coronary narrowing, plus glucose and BMI.","findings":"Diabetes prevalence was 10.3% versus 22.0%; coronary disease was also less common among fasters.","limitations":"Not randomized and largely prevalence-based; healthier behavior or reverse causation may explain associations. The earlier 448 participants are reused, not an independent new cohort.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Relation of routine, periodic fasting to risk of diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography.","year":"2012","authors":"Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, May HT, Carlquist JF, Lappé DL, Bair TL, Anderson JL, Intermountain Heart Collaborative Study Group.","doi":"10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.01.379","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22425331/","journal":"The American journal of cardiology"},{"pmid":"22587405","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled diabetes education/safety study","population":"110 adults with diabetes; 3,946 glucose readings.","comparison":"No independent control; trends across Ramadan weeks.","protocol":"Education, diet counseling, medication adjustments and glucose monitoring on at least 15 fasting days.","findings":"27 participants had biochemical or symptomatic hypoglycemia; no ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar crisis was reported.","limitations":"Monitoring readings are not independent participants. A combined care program and no comparator prevent estimating fasting benefit or the program’s causal safety effect.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ramadan Prospective Diabetes Study: the role of drug dosage and timing alteration, active glucose monitoring and patient education.","year":"2012","authors":"Ahmedani MY, Haque MS, Basit A, Fawwad A, Alvi SF.","doi":"10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03563.x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22587405/","journal":"Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association"},{"pmid":"22638647","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled animal and isolated-liver experiment","population":"Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats; numbers not stated.","comparison":"Tumor stages at days 5, 8 and 11 versus freely fed, intake-matched and 24-hour-fasted healthy controls.","protocol":"Measured liver glycogen and response to cAMP or its analogue.","findings":"Tumor-bearing livers responded less to cAMP; lower glycogen than freely fed controls was not seen against intake-matched controls.","limitations":"Important intake control separates reduced eating from some tumor effects; studies host liver metabolism rather than fasting treatment of cancer.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Decreased response to cAMP in the glucose and glycogen catabolism in perfused livers of Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats.","year":"2012","authors":"de Morais H, Cassola P, Moreira CC, Bôas SK, Borba-Murad GR, Bazotte RB, de Souza HM.","doi":"10.1007/s11010-012-1337-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22638647/","journal":"Molecular and cellular biochemistry"},{"pmid":"22649778","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory hypoxia and nutrient-stress experiments","population":"Cancer and noncancer cell models; cell-line and replicate counts not fully specified in abstract.","comparison":"Low oxygen versus normal oxygen, glucose removal and HIF-related perturbations.","protocol":"Measured glycogen storage, PGM1 expression and survival after glucose deprivation.","findings":"Low oxygen increased glycogen stores; previously hypoxic cells mobilized them and survived subsequent glucose deprivation better.","limitations":"Supports glycogen as a reserve in studied conditions; laboratory glucose removal is not equivalent to human fasting, which maintains circulating glucose.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glycogen Synthesis is Induced in Hypoxia by the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor and Promotes Cancer Cell Survival.","year":"2012","authors":"Pelletier J, Bellot G, Gounon P, Lacas-Gervais S, Pouysségur J, Mazure NM.","doi":"10.3389/fonc.2012.00018","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22649778/","journal":"Frontiers in oncology"},{"pmid":"22679180","disposition":"context","design":"Human hormone/iron-regulation physiology experiments","population":"Healthy volunteers; participant and subgroup numbers not supplied.","comparison":"Time-of-day comparisons, fasting/refeeding and growth-hormone administration.","protocol":"Three-day fast with hepcidin measurements and subsequent refeeding.","findings":"Hepcidin rose about threefold during fasting and fell with refeeding; separate growth-hormone treatment lowered it.","limitations":"A regulatory hormone response, not proof of improved iron health; time of day matters and clinical anemia outcomes were not measured.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Circulating human hepcidin-25 concentrations display a diurnal rhythm, increase with prolonged fasting, and are reduced by growth hormone administration.","year":"2012","authors":"Troutt JS, Rudling M, Persson L, Ståhle L, Angelin B, Butterfield AM, Schade AE, Cao G, Konrad RJ.","doi":"10.1373/clinchem.2012.186866","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22679180/","journal":"Clinical chemistry"},{"pmid":"22684298","disposition":"context","design":"Genetic cell experiments, tumor implants and human-tissue analyses","population":"Engineered human fibroblasts, breast-cancer cells, mouse implants and breast tissue; sample sizes absent from abstract.","comparison":"Overexpression of different autophagy genes in support cells or cancer cells versus control constructs.","protocol":"Measured senescence, ketone/lactate production, tumor growth and metastasis.","findings":"Autophagic support cells promoted tumor growth; ATG16L1 in cancer cells instead inhibited growth. Effects depended on which cells were altered.","limitations":"Genetic overexpression is not fasting. The large metastasis effect is model-specific and does not establish a patient dietary outcome or a universal role of autophagy.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Autophagy and senescence in cancer-associated fibroblasts metabolically supports tumor growth and metastasis via glycolysis and ketone production.","year":"2012","authors":"Capparelli C, Guido C, Whitaker-Menezes D, Bonuccelli G, Balliet R, Pestell TG, Goldberg AF, Pestell RG, Howell A, Sneddon S, Birbe R, Tsirigos A, Martinez-Outschoorn U, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP.","doi":"10.4161/cc.20718","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22684298/","journal":"Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)"},{"pmid":"22738801","disposition":"context","design":"Multicenter randomized pragmatic medication trial","population":"870 adults with type 2 diabetes randomized; 848 analyzed: 421 sitagliptin, 427 sulfonylurea.","comparison":"Switching to sitagliptin versus remaining on a sulfonylurea; all intended Ramadan fasting.","protocol":"Daily symptom diaries during Ramadan.","findings":"Symptomatic hypoglycemia occurred in 3.8% versus 7.3%; risk ratio 0.52, 95% CI 0.29–0.94. No event required medical assistance.","limitations":"Symptoms did not require glucose confirmation; no HbA1c or weight comparison. Tests medication choice during fasting, not fasting efficacy.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes from India and Malaysia treated with sitagliptin or a sulfonylurea during Ramadan: a randomized, pragmatic study.","year":"2012","authors":"Aravind SR, Ismail SB, Balamurugan R, Gupta JB, Wadhwa T, Loh SM, Suryawanshi S, Davies MJ, Girman CJ, Katzeff HL, Radican L, Engel SS, Wolthers T.","doi":"10.1185/03007995.2012.707119","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22738801/","journal":"Current medical research and opinion"},{"pmid":"22827507","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective observational insulin-pump safety study","population":"21 insulin-treated participants, 10 men and 11 women; median age 26.","comparison":"Before versus during Ramadan; no nonfasting or alternative-device control.","protocol":"Pump use with continuous glucose monitoring and individualized dosing; median 29 fasting days.","findings":"No major hypoglycemia was reported; minor episodes prompted dosing changes or pump suspension, and overall quantitative changes were nonsignificant.","limitations":"Small selected cohort with active monitoring cannot establish general safety or prove device superiority.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ramadan fasting in diabetes patients on insulin pump therapy augmented by continuous glucose monitoring: an observational real-life study.","year":"2012","authors":"Khalil AB, Beshyah SA, Abu Awad SM, Benbarka MM, Haddad M, Al-Hassan D, Kahwatih M, Nagelkerke N.","doi":"10.1089/dia.2012.0061","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22827507/","journal":"Diabetes technology & therapeutics"},{"pmid":"22889512","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-diet trial","population":"32 adults with obesity; arm sizes not given in abstract.","comparison":"Alternate-day fasting with 45% versus 25% fat intake; no nonfasting group.","protocol":"Two-week maintenance and eight-week weight-loss phases; food supplied.","findings":"Both groups lost about 4–5% of weight and improved LDL/triglycerides; no between-group difference was detected.","limitations":"Tests dietary fat during fasting, not fasting versus equivalent daily restriction. Short-term markers do not prove cardioprotection; likely linked to companion lipid/vascular reports.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Alternate day fasting (ADF) with a high-fat diet produces similar weight loss and cardio-protection as ADF with a low-fat diet.","year":"2013","authors":"Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Varady KA.","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2012.07.002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22889512/","journal":"Metabolism: clinical and experimental"},{"pmid":"22903617","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled animal tumor and mechanism experiments","population":"Mice bearing human lung, liver or ovarian cancer models; exact denominators not explicitly given in abstract.","comparison":"Unrestricted controls versus one-day or two-day weekly fasts; additional immune/hormonal blocking experiments.","protocol":"Four weeks of fasting/refeeding and four-month observation.","findings":"Authors reported substantial regression and higher survival, particularly with two-day fasts; blocking NK cells or IGFBP-3 partly reduced effects.","limitations":"Striking preclinical results require model, allocation and denominator checks and independent replication; percentages must not be converted into invented sample sizes. No human efficacy evidence.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Comprehensive modulation of tumor progression and regression with periodic fasting and refeeding circles via boosting IGFBP-3 loops and NK responses.","year":"2012","authors":"Chen X, Lin X, Li M.","doi":"10.1210/en.2011-2101","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22903617/","journal":"Endocrinology"},{"pmid":"22904096","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled invertebrate lifespan experiment","population":"Clonal Brachionus manjavacas rotifers in three reproductive modes; organism counts not stated.","comparison":"Different continuous food restrictions and intermittent fasting versus feeding references.","protocol":"Measured lifetime survival and reproduction.","findings":"Intermittent fasting extended lifespan 50–70% across the tested modes; continuous restriction effects varied by reproductive mode.","limitations":"A microscopic invertebrate result does not estimate human lifespan extension; genetically related groups still responded differently.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Life-span extension by caloric restriction is determined by type and level of food reduction and by reproductive mode in Brachionus manjavacas (Rotifera).","year":"2013","authors":"Gribble KE, Welch DB.","doi":"10.1093/gerona/gls170","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22904096/","journal":"The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences"},{"pmid":"22963582","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled cardiovascular-risk cohort","population":"82 adults, 38 men and 44 women, with cardiovascular disease or related risk conditions.","comparison":"Before versus after Ramadan; no nonfasting comparison.","protocol":"Participants fasted at least ten days; measured risk markers and calculated a risk score.","findings":"Calculated ten-year coronary risk fell from 13.0 to 10.8, with improvements in several lipid and body measures; glucose, insulin resistance and CRP did not significantly change.","limitations":"A calculated prediction is not observed prevention of heart attacks; no randomization, long-term follow-up or control for concurrent lifestyle changes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Ramadan fasting on cardiovascular risk factors: a prospective observational study.","year":"2012","authors":"Nematy M, Alinezhad-Namaghi M, Rashed MM, Mozhdehifard M, Sajjadi SS, Akhlaghi S, Sabery M, Mohajeri SA, Shalaey N, Moohebati M, Norouzy A.","doi":"10.1186/1475-2891-11-69","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22963582/","journal":"Nutrition journal"},{"pmid":"23038057","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized animal prostate-tumor study","population":"160 male mice: 150 castrated mice in four diet arms and 10 noncastrated Western-diet controls.","comparison":"Western, zero-, 10%- or 20%-carbohydrate diets after castration; additional hormonal-state control.","protocol":"Followed implanted tumors to 1,000 mm³; hormones sampled in eight median-surviving mice per group.","findings":"The 20%-carbohydrate arm grew more slowly than Western diet; survival differences among restricted diets and pooled restricted versus Western diet were not significant.","limitations":"Tumor-size endpoint, selected hormone subset and mouse model; evidence does not show that maximal carbohydrate removal is best.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effect of carbohydrate restriction on prostate cancer tumor growth in a castrate mouse xenograft model.","year":"2013","authors":"Caso J, Masko EM, Ii JA, Poulton SH, Dewhirst M, Pizzo SV, Freedland SJ.","doi":"10.1002/pros.22586","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23038057/","journal":"The Prostate"},{"pmid":"23047605","disposition":"context","design":"Engineered-cell and mouse tumor experiment","population":"BRCA1-reduced human fibroblasts, MDA-MB-231 breast-cancer cells and nude mice; counts not in abstract.","comparison":"BRCA1 knockdown versus control fibroblasts, alone or co-cultured/co-implanted with cancer cells.","protocol":"Measured autophagy markers, ketone production and implanted-tumor growth.","findings":"Modified fibroblasts produced more ketones and supported about 2.2-fold greater tumor growth in the model.","limitations":"BRCA1 manipulation changes several pathways; does not isolate a fasting effect or establish that dietary ketosis worsens patient outcomes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Downregulation of stromal BRCA1 drives breast cancer tumor growth via upregulation of HIF-1α, autophagy and ketone body production.","year":"2012","authors":"Salem AF, Howell A, Sartini M, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP.","doi":"10.4161/cc.22316","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23047605/","journal":"Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)"},{"pmid":"23082721","disposition":"context","design":"Cell coculture and human-tissue expression study","population":"MCF7 breast-cancer cells, immortalized fibroblasts and human breast tumor samples; counts not supplied.","comparison":"Coculture and serum-starvation conditions, ketone exposure and transporter inhibition.","protocol":"Measured ketone-related enzymes and mitochondrial biogenesis.","findings":"Support cells expressed ketone-production machinery; ketone exposure increased cancer-cell mitochondrial measures, which a transporter inhibitor blocked.","limitations":"Mitochondrial markers and tissue expression do not by themselves establish clinical growth or dietary harm; no fasting trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ketone bodies and two-compartment tumor metabolism: stromal ketone production fuels mitochondrial biogenesis in epithelial cancer cells.","year":"2012","authors":"Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Lin Z, Whitaker-Menezes D, Howell A, Lisanti MP, Sotgia F.","doi":"10.4161/cc.22136","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23082721/","journal":"Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)"},{"pmid":"23082722","disposition":"context","design":"Genetic cell and animal tumor experiments","population":"Engineered fibroblasts and MDA-MB-231 breast-cancer cells; model and replicate counts not given.","comparison":"Ketone-production or ketone-use enzyme overexpression versus control constructs.","protocol":"Assessed neighboring-cell metabolism, tumor growth and metastasis.","findings":"Increasing ketone production in support cells or ketone-use enzymes in cancer cells promoted tumor growth in these models.","limitations":"Artificial overexpression demonstrates possible metabolic support, not universal behavior or an outcome of fasting in patients.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ketone body utilization drives tumor growth and metastasis.","year":"2012","authors":"Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Lin Z, Whitaker-Menezes D, Howell A, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP.","doi":"10.4161/cc.22137","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23082722/","journal":"Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)"},{"pmid":"23171320","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm weight-loss trial","population":"54 women with obesity; arm counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Liquid-meal versus food-based diet; both combined one severely restricted day weekly with daily calorie restriction.","protocol":"Two-week maintenance phase followed by eight weeks of weight loss.","findings":"Weight loss was 3.9 versus 2.5 kg, favoring the liquid-meal approach; fat and some risk markers improved in both.","limitations":"No fasting-free calorie-matched control, so fasting’s added effect cannot be isolated; short-term risk markers are not demonstrated heart-disease prevention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intermittent fasting combined with calorie restriction is effective for weight loss and cardio-protection in obese women.","year":"2012","authors":"Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Bhutani S, Trepanowski JF, Varady KA.","doi":"10.1186/1475-2891-11-98","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23171320/","journal":"Nutrition journal"},{"pmid":"23177934","disposition":"context","design":"Cell and animal tumor mechanism experiments","population":"Hypoxic cancer cells and in-vivo tumor models; counts not provided.","comparison":"Glycogen phosphorylase depletion versus controls; oxygen-related comparisons.","protocol":"Measured glycogen turnover, oxidative stress, senescence and tumor formation.","findings":"Blocking glycogen breakdown caused glycogen accumulation, oxidative stress and senescence and impaired tumor formation.","limitations":"Targets access to stored glycogen, not simply its absence; genetic manipulation is not dietary fasting, and effects may depend on p53 and tumor type.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glucose utilization via glycogen phosphorylase sustains proliferation and prevents premature senescence in cancer cells.","year":"2012","authors":"Favaro E, Bensaad K, Chong MG, Tennant DA, Ferguson DJ, Snell C, Steers G, Turley H, Li JL, Günther UL, Buffa FM, McIntyre A, Harris AL.","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2012.10.017","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23177934/","journal":"Cell metabolism"},{"pmid":"23217251","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Commentary on Favaro and colleagues’ primary glycogen-phosphorylase study (PMID 23177934); no new experiment or independent participant cohort.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Linking glycogen and senescence in cancer cells.","year":"2012","authors":"Ros S, Schulze A.","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2012.11.010","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23217251/","journal":"Cell metabolism"},{"pmid":"23220077","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized crossover physiology trial","population":"30 apparently healthy adults; 16 assigned fasting first.","comparison":"One-day water-only fasting versus a day of usual eating.","protocol":"Acute biomarker measurements with correction for multiple comparisons.","findings":"Growth hormone, cholesterol and several blood-concentration measures rose while weight and triglycerides fell; most measured changes reversed after eating resumed.","limitations":"Transient biomarkers cannot establish disease prevention or longevity; rapid weight change is not necessarily fat loss.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Randomized cross-over trial of short-term water-only fasting: metabolic and cardiovascular consequences.","year":"2013","authors":"Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Lappé DL, May HT, Carlquist JF, Galenko O, Brunisholz KD, Anderson JL.","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2012.09.007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23220077/","journal":"Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD"},{"pmid":"23408502","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-arm human trial","population":"64 adults with obesity; arm sizes not provided in abstract.","comparison":"Alternate-day fasting plus endurance exercise, fasting alone, exercise alone and control.","protocol":"12 weeks of intervention.","findings":"Reported weight losses were about 6, 3 and 1 kg in the three active arms; combined treatment also improved several body-fat/lipid measures.","limitations":"Small groups and short-term markers; no calorie-matched daily restriction arm or clinical cardiovascular endpoint.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans.","year":"2013","authors":"Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Varady KA.","doi":"10.1002/oby.20353","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23408502/","journal":"Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)"},{"pmid":"23612508","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized dietary-fat comparison; companion report","population":"35 adults with obesity reported randomized; other reports from the same regimen describe 32.","comparison":"High-fat versus low-fat alternate-day fasting; no nonfasting control.","protocol":"Ten-week program measuring lipoprotein size and distribution.","findings":"Both diets lowered weight/LDL and increased LDL particle size; HDL measures were unchanged.","limitations":"Likely shares participants with weight and vascular reports; enrollment versus analyzed denominators need full-text reconciliation. Lipoprotein changes do not establish fewer heart attacks.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Alternate day fasting increases LDL particle size independently of dietary fat content in obese humans.","year":"2013","authors":"Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Varady KA.","doi":"10.1038/ejcn.2013.83","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23612508/","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition"},{"pmid":"23679071","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled body-composition cohort","population":"240 adults, 158 men; age groups 82 at most 35 years and 158 aged 36–70.","comparison":"Before versus after Ramadan, with sex and age comparisons; no nonfasting group.","protocol":"At least 20 fasting days; impedance body-composition measurements one week before and after.","findings":"Weight and fat-free mass fell broadly; fat-mass changes varied by age and sex.","limitations":"Impedance is sensitive to hydration. A fall in fat-free mass is not necessarily all muscle loss; no randomized comparison or long-term maintenance assessment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of fasting in Ramadan on body composition and nutritional intake: a prospective study.","year":"2013","authors":"Norouzy A, Salehi M, Philippou E, Arabi H, Shiva F, Mehrnoosh S, Mohajeri SM, Mohajeri SA, Motaghedi Larijani A, Nematy M.","doi":"10.1111/jhn.12042","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23679071/","journal":"Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association"},{"pmid":"23712283","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized dietary-fat comparison; vascular companion report","population":"32 adults with obesity.","comparison":"High-fat versus low-fat alternate-day fasting; no nonfasting group.","protocol":"Two-week maintenance and eight-week fasting intervention with supplied meals.","findings":"Weight fell in both groups, but artery dilation improved on the low-fat diet and worsened on the high-fat diet.","limitations":"Likely shares participants with companion weight/lipid reports; vascular dilation is a surrogate, and favorable weight changes did not imply identical vascular responses.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Benefit of a low-fat over high-fat diet on vascular health during alternate day fasting.","year":"2013","authors":"Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Norkeviciute E, Goslawski M, Phillips SA, Varady KA.","doi":"10.1038/nutd.2013.14","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23712283/","journal":"Nutrition & diabetes"},{"pmid":"23788187","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled animal heart/autophagy experiment","population":"Rats with aortic constriction and fasting controls; sample sizes not specified.","comparison":"20-week pressure overload versus sham; separate three-day fasting positive controls.","protocol":"Heart imaging, autophagy-marker staining and protein measurements.","findings":"Three-day fasting altered cardiac function and autophagy-related markers; late pressure-overload hearts showed no clear marker changes.","limitations":"Static marker combinations are less definitive than degradation-blockade flux assays; rat timing does not establish a human autophagy threshold or cardiac benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Autophagic flux of cardiomyocytes from 20-week transverse abdominal aortic constriction rats].","year":"2013","authors":"Cui LB, Sheng JJ, Wang YY, Yu ZB.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23788187/","journal":"Sheng li xue bao : [Acta physiologica Sinica]"},{"pmid":"23980739","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled appetite study","population":"24 Malian adults with type 2 diabetes.","comparison":"Before Ramadan versus days 2, 9 and 16, with sex comparisons; no nonfasting group.","protocol":"Repeated appetite ratings and food recall.","findings":"Appetite patterns varied by sex and time; men lost weight and women reduced waist size without a significant reported calorie-intake change.","limitations":"Small sample and self-reported intake; indexed title is unavailable, so bibliographic identification needs the PMID source link rather than an invented paper title.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Not Available].","year":"2013","authors":"Traoré M, Galibois I, Lemieux S.","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2012-0337","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23980739/","journal":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme"},{"pmid":"23996548","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized medication comparison","population":"198 adults with type 2 diabetes: 115 metformin/vildagliptin and 83 metformin/insulin-secretagogue.","comparison":"Two existing-treatment cohorts during Ramadan; no nonfasting control.","protocol":"Visits before and after Ramadan, without daily event diaries.","findings":"Broad symptom reports were common in both groups; better-documented or severe events were less frequent with vildagliptin. Glucose control was stable.","limitations":"Treatment selection, different planned dose adjustments and retrospective event recall limit causal drug comparisons and do not test fasting benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Experience with Vildagliptin in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Fasting During Ramadan in France: Insights from the VERDI Study.","year":"2013","authors":"Halimi S, Levy M, Huet D, Quéré S, Dejager S.","doi":"10.1007/s13300-013-0038-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23996548/","journal":"Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders"},{"pmid":"24044618","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized controlled combined-diet trial","population":"Men aged 50–70; participant number not given in abstract.","comparison":"Reduced daily calories plus two weekly religious fasts versus control.","protocol":"12 weeks; daily reduction target 300–500 kcal plus fasting.","findings":"Several body, blood-pressure, lipid and laboratory DNA/oxidative markers improved; total energy intake fell about 18%.","limitations":"Cannot separate meal timing from lower calories; DNA assay changes are not proof of cancer prevention, slower aging or longer life.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Improvement of metabolic parameters in healthy older adult men following a fasting calorie restriction intervention.","year":"2013","authors":"Teng NI, Shahar S, Rajab NF, Manaf ZA, Johari MH, Ngah WZ.","doi":"10.3109/13685538.2013.832191","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24044618/","journal":"The aging male : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male"},{"pmid":"24089232","disposition":"context","design":"Retrospective observational comparison","population":"147 adults with type 2 diabetes: 76 fasting and 71 nonfasting.","comparison":"One nonfasting group with similar reported demographics.","protocol":"Before-and-after Ramadan clinic measurements; average fasting 16.5 hours daily.","findings":"No significant group differences in glucose measures, weight or reported serious adverse events.","limitations":"Abstract calls the design randomized but also retrospective and observational; no described randomized fasting assignment. Selected complete clinic records cannot establish broad safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effects of long term fasting in Ramadan on glucose regulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus.","year":"2013","authors":"Karatoprak C, Yolbas S, Cakirca M, Cinar A, Zorlu M, Kiskac M, Cikrikcioglu MA, Erkoc R, Tasan E.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24089232/","journal":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences"},{"pmid":"24160237","disposition":"context","design":"Cross-sectional hospital-care study","population":"Medical-ward patients receiving no oral intake; participant count not in abstract.","comparison":"Appropriate versus prolonged fasting without nutritional support; adjusted observational analysis.","protocol":"Assessed fluid/electrolyte delivery, nutritional status and hospital outcomes.","findings":"27% had inadequately prolonged fasting; it was associated with longer hospital stay. Malnutrition predicted mortality with a wide confidence interval.","limitations":"Illness-driven fasting is different from elective fasting; confounding by disease severity remains, and mortality association was with malnutrition rather than fasting alone.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Prolonged fasting with fluid therapy is related to poorer outcomes in medical patients.","year":"2013","authors":"Kyriakos G, Calleja-Fernández A, Ávila-Turcios D, Cano-Rodríguez I, Ballesteros Pomar MD, Vidal-Casariego A.","doi":"10.3305/nh.2013.28.5.6693","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24160237/","journal":"Nutricion hospitalaria"},{"pmid":"24215592","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized controlled weight-loss trial","population":"32 adults with BMI 20–29.9; arm sizes not specified in abstract.","comparison":"Alternate-day fasting versus control.","protocol":"12 weeks; restricted days provided 25% of energy needs, alternating with unrestricted days.","findings":"Fasting reduced weight about 5.2 kg and fat about 3.6 kg relative to controls; several lipid/inflammatory markers improved, while LDL and HDL cholesterol did not.","limitations":"Small short trial without an equally calorie-restricted daily-diet arm; biomarker changes are not demonstrated cardiovascular-event prevention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Alternate day fasting for weight loss in normal weight and overweight subjects: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2013","authors":"Varady KA, Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Haus JM, Hoddy KK, Calvo Y.","doi":"10.1186/1475-2891-12-146","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24215592/","journal":"Nutrition journal"},{"pmid":"24292700","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory pancreatic-cancer cell experiment","population":"Parental 1420 cells and two selected 2-deoxyglucose-resistant derivatives; replicate counts not stated.","comparison":"Drug resistance versus parental cells, glucose starvation and glycogen-phosphorylase inhibition.","protocol":"Examined stress responses, glycogen breakdown and cell survival.","findings":"Drug-resistant cells were more vulnerable to glucose removal and had lower PYGB; inhibiting PYGB also increased starvation sensitivity in parental cells.","limitations":"Drug exposure and glucose withdrawal had different effects. Artificial deprivation and selected cell lines do not establish a dietary cancer treatment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Increased sensitivity to glucose starvation correlates with downregulation of glycogen phosphorylase isoform PYGB in tumor cell lines resistant to 2-deoxy-D-glucose.","year":"2014","authors":"Philips KB, Kurtoglu M, Leung HJ, Liu H, Gao N, Lehrman MA, Murray TG, Lampidis TJ.","doi":"10.1007/s00280-013-2358-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24292700/","journal":"Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology"},{"pmid":"24373063","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-drug trial","population":"99 adults with type 2 diabetes intending Ramadan fasting.","comparison":"Liraglutide versus sulfonylurea, both with metformin.","protocol":"Follow-up before and three/twelve weeks after Ramadan.","findings":"The composite primary outcome did not reach significance; liraglutide lowered recorded low-glucose episodes, weight and diastolic pressure.","limitations":"Medication comparison, not fasting efficacy; small sample and borderline HbA1c result should not be reported as a clear primary-outcome success.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A randomized controlled trial comparing the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide to a sulphonylurea as add on to metformin in patients with established type 2 diabetes during Ramadan: the Treat 4 Ramadan Trial.","year":"2014","authors":"Brady EM, Davies MJ, Gray LJ, Saeed MA, Smith D, Hanif W, Khunti K.","doi":"10.1111/dom.12249","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24373063/","journal":"Diabetes, obesity & metabolism"},{"pmid":"24522324","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled adolescent cohort","population":"25 adolescents with obesity.","comparison":"Before Ramadan, final week and six weeks afterward; no nonfasting control.","protocol":"Tracked body composition, metabolic and inflammatory measures.","findings":"BMI and glucose regulation did not change; cholesterol fractions, heart rate and CRP rose temporarily and returned to baseline.","limitations":"Small observational sample cannot establish either general safety or benefit; temporary changes and hydration-sensitive body composition require caution.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intermittent fasting during Ramadan causes a transient increase in total, LDL, and HDL cholesterols and hs-CRP in ethnic obese adolescents.","year":"2014","authors":"Radhakishun N, Blokhuis C, van Vliet M, von Rosenstiel I, Weijer O, Heymans M, Beijnen J, Brandjes D, Diamant M.","doi":"10.1007/s00431-014-2276-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24522324/","journal":"European journal of pediatrics"},{"pmid":"24559109","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective multicenter education/implementation cohort","population":"388 people with diabetes at nine centers.","comparison":"Before-and-after Ramadan interviews; no untreated education or nonfasting control.","protocol":"Counseling, educational materials and medication-timing recommendations.","findings":"Many changed medication schedules, but many also continued fasting despite symptoms. No reported hospitalization, ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar crisis occurred.","limitations":"Self-reported implementation and selected specialist care; no controlled evidence that the program or fasting prevented complications.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Implementation of Ramadan-specific diabetes management recommendations: a multi-centered prospective study from Pakistan.","year":"2014","authors":"Ahmedani MY, Alvi SF, Haque MS, Fawwad A, Basit A.","doi":"10.1186/2251-6581-13-37","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24559109/","journal":"Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders"},{"pmid":"24615175","disposition":"context","design":"Cell and controlled animal metastatic-tumor experiments","population":"VM-M3 cancer cells and male VM mice; animal and replicate counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Standard diet alone versus butanediol or ketone-ester supplementation; cell exposure with/without beta-hydroxybutyrate.","protocol":"Monitored tumor imaging, glucose, ketones, body weight and survival.","findings":"Ketone supplements reduced cell growth and prolonged mouse survival by reported 51% and 69% relative to controls.","limitations":"One metastatic model and exogenous supplements, not fasting. Does not show universal inability of tumors to use ketones or establish a human survival benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ketone supplementation decreases tumor cell viability and prolongs survival of mice with metastatic cancer.","year":"2014","authors":"Poff AM, Ari C, Arnold P, Seyfried TN, D'Agostino DP.","doi":"10.1002/ijc.28809","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24615175/","journal":"International journal of cancer"},{"pmid":"24696775","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized open-label medication trial","population":"69 adults with type 2 diabetes; arm sizes not given.","comparison":"Metformin plus vildagliptin versus metformin plus adjusted sulfonylurea; all observed Ramadan.","protocol":"Four visits from before Ramadan to one month afterward, with education and monitoring.","findings":"HbA1c change was similar; 19 versus 26 hypoglycemic episodes did not differ significantly. More controls withdrew over treatment discomfort or fear.","limitations":"Small open-label study with differential attrition; not evidence of fasting benefit or a statistically established hypoglycemia reduction.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glycemic effects of vildagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes before, during and after the period of fasting in Ramadan.","year":"2014","authors":"Malha LP, Taan G, Zantout MS, Azar ST.","doi":"10.1177/2042018814529062","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24696775/","journal":"Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism"},{"pmid":"24700805","disposition":"context","design":"Genetic tumor screen, animal validation and patient prognostic analysis","population":"Bladder-cancer cells; xenograft screen n=50 and validation n=20 as reported; 561 patients in clinical datasets.","comparison":"AGL depletion and rescue constructs versus controls; patient expression/survival comparisons.","protocol":"Investigated glycogen-debranching enzyme AGL and tumor growth.","findings":"Loss of AGL increased tumor growth; enzyme-inactive rescue showed the suppressive effect was independent of glycogen-debranching activity.","limitations":"A glycogen-associated protein can act through other functions. No fasting trial; clinical association does not prove a treatment effect.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Role in tumor growth of a glycogen debranching enzyme lost in glycogen storage disease.","year":"2014","authors":"Guin S, Pollard C, Ru Y, Ritterson Lew C, Duex JE, Dancik G, Owens C, Spencer A, Knight S, Holemon H, Gupta S, Hansel D, Hellerstein M, Lorkiewicz P, Lane AN, Fan TW, Theodorescu D.","doi":"10.1093/jnci/dju062","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24700805/","journal":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"pmid":"24701429","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective pediatric diabetes safety cohort","population":"33 children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes: 16 boys and 17 girls.","comparison":"Completed versus interrupted fasting; no nonfasting control.","protocol":"Ramadan fasting with intensive family education, insulin adjustment and follow-up.","findings":"60.6% completed fasting; measured glucose, HbA1c, weight and insulin changes were not significantly different between completion groups.","limitations":"Small selected monitored cohort; roughly two-fifths did not complete, and null biomarker differences do not establish pediatric fasting safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Fasting during Ramadan in adolescents with diabetes.","year":"2014","authors":"Zabeen B, Tayyeb S, Benarjee B, Baki A, Nahar J, Mohsin F, Nahar N, Azad K.","doi":"10.4103/2230-8210.126530","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24701429/","journal":"Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism"},{"pmid":"24783068","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled prospective hypertension study","population":"15 adults aged 35–65 on blood-pressure medication.","comparison":"Before versus after Ramadan; no concurrent control.","protocol":"Continued medication while fasting through Ramadan.","findings":"Average blood pressure fell about 15.5/9.3 mm Hg and weight 1.4 kg; cholesterol did not significantly change.","limitations":"Very small study without control for medication adherence, diet, weight or regression to the mean; no cardiovascular-event outcome.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Body Weight, (BP) and Biochemical Parameters in Middle Aged Hypertensive Subjects: An Observational Trial.","year":"2014","authors":"M S, Ah SA, Sr S, Km B.","doi":"10.7860/jcdr/2014/8108.4092","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24783068/","journal":"Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR"},{"pmid":"24810552","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized pregnancy comparison","population":"Abstract inconsistently reports 106 total participants but 83 in each of two groups; denominator unresolved.","comparison":"Ramadan fasting versus nonfasting pregnancies in second/third trimester.","protocol":"Ultrasound growth, amniotic fluid and Doppler measurements before and after summer Ramadan.","findings":"Authors reported some adverse fetal-development findings; abstract mostly gives within-group changes and limited direct effect estimates.","limitations":"Conflicting sample counts and incomplete between-group results prevent a reliable numerical conclusion without full-text verification; no randomized assignment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ramadan fasting and pregnancy: implications for fetal development in summer season.","year":"2015","authors":"Sakar MN, Gultekin H, Demir B, Bakir VL, Balsak D, Vuruskan E, Acar H, Yucel O, Yayla M.","doi":"10.1515/jpm-2013-0289","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24810552/","journal":"Journal of perinatal medicine"},{"pmid":"24920915","disposition":"context","design":"Double-blind randomized medication trial","population":"557 adults with well-controlled type 2 diabetes; exact arm counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Vildagliptin versus gliclazide, both with metformin and frequent clinical support.","protocol":"Pre-Ramadan preparation and monitoring during Ramadan.","findings":"Confirmed hypoglycemia was 3.0% versus 7.0%, significant with a one-sided test; any hypoglycemia, HbA1c and weight changes did not significantly differ.","limitations":"Medication comparison in closely supported patients; significance depends on stated one-sided testing. No fasting-versus-nonfasting causal comparison.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A double-blind, randomized trial, including frequent patient-physician contacts and Ramadan-focused advice, assessing vildagliptin and gliclazide in patients with type 2 diabetes fasting during Ramadan: the STEADFAST study.","year":"2014","authors":"Hassanein M, Abdallah K, Schweizer A.","doi":"10.2147/vhrm.s64038","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24920915/","journal":"Vascular health and risk management"},{"pmid":"25001139","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled kidney-disease safety cohorts","population":"39 people with chronic kidney disease and 32 receiving hemodialysis.","comparison":"Before, during and after Ramadan within each cohort; no nonfasting controls.","protocol":"About 14-hour daily fasts for a month with modified medication/dialysis schedules.","findings":"CKD measures were broadly stable. Dialysis patients had substantial electrolyte abnormalities and reported hypertension/fluid overload, although none required admission.","limitations":"No hospital admission does not mean no adverse effects. Small selected cohorts and adjusted care limit general safety conclusions.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Kidney function and metabolic profile of chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis patients during Ramadan fasting.","year":"2014","authors":"Al Wakeel JS.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25001139/","journal":"Iranian journal of kidney diseases"},{"pmid":"25040034","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective interview-based religious-fasting safety study","population":"57 young people with type 1 diabetes contributed 88 fasts; one used both injection and pump categories.","comparison":"Completed versus interrupted fasts and insulin-delivery groups; no nonfasting control.","protocol":"25-hour fasts with prior insulin-adjustment instructions.","findings":"Nineteen participants interrupted fasting, mostly for mild hypoglycemia; no severe event was reported. Completers had used less insulin on average.","limitations":"Repeated fasts are not independent people; observational dose associations should not become universal dosing instructions or proof of safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The basal insulin dose; a lesson from prolonged fasting in young individuals with type 1 diabetes.","year":"2015","authors":"Strich D, Teomim R, Gillis D.","doi":"10.1111/pedi.12173","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25040034/","journal":"Pediatric diabetes"},{"pmid":"25051373","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory cancer-cell mechanism study","population":"Engineered cancer cell lines; line and replicate counts not specified in abstract.","comparison":"KIAA1199 overexpression and interaction assays, including serum-free conditions, versus reference cells.","protocol":"Tested interactions with PHKB/PYGB, glycogen breakdown and survival.","findings":"KIAA1199-related interactions promoted glycogen breakdown and cell survival under the tested conditions.","limitations":"Identifies a possible drug target, not proof that every cancer requires glycogen or that fasting disables this pathway in patients.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"KIAA1199 interacts with glycogen phosphorylase kinase β-subunit (PHKB) to promote glycogen breakdown and cancer cell survival.","year":"2014","authors":"Terashima M, Fujita Y, Togashi Y, Sakai K, De Velasco MA, Tomida S, Nishio K.","doi":"10.18632/oncotarget.2220","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25051373/","journal":"Oncotarget"},{"pmid":"25156718","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Diagnostic imaging development using labeled ethyl acetoacetate and esterase conversion in rat liver tumors. No fasting, ketone-fuel dependency or therapeutic tumor-starvation outcome was tested.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Hyperpolarized [1,3-13C2 ]ethyl acetoacetate is a novel diagnostic metabolic marker of liver cancer.","year":"2015","authors":"Jensen PR, Serra SC, Miragoli L, Karlsson M, Cabella C, Poggi L, Venturi L, Tedoldi F, Lerche MH.","doi":"10.1002/ijc.29162","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25156718/","journal":"International journal of cancer"},{"pmid":"25228990","disposition":"context","design":"Cell and mouse pancreatic-cancer experiments","population":"Multiple pancreatic cancer lines and orthotopic mouse tumors; numbers not provided.","comparison":"Ketone-treated versus reference cells and ketogenic versus reference diet in mice.","protocol":"Measured glucose/glutamine metabolism, tumor growth and wasting.","findings":"Ketones reduced metabolism and survival in tested cells; ketogenic feeding reduced tumor growth and muscle/body-weight loss in the mouse model.","limitations":"Preclinical context-specific benefit; later pancreatic models may differ. Does not establish patient efficacy or a universal cancer fuel rule.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","notices":[{"type":"Erratum in","reference":"Cancer Metab. 2014;2:22","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25228990/"}],"integrityNote":"Original correction checked: an incorrect image for the 20 mM lithium-acetoacetate condition in Figure 1D was replaced. High-dose salt experiments should not be equated with nutritional ketosis.","title":"Metabolic reprogramming induced by ketone bodies diminishes pancreatic cancer cachexia.","year":"2014","authors":"Shukla SK, Gebregiworgis T, Purohit V, Chaika NV, Gunda V, Radhakrishnan P, Mehla K, Pipinos II, Powers R, Yu F, Singh PK.","doi":"10.1186/2049-3002-2-18","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25228990/","journal":"Cancer & metabolism"},{"pmid":"25231606","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective pregnancy cohort","population":"130 pregnant Muslim women; about half reported fasting.","comparison":"Fasting versus nonfasting mothers, including trimester subgroups.","protocol":"Self-reported Ramadan exposure and birth weights from records.","findings":"Strict fasting was associated with an estimated 198-g lower birth weight, but the interval crossed no difference; first-trimester estimate was −272 g with a borderline interval.","limitations":"Nonrandom exposure, modest sample and imprecise subgroup estimates; neither definite harm nor safety is established.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ramadan fasting and newborn's birth weight in pregnant Muslim women in The Netherlands.","year":"2014","authors":"Savitri AI, Yadegari N, Bakker J, van Ewijk RJ, Grobbee DE, Painter RC, Uiterwaal CS, Roseboom TJ.","doi":"10.1017/s0007114514002219","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25231606/","journal":"The British journal of nutrition"},{"pmid":"25251676","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-schedule weight-loss trial","population":"74 adults with obesity; arm counts not provided.","comparison":"Restricted-day calories at lunch, dinner or spread across small meals; all used alternate-day restriction.","protocol":"Eight weeks with 25% of energy needs on restricted days.","findings":"All schedules produced similar losses of roughly 3.5–4.1 kg; glucose, insulin resistance and routine lipid concentrations did not change.","limitations":"No nonfasting or daily-restriction control; similar short-term outcomes do not prove equal long-term adherence or cardioprotection.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","notices":[{"type":"Erratum in","reference":"Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015 Apr;23(4):914","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25251676/"}],"integrityNote":"An indexed 2015 erratum is linked; its complete text was not accessible in this assessment.","title":"Meal timing during alternate day fasting: Impact on body weight and cardiovascular disease risk in obese adults.","year":"2014","authors":"Hoddy KK, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Barnosky A, Bhutani S, Varady KA.","doi":"10.1002/oby.20909","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25251676/","journal":"Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)"},{"pmid":"25261183","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective birth-cohort substudy","population":"310 pregnant Asian/Asian British Muslim women with live singleton births.","comparison":"Self-selected fasting versus nonfasting, with adjustment for measured characteristics.","protocol":"Ramadan behavior and birthweight/preterm-birth outcomes.","findings":"Fasting behavior differed by demographic characteristics; no association with measured birth outcomes was detected.","limitations":"Selection/confounding and limited sample; live-birth cohort cannot establish all pregnancy risks, and null findings do not prove safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Experiences and outcomes of maternal Ramadan fasting during pregnancy: results from a sub-cohort of the Born in Bradford birth cohort study.","year":"2014","authors":"Petherick ES, Tuffnell D, Wright J.","doi":"10.1186/1471-2393-14-335","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25261183/","journal":"BMC pregnancy and childbirth"},{"pmid":"25332205","disposition":"context","design":"Genetic heart-cell and mouse experiments","population":"Cardiomyocytes and cardiac Drp1 knockout/partial-knockout mice; counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Altered Drp1 versus controls at baseline, glucose deprivation, 48-hour fasting and ischemia/reperfusion.","protocol":"Measured mitochondrial clearance, heart function and injury.","findings":"Reducing Drp1 impaired mitochondrial autophagy and increased cardiac vulnerability; partial loss worsened function after fasting.","limitations":"Demonstrates protective cellular quality control in this model, not that longer fasting benefits the human heart or clears cancer.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Endogenous Drp1 mediates mitochondrial autophagy and protects the heart against energy stress.","year":"2015","authors":"Ikeda Y, Shirakabe A, Maejima Y, Zhai P, Sciarretta S, Toli J, Nomura M, Mihara K, Egashira K, Ohishi M, Abdellatif M, Sadoshima J.","doi":"10.1161/circresaha.116.303356","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25332205/","journal":"Circulation research"},{"pmid":"25524882","disposition":"context","design":"Case report with narrative background review","population":"One adult woman following a 40-day water-only fast.","comparison":"No control group.","protocol":"Clinical course of thiamine-deficiency Wernicke encephalopathy and treatment.","findings":"Neurological illness required prompt injected thiamine and prolonged oral supplementation during recovery.","limitations":"A severe documented complication, not an incidence estimate. Narrative background is not an additional trial; treatment doses are case details, not fasting guidance.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Malnutrition-induced Wernicke's encephalopathy following a water-only fasting diet.","year":"2015","authors":"Hutcheon DA.","doi":"10.1177/0884533614561793","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25524882/","journal":"Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition"},{"pmid":"25546434","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled dialysis cohort","population":"35 hemodialysis patients in three centers; 54% women, 49% with diabetes.","comparison":"Before versus final week of Ramadan; no nonfasting comparison.","protocol":"Any fasting participation qualified; 89% fasted more than 15 days.","findings":"Dialysis-session weight and ultrafiltration decreased; albumin rose and phosphate fell. Dry weight and several other measures did not change.","limitations":"Fluid shifts can affect weight and laboratory concentrations; no randomized comparator or reliable estimate of rare serious complications.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effects of intermittent fasting during the month of Ramadan in chronic haemodialysis patients in a tropical climate country.","year":"2014","authors":"Wan Md Adnan WA, Zaharan NL, Wong MH, Lim SK.","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0114262","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25546434/","journal":"PloS one"},{"pmid":"25557754","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized dietary-fat comparison/secondary metabolic report","population":"29 women with obesity aged 25–65.","comparison":"45%-fat versus 25%-fat alternate-day diets; no nonfasting group.","protocol":"Two-week maintenance and eight-week intervention with 25%-energy restricted days.","findings":"Both groups lost weight and reduced several lipids and free fatty acids; individual fatty-acid responses varied.","limitations":"Likely subset of the earlier high-/low-fat fasting cohort; do not count as an independent trial. No clinical cardiovascular outcomes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","notices":[{"type":"Erratum in","reference":"Sci Rep. 2015 Aug 05;5:8806. doi: 10.1038/srep08806","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26244425/"}],"integrityNote":"Original corrigendum checked: a financial-interest disclosure was added concerning authorship of an alternate-day-fasting diet book.","title":"Effects of weight loss via high fat vs. low fat alternate day fasting diets on free fatty acid profiles.","year":"2015","authors":"Varady KA, Dam VT, Klempel MC, Horne M, Cruz R, Kroeger CM, Santosa S.","doi":"10.1038/srep07561","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25557754/","journal":"Scientific reports"},{"pmid":"25561726","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory pancreatic-cancer signaling study","population":"Human pancreatic cancer cell models; line/replicate numbers not stated.","comparison":"GSK3 or mTOR inhibition, TFEB reduction and reference conditions.","protocol":"Measured autophagy/lysosomal signaling, TFEB location and cancer-cell growth.","findings":"Autophagy-related survival signals partly countered drug-induced death; reducing TFEB impaired growth and increased drug sensitivity.","limitations":"Relevant to autophagy’s protective role for established cancer cells, but no fasting or dietary cancer treatment was tested.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) inhibition induces prosurvival autophagic signals in human pancreatic cancer cells.","year":"2015","authors":"Marchand B, Arsenault D, Raymond-Fleury A, Boisvert FM, Boucher MJ.","doi":"10.1074/jbc.m114.616714","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25561726/","journal":"The Journal of biological chemistry"},{"pmid":"25595382","disposition":"context","design":"Within-person observational survey after bariatric surgery","population":"207 sleeve-gastrectomy patients, including 166 women.","comparison":"A Ramadan fasting day versus a later nonfasting day; no randomized fasting assignment.","protocol":"Telephone 24-hour food recall, symptoms and questionnaire measures.","findings":"Reported calorie intake fell about 17–20% and protein about 32–45% while fasting; measured symptom frequencies did not significantly differ.","limitations":"Recall and day-to-day variation limit accuracy; reduced protein intake is a nutritional concern, and absence of symptom differences does not establish long-term safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Obesity surgery and Ramadan: a prospective analysis of nutritional intake, hunger and satiety and adaptive behaviours during fasting.","year":"2015","authors":"Al-Ozairi E, Al Kandari J, AlHaqqan D, AlHarbi O, Masters Y, Syed AA.","doi":"10.1007/s11695-014-1373-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25595382/","journal":"Obesity surgery"},{"pmid":"25678702","disposition":"context","design":"Within-person exercise/nutrition physiology experiment","population":"Healthy adults; participant count not in abstract.","comparison":"One-hour cycling during a 36-hour fast versus during continuous glucose infusion.","protocol":"Muscle biopsies and ULK1/LC3/p62 protein measurements.","findings":"Exercise activated autophagy-related signaling in both conditions; fasting changed some protein levels but did not amplify the measured ULK1 exercise response.","limitations":"Signaling and static protein measures do not establish whole-body flux, exact onset, duration or cancer clearance.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Physical exercise increases autophagic signaling through ULK1 in human skeletal muscle.","year":"2015","authors":"Møller AB, Vendelbo MH, Christensen B, Clasen BF, Bak AM, Jørgensen JO, Møller N, Jessen N.","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.01116.2014","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25678702/","journal":"Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)"},{"pmid":"25798181","disposition":"context","design":"Calculation-method proposal with reanalysis of published data","population":"Previously published mouse and human brain-tumor datasets; no new participant cohort.","comparison":"Calculated glucose-to-ketone ratios across heterogeneous earlier studies; no new randomized control.","protocol":"Developed a glucose-ketone index calculator and compared the ratio with reported treatment outcomes.","findings":"Authors reported an association between lower index values and favorable outcomes in selected datasets.","limitations":"A proposed monitoring ratio is not a validated surrogate for cancer killing or a proven treatment target; reuses earlier evidence and mixes animal and human data.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The glucose ketone index calculator: a simple tool to monitor therapeutic efficacy for metabolic management of brain cancer.","year":"2015","authors":"Meidenbauer JJ, Mukherjee P, Seyfried TN.","doi":"10.1186/s12986-015-0009-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25798181/","journal":"Nutrition & metabolism"},{"pmid":"25806103","disposition":"context","design":"Two-patient pilot with narrative literature review","population":"Two newly treated glioma patients; 30 other patients came from previous publications.","comparison":"No control group; energy-restricted ketogenic diet used as monotherapy in the two new cases.","protocol":"Diet with twice-daily glucose/ketone and daily weight monitoring.","findings":"Both new patients had tumor progression despite the diet; their tumors expressed at least one measured ketone-processing enzyme.","limitations":"Two cases cannot determine efficacy or safety, and reviewed patients are not additional new trial participants. Enzyme expression alone does not quantify actual ketone use.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Treatment of glioma patients with ketogenic diets: report of two cases treated with an IRB-approved energy-restricted ketogenic diet protocol and review of the literature.","year":"2015","authors":"Schwartz K, Chang HT, Nikolai M, Pernicone J, Rhee S, Olson K, Kurniali PC, Hord NG, Noel M.","doi":"10.1186/s40170-015-0129-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25806103/","journal":"Cancer & metabolism"},{"pmid":"25896523","disposition":"context","design":"Cross-sectional national-survey analysis","population":"2,212 women with diet/HbA1c data; 1,066 had two-hour glucose measurements.","comparison":"Longer versus shorter estimated overnight fasting, with statistical adjustment.","protocol":"24-hour dietary recall in NHANES 2009–2010.","findings":"Longer overnight fasting was associated with slightly lower two-hour glucose and lower odds of elevated HbA1c; continuous HbA1c change was nonsignificant.","limitations":"No breast-cancer incidence or treatment outcome was measured. Recall, confounding and cross-sectional timing prevent causal claims about cancer prevention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Prolonged Nightly Fasting and Breast Cancer Risk: Findings from NHANES (2009-2010).","year":"2015","authors":"Marinac CR, Natarajan L, Sears DD, Gallo LC, Hartman SJ, Arredondo E, Patterson RE.","doi":"10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-1292","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25896523/","journal":"Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology"},{"pmid":"25948777","disposition":"context","design":"Human tissue survey and controlled rat experiments","population":"324 human kidney-removal specimens plus diabetic/chemically induced rat models; animal counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Clear-cell lesions versus reference tissue; PI3K/mTOR inhibitor versus controls in rats.","protocol":"Assessed glycogen-storing lesions, metabolic signaling, proliferation and autophagy.","findings":"Human and rat lesions shared signaling features; pathway inhibition reduced rat lesion proliferation and increased autophagy-related activity.","limitations":"Pathway drugs affect many functions; human tissue similarity is not proof that fasting prevents or treats kidney cancer.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway plays a major pathogenetic role in glycogen accumulation and tumor development in renal distal tubules of rats and men.","year":"2015","authors":"Ribback S, Cigliano A, Kroeger N, Pilo MG, Terracciano L, Burchardt M, Bannasch P, Calvisi DF, Dombrowski F.","doi":"10.18632/oncotarget.3675","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25948777/","journal":"Oncotarget"},{"pmid":"25957282","disposition":"context","design":"Human exercise/nutrition physiology experiment","population":"23 trained athletes: control 8, low-intensity exercise 8 and high-intensity exercise 7.","comparison":"Three activity groups, each assessed fed and fasting.","protocol":"Two-hour cycling and muscle biopsies before, immediately after and one hour afterward.","findings":"Higher-intensity exercise produced stronger autophagy-related protein/transcription responses; feeding status mattered less in these measurements.","limitations":"Authors infer flux from changing markers without a direct in-vivo degradation-blockade assay; muscle findings do not define a universal fasting clock or cancer effect.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Activation of autophagy in human skeletal muscle is dependent on exercise intensity and AMPK activation.","year":"2015","authors":"Schwalm C, Jamart C, Benoit N, Naslain D, Prémont C, Prévet J, Van Thienen R, Deldicque L, Francaux M.","doi":"10.1096/fj.14-267187","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25957282/","journal":"FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology"},{"pmid":"26013783","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Narrative review of diabetes medication management during Ramadan; no new primary trial or participant cohort.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Oral anti-diabetics in Ramadan.","year":"2015","authors":"Islam N.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26013783/","journal":"JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association"},{"pmid":"26061868","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled cell and mouse metastatic-cancer experiments","population":"VM-M3 cells and VM mice; animal/replicate counts not supplied.","comparison":"Ketogenic diet, ketone supplements and hyperbaric oxygen in combination versus control; multiple individual cell conditions.","protocol":"Assessed cell growth/oxidative stress and mouse tumor spread/survival.","findings":"The combined regimen slowed disease and roughly doubled mouse survival in the reported model; individual cell treatments also reduced viability.","limitations":"A multi-component animal treatment cannot isolate fasting or ketone effects; title’s toxicity claim does not establish human safety or efficacy.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Non-Toxic Metabolic Management of Metastatic Cancer in VM Mice: Novel Combination of Ketogenic Diet, Ketone Supplementation, and Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy.","year":"2015","authors":"Poff AM, Ward N, Seyfried TN, Arnold P, D'Agostino DP.","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0127407","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26061868/","journal":"PloS one"},{"pmid":"26075440","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Review of lenvatinib drug trials for thyroid cancer. Fasting appears only in drug-absorption conditions, not as an anticancer intervention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Lenvatinib: a new option for the treatment of advanced iodine refractory differentiated thyroid cancer?","year":"2015","authors":"Lorusso L, Newbold K.","doi":"10.2217/fon.15.68","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26075440/","journal":"Future oncology (London, England)"},{"pmid":"26113983","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Clinical recommendations/review for Ramadan diabetes care, not an original intervention or new observational dataset; historical dosing advice should not be presented as current individual guidance.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Recommendations for management of diabetes during Ramadan: update 2015.","year":"2015","authors":"Ibrahim M, Abu Al Magd M, Annabi FA, Assaad-Khalil S, Ba-Essa EM, Fahdil I, Karadeniz S, Meriden T, Misha'l AA, Pozzilli P, Shera S, Thomas A, Bahijri S, Tuomilehto J, Yilmaz T, Umpierrez GE.","doi":"10.1136/bmjdrc-2015-000108","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26113983/","journal":"BMJ open diabetes research & care"},{"pmid":"26167075","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Ezetimibe drug study of fatty liver and autophagy. Overnight fasting was sample preparation; no comparison tested fasting as the intervention and no cancer outcome was studied.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ezetimibe improves hepatic steatosis in relation to autophagy in obese and diabetic rats.","year":"2015","authors":"Chang E, Kim L, Park SE, Rhee EJ, Lee WY, Oh KW, Park SW, Park CY.","doi":"10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7754","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26167075/","journal":"World journal of gastroenterology"},{"pmid":"26176044","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized nutritional-support trial after prolonged fasting","population":"45 critically ill patients: 22 enteral and 23 parenteral nutrition.","comparison":"Two feeding routes at the same planned 25 kcal/kg/day; no continued-fasting or early-feeding arm.","protocol":"Seven-day inflammatory and immune-cell measurements.","findings":"Several inflammatory markers were higher after delayed enteral than parenteral feeding; other immune measures did not differ.","limitations":"Tests route after fasting, not whether fasting helps critical illness or whether delayed feeding is better than early feeding; small surrogate-focused trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Delayed Enteral Nutrition on Inflammatory Responses and Immune Function Competence in Critically Ill Patients with Prolonged Fasting.","year":"2014","authors":"Xi F, Li N, Geng Y, Gao T, Zhang J, Jun T, Lin Z, Li W, Zhu W, Yu W, Li J.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26176044/","journal":"Hepato-gastroenterology"},{"pmid":"26234442","disposition":"context","design":"Open-label cluster-randomized noninferiority medication trial","population":"245 insulin-treated adults across 12 clinics: 127 new regimen, 118 standard care.","comparison":"Two insulin-management strategies during Ramadan.","protocol":"Daily glucose-guided titration; main assessment on treatment days 23–30.","findings":"Authors reported noninferior average glucose with fewer adverse and hypoglycemic events under the new regimen.","limitations":"Clinic clustering and the noninferiority margin require full-text assessment; nonsignificant superiority testing alone does not prove noninferiority. Not a fasting-benefit trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of a new insulin treatment regimen on glycaemic control and quality of life of Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus during Ramadan fast - an open label, controlled, multicentre, cluster randomised study.","year":"2015","authors":"Shehadeh N, Maor Y, Ramadan Study Group.","doi":"10.1111/ijcp.12695","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26234442/","journal":"International journal of clinical practice"},{"pmid":"26305095","disposition":"context","design":"Cross-sectional national-survey analysis","population":"Women in NHANES 2009–2010; analytic sample count not stated in abstract.","comparison":"Eating time/frequency and overnight-fast duration, adjusted statistically.","protocol":"Diet recall related to CRP and estimated insulin resistance.","findings":"Longer overnight fasting was associated with lower CRP only in those eating less in the evening; no eating-pattern variable significantly related to insulin resistance.","limitations":"No cancer outcomes measured; shares survey population with the related glycemic paper. Confounding and dietary recall limit causal interpretation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Frequency and Circadian Timing of Eating May Influence Biomarkers of Inflammation and Insulin Resistance Associated with Breast Cancer Risk.","year":"2015","authors":"Marinac CR, Sears DD, Natarajan L, Gallo LC, Breen CI, Patterson RE.","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0136240","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26305095/","journal":"PloS one"},{"pmid":"26420510","disposition":"context","design":"Multicenter observational dialysis comparison","population":"635 stable hemodialysis patients; 64.1% reported fasting.","comparison":"Fasters versus nonfasters, plus comparison with the preceding month.","protocol":"Ramadan dialysis attendance, chemistry and fluid/blood-pressure measurements.","findings":"Fasters were younger, missed more dialysis sessions and had higher phosphate; most other measured parameters did not differ.","limitations":"Self-selection and baseline differences; missed treatment is clinically relevant even when average laboratory results appear similar.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Changes in biochemical, hemodynamic, and dialysis adherence parameters in hemodialysis patients during Ramadan.","year":"2016","authors":"Alshamsi S, Binsaleh F, Hejaili F, Karkar A, Moussa D, Raza H, Parbat P, Al Suwida A, Alobaili S, AlSehli R, Al Sayyari A.","doi":"10.1111/hdi.12369","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26420510/","journal":"Hemodialysis international. International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis"},{"pmid":"26467047","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized pregnancy comparison","population":"338 pregnancies: 168 fasting and 170 nonfasting.","comparison":"One nonfasting group; albumin-related subgroup comparisons.","protocol":"Measured maternal laboratory values, newborn size and placental weight.","findings":"Placental weight was higher in the fasting group, especially with low maternal albumin.","limitations":"Does not show whether heavier placenta is beneficial or harmful; observational association, no clear causal pathway or long-term infant outcomes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effect of Ramadan fasting and maternal hypoalbuminaemia on neonatal anthropometric parameters and placental weight.","year":"2016","authors":"Sakar MN, Balsak D, Verit FF, Zebitay AG, Buyuk A, Akay E, Turfan M, Demir S, Yayla M.","doi":"10.3109/01443615.2015.1086989","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26467047/","journal":"Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"pmid":"26490312","disposition":"context","design":"Cancer-cell, mouse xenograft and patient-dataset study","population":"Bladder-cancer models and patient expression datasets; sample sizes not in abstract.","comparison":"Low AGL versus reference expression; HAS2 knockdown or HA-synthesis inhibitor versus controls.","protocol":"Tested hyaluronic-acid synthesis and tumor growth.","findings":"AGL loss increased HAS2-related growth; blocking this pathway reduced growth in cells and mice. Human expression patterns correlated with prognosis.","limitations":"Glycogen-debranching protein’s tumor effects may involve other pathways. No fasting or dietary glycogen-depletion trial; clinical associations are not treatment outcomes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Loss of Glycogen Debranching Enzyme AGL Drives Bladder Tumor Growth via Induction of Hyaluronic Acid Synthesis.","year":"2016","authors":"Guin S, Ru Y, Agarwal N, Lew CR, Owens C, Comi GP, Theodorescu D.","doi":"10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1706","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26490312/","journal":"Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research"},{"pmid":"26759187","disposition":"context","design":"Small prospective nonrandomized pregnancy comparison","population":"40 pregnant women: 20 fasting and 20 nonfasting.","comparison":"One nonfasting group.","protocol":"Ramadan-related measurement of adiponectin, leptin, apelin and omentin.","findings":"Fasters had lower adiponectin/omentin and higher leptin/apelin.","limitations":"Hormones alone do not establish clinically important insulin resistance or fetal effects; small groups and nonrandom selection.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effects of prolonged fasting on the levels of adiponectin, leptin, apelin, and omentin in pregnant women.","year":"2016","authors":"Kiyak Caglayan E, Engin-Ustun Y, Sari N, Gocmen AY, Polat MF.","doi":"10.3109/01443615.2015.1103716","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26759187/","journal":"Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"pmid":"26789012","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized insulin-pump comparison","population":"60 adolescents with type 1 diabetes: 25 low-glucose-suspend enabled and 35 disabled.","comparison":"Two settings on sensor-equipped pumps during Ramadan.","protocol":"Continuous glucose monitoring with hypoglycemia-related automatic insulin suspension.","findings":"Enabled suspension reduced low-glucose exposure; none in that group broke the fast versus 15 controls. No severe hyperglycemia or ketoacidosis was reported.","limitations":"Not described as randomized; multiple alerts per person are not independent participants. Tests device settings, not general fasting safety in adolescents.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effectiveness of the low-glucose suspend feature of insulin pump during fasting during Ramadan in type 1 diabetes mellitus.","year":"2016","authors":"Elbarbary NS.","doi":"10.1002/dmrr.2781","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26789012/","journal":"Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews"},{"pmid":"26869992","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory drug/metabolism experiment","population":"Melanoma, glioblastoma and nontransformed neurosphere models; replicate counts absent from abstract.","comparison":"Fenofibrate exposure versus reference conditions and PPAR-alpha manipulations.","protocol":"Measured ketone production, growth and metabolic enzymes.","findings":"Fenofibrate induced beta-hydroxybutyrate production alongside growth arrest through a mechanism not dependent on PPAR-alpha.","limitations":"A drug can change many pathways; accompanying ketone production does not prove ketones caused death. No fasting or patient-treatment trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Fenofibrate Induces Ketone Body Production in Melanoma and Glioblastoma Cells.","year":"2016","authors":"Grabacka MM, Wilk A, Antonczyk A, Banks P, Walczyk-Tytko E, Dean M, Pierzchalska M, Reiss K.","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2016.00005","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26869992/","journal":"Frontiers in endocrinology"},{"pmid":"26870085","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized pregnancy comparison","population":"240 pregnant women described as 40 fasting and 40 nonfasting in each of three trimester strata.","comparison":"One nonfasting comparison within each trimester.","protocol":"Ultrasound and maternal measurements at the start and end of Ramadan.","findings":"No significant overall differences in estimated fetal growth or major ultrasound measures; some within-group changes were reported.","limitations":"Abstract wording initially calls all participants fasting despite the stated group structure. Small trimester groups and surrogate outcomes cannot establish comprehensive pregnancy safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effect of Ramadan fasting on fetal development.","year":"2015","authors":"Karateke A, Kaplanoglu M, Avci F, Kurt RK, Baloglu A.","doi":"10.12669/pjms.316.8562","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26870085/","journal":"Pakistan journal of medical sciences"},{"pmid":"26889911","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized open-label medication trial","population":"110 adults with type 2 diabetes: 58 dapagliflozin and 52 sulfonylurea.","comparison":"Switching medication versus continuing sulfonylurea, both with metformin during Ramadan.","protocol":"12-week trial with hypoglycemia and adverse-event assessment.","findings":"Hypoglycemia was reported/documented in 4/58 versus 15/52. Hypotension and urinary infection differences were not significant.","limitations":"Small short trial cannot exclude uncommon harms; all participants fasted, so this does not test fasting’s benefits or broad safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Switching from sulphonylurea to a sodium-glucose cotransporter2 inhibitor in the fasting month of Ramadan is associated with a reduction in hypoglycaemia.","year":"2016","authors":"Wan Seman WJ, Kori N, Rajoo S, Othman H, Mohd Noor N, Wahab NA, Sukor N, Mustafa N, Kamaruddin NA.","doi":"10.1111/dom.12649","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26889911/","journal":"Diabetes, obesity & metabolism"},{"pmid":"26994616","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled prospective multiple-sclerosis cohort","population":"218 people with mildly disabling relapsing-remitting MS: 150 women, 68 men.","comparison":"Before versus after Ramadan; no nonfasting control described.","protocol":"Fatigue and quality-of-life questionnaires.","findings":"Fatigue did not significantly change; physical and mental quality-of-life scores improved after Ramadan.","limitations":"Subjective outcomes can reflect religious/social experiences and timing; no evidence of altered MS disease activity or a fasting-specific causal benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of prolonged fasting on fatigue and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis.","year":"2016","authors":"Etemadifar M, Sayahi F, Alroughani R, Toghianifar N, Akbari M, Nasr Z.","doi":"10.1007/s10072-016-2518-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26994616/","journal":"Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"pmid":"27032109","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective observational analysis within a breast-cancer cohort","population":"2,413 women with early-stage breast cancer and without diabetes.","comparison":"Self-reported nightly fasting below 13 hours versus at least 13 hours.","protocol":"Diet recalls at baseline, years 1 and 4; average recurrence follow-up 7.3 years and mortality surveillance 11.4 years.","findings":"Shorter fasting was associated with higher recurrence/new-primary risk: HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.05–1.76. Breast-cancer and overall mortality associations were not significant.","limitations":"Fasting duration was not randomized; recall and lifestyle confounding remain. Does not show glycogen starvation, cancer-cell killing or a validated 13-hour biological threshold.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Prolonged Nightly Fasting and Breast Cancer Prognosis.","year":"2016","authors":"Marinac CR, Nelson SH, Breen CI, Hartman SJ, Natarajan L, Pierce JP, Flatt SW, Sears DD, Patterson RE.","doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.0164","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27032109/","journal":"JAMA oncology"},{"pmid":"27151179","disposition":"context","design":"Clinical genetic case investigation with cell validation","population":"One child with severe mitochondrial complex-III deficiency; comparisons with earlier cases and patient fibroblasts.","comparison":"Gene complementation versus defective cells; clinical history compared with reported cases.","protocol":"Genetic/enzymatic investigation of fasting-associated metabolic decompensation.","findings":"LYRM7-related dysfunction impaired adaptation to fasting, with severe low glucose, lactate elevation and hyperammonemia.","limitations":"Rare inherited disease case, not a population risk estimate; demonstrates why fasting responses cannot be assumed universal.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Severe respiratory complex III defect prevents liver adaptation to prolonged fasting.","year":"2016","authors":"Kremer LS, L'hermitte-Stead C, Lesimple P, Gilleron M, Filaut S, Jardel C, Haack TB, Strom TM, Meitinger T, Azzouz H, Tebib N, Ogier de Baulny H, Touati G, Prokisch H, Lombès A.","doi":"10.1016/j.jhep.2016.04.017","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27151179/","journal":"Journal of hepatology"},{"pmid":"27199111","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled mouse heart/metabolism study","population":"Male lean and diet-induced-obese mice; numbers not in abstract.","comparison":"High-fat versus reference diet, fed versus overnight-fasted conditions, and ischemia/reperfusion testing.","protocol":"Four-week obesity induction followed by autophagy and heart-injury assessments.","findings":"Obese hearts had impaired autophagy and failed to show the normal protein-clearance response to fasting despite responsive nutrient-sensing signals.","limitations":"Signaling activation is not equivalent to effective flux; mouse heart findings do not provide a human fasting timetable or prove a clinical treatment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Discordant signaling and autophagy response to fasting in hearts of obese mice: Implications for ischemia tolerance.","year":"2016","authors":"Andres AM, Kooren JA, Parker SJ, Tucker KC, Ravindran N, Ito BR, Huang C, Venkatraman V, Van Eyk JE, Gottlieb RA, Mentzer RM.","doi":"10.1152/ajpheart.00041.2016","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27199111/","journal":"American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology"},{"pmid":"27265181","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-condition human crossover experiment","population":"Eight healthy lean men.","comparison":"Leucine-rich whey, carbohydrate, soy, and soy plus 3 g HMB, matched for calories.","protocol":"Each visit followed a 36-hour fast, then three baseline hours and four hours of supplement sipping.","findings":"All supplements improved muscle protein balance; whey and HMB did more than soy, and whey activated mTOR-related signaling.","limitations":"Refeeding study, not proof fasting builds muscle. HMB is not the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate; LC3 ratios alone are not direct autophagic-flux measurement.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Anabolic effects of leucine-rich whey protein, carbohydrate, and soy protein with and without β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) during fasting-induced catabolism: A human randomized crossover trial.","year":"2017","authors":"Rittig N, Bach E, Thomsen HH, Møller AB, Hansen J, Johannsen M, Jensen E, Serena A, Jørgensen JO, Richelsen B, Richelsen B, Jessen N, Møller N.","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2016.05.004","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27265181/","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)"},{"pmid":"27376711","disposition":"context","design":"Open-label randomized two-drug trial","population":"Adults with type 2 diabetes; total randomized count not explicitly stated in abstract.","comparison":"Liraglutide versus sulfonylurea, both with metformin; everyone intended Ramadan fasting.","protocol":"Up to 33 weeks, starting at least ten weeks before Ramadan.","findings":"Primary fructosamine change during Ramadan did not differ; liraglutide had fewer documented symptomatic hypoglycemia cases (3 versus 18) and slightly more weight loss.","limitations":"Do not infer arm sizes from rounded event percentages. Medication trial, not fasting efficacy; baseline levels differed after pre-Ramadan treatment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Efficacy and safety of liraglutide compared to sulphonylurea during Ramadan in patients with type 2 diabetes (LIRA-Ramadan): a randomized trial.","year":"2016","authors":"Azar ST, Echtay A, Wan Bebakar WM, Al Araj S, Berrah A, Omar M, Mutha A, Tornøe K, Kaltoft MS, Shehadeh N.","doi":"10.1111/dom.12733","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27376711/","journal":"Diabetes, obesity & metabolism"},{"pmid":"27550549","disposition":"context","design":"Observational regional medication analysis","population":"254 Egyptian participants enrolled; safety set 246: 121 vildagliptin and 125 sulfonylurea.","comparison":"Existing medication cohorts during Ramadan.","protocol":"16-week VIRTUE observation.","findings":"Hypoglycemia occurred in 1.7% versus 19.2%; weight and HbA1c changes also favored vildagliptin.","limitations":"Nonrandom treatment and manufacturer funding; regional analysis may overlap the wider VIRTUE cohort and is not an independent trial of fasting.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of Vildagliptin Versus Sulfonylurea in Muslim Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Fasting During Ramadan in Egypt: Results from VIRTUE Study.","year":"2016","authors":"Khattab M, Mahmoud K, Shaltout I.","doi":"10.1007/s13300-016-0190-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27550549/","journal":"Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders"},{"pmid":"27550719","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized resistance-training/meal-timing trial","population":"Young recreationally active men; sample size not given in abstract.","comparison":"Resistance training with versus without a four-hour eating window on four days weekly.","protocol":"Eight weeks; training three days weekly.","findings":"Restricted eating lowered reported energy intake but did not significantly change total body composition; both groups improved muscle size and performance.","limitations":"Small short study with calorie-intake differences; effect-size comparisons are not proof of between-group superiority, and long-term muscle outcomes remain uncertain.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-restricted feeding in young men performing resistance training: A randomized controlled trial.","year":"2017","authors":"Tinsley GM, Forsse JS, Butler NK, Paoli A, Bane AA, La Bounty PM, Morgan GB, Grandjean PW.","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2016.1223173","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27550719/","journal":"European journal of sport science"},{"pmid":"27555791","disposition":"context","design":"Post-hoc subgroup analysis of observational cohort","population":"1,315 VIRTUE participants: 684 vildagliptin, 631 sulfonylurea; 1,148 on metformin combination and 1,189 younger than 65.","comparison":"Medication comparisons within age and monotherapy/combination subgroups.","protocol":"Ramadan hypoglycemia and metabolic outcomes.","findings":"Fewer hypoglycemic events generally occurred with vildagliptin, including in older participants and combination therapy.","limitations":"Post-hoc, nonrandomized and multiple subgroups; reuses VIRTUE participants, so must not be added as a separate clinical cohort.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of vildagliptin relative to sulfonylureas in Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes fasting during Ramadan: influence of age and treatment with/without metformin in the VIRTUE study.","year":"2016","authors":"Hassoun AA, Pathan MF, Medlej RC, Alarouj M, Shaltout I, Chawla MS, Knap D, Vaz JA.","doi":"10.2147/dmso.s103692","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27555791/","journal":"Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy"},{"pmid":"27569118","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized pilot weight-loss trial","population":"26 adults with obesity: 14 zero-calorie alternate-day fasting, 12 daily calorie restriction.","comparison":"Two active diet arms; daily restriction target 400 kcal below needs.","protocol":"Eight-week intervention followed by 24 unsupervised weeks.","findings":"Eight-week weight loss was 8.2 versus 7.1 kg, with no significant between-group difference in weight, lipids or insulin sensitivity despite greater fasting-arm energy deficit.","limitations":"Small pilot with unequal achieved calorie deficits; exploratory later body-composition findings do not establish overall superiority or rare-event safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A randomized pilot study comparing zero-calorie alternate-day fasting to daily caloric restriction in adults with obesity.","year":"2016","authors":"Catenacci VA, Pan Z, Ostendorf D, Brannon S, Gozansky WS, Mattson MP, Martin B, MacLean PS, Melanson EL, Troy Donahoo W.","doi":"10.1002/oby.21581","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27569118/","journal":"Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)"},{"pmid":"27586251","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled animal feeding experiment","population":"45 middle-aged male mice, 15 per arm.","comparison":"High-fat unrestricted, high-fat eight-hour active-phase feeding and low-fat unrestricted.","protocol":"21–25 weeks of dietary exposure.","findings":"Restricted high-fat feeding reduced weight gain, liver weight and glucose-test area relative to unrestricted high-fat feeding; memory tests did not improve.","limitations":"Early calorie intake differed and explained much of the initial weight gap. A mouse result cannot be labeled a calorie-independent human benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Restricting feeding to the active phase in middle-aged mice attenuates adverse metabolic effects of a high-fat diet.","year":"2016","authors":"Duncan MJ, Smith JT, Narbaiza J, Mueez F, Bustle LB, Qureshi S, Fieseler C, Legan SJ.","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.08.027","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27586251/","journal":"Physiology & behavior"},{"pmid":"27595989","disposition":"context","design":"Cell-mechanism and patient-dataset study","population":"Bladder-cancer lines with varying AGL and clinical expression datasets; counts not in abstract.","comparison":"HAS2, CD44 or RHAMM depletion versus corresponding controls.","protocol":"Measured growth and apoptosis in low-AGL cells and prognosis associations.","findings":"Disrupting hyaluronic-acid receptors/pathways impaired growth of selected low-AGL cells; high RHAMM/low AGL correlated with worse prognosis.","limitations":"Glycogen-enzyme-associated signaling study, not dietary deprivation. Patient expression associations are not evidence that targeted treatment improves survival.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"CD44 and RHAMM are essential for rapid growth of bladder cancer driven by loss of Glycogen Debranching Enzyme (AGL).","year":"2016","authors":"Oldenburg D, Ru Y, Weinhaus B, Cash S, Theodorescu D, Guin S.","doi":"10.1186/s12885-016-2756-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27595989/","journal":"BMC cancer"},{"pmid":"27660420","disposition":"context","design":"Nonrandomized controlled diabetes education study","population":"262 adults with type 2 diabetes: 140 education/intervention, 122 standard care.","comparison":"Individual education plus medication adjustment versus usual care.","protocol":"Before, during and after Ramadan; six-month follow-up.","findings":"HbA1c and questionnaire hypoglycemia scores improved more with the program; blood pressure and weight did not significantly change.","limitations":"Education and medication effects are combined; nonrandom allocation and questionnaire risk scores limit causal interpretation. Not a test of fasting versus eating.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of Ramadan focused education program on hypoglycemic risk and metabolic control for patients with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2016","authors":"Tourkmani AM, Hassali MA, Alharbi TJ, Alkhashan HI, Alobikan AH, Bakhiet AH, Alqahtani HB, Alrasheedy AA, Alawwad AD, Mishriky AM, Aljadhey H.","doi":"10.2147/ppa.s113324","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27660420/","journal":"Patient preference and adherence"},{"pmid":"27684469","disposition":"context","design":"Regional analysis of observational VIRTUE medication cohort","population":"584 enrolled in Middle East; stated treatment counts 308 vildagliptin and 265 sulfonylurea total 573, not all enrolled.","comparison":"Existing medication cohorts, with or without metformin.","protocol":"About 16 weeks around Ramadan.","findings":"At least one hypoglycemia report occurred in 3.7% versus 25.5%; small weight/HbA1c differences favored vildagliptin.","limitations":"Nonrandom therapy and not all events glucose-confirmed. Regional/overall VIRTUE papers overlap; enrollment and analyzed denominators must remain distinct.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effect of vildagliptin relative to sulfonylurea as dual therapy with metformin (or as monotherapy) in Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes fasting during Ramadan in the Middle East: the VIRTUE study.","year":"2017","authors":"Hassoun AA, Al-Arouj M, Ibrahim M.","doi":"10.1080/03007995.2016.1243093","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27684469/","journal":"Current medical research and opinion"},{"pmid":"27693581","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory melanoma-cell experiment","population":"Wild-type and BRAF-V600E melanoma lines, including SK-Mel-28; replicate counts not stated.","comparison":"Cisplatin, nutrient-deprivation medium, their combination and additional 2-deoxyglucose.","protocol":"Measured apoptosis and stress mechanisms.","findings":"Nutrient deprivation increased cisplatin-related cell death; the enhanced sensitivity did not depend on autophagy in the tested experiments.","limitations":"Human-derived cells are not human participants. Culture-medium deprivation does not demonstrate that fasting improves melanoma treatment in patients.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Fasting boosts sensitivity of human skin melanoma to cisplatin-induced cell death.","year":"2017","authors":"Antunes F, Corazzari M, Pereira G, Fimia GM, Piacentini M, Smaili S.","doi":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.149","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27693581/","journal":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications"},{"pmid":"27881670","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized controlled human bed-rest experiment","population":"20 healthy lean men, ten per group.","comparison":"Equal total energy as three daily meals versus alternating 25% and 175% of daily requirements.","protocol":"Eight days of bed rest with metabolic, imaging and cognitive measurements.","findings":"Alternating intake did not prevent insulin resistance, visceral-fat accumulation or mood worsening; glucose patterns differed between restricted and overfeeding days.","limitations":"Short inactivity model, but a useful calorie-matched null result; cannot generalize to longer fasting with weight loss or active adults.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effect of alternate-day caloric restriction on the metabolic consequences of 8 days of bed rest in healthy lean men: a randomized trial.","year":"2017","authors":"Harder-Lauridsen NM, Nielsen ST, Mann SP, Lyngbæk MP, Benatti FB, Langkilde AR, Law I, Wedell-Neergaard AS, Thomsen C, Møller K, Karstoft K, Pedersen BK, Krogh-Madsen R.","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00846.2016","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27881670/","journal":"Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)"},{"pmid":"27882110","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled rat stroke experiment","population":"Rats undergoing middle-cerebral-artery occlusion/reperfusion; numbers not in abstract.","comparison":"Intermittent fasting versus reference feeding with induced stroke and related control conditions.","protocol":"Two-week fasting regimen before brain-injury assessment.","findings":"Fasting reduced infarct size, edema and neurological deficits and was associated with less disrupted autophagic clearance.","limitations":"Preventive preconditioning before experimental stroke is not treatment for human stroke; marker-based mechanism does not define a universal fasting duration.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intermittent fasting is neuroprotective in focal cerebral ischemia by minimizing autophagic flux disturbance and inhibiting apoptosis.","year":"2016","authors":"Jeong JH, Yu KS, Bak DH, Lee JH, Lee NS, Jeong YG, Kim DK, Kim JJ, Han SY.","doi":"10.3892/etm.2016.3852","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27882110/","journal":"Experimental and therapeutic medicine"},{"pmid":"28027907","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized controlled study","population":"50 healthy young men: 25 Ramadan fasters and 25 nonfasters.","comparison":"Concurrent nonfasting control at baseline/end; extra mid- and post-Ramadan measurements only in fasters.","protocol":"Approximately 19-hour summer fasts in Germany.","findings":"Mood, fatigue and quality of life did not significantly differ between groups; some fasting-group scores improved after Ramadan, while weight and estimated fat-free mass fell.","limitations":"Within-group recovery is not evidence of superiority to controls; small nonrandom groups and hydration-sensitive body measures.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of Ramadan fasting on fatigue, mood, sleepiness, and health-related quality of life of healthy young men in summer time in Germany: A prospective controlled study.","year":"2017","authors":"Nugraha B, Ghashang SK, Hamdan I, Gutenbrunner C.","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.030","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28027907/","journal":"Appetite"},{"pmid":"28059587","disposition":"context","design":"Human/mouse fasting physiology and blood-cell assay study","population":"Healthy volunteers and mice; Figure 5 shows four volunteers per condition for paired 48-hour blood comparison and four for 24-hour ex vivo flux assays; mouse panels use three or five animals per condition.","comparison":"Fed versus fasting; isolated cells tested with and without a degradation inhibitor.","protocol":"Mice fasted 48 hours; humans up to four days.","findings":"Direct blood-cell measurements at 48 hours did not clearly detect increased human autophagy. After 24-hour fasting, an ex vivo assay blocking degradation detected increased flux; responses differed by cell type and species.","limitations":"Small assay-specific samples and processing outside the body; no universal start, peak or stop time follows. Human four-day fasting and mouse 48-hour starvation are not physiologically equivalent.","access":"Original indexed abstract and original Figure 5–6 captions checked; full methods unavailable through checked repository routes.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Metabolic effects of fasting on human and mouse blood in vivo.","year":"2017","authors":"Pietrocola F, Demont Y, Castoldi F, Enot D, Durand S, Semeraro M, Baracco EE, Pol J, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Bordenave C, Levesque S, Humeau J, Chery A, Métivier D, Madeo F, Maiuri MC, Kroemer G.","doi":"10.1080/15548627.2016.1271513","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28059587/","journal":"Autophagy"},{"pmid":"28225054","disposition":"context","design":"Dietary nutrient-modeling study","population":"No human participants; three seven-day menu plans.","comparison":"Guideline-based calorie restriction, modified carbohydrate and modified alternate-day restriction.","protocol":"Compared modeled nutrients with Australian adolescent requirements and revised menus.","findings":"Initial plans had nutrient shortfalls; all could be redesigned to meet targets, with different energy totals.","limitations":"Menu adequacy is not demonstrated real-world adherence, weight loss or safety in growing adolescents.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Nutritional adequacy of diets for adolescents with overweight and obesity: considerations for dietetic practice.","year":"2017","authors":"Lister NB, Gow ML, Chisholm K, Grunseit A, Garnett SP, Baur LA.","doi":"10.1038/ejcn.2016.268","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28225054/","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition"},{"pmid":"28225086","disposition":"context","design":"Genetic mouse chemotherapy-toxicity experiments","population":"UVRAG-deficient and reference mice; group counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Acute/chronic doxorubicin injury, genetic controls and intermittent-fasting conditions.","protocol":"Measured mortality, heart function, injury and autophagic flux.","findings":"UVRAG loss worsened drug-related heart injury; intermittent fasting restored some clearance measures and reduced pathology.","limitations":"Preclinical cardiotoxicity protection, not proof of cancer killing or safe chemotherapy fasting in people; genetic and fasting effects require separate interpretation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"UVRAG Deficiency Exacerbates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity.","year":"2017","authors":"An L, Hu XW, Zhang S, Hu X, Song Z, Naz A, Zi Z, Wu J, Li C, Zou Y, He L, Zhu H.","doi":"10.1038/srep43251","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28225086/","journal":"Scientific reports"},{"pmid":"28270713","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled diabetes-education feasibility study","population":"21 insulin-treated participants intended to fast; 14 completed.","comparison":"Before versus during/after Ramadan; no education-free or nonfasting control.","protocol":"Preparatory education and two practice fasts, followed by glucose logs.","findings":"Average glucose did not significantly change; reported hypoglycemic events decreased among completers, and fructosamine fell.","limitations":"One-third did not complete; small selected completer sample and combined education/medication management prevent a general safety or causal-benefit claim.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Empowerment-Based Diabetes Self-Management Education to Maintain Glycemic Targets During Ramadan Fasting in People With Diabetes Who Are on Conventional Insulin: A Feasibility Study.","year":"2017","authors":"Eid YM, Sahmoud SI, Abdelsalam MM, Eichorst B.","doi":"10.2337/ds15-0058","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28270713/","journal":"Diabetes spectrum : a publication of the American Diabetes Association"},{"pmid":"28397942","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled pediatric glucose-monitoring pilot","population":"51 children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes.","comparison":"No concurrent control; monitored fasting days and glucose episodes.","protocol":"Flash glucose monitoring and education during Ramadan.","findings":"Participants fasted on 67% of eligible days; 15.4% of days were not fasted because of hypoglycemia. No severe hypoglycemia or ketoacidosis was reported.","limitations":"No comparator establishes device benefit, and no observed severe event does not mean no risk. Day-level and episode counts must not be mistaken for participant counts.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Flash glucose monitoring system may benefit children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes during fasting at Ramadan.","year":"2017","authors":"Al-Agha AE, Kafi SE, Zain Aldeen AM, Khadwardi RH.","doi":"10.15537/smj.2017.4.18750","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28397942/","journal":"Saudi medical journal"},{"pmid":"28407662","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized exploratory prolonged-fasting trial","population":"46 adults with type 2 diabetes enrolled; 32 completers analyzed, 16 per group.","comparison":"Seven-day modified fast plus dietary advice versus usual care plus dietary advice.","protocol":"About 300 kcal/day liquid intake, stepwise refeeding and four-month follow-up.","findings":"Completers lost 3.5 versus 2.0 kg; blood pressure and quality of life favored fasting, but HbA1c, insulin and insulin-resistance improvements were nonsignificant.","limitations":"High attrition and completer analysis in a small pilot; no evidence of diabetes remission or reliable rare-event safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of A One-week Fasting Therapy in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome - A Randomized Controlled Explorative Study.","year":"2017","authors":"Li C, Sadraie B, Steckhan N, Kessler C, Stange R, Jeitler M, Michalsen A.","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-101700","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28407662/","journal":"Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association"},{"pmid":"28437190","disposition":"context","design":"Mouse experiment plus two single-arm phase-I clinical studies","population":"Mouse pancreatic xenografts; seven lung-cancer and two pancreatic-cancer patients.","comparison":"Mouse ketogenic diet/radiation comparisons; no human concurrent control.","protocol":"Ketogenic diet with standard chemoradiation for six weeks (lung) or five weeks (pancreas).","findings":"Mouse combination showed benefit. Only two lung and one pancreatic patient completed; two patients were withdrawn for dose-limiting toxicity and others struggled to adhere.","limitations":"Human feasibility was poor despite positive animal results; nine patients cannot establish tumor efficacy or survival benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Consuming a Ketogenic Diet while Receiving Radiation and Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Lung Cancer and Pancreatic Cancer: The University of Iowa Experience of Two Phase 1 Clinical Trials.","year":"2017","authors":"Zahra A, Fath MA, Opat E, Mapuskar KA, Bhatia SK, Ma DC, Rodman SN, Snyders TP, Chenard CA, Eichenberger-Gilmore JM, Bodeker KL, Ahmann L, Smith BJ, Vollstedt SA, Brown HA, Hejleh TA, Clamon GH, Berg DJ, Szweda LI, Spitz DR, Buatti JM, Allen BG.","doi":"10.1667/rr14668.1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28437190/","journal":"Radiation research"},{"pmid":"28584055","disposition":"context","design":"Genetic mouse and immune-cell mechanism study","population":"Wild-type and SIRT3-deficient mice/macrophages; numbers not in abstract.","comparison":"Fasting, genetic deficiency and SOD2-related perturbations versus controls, including inflammatory challenge.","protocol":"Measured inflammasome assembly, oxidative stress and liver injury.","findings":"Fasting-related suppression of inflammasome activation depended on SIRT3/SOD2 in the tested models.","limitations":"The referenced 24-hour human result is background, not a new human trial here. Mechanistic anti-inflammatory effects do not establish clinical disease prevention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Prolonged fasting suppresses mitochondrial NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation via SIRT3-mediated activation of superoxide dismutase 2.","year":"2017","authors":"Traba J, Geiger SS, Kwarteng-Siaw M, Han K, Ra OH, Siegel RM, Gius D, Sack MN.","doi":"10.1074/jbc.m117.791715","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28584055/","journal":"The Journal of biological chemistry"},{"pmid":"28584628","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Review of the authors’ earlier AGL bladder-cancer findings, not a new original experiment; primary reports are assessed separately.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Involvement of glycogen debranching enzyme in bladder cancer.","year":"2017","authors":"Weinhaus B, Guin S.","doi":"10.3892/br.2017.907","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28584628/","journal":"Biomedical reports"},{"pmid":"28657936","disposition":"context","design":"Small prospective observational blood-pressure study","population":"18 adults: 6 treated for hypertension and 12 healthy.","comparison":"Two health-status groups, both fasting; repeated ambulatory measurements.","protocol":"Before Ramadan, two Ramadan periods and one month afterward.","findings":"Blood-pressure trends did not significantly differ between groups; some heart-rate/weight changes occurred.","limitations":"Very small sample with no nonfasting group; abstract contains contradictory significance wording for some trends. Cannot establish broad safety or blood-pressure benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Trend of blood pressure in hypertensive and normotensive volunteers during Ramadan fasting.","year":"2017","authors":"Norouzy A, Hasanzade Daloee M, Khoshnasab AH, Khoshnasab A, Farrokhi J, Nematy M, Safarian M, Nezafati P, Alinezhad-Namaghi M.","doi":"10.1097/mbp.0000000000000272","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28657936/","journal":"Blood pressure monitoring"},{"pmid":"28685515","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled diabetes medication-management study","population":"301 participants stated enrolled; four reported regimen counts sum to 300 (33, 89, 96, 82).","comparison":"Four existing medication groups compared with their own pre-Ramadan experience.","protocol":"Preplanned dose/timing changes and monitoring during Ramadan.","findings":"No ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar crisis was reported; hypoglycemia decreased in two regimen groups and was similar in two.","limitations":"No concurrent control, combined care changes and unresolved one-person denominator discrepancy; not a universal dosing protocol or proof fasting is safe.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Predetermined Anti-Diabetic Drug Regimen Adjustments during Ramadan Fasting: An Observational Study of Safety.","year":"2017","authors":"Beano AM, Zmaili MA, Gheith ZH, Naser AM, Momani MS, Yousef AMF, Zayed AA.","doi":"10.3803/enm.2017.32.2.265","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28685515/","journal":"Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea)"},{"pmid":"28811776","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized diabetes-education comparison","population":"178 participants across four groups: 32 individual education, 25 group sessions, 45 brochure only, 76 no pre-Ramadan education.","comparison":"Three education exposures versus a group assembled after Ramadan.","protocol":"Assessed adherence to fasting-specific management recommendations.","findings":"Education groups reported better recommended behaviors than the no-education group; education formats did not clearly differ.","limitations":"Self-selection, retrospective assembly of the comparison group and self-report; behavioral adherence is not a clinical fasting benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Role of Ramadan specific diabetes education (RSDE); A prospective study.","year":"2017","authors":"Ahmedani MY, Ahsan S, Haque MSU.","doi":"10.12669/pjms.333.12345","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28811776/","journal":"Pakistan journal of medical sciences"},{"pmid":"28851109","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized medication safety comparison","population":"321 adults with type 2 diabetes: 162 canagliflozin and 159 sulfonylurea.","comparison":"Existing treatment cohorts with propensity adjustment.","protocol":"Ramadan symptom, hydration and medication-adherence monitoring.","findings":"Canagliflozin had fewer hypoglycemia reports but more volume-depletion events: adjusted odds ratio 3.5, 95% CI 1.3–9.2 for depletion.","limitations":"Treatment selection and incompletely confirmed symptoms limit inference; lower hypoglycemia does not mean lower risk on every outcome.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Tolerability of canagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus fasting during Ramadan: Results of the Canagliflozin in Ramadan Tolerance Observational Study (CRATOS).","year":"2017","authors":"Hassanein M, Echtay A, Hassoun A, Alarouj M, Afandi B, Poladian R, Bennakhi A, Nazar M, Bergmans P, Keim S, Hamilton G, Azar ST.","doi":"10.1111/ijcp.12991","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28851109/","journal":"International journal of clinical practice"},{"pmid":"28853981","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled genetic mouse diabetes experiments","population":"Obese diabetic mice and LAMP2-/Beclin-1-impaired models; counts not provided.","comparison":"Intermittent fasting versus reference feeding with intact or impaired autophagy/lysosome function.","protocol":"Measured insulin secretion, glucose tolerance, cell survival and regeneration markers.","findings":"Fasting improved beta-cell survival and glucose tolerance with intact clearance; it failed or caused cell death when lysosomal function was impaired.","limitations":"Mouse regeneration markers do not prove human beta-cell regeneration or diabetes reversal; shows dependence on functioning cellular clearance.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intermittent fasting preserves beta-cell mass in obesity-induced diabetes via the autophagy-lysosome pathway.","year":"2017","authors":"Liu H, Javaheri A, Godar RJ, Murphy J, Ma X, Rohatgi N, Mahadevan J, Hyrc K, Saftig P, Marshall C, McDaniel ML, Remedi MS, Razani B, Urano F, Diwan A.","doi":"10.1080/15548627.2017.1368596","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28853981/","journal":"Autophagy"},{"pmid":"28860546","disposition":"context","design":"Cluster-randomized controlled diabetes-care trial","population":"85 adults with type 2 diabetes; arm/cluster counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Remote glucose monitoring with feedback versus conventional self-monitoring/usual care.","protocol":"Twelve weeks, with six daily readings during Ramadan.","findings":"Telemonitoring reduced reported hypoglycemia and improved HbA1c more than usual care.","limitations":"Tests care support during fasting, not fasting itself; cluster structure, small sample and imprecise event estimates matter.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Telemonitoring in fasting individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus during Ramadan: A prospective, randomised controlled study.","year":"2017","authors":"Lee JY, Wong CP, Tan CSS, Nasir NH, Lee SWH.","doi":"10.1038/s41598-017-10564-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28860546/","journal":"Scientific reports"},{"pmid":"29025077","disposition":"context","design":"Within-person laboratory sampling study","population":"33 adult volunteers.","comparison":"After a 12-hour fast versus one and two hours after a light meal.","protocol":"Capillary complete blood counts.","findings":"Several cell-count/concentration results shifted after eating, including lower red-cell/hemoglobin measures and higher neutrophils.","limitations":"Sampling conditions affect test results; these shifts are not evidence that fasting makes new blood cells, improves immunity or cures disease.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of Fasting on Complete Blood Count Assayed in Capillary Blood Samples.","year":"2017","authors":"Koscielniak BK, Charchut A, Wójcik M, Sztefko K, Tomasik PJ.","doi":"10.1093/labmed/lmx044","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29025077/","journal":"Laboratory medicine"},{"pmid":"29035195","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized kidney-disease comparison","population":"54 people with polycystic kidney disease: 23 fasting and 31 nonfasting.","comparison":"One nonfasting group; fasting group had higher baseline estimated filtration.","protocol":"About 17-hour Ramadan fasts, early kidney check and follow-up one month afterward.","findings":"Measured kidney function/injury markers did not significantly worsen; urinary protein decreased in fasters.","limitations":"Small selected early-stage disease cohort, baseline kidney-function differences and short observation; cannot establish safety in advanced or unstable disease.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of fasting during the month of Ramadan on renal function in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
.","year":"2018","authors":"Ekinci I, Erkoc R, Gursu M, Dogan EE, Kilic E, Cebeci E, Ozturk S, Kazancioglu R.","doi":"10.5414/cn109102","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29035195/","journal":"Clinical nephrology"},{"pmid":"29108233","disposition":"context","design":"Computational screening and laboratory cancer-cell study","population":"Cancer-cell and mammosphere assays; replicate counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Candidate ketone-use enzyme inhibitors versus assay controls.","protocol":"Screened predicted OXCT1/ACAT1 binders, then measured ATP, respiration and sphere formation.","findings":"Four compounds reduced mitochondrial respiration; selected compounds also suppressed sphere-forming activity.","limitations":"Predicted binding and phenotypic effects do not prove selective target inhibition or patient efficacy. A drug-discovery study, not a fasting cancer trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Mitoketoscins: Novel mitochondrial inhibitors for targeting ketone metabolism in cancer stem cells (CSCs).","year":"2017","authors":"Ozsvari B, Sotgia F, Simmons K, Trowbridge R, Foster R, Lisanti MP.","doi":"10.18632/oncotarget.21259","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29108233/","journal":"Oncotarget"},{"pmid":"29119402","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Case report of mandibular giant-cell tumor in inherited glycogen-storage disease during G-CSF treatment. It does not test fasting, tumor fuel dependence, ketone use or autophagy-mediated cancer clearance.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A Third Case of Glycogen Storage Disease IB and Giant Cell Tumour of the Mandible: A Disease Association or Iatrogenic Complication of Therapy.","year":"2018","authors":"Prasad R, Estrella J, Christodoulou J, McKellar G, Tchan MC.","doi":"10.1007/8904_2017_67","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29119402/","journal":"JIMD reports"},{"pmid":"29129244","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective within-person fasting comparison","population":"30 adults with treated adrenal insufficiency: 25 women and 5 men.","comparison":"One Ramadan fasting day versus a nonfasting day in each participant.","protocol":"24-hour continuous glucose monitoring.","findings":"Glucose was lower during fasting; three participants had hypoglycemia during fasting versus none on the nonfasting day, but the difference was not statistically significant.","limitations":"Small study cannot establish that risk is unchanged; two episodes were asymptomatic and a sex association rests on very few men.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The risk for hypoglycemia during Ramadan fasting in patients with adrenal insufficiency.","year":"2018","authors":"Chihaoui M, Grira W, Bettaieb J, Yazidi M, Chaker F, Rejeb O, Oueslati I, Feki M, Kaabachi N, Slimane H.","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2017.07.014","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29129244/","journal":"Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)"},{"pmid":"29183844","disposition":"context","design":"Open-label randomized phase-III medication trial","population":"263 adults with type 2 diabetes: 131 degludec/aspart, 132 biphasic aspart.","comparison":"Two twice-daily insulin regimens with titration and Ramadan dose changes.","protocol":"8–20 weeks before Ramadan, four weeks during and four weeks afterward.","findings":"Degludec/aspart had lower overall and nighttime hypoglycemia rates with similar overall glucose control.","limitations":"Tests insulin strategy, not fasting efficacy; intensive adjustment and monitoring limit generalization, and the pre-iftar glucose comparison was post hoc.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Original paper: Efficacy and safety analysis of insulin degludec/insulin aspart compared with biphasic insulin aspart 30: A phase 3, multicentre, international, open-label, randomised, treat-to-target trial in patients with type 2 diabetes fasting during Ramadan.","year":"2018","authors":"Hassanein M, Echtay AS, Malek R, Omar M, Shaikh SS, Ekelund M, Kaplan K, Kamaruddin NA.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2017.11.027","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29183844/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"29258678","disposition":"context","design":"Prespecified secondary analysis of randomized diet trial","population":"100 adults originally randomized across three arms.","comparison":"Alternate-day 25%/125% energy intake, daily 75% intake and 100%-intake control.","protocol":"24-week body-composition and adipokine analysis.","findings":"Alternate-day and daily restriction similarly improved lean-mass proportion and lowered leptin; neither changed visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio or several inflammatory markers.","limitations":"Secondary report from NCT00960505, not an independent trial. Lean-mass proportion is not absolute muscle gain; no fasting superiority demonstrated.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of alternate-day fasting or daily calorie restriction on body composition, fat distribution, and circulating adipokines: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2018","authors":"Trepanowski JF, Kroeger CM, Barnosky A, Klempel M, Bhutani S, Hoddy KK, Rood J, Ravussin E, Varady KA.","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2017.11.018","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29258678/","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)"},{"pmid":"29299329","disposition":"context","design":"Small nonrandomized gestational-diabetes glucose-monitoring study","population":"32 pregnancies: 10 nonfasting diet-treated, 13 fasting diet-treated and 9 fasting on diet/metformin.","comparison":"Three unequal clinical groups; no randomized fasting assignment.","protocol":"Continuous interstitial glucose monitoring before/during Ramadan conditions.","findings":"Fasting groups had lower mean glucose but more participants with low-glucose episodes: 60% and 78% versus 50%.","limitations":"Small selected groups with different treatment; lower average glucose can coexist with greater hypoglycemia and is not necessarily beneficial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of Ramadan fasting on glucose levels in women with gestational diabetes mellitus treated with diet alone or diet plus metformin: a continuous glucose monitoring study.","year":"2017","authors":"Afandi BO, Hassanein MM, Majd LM, Nagelkerke NJD.","doi":"10.1136/bmjdrc-2017-000470","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29299329/","journal":"BMJ open diabetes research & care"},{"pmid":"29353535","disposition":"context","design":"Exploratory outcome-defined analysis of a randomized trial arm","population":"34 adults assigned alternate-day fasting.","comparison":"Those losing at least 5% of weight versus those losing less, classified after treatment.","protocol":"Twelve months of fasting-arm follow-up.","findings":"Greater weight loss was associated with greater fullness, less hunger, more dietary protein and better adherence.","limitations":"Groups were defined by the outcome, not randomized behaviors; cannot establish what caused success and reuses participants from the parent trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Eating behavior traits of successful weight losers during 12 months of alternate-day fasting: An exploratory analysis of a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2018","authors":"Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Klempel MC, Barnosky A, Bhutani S, Gabel K, Varady KA.","doi":"10.1177/0260106017753487","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29353535/","journal":"Nutrition and health"},{"pmid":"29364063","disposition":"context","design":"Counterbalanced three-condition crossover exercise trial","population":"18 young male sub-elite runners observing Ramadan.","comparison":"Carbohydrate mouth rinse, flavor-matched placebo and no rinse.","protocol":"Rinsed then spat out solution before treadmill exhaustion testing.","findings":"Carbohydrate rinse modestly increased peak speed and time to exhaustion compared with both controls.","limitations":"Tests mouth rinsing while fasting, not the effect of fasting itself; small acute performance study, not long-term health benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of carbohydrate mouth rinsing on time to exhaustion during Ramadan: A randomized controlled trial in Jordanian men.","year":"2018","authors":"Bataineh MF, Al-Nawaiseh AM, Abu Altaieb MH, Bellar DM, Hindawi OS, Judge LW.","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2017.1420236","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29364063/","journal":"European journal of sport science"},{"pmid":"29405359","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-schedule diabetes fasting trial","population":"41 adults randomized: 19 consecutive-day and 22 nonconsecutive-day restriction; 37 analyzed (18 and 19).","comparison":"Two very-low-calorie days weekly, consecutive versus separated; within-person fasting/nonfasting-day risk comparison.","protocol":"12 weeks, about 500–600 kcal on restricted days with medication reduction.","findings":"Hypoglycemia was more frequent on fasting days (RR 2.05, 95% CI 1.17–3.52); schedule difference was inconclusive. Weight and HbA1c improved in both arms.","limitations":"No fasting-free active diet arm; small sample and wide schedule comparison interval. Better average glucose does not erase medication-related low-glucose risk.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intermittent fasting in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of hypoglycaemia: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2018","authors":"Corley BT, Carroll RW, Hall RM, Weatherall M, Parry-Strong A, Krebs JD.","doi":"10.1111/dme.13595","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29405359/","journal":"Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association"},{"pmid":"29430296","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective birth-cohort exposure analysis","population":"1,351 pregnancies overall; actual fasting behavior measured in 139, of whom 110 fasted at least once.","comparison":"Pregnancy overlap with Ramadan and a smaller direct fasting/nonfasting comparison.","protocol":"Diet recall and recorded birth weights.","findings":"No statistically clear birthweight difference; direct fasting estimate −72 g, 95% CI −258 to 114. Intake of food and water was lower during Ramadan.","limitations":"Calendar overlap is not confirmed fasting, and the direct-exposure subgroup had low power; cannot conclude pregnancy fasting is harmless.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ramadan during pregnancy and birth weight of newborns.","year":"2018","authors":"Savitri AI, Amelia D, Painter RC, Baharuddin M, Roseboom TJ, Grobbee DE, Uiterwaal CSPM.","doi":"10.1017/jns.2017.70","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29430296/","journal":"Journal of nutritional science"},{"pmid":"29443873","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized mouse tumor feeding experiment","population":"Colon-26 tumor-bearing and healthy mice; numbers not in abstract.","comparison":"Three groups: healthy standard diet, tumor standard diet and tumor ketogenic formula.","protocol":"Unrestricted access to assigned food; tumor and wasting measurements.","findings":"Ketogenic-formula mice ate more energy, had smaller tumors/lower IL-6 and better preserved muscle/body mass.","limitations":"Diet composition and calorie intake differed; a supportive high-energy formula is not fasting, and mouse findings do not prove human benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A Ketogenic Formula Prevents Tumor Progression and Cancer Cachexia by Attenuating Systemic Inflammation in Colon 26 Tumor-Bearing Mice.","year":"2018","authors":"Nakamura K, Tonouchi H, Sasayama A, Ashida K.","doi":"10.3390/nu10020206","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29443873/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"29445895","disposition":"context","design":"Descriptive laboratory glycogen study","population":"Ten liver-origin tumor cell lines/sublines across rat, mouse and human origins; normal rat liver cells as positive controls.","comparison":"Tumor lines with different differentiation states versus normal cells; no fasting intervention.","protocol":"Staining for glycogen with morphology and selected implanted-tumor observations.","findings":"Glycogen was unevenly present and absent in some lines; storage did not consistently track differentiation.","limitations":"Detection of stores does not test whether they are essential. Proposed roles in survival/metastasis were hypotheses requiring experiments.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"On reprogramming of tumor cells metabolism: detection of glycogen in the cell lines of hepatocellular origin with various degrees of dedifferentiation.","year":"2018","authors":"Teryukova NP, Malkova VV, Sakhenberg EI, Ivanov VA, Bezborodkina NN, Snopov SA.","doi":"10.1007/s10616-018-0200-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29445895/","journal":"Cytotechnology"},{"pmid":"29485326","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized short-term diet/exercise experiment","population":"20 participants; arm counts not specified in abstract.","comparison":"Omitting lunch with about 40% energy reduction versus usual five-meal intake.","protocol":"Ten days with repeated sprint and high-intensity endurance tests.","findings":"Early sprint power and sustained high-intensity performance worsened in the restriction group, while weight and triglycerides fell.","limitations":"Fasting timing is confounded with major calorie restriction. The suggestion that more than ten days ensures adaptation was not tested beyond ten days.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effect of 10 days of intermittent fasting on Wingate anaerobic power and prolonged high-intensity time-to-exhaustion cycling performance.","year":"2018","authors":"Naharudin MNB, Yusof A.","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2018.1438520","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29485326/","journal":"European journal of sport science"},{"pmid":"29518785","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized kidney-disease cohort","population":"57 people with CKD stages 2–4: 31 fasting and 26 nonfasting.","comparison":"One nonfasting group; before, end-Ramadan and four-week follow-up.","protocol":"Hydration, kidney function and BNP measurements.","findings":"Fasting was associated with temporary increases in urea and lower hydration/BNP measures; estimated filtration did not significantly deteriorate.","limitations":"Small selected cohort, short duration and surrogate measures; null average kidney change does not exclude individual complications or prove broad safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Does Ramadan Fasting Affect Hydration Status and Kidney Function in CKD Patients?","year":"2018","authors":"Hassan S, Hassan F, Abbas N, Hassan K, Khatib N, Edgim R, Fadol R, Khazim K.","doi":"10.1159/000486799","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29518785/","journal":"Annals of nutrition & metabolism"},{"pmid":"29536011","disposition":"context","design":"Clinical feasibility perspective with preliminary cohort information","population":"15 brain-cancer patients enrolled; 10 completed.","comparison":"No randomized or concurrent control.","protocol":"Ketogenic diet added to surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.","findings":"Report emphasizes adherence, caregiver support and diet-monitoring challenges; it does not establish a comparative survival benefit.","limitations":"Perspective/preliminary report rather than an adequately powered efficacy trial; may overlap subsequent reporting of the same cohort and must not be double-counted.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Investigating the Ketogenic Diet As Treatment for Primary Aggressive Brain Cancer: Challenges and Lessons Learned.","year":"2018","authors":"Schwartz KA, Noel M, Nikolai M, Chang HT.","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2018.00011","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29536011/","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition"},{"pmid":"29682180","disposition":"context","design":"Cell, mouse xenograft and patient-dataset study","population":"Non-small-cell lung-cancer models and expression datasets; sample sizes absent.","comparison":"AGL reduction, HAS2/RHAMM disruption or HA-synthesis inhibition versus controls.","protocol":"Assessed tumor growth and prognosis-associated expression patterns.","findings":"AGL loss increased tumor growth; disrupting hyaluronic-acid pathways reduced growth in low-AGL models.","limitations":"A glycogen-related protein can have tumor-suppressing functions; no dietary deprivation or fasting treatment tested, and prognostic associations are not therapeutic proof.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glycogen debranching enzyme (AGL) is a novel regulator of non-small cell lung cancer growth.","year":"2018","authors":"Richmond CS, Oldenburg D, Dancik G, Meier DR, Weinhaus B, Theodorescu D, Guin S.","doi":"10.18632/oncotarget.24676","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29682180/","journal":"Oncotarget"},{"pmid":"29729978","disposition":"context","design":"Nonrandomized controlled diabetes-education study","population":"320 adults: 120 focused education, 200 usual care.","comparison":"Pre-Ramadan individualized education versus standard management.","protocol":"Before, during and after Ramadan assessments.","findings":"Reported hypoglycemia occurred in 4.1% versus 19.5%; more educated participants reached HbA1c below 7%, while weight did not change significantly.","limitations":"Allocation not described as randomized; education/management rather than fasting is the intervention, and baseline confounding may contribute.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Outcome of focused pre-Ramadan education on metabolic and glycaemic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.","year":"2018","authors":"El Toony LF, Hamad DA, Omar OM.","doi":"10.1016/j.dsx.2018.04.036","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29729978/","journal":"Diabetes & metabolic syndrome"},{"pmid":"29753994","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized controlled feeding pilot in multiple sclerosis","population":"36 participants randomized; 31 completed.","comparison":"Three diets: daily 22% calorie reduction, two weekly 75%-restricted days and weight-maintenance control.","protocol":"Eight weeks of provided dietary intervention.","findings":"Both restriction approaches produced about 3–4 kg weight loss and better emotional scores; intermittent restriction had poorer adherence and no significant weight advantage.","limitations":"Small short feasibility trial; no established effect on relapses, disability progression or brain lesions. Shared cohort with later mechanistic reports should be tracked.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of intermittent vs. daily calorie restriction on changes in weight and patient-reported outcomes in people with multiple sclerosis.","year":"2018","authors":"Fitzgerald KC, Vizthum D, Henry-Barron B, Schweitzer A, Cassard SD, Kossoff E, Hartman AL, Kapogiannis D, Sullivan P, Baer DJ, Mattson MP, Appel LJ, Mowry EM.","doi":"10.1016/j.msard.2018.05.002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29753994/","journal":"Multiple sclerosis and related disorders"},{"pmid":"29778565","disposition":"context","design":"One-year randomized active-diet comparison","population":"112 adults with abdominal obesity and metabolic risk; equal proportions of men and women.","comparison":"Two weekly 400/600-kcal days versus continuous energy restriction.","protocol":"Six months of dietitian-supported loss plus six months maintenance.","findings":"Weight loss, regain and risk-marker improvements were similar; reported hunger was higher with intermittent restriction.","limitations":"Both groups reduced energy about 26–28%; useful evidence against a clear fasting advantage for these outcomes, but not a cardiovascular-event trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of intermittent versus continuous energy restriction on weight loss, maintenance and cardiometabolic risk: A randomized 1-year trial.","year":"2018","authors":"Sundfør TM, Svendsen M, Tonstad S.","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2018.03.009","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29778565/","journal":"Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD"},{"pmid":"29802956","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized diabetes medication cohort","population":"68 adults with preserved/moderately reduced kidney function: 35 on SGLT2 inhibitors and 33 not.","comparison":"Two medication cohorts, both fasting.","protocol":"Before and during Ramadan measures of ketones, kidney function, pressure and weight.","findings":"Weight, blood pressure and filtration fell similarly; average ketone changes did not differ.","limitations":"Small selected population cannot rule out rare ketoacidosis or other complications; no nonfasting comparison or proof of benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effect of Ramadan fasting and continuing sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor use on ketonemia, blood pressure and renal function in Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2018","authors":"Shao Y, Lim GJ, Chua CL, Wong YF, Yeoh ECK, Low SKM, Sum CF.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2018.05.022","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29802956/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"29942509","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory breast-cancer cell comparison","population":"Seven human breast-cancer cell lines; independent replicate counts not in abstract.","comparison":"3 mM beta-hydroxybutyrate with 5 mM glucose versus glucose reference, under normal/mildly low oxygen; additional acetoacetate tests.","protocol":"Measured metabolism, proliferation and responses to chemotherapy/radiation.","findings":"Ketones altered metabolism in some lines but did not consistently change proliferation or treatment response.","limitations":"Clinically plausible ketone concentration, but still culture models; shows metabolic changes need not mean tumor killing or growth stimulation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Beta-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHB) can influence the energetic phenotype of breast cancer cells, but does not impact their proliferation and the response to chemotherapy or radiation.","year":"2018","authors":"Bartmann C, Janaki Raman SR, Flöter J, Schulze A, Bahlke K, Willingstorfer J, Strunz M, Wöckel A, Klement RJ, Kapp M, Djuzenova CS, Otto C, Kämmerer U.","doi":"10.1186/s40170-018-0180-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29942509/","journal":"Cancer & metabolism"},{"pmid":"29996716","disposition":"context","design":"Genetic cell and mouse fasting-mimetic experiment","population":"Hepatocyte models and several mutant mouse strains; sample sizes not stated.","comparison":"Trehalose versus controls, with TFEB or autophagy-pathway alterations.","protocol":"Measured fasting-like signaling, thermogenesis and adipose gene expression.","findings":"Trehalose-induced thermogenesis depended on liver TFEB-related signaling but persisted despite several autophagy-pathway defects.","limitations":"A sugar/drug-like intervention is not fasting. Favorable metabolic effects cannot automatically be attributed to increased autophagy or extrapolated to patients.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"TFEB-dependent induction of thermogenesis by the hepatocyte SLC2A inhibitor trehalose.","year":"2018","authors":"Zhang Y, Higgins CB, Mayer AL, Mysorekar IU, Razani B, Graham MJ, Hruz PW, DeBosch BJ.","doi":"10.1080/15548627.2018.1493044","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29996716/","journal":"Autophagy"},{"pmid":"30098591","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled adolescent nutrition cohort","population":"366 Ghanaian school adolescents, about half female; mean age 15.9.","comparison":"Before, during, end and one month after Ramadan; no nonfasting group.","protocol":"Average 28 fasting days and 14.3 hours daily; dietary recalls and weight measurements.","findings":"Dietary variety changed and weight fell about 1.5 kg, then returned by one month afterward.","limitations":"Temporary weight change and self-reported diet do not establish sustained fat loss, nutritional adequacy or a health benefit during growth.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ramadan fasting alters food patterns, dietary diversity and body weight among Ghanaian adolescents.","year":"2018","authors":"Ali Z, Abizari AR.","doi":"10.1186/s12937-018-0386-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30098591/","journal":"Nutrition journal"},{"pmid":"30137481","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized controlled ketogenic-diet trial","population":"Women with ovarian or endometrial cancer; participant and arm counts absent from abstract.","comparison":"Ketogenic diet versus high-fiber, low-fat American Cancer Society diet.","protocol":"12 weeks; body composition, insulin, IGF-1 and ketone measurements.","findings":"Ketogenic diet reduced fat mass, visceral fat and insulin more; adjusted lean mass did not differ.","limitations":"No tumor-response or survival result. The suggestion of an unfavorable environment for cancer is mechanistic interpretation, not observed cancer killing; linked NCT03171506 reports share participants.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A Ketogenic Diet Reduces Central Obesity and Serum Insulin in Women with Ovarian or Endometrial Cancer.","year":"2018","authors":"Cohen CW, Fontaine KR, Arend RC, Alvarez RD, Leath CA, Huh WK, Bevis KS, Kim KH, Straughn JM, Gower BA.","doi":"10.1093/jn/nxy119","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30137481/","journal":"The Journal of nutrition"},{"pmid":"30142886","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-program weight-loss trial","population":"162 adults with obesity; exact arm sizes not given in abstract.","comparison":"High-protein meal replacements with daily restriction versus added alternate-day restriction.","protocol":"16-week loss phase plus eight-week maintenance.","findings":"Weight loss was similar, about 10.7 versus 11.2 kg; most metabolic, nutritional and behavioral outcomes improved similarly.","limitations":"No added fasting advantage established despite intended greater restriction. Lean mass also fell; some vitamin measures worsened, and follow-up was limited.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Randomized Trial of a High Protein, Partial Meal Replacement Program with or without Alternate Day Fasting: Similar Effects on Weight Loss, Retention Status, Nutritional, Metabolic, and Behavioral Outcomes.","year":"2018","authors":"Bowen J, Brindal E, James-Martin G, Noakes M.","doi":"10.3390/nu10091145","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30142886/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"30174305","disposition":"context","design":"Cell coculture and animal metastasis experiments","population":"Ovarian-cancer cells and human cancer-associated fibroblasts; sample and animal counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Coculture versus reference conditions; fibroblast p38 loss and cancer glycogen-phosphorylase inhibition.","protocol":"Tracked glycogen mobilization, growth, invasion and metastasis.","findings":"Fibroblasts stimulated tumor glycogen use; disrupting the pathway reduced metastasis in models.","limitations":"Supports glycogen as a useful resource for these cells, not an indispensable fuel in every cancer. Fasting was not the tested intervention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Fibroblasts Mobilize Tumor Cell Glycogen to Promote Proliferation and Metastasis.","year":"2019","authors":"Curtis M, Kenny HA, Ashcroft B, Mukherjee A, Johnson A, Zhang Y, Helou Y, Batlle R, Liu X, Gutierrez N, Gao X, Yamada SD, Lastra R, Montag A, Ahsan N, Locasale JW, Salomon AR, Nebreda AR, Lengyel E.","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2018.08.007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30174305/","journal":"Cell metabolism"},{"pmid":"30183740","disposition":"context","design":"Human comparative fasting physiology study","population":"18 men: 9 lean and 9 with obesity.","comparison":"12-hour versus 72-hour fasting and lean versus obese groups.","protocol":"Insulin-stimulated uptake and muscle metabolic/signaling measurements.","findings":"Prolonged fasting reduced glucose uptake in lean men without the same signaling defects seen in obesity; ketone-related muscle metabolites rose.","limitations":"Fasting-induced insulin resistance is not mechanistically identical to obesity-related resistance; small male-only study, not long-term health efficacy.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Prolonged fasting-induced metabolic signatures in human skeletal muscle of lean and obese men.","year":"2018","authors":"Bak AM, Vendelbo MH, Christensen B, Viggers R, Bibby BM, Rungby J, Jørgensen JOL, Møller N, Jessen N.","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0200817","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30183740/","journal":"PloS one"},{"pmid":"30188180","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized diabetes-management tool trial","population":"62 adults with type 2 diabetes: 30 intervention and 32 control.","comparison":"Collaborative education/dose-adjustment algorithm versus control care.","protocol":"Ramadan preparation and management with glycemic/safety assessment.","findings":"HbA1c fell from 7.9% to 7.5% in the intervention group; minor hypoglycemia did not significantly differ and no major event was reported.","limitations":"Abstract emphasizes within-group changes rather than a clear between-group HbA1c estimate. Tests care strategy, not whether fasting improves diabetes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Development of a Collaborative Algorithm for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes during Ramadan: An Anchor on Empowerment.","year":"2018","authors":"Lum ZK, See Toh WY, Lim SM, Rusli KDB, Abdul Shakoor SAKK, Tsou KYK, Chew DEK, Dalan R, Kwek SC, Othman N, Lian JX, Lee JY.","doi":"10.1089/dia.2018.0159","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30188180/","journal":"Diabetes technology & therapeutics"},{"pmid":"30188503","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled juvenile-mouse feeding experiment","population":"Mice exposed from weaning; animal counts not given.","comparison":"Four weeks of 14–16-hour daily food restriction followed by unrestricted adulthood versus continuously unrestricted controls.","protocol":"Assessed growth, metabolism, puberty, immunity and gut microbes.","findings":"Early restriction was followed by adverse metabolic and developmental findings that persisted in later observation.","limitations":"Mouse development differs from humans; title’s irreversibility claim exceeds proof of lifelong permanence. Provides developmental caution, not a quantified human-child risk.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-restricted feeding causes irreversible metabolic disorders and gut microbiota shift in pediatric mice.","year":"2019","authors":"Hu D, Mao Y, Xu G, Liao W, Ren J, Yang H, Yang J, Sun L, Chen H, Wang W, Wang Y, Sang X, Lu X, Zhang H, Zhong S.","doi":"10.1038/s41390-018-0156-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30188503/","journal":"Pediatric research"},{"pmid":"30200193","disposition":"context","design":"Patient-reported secondary outcomes of a randomized cancer diet trial","population":"Women with ovarian/endometrial cancer; analyzed counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Ketogenic versus American Cancer Society diet.","protocol":"12-week quality-of-life, appetite and craving questionnaires.","findings":"Physical-function scores and some cravings favored ketogenic feeding; mental function, hunger and appetite did not significantly differ.","limitations":"Same NCT03171506 cohort as body-composition paper, not another independent trial. Unblinded subjective outcomes and a nonchemotherapy subgroup do not establish anticancer efficacy.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Favorable Effects of a Ketogenic Diet on Physical Function, Perceived Energy, and Food Cravings in Women with Ovarian or Endometrial Cancer: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.","year":"2018","authors":"Cohen CW, Fontaine KR, Arend RC, Soleymani T, Gower BA.","doi":"10.3390/nu10091187","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30200193/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"30218403","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory glioma-cell mechanism study","population":"Rat C6 glioma cells; replicate counts not stated.","comparison":"Beta-hydroxybutyrate versus controls, with inflammatory LPS/ATP stimulation.","protocol":"Measured migration, inflammasome activation and downstream signaling.","findings":"Beta-hydroxybutyrate reduced inflammatory activation and migration in the tested system.","limitations":"Migration inhibition is not tumor elimination. Rat cells, stimulation conditions and no patient trial limit translation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Suppresses the Migration of Glioma Cells by Inhibition of NLRP3 Inflammasome.","year":"2018","authors":"Shang S, Wang L, Zhang Y, Lu H, Lu X.","doi":"10.1007/s10571-018-0617-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30218403/","journal":"Cellular and molecular neurobiology"},{"pmid":"30238969","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled human fluid-balance physiology study","population":"20 healthy adults, ten women; median age 24.","comparison":"Repeated measurements during a single food-and-fluid fast; no freely drinking comparison.","protocol":"18 hours from evening to late afternoon.","findings":"Median fluid-related weight loss was about 1.47 kg; urine accounted for roughly half.","limitations":"Dry preoperative-style fasting is not water-allowed fasting. Rapid scale loss here is largely fluid, not demonstrated fat loss.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Fluid deficits during prolonged overnight fasting in young healthy adults.","year":"2019","authors":"Danielsson EJD, Lejbman I, Åkeson J.","doi":"10.1111/aas.13254","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30238969/","journal":"Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica"},{"pmid":"30250019","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled mouse retinal-injury experiment","population":"Wild-type and autophagy-impaired Ambra1 mice; numbers not in abstract.","comparison":"Ischemia/reperfusion with fasting or rapamycin versus reference conditions and genetic controls.","protocol":"Followed autophagy over reperfusion and retinal-neuron survival.","findings":"Early protective autophagy waned by 24 hours after injury; fasting/rapamycin prolonged the response and improved neuronal survival.","limitations":"The 24-hour timing is after experimental eye injury, not a universal fasting autophagy peak. No human retinal or cancer outcome.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Rapamycin and fasting sustain autophagy response activated by ischemia/reperfusion injury and promote retinal ganglion cell survival.","year":"2018","authors":"Russo R, Varano GP, Adornetto A, Nazio F, Tettamanti G, Girardello R, Cianfanelli V, Cavaliere F, Morrone LA, Corasaniti MT, Cecconi F, Bagetta G, Nucci C.","doi":"10.1038/s41419-018-1044-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30250019/","journal":"Cell death & disease"},{"pmid":"30294552","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective diabetes behavior cohort","population":"156 people with type 1 diabetes: 61 pump users and 95 using multiple daily injections.","comparison":"Existing insulin-delivery groups during Ramadan.","protocol":"Questionnaires, monitoring frequency and glucose-control measures.","findings":"Pump users checked glucose and counted carbohydrates more often; glucose control and days needing to stop fasting did not differ.","limitations":"Nonrandom device selection and self-report; behavior differences do not establish device superiority or fasting benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","notices":[{"type":"Erratum in","reference":"J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2020 Dec 17;23:100242. doi: 10.1016/j.jcte.2020.100242","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33364176/"}],"integrityNote":"Indexed erratum concerns previously missing competing-interest declarations; article-specific full wording not verified.","title":"Attitudes and habits of patients with type 1 diabetes during fasting Ramadan.","year":"2018","authors":"Alamoudi R, Alsubaiee M, Alqarni A, Aljaser S, Saleh Y, Salam A, Eledrisi M.","doi":"10.1016/j.jcte.2018.09.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30294552/","journal":"Journal of clinical & translational endocrinology"},{"pmid":"30332646","disposition":"context","design":"Cross-species metabolomic and mechanistic investigation","population":"Rodents, human dietary-restriction data and cultured cells; sample sizes not stated.","comparison":"Age, dietary-restriction and long-lived-mouse comparisons; sarcosine exposure versus reference conditions.","protocol":"Measured metabolites and tested sarcosine-related autophagic flux.","findings":"Sarcosine tended to decrease with age and increase with dietary restriction; exposure promoted autophagy in experimental systems.","limitations":"A candidate biomarker/mechanism is not proof of slower human aging. Continuous dietary restriction must not be equated with a particular fasting schedule.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Sarcosine Is Uniquely Modulated by Aging and Dietary Restriction in Rodents and Humans.","year":"2018","authors":"Walters RO, Arias E, Diaz A, Burgos ES, Guan F, Tiano S, Mao K, Green CL, Qiu Y, Shah H, Wang D, Hudgins AD, Tabrizian T, Tosti V, Shechter D, Fontana L, Kurland IJ, Barzilai N, Cuervo AM, Promislow DEL, Huffman DM.","doi":"10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.065","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30332646/","journal":"Cell reports"},{"pmid":"30344980","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled animal denervation/autophagy experiment","population":"Denervated skeletal-muscle models; animal counts not provided in abstract.","comparison":"Denervation with intermittent fasting or rapamycin versus comparison conditions.","protocol":"Autophagy tracked from early after nerve loss; four-week induction interventions.","findings":"Fasting or rapamycin did not significantly change denervation-related muscle loss despite increasing autophagy-related activity.","limitations":"Injury-specific null result; eight-hour timing refers to denervation, not fasting onset. Does not establish that more autophagy always improves tissue health.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Increasing autophagy does not affect neurogenic muscle atrophy.","year":"2018","authors":"Pigna E, Sanna K, Coletti D, Li Z, Parlakian A, Adamo S, Moresi V.","doi":"10.4081/ejtm.2018.7687","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30344980/","journal":"European journal of translational myology"},{"pmid":"30356100","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Cervical-cancer study of alpha-hydroxybutyrate, a different metabolite from the fasting ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate; no fasting, glycogen or relevant ketone-use intervention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Nuclear lactate dehydrogenase A senses ROS to produce α-hydroxybutyrate for HPV-induced cervical tumor growth.","year":"2018","authors":"Liu Y, Guo JZ, Liu Y, Wang K, Ding W, Wang H, Liu X, Zhou S, Lu XC, Yang HB, Xu C, Gao W, Zhou L, Wang YP, Hu W, Wei Y, Huang C, Lei QY.","doi":"10.1038/s41467-018-06841-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30356100/","journal":"Nature communications"},{"pmid":"30449941","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized counterbalanced three-condition crossover experiment","population":"15 active healthy men.","comparison":"Carbohydrate mouth rinse, placebo rinse and no rinse.","protocol":"Sprint/reaction-time tests after three days of 14-hour food-and-fluid restriction.","findings":"Carbohydrate rinsing did not significantly improve sprint or cognitive performance.","limitations":"Small acute trial of rinsing, not fasting versus nonfasting; different exercise protocols can yield different results from endurance-rinse studies.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Repeated-sprints exercise in daylight fasting: carbohydrate mouth rinsing does not affect sprint and reaction time performance.","year":"2018","authors":"Cherif A, Meeusen R, Ryu J, Taylor L, Farooq A, Kammoun K, Fenneni MA, Aziz AR, Roelands B, Chamari K.","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2018.77824","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30449941/","journal":"Biology of sport"},{"pmid":"30486639","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory chemotherapy-survivor cell experiment","population":"SW480 colon-cancer cells and a subpopulation surviving 72-hour 5-fluorouracil exposure; replicate counts not stated.","comparison":"Beta-hydroxybutyrate-treated versus untreated parental and drug-exposed cells.","protocol":"Measured metabolism, growth, migration and stemness-associated gene expression.","findings":"Ketone exposure increased viability and oxidative metabolism; selected surviving cells showed more migration and stemness-related features.","limitations":"One cell model and artificial drug selection; does not prove dietary ketosis worsens colorectal cancer, but contradicts universal ketone-starvation claims.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Promotes Proliferation, Migration and Stemness in a Subpopulation of 5FU Treated SW480 Cells: Evidence for Metabolic Plasticity in Colon Cancer","year":"2018","authors":"Shakery A, Pourvali K, Ghorbani A, Fereidani SS, Zand H.","doi":"10.31557/apjcp.2018.19.11.3287","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30486639/","journal":"Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP"},{"pmid":"30541365","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective repeated-measures Ramadan study","population":"44 male college students; mean age about 28.","comparison":"Before, during and six weeks after Ramadan; no distinct nonfasting arm described.","protocol":"Body composition and metabolic measurements.","findings":"No significant body-composition change; LDL fell temporarily, while glucose and systolic pressure rose slightly within normal ranges.","limitations":"Abstract uses randomized wording for selection, not a described randomized fasting assignment. Small sample and mixed biomarker responses do not prove broad benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Body Composition and Metabolic Syndrome in Apparently Healthy Men.","year":"2019","authors":"Al-Barha NS, Aljaloud KS.","doi":"10.1177/1557988318816925","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30541365/","journal":"American journal of men's health"},{"pmid":"30569640","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-arm controlled-feeding trial","population":"88 women with overweight, mean age 50 and BMI 32.3; allocation ratio 2:2:2:1.","comparison":"Intermittent fasting at prescribed 70% or 100% energy, daily 70% restriction, and control.","protocol":"Eight weeks; 24-hour fasts three nonconsecutive days weekly; meals supplied.","findings":"Restricted-energy fasting produced greater fat/weight and some lipid reductions, but clamp-measured insulin sensitivity did not differ across groups; a 24-hour fast temporarily reduced sensitivity.","limitations":"Prescribed energy is not necessarily identical achieved intake. Acute fasting and fed-state measurements differ; no long-term disease outcome.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Intermittent Versus Continuous Energy Intakes on Insulin Sensitivity and Metabolic Risk in Women with Overweight.","year":"2019","authors":"Hutchison AT, Liu B, Wood RE, Vincent AD, Thompson CH, O'Callaghan NJ, Wittert GA, Heilbronn LK.","doi":"10.1002/oby.22345","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30569640/","journal":"Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)"},{"pmid":"30615947","disposition":"context","design":"Exploratory biomarker subset of randomized trial","population":"112 originally randomized; only 31 completers in this sterol analysis.","comparison":"Alternate-day fasting plus exercise, fasting alone, exercise alone and control.","protocol":"Serum sterol measurements after intervention; duration not stated in abstract.","findings":"Exercise-related changes were more evident for cholesterol synthesis markers; absorption markers did not differ.","limitations":"Small selected completer subset with many biomarkers; not an independent full trial or demonstrated reduction in cardiovascular events.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of alternate day fasting and exercise on cholesterol metabolism in overweight or obese adults: A pilot randomized controlled trial.","year":"2019","authors":"Cho AR, Moon JY, Kim S, An KY, Oh M, Jeon JY, Jung DH, Choi MH, Lee JW.","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2019.01.002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30615947/","journal":"Metabolism: clinical and experimental"},{"pmid":"30637773","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled genetic mouse liver-tumor experiment","population":"Liver-specific glucose-6-phosphatase-deficient mice with glycogen-storage disease; numbers not in abstract.","comparison":"Gene replacement versus deficient reference conditions, including mice with and without existing tumors.","protocol":"Treatment at a tumor-developing stage, measuring metabolism, autophagy and tumors.","findings":"Gene therapy corrected metabolism/clearance in nontumor liver and prevented new tumors, but did not eliminate existing tumors.","limitations":"Rare-disease gene therapy is not fasting; prevention and removal of established cancer are distinct, and restoring autophagy did not erase all tumors.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Gene therapy prevents hepatic tumor initiation in murine glycogen storage disease type Ia at the tumor-developing stage.","year":"2019","authors":"Cho JH, Lee YM, Starost MF, Mansfield BC, Chou JY.","doi":"10.1002/jimd.12056","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30637773/","journal":"Journal of inherited metabolic disease"},{"pmid":"30641167","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled high-risk diabetes care cohort","population":"169 people with high-risk diabetes; 92 women.","comparison":"Before versus after Ramadan; no usual-care or nonfasting control.","protocol":"Education, pre-Ramadan dose adjustments and flash glucose monitoring.","findings":"HbA1c improved modestly, creatinine was similar and total cholesterol worsened.","limitations":"Combined care intervention; abstract omits detailed hypoglycemia and other event counts, so improved HbA1c cannot establish safety. Possible overlap with same-center disease-specific reports.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The role of optimum diabetes care in form of Ramadan focused diabetes education, flash glucose monitoring system and pre-Ramadan dose adjustments in the safety of Ramadan fasting in high risk patients with diabetes.","year":"2019","authors":"Hassanein M, Abdelgadir E, Bashier A, Rashid F, Saeed MA, Khalifa A, Eltayb F, Abuelkheir S, Abdellatif M, Sayyah F, Khalifa S, Alawadi F.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2018.12.013","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30641167/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"30678028","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary metabolomic analysis of randomized crossover trial","population":"FEELGOOD healthy-volunteer cohort; analyzed subgroup count not stated here.","comparison":"24-hour water-only fasting versus usual eating in crossover.","protocol":"Metabolites measured at baseline and after each condition.","findings":"TMAO fell during fasting and returned after refeeding; several other metabolites changed acutely.","limitations":"Reuses FEELGOOD participants rather than a new trial. Exploratory multiple biomarkers and transient changes do not establish coronary prevention or longevity.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Pilot Study of Novel Intermittent Fasting Effects on Metabolomic and Trimethylamine <i>N</i>-oxide Changes During 24-hour Water-Only Fasting in the FEELGOOD Trial.","year":"2019","authors":"Washburn RL, Cox JE, Muhlestein JB, May HT, Carlquist JF, Le VT, Anderson JL, Horne BD.","doi":"10.3390/nu11020246","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30678028/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"30771364","disposition":"context","design":"Small prospective monitored diabetes/coronary-disease cohort","population":"21 adults with type 2 diabetes and stable coronary disease.","comparison":"Within-person Ramadan versus nonfasting periods; no randomized control.","protocol":"Continuous glucose monitoring and intensive care during Ramadan 2016.","findings":"Low-glucose episodes were more frequent and longer while fasting; other measured risk markers were largely unchanged.","limitations":"Too small to exclude cardiovascular complications. Likely related to the same-center high-risk cohort; lower HbA1c did not mean less hypoglycemia.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Assessment of risk of fasting during Ramadan under optimal diabetes care, in high-risk patients with diabetes and coronary heart disease through the use of FreeStyle Libre flash continuous glucose monitor (FSL-CGMS).","year":"2019","authors":"Hassanein M, Rashid F, Elsayed M, Basheir A, Al Saeed M, Abdelgadir E, AbuelKheir S, Khalifa A, Al Sayyah F, Bachet F, Jacob S, Alawadi F.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2019.01.038","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30771364/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"30772385","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized open-label medication trial","population":"184 in the stated any-hypoglycemia analysis, 92 per arm; primary analysis included 91 and 90.","comparison":"Lixisenatide plus basal insulin versus sulfonylurea plus basal insulin.","protocol":"12–22 weeks around Ramadan.","findings":"Primary documented symptomatic hypoglycemia difference was inconclusive; the broader any-hypoglycemia outcome favored lixisenatide.","limitations":"Primary and secondary results must remain distinct; medication comparison does not test fasting efficacy, and small event counts yield imprecise estimates.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Safety of lixisenatide versus sulfonylurea added to basal insulin treatment in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus who elect to fast during Ramadan (LixiRam): An international, randomized, open-label trial.","year":"2019","authors":"Hassanein MM, Sahay R, Hafidh K, Djaballah K, Li H, Azar S, Shehadeh N, Hanif W.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2019.01.035","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30772385/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"30773991","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled genetic mouse cardiomyopathy experiment","population":"Mice with mutant alphaB-crystallin heart disease; sample sizes not in abstract.","comparison":"Intermittent fasting versus unrestricted feeding; TFEB gene delivery and TFEB/HSPB8 knockdown controls.","protocol":"Intervened after advanced disease developed and assessed clearance, heart function and survival.","findings":"Fasting and TFEB activation improved clearance/function and survival; genetic blocking experiments supported both autophagy-dependent and other mechanisms.","limitations":"Promising disease-specific animal treatment, not established human therapy or evidence that autophagy removes cancers.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Transcription Factor EB Activation Rescues Advanced αB-Crystallin Mutation-Induced Cardiomyopathy by Normalizing Desmin Localization.","year":"2019","authors":"Ma X, Mani K, Liu H, Kovacs A, Murphy JT, Foroughi L, French BA, Weinheimer CJ, Kraja A, Benjamin IJ, Hill JA, Javaheri A, Diwan A.","doi":"10.1161/jaha.118.010866","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30773991/","journal":"Journal of the American Heart Association"},{"pmid":"30779972","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective multicenter diabetes cohort","population":"901 participants: 836 type 2 and 65 type 1.","comparison":"Before versus after Ramadan, with risk and diabetes-type comparisons.","protocol":"Observed fasting choices, glucose checks and complications in 26 Algerian counties.","findings":"Most fasted despite many being high risk; average glucose rose and about 30% experienced hypoglycemia.","limitations":"Observational/self-reported behaviors and varying treatment; no controlled fasting benefit. High and low glucose can both become more frequent.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Diabetes and Ramadan: A multicenter study in Algerian population.","year":"2019","authors":"Malek R, Hannat S, Nechadi A, Mekideche FZ, Kaabeche M.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2019.02.008","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30779972/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"30825560","disposition":"context","design":"International prospective diabetes cohort","population":"1,749 adults with type 2 diabetes in the Middle East/North Africa.","comparison":"Before versus during Ramadan; comparisons by medication regimen.","protocol":"Recorded fasting days, glucose control, hypoglycemia and lifestyle.","findings":"Confirmed hypoglycemia incidence rose from 4.9% to 10.4%, and severe episodes from 0.2% to 0.9%, despite improved average glycemic markers.","limitations":"No randomized nonfasting comparator; treatment and lifestyle changed. Average HbA1c improvement does not remove acute fasting risk.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The characteristics and pattern of care for the type 2 diabetes mellitus population in the MENA region during Ramadan: An international prospective study (DAR-MENA T2DM).","year":"2019","authors":"Hassanein M, Al Awadi FF, El Hadidy KES, Ali SS, Echtay A, Djaballah K, Dessapt-Baradez C, Khazaal FAK, Abu-Hijleh MO, Al Shaikh A, Gharbi MEH, Shehadeh N, Bennakhi A, Al Arouj M.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2019.02.020","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30825560/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"30833594","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled mouse metabolic-imaging experiment","population":"Healthy and glioma-bearing mice; counts not stated.","comparison":"Normal versus tumor-bearing brain after labeled acetoacetate injection.","protocol":"Hyperpolarized imaging of acetoacetate-to-beta-hydroxybutyrate conversion.","findings":"Conversion occurred in both conditions; tumor-bearing mice had a lower product-to-substrate ratio, consistent with altered enzyme/redox status.","limitations":"Metabolic tracer conversion does not quantify all tumor ketone oxidation or show that diet kills cancer; imaging method, not a treatment trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"In vivo investigation of hyperpolarized [1,3-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub>]acetoacetate as a metabolic probe in normal brain and in glioma.","year":"2019","authors":"Najac C, Radoul M, Le Page LM, Batsios G, Subramani E, Viswanath P, Gillespie AM, Ronen SM.","doi":"10.1038/s41598-019-39677-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30833594/","journal":"Scientific reports"},{"pmid":"30880094","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective monitored diabetes/kidney-disease cohort","population":"25 adults with type 2 diabetes and stage-3 CKD.","comparison":"Within-person Ramadan versus surrounding nonfasting periods.","protocol":"About three weeks of glucose-sensor coverage in each period plus kidney tests.","findings":"Low-glucose episodes were more frequent and lasted longer during Ramadan; kidney function did not significantly change.","limitations":"Small closely supervised cohort cannot establish broad safety; likely related to the same-center 2016 high-risk study, not necessarily independent participants.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The use of Free Style Libre Continues Glucose Monitoring (FSL-CGM) to monitor the impact of Ramadan fasting on glycemic changes and kidney function in high-risk patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease stage 3 under optimal diabetes care.","year":"2019","authors":"Alawadi F, Rashid F, Bashier A, Abdelgadir E, Al Saeed M, Abuelkheir S, Khalifa A, Al Sayyah F, Bachet F, Elsayed M, Abdallah K, Hassanein M.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2019.03.015","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30880094/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"30892060","disposition":"context","design":"Diagnostic biomarker case-control study","population":"Women with papillary thyroid cancer and healthy controls; counts absent from abstract.","comparison":"Serum beta-hydroxybutyrate, including creatinine-normalized measures, in cases versus controls.","protocol":"Mass-spectrometry assay and proposed diagnostic cutoffs.","findings":"Cases had higher ketone measurements and the assay showed discrimination in this dataset.","limitations":"No fasting exposure or treatment tested. A biomarker association does not show ketones caused or fueled cancer; external validation and sampling conditions matter.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Identification of β-hydroxybutyrate as a potential biomarker for female papillary thyroid cancer.","year":"2019","authors":"Chen J, Hou H, Chen H, Luo Y, He Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Liu H, Zhang F, Liu Y, Wang A, Hu Q.","doi":"10.4155/bio-2018-0273","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30892060/","journal":"Bioanalysis"},{"pmid":"30930290","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled diabetes cohort","population":"228 enrolled, 181 analyzed: 115 men and 66 women using at least three glucose-lowering drugs.","comparison":"Before versus after Ramadan; exploratory sex, origin and drug subgroups.","protocol":"Clinical follow-up with multi-drug management.","findings":"HbA1c and diastolic pressure improved slightly, while total cholesterol and triglycerides increased.","limitations":"Attrition, multiple subgroups and no concurrent control; abstract/title give inconsistent Ramadan year labels. Mixed outcomes should not be summarized as universal metabolic improvement.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Differential effects of gender and patient background diversity on the changes in metabolic and biophysical profiles in people with type-2 diabetes from different ethnicities who fast during Ramadan (H1439); a prospective study from Qatar.","year":"2019","authors":"Dabbous Z, Bashir M, Elzouki AN, Ahmed MS, Farouk S, Hassanien M, Malik RA, Abou Samra AB, Elhadd T, PROFAST Study Group.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2019.03.032","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30930290/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"30946851","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective single-center diabetes behavior/safety study","population":"360 adults with type 2 diabetes, mostly classified high risk.","comparison":"Risk strata and medication groups; no randomized nonfasting control.","protocol":"Two-year study of Ramadan choices and hypoglycemia.","findings":"About one-quarter reported hypoglycemia; some continued fasting despite symptoms. Insulin use and prior hypoglycemia identified higher-risk participants.","limitations":"Selected high-risk clinic population and observational treatment differences; findings should not be generalized to all people who fast.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Attitude and safety of patients with diabetes observing the Ramadan fast.","year":"2019","authors":"Ba-Essa EM, Hassanein M, Abdulrhman S, Alkhalifa M, Alsafar Z.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2019.03.031","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30946851/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"30983506","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary dietary-behavior analysis of randomized trial","population":"100 enrolled, 69 completed the parent 12-month trial.","comparison":"Alternate-day restriction, daily calorie restriction and control.","protocol":"Beverage-intake analyses at six and twelve months.","findings":"No significant group changes in measured beverage types or associations with weight/energy intake were found.","limitations":"Secondary exploratory report sharing the parent cohort; self-reported intake and attrition limit detection of small associations.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Beverage intake during alternate-day fasting: Relationship to energy intake and body weight.","year":"2019","authors":"Kalam F, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Gabel K, Song JH, Cienfuegos S, Varady KA.","doi":"10.1177/0260106019841452","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30983506/","journal":"Nutrition and health"},{"pmid":"31002478","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-schedule crossover trial","population":"15 men at risk of type 2 diabetes.","comparison":"Early 8 am–5 pm versus later noon–9 pm eating; baseline usual schedule, two-week washout.","protocol":"Seven days per nine-hour eating condition with glucose monitoring.","findings":"Meal-test glucose response and triglycerides improved across restricted schedules; no clear early-versus-late difference or insulin effect was detected.","limitations":"Very small short study without a randomized usual-eating period; different meal-test clock times complicate interpretation. A significant baseline change in one arm does not prove superiority.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-Restricted Feeding Improves Glucose Tolerance in Men at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Trial.","year":"2019","authors":"Hutchison AT, Regmi P, Manoogian ENC, Fleischer JG, Wittert GA, Panda S, Heilbronn LK.","doi":"10.1002/oby.22449","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31002478/","journal":"Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)"},{"pmid":"31003482","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Expert clinical-management review proposing fasting care guidance for diabetes; no new primary trial or patient dataset.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Clinical Management of Intermittent Fasting in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus.","year":"2019","authors":"Grajower MM, Horne BD.","doi":"10.3390/nu11040873","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31003482/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"31027300","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm food-intervention trial","population":"81 participants: 45 high-fiber cereal and 36 habitual-diet controls.","comparison":"Added 90 g cereal at the predawn meal versus usual diet; both groups fasted.","protocol":"Twenty days during Ramadan.","findings":"Satiety, bowel symptoms and total/LDL cholesterol favored cereal; body composition and glucose did not significantly differ.","limitations":"Tests food composition during fasting, not fasting itself. Unequal group sizes and subjective outcomes require full methods for bias appraisal.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of High Fiber Cereal Intake on Satiety and Gastrointestinal Symptoms during Ramadan.","year":"2019","authors":"Jarrar AH, Beasley JM, Ohuma EO, Cheikh Ismail L, Qeshta DA, Mohamad MN, Al Dhaheri AS.","doi":"10.3390/nu11040939","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31027300/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"31053302","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled pregnant-rat diet experiment","population":"Female rats and fetal/placental samples; dam and litter counts not stated.","comparison":"Standard unrestricted, high-fat unrestricted and high-fat time-restricted feeding.","protocol":"Diet from five months before mating through gestation; tissue assessment at embryonic day 18.5.","findings":"Restricted high-fat feeding reduced maternal metabolic/placental inflammatory abnormalities and improved selected fetal organ markers.","limitations":"Rat obesity model, not advice to fast during human pregnancy. Fetuses within a litter are not independent dams; maternal weight differences may mediate effects.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-restricted feeding reduces high-fat diet associated placental inflammation and limits adverse effects on fetal organ development.","year":"2019","authors":"Upadhyay A, Anjum B, Godbole NM, Rajak S, Shukla P, Tiwari S, Sinha RA, Godbole MM.","doi":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.154","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31053302/","journal":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications"},{"pmid":"31076561","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized cancer-drug trial metabolomic analysis","population":"HER2-positive breast-cancer patients with paired serum samples; count absent from abstract.","comparison":"Metformin plus chemotherapy/trastuzumab versus the same cancer therapy without metformin.","protocol":"Eleven serum metabolites before and after treatment.","findings":"Metformin raised ketone and other metabolite levels; homocysteine changes were associated with pathological response.","limitations":"No fasting intervention. Exploratory biomarker associations do not prove ketosis caused tumor response; this is a secondary analysis of drug treatment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Metformin induces a fasting- and antifolate-mimicking modification of systemic host metabolism in breast cancer patients.","year":"2019","authors":"Cuyàs E, Fernández-Arroyo S, Buxó M, Pernas S, Dorca J, Álvarez I, Martínez S, Pérez-Garcia JM, Batista-López N, Rodríguez-Sánchez CA, Amillano K, Domínguez S, Luque M, Morilla I, Stradella A, Viñas G, Cortés J, Verdura S, Brunet J, López-Bonet E, Garcia M, Saidani S, Joven J, Martin-Castillo B, Menendez JA.","doi":"10.18632/aging.101960","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31076561/","journal":"Aging"},{"pmid":"31108138","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled diabetes psychological-outcome cohort","population":"463 participants with type 2 diabetes.","comparison":"Repeated questionnaires around Ramadan; no randomized fasting assignment described.","protocol":"Three assessments of depression symptoms and diabetes distress.","findings":"Average depression and distress scores improved after Ramadan.","limitations":"Religious/social changes, regression to the mean and care changes can explain differences. Some subgroup confidence intervals are inconsistent with stated coefficients; not proven treatment of depression by fasting.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A prospective study of the effect of fasting during the month of Ramadan on depression and diabetes distress in people with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2019","authors":"Al-Ozairi E, AlAwadhi MM, Al-Ozairi A, Taghadom E, Ismail K.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2019.05.006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31108138/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"31233556","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized dialysis cohort","population":"269 hemodialysis patients across full-, partial- and nonfasting groups; arm sizes absent from abstract.","comparison":"Two fasting exposure groups versus one nonfasting group, with adjustment.","protocol":"Before, during and after Ramadan measurements.","findings":"Full and partial fasters had greater between-dialysis weight gain and higher potassium than nonfasters.","limitations":"Fluid and potassium changes matter even without reported major events; self-selection, diet and incomplete adverse-event capture limit safety conclusions.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effects of Ramadan fasting on clinical and biochemical markers among hemodialysis patients: A prospective cohort study.","year":"2019","authors":"Khazneh E, Qaddumi J, Hamdan Z, Qudaimat F, Sbitany A, Jebrin K, Sawalmeh O, Abuiram Y, Shraim M.","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0218745","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31233556/","journal":"PloS one"},{"pmid":"31243579","disposition":"context","design":"Observational religious-diet comparison","population":"200 adults aged 50–78: 100 long-term Orthodox dietary fasters and 100 nonfasters.","comparison":"Long-term periodic animal-food avoidance versus usual diet.","protocol":"Bone-density scans and dietary/biochemical assessment; median 31 years of observance.","findings":"Bone density and osteoporosis prevalence did not significantly differ despite lower calcium/protein intake in fasters.","limitations":"This form of fasting restricts food types rather than necessarily hours or calories. Nonrandom long-term survivors and confounding limit claims about bone safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","notices":[{"type":"Erratum in","reference":"Arch Osteoporos. 2019 Nov 14;14(1):108. doi: 10.1007/s11657-019-0636-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31728767/"}],"integrityNote":"Original correction abstract confirms a mistake, but the corrected detail was not accessible; do not assume it was immaterial.","title":"Effect of periodic abstinence from dairy products for approximately half of the year on bone health in adults following the Christian Orthodox Church fasting rules for decades.","year":"2019","authors":"Rodopaios NE, Mougios V, Konstantinidou A, Iosifidis S, Koulouri AA, Vasara E, Papadopoulou SK, Skepastianos P, Dermitzakis E, Hassapidou M, Kafatos AG.","doi":"10.1007/s11657-019-0625-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31243579/","journal":"Archives of osteoporosis"},{"pmid":"31255239","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled diabetes cohort","population":"150 adults with type 2 diabetes.","comparison":"Before versus after Ramadan; no nonfasting control.","protocol":"Diet/lifestyle advice and medication management with laboratory follow-up.","findings":"HbA1c and fasting glucose improved; lipid and lactate findings were mixed or incompletely reported.","limitations":"Abstract gives inconsistent direction for lactate and no clear hypoglycemia event count; cannot establish low hypoglycemia/lactic-acidosis risk from averages alone.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Follow-up of glycemic index before and after Ramadan fasting in type 2 diabetes patients under antidiabetic medications.","year":"2019","authors":"Abdessadek M, Khabbal Y, Magoul R, Marmouzi I, Ajdi F.","doi":"10.1016/j.pharma.2019.04.003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31255239/","journal":"Annales pharmaceutiques francaises"},{"pmid":"31268131","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm resistance-training trial","population":"40 women in intention-to-treat analysis; 24 in per-protocol analysis.","comparison":"Usual eating, noon–8 pm eating, and the same restricted window plus HMB; all trained and received protein.","protocol":"Eight weeks, with similar reported energy/protein intake.","findings":"All groups gained lean tissue and strength similarly. Fat differences appeared in per-protocol but not intention-to-treat analyses; HMB benefit was inconclusive.","limitations":"Substantial protocol exclusions and short duration; per-protocol findings should not replace the primary randomized comparison. HMB is not the ketone BHB.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-restricted feeding plus resistance training in active females: a randomized trial.","year":"2019","authors":"Tinsley GM, Moore ML, Graybeal AJ, Paoli A, Kim Y, Gonzales JU, Harry JR, VanDusseldorp TA, Kennedy DN, Cruz MR.","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/nqz126","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31268131/","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition"},{"pmid":"31302012","disposition":"context","design":"Tissue-biomarker analysis of controlled randomized diet trial","population":"76 women with overweight/obesity in three diet arms.","comparison":"Intermittent fasting at 70% or 100% prescribed energy versus daily 70% restriction.","protocol":"Eight weeks; fed-day and 24-hour-fasted tissue/blood sampling.","findings":"Fed-day inflammatory markers were largely unchanged; fasting temporarily increased fatty acids and some tissue macrophage markers.","limitations":"Likely shares the parent controlled-feeding cohort. Timing of sampling changes the result; temporary cell-marker increases are not proof of lasting inflammation or benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Markers of adipose tissue inflammation are transiently elevated during intermittent fasting in women who are overweight or obese.","year":"2019","authors":"Liu B, Hutchison AT, Thompson CH, Lange K, Heilbronn LK.","doi":"10.1016/j.orcp.2019.07.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31302012/","journal":"Obesity research & clinical practice"},{"pmid":"31339000","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized matched-meal crossover physiology trial","population":"11 adults with overweight.","comparison":"8 am–2 pm versus 8 am–8 pm eating with matched calories and meal frequency.","protocol":"Four days per condition, including whole-room calorimetry.","findings":"Early eating did not raise 24-hour energy expenditure; it lowered ghrelin, altered hunger patterns and increased measured fat oxidation.","limitations":"Very short study; increased fat oxidation does not by itself demonstrate net body-fat loss or long-term weight benefit. Related same-cohort reports are not independent trials.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Early Time-Restricted Feeding Reduces Appetite and Increases Fat Oxidation But Does Not Affect Energy Expenditure in Humans.","year":"2019","authors":"Ravussin E, Beyl RA, Poggiogalle E, Hsia DS, Peterson CM.","doi":"10.1002/oby.22518","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31339000/","journal":"Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)"},{"pmid":"31351172","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled mouse neurodegeneration and glial-cell experiments","population":"Female PDAPP-J20 mice and cultured glial cells; counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Periodic restriction versus unrestricted feeding, including transgenic/reference comparisons.","protocol":"Six weeks without overall calorie reduction.","findings":"Restriction improved cognitive/amyloid measures in mice and altered glial activation; cell experiments supported preserved autophagic clearance.","limitations":"Familial-disease mouse model and mechanistic assays do not establish prevention or treatment of human Alzheimer disease.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Periodic dietary restriction ameliorates amyloid pathology and cognitive impairment in PDAPP-J20 mice: Potential implication of glial autophagy.","year":"2019","authors":"Gregosa A, Vinuesa Á, Todero MF, Pomilio C, Rossi SP, Bentivegna M, Presa J, Wenker S, Saravia F, Beauquis J.","doi":"10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104542","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31351172/","journal":"Neurobiology of disease"},{"pmid":"31352797","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary safety/adherence report of randomized cancer diet trial","population":"Women with ovarian/endometrial cancer; sample counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Ketogenic versus lower-fat American Cancer Society diet.","protocol":"12-week lipid and adherence assessment.","findings":"Adjusted lipid outcomes did not significantly differ; reported ketogenic adherence ranged from 57% to 80%.","limitations":"Same parent cohort as body-composition/quality-of-life reports, not independent efficacy evidence. Short-term lipid results do not establish overall cancer safety or benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A Ketogenic Diet Is Acceptable in Women with Ovarian and Endometrial Cancer and Has No Adverse Effects on Blood Lipids: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.","year":"2020","authors":"Cohen CW, Fontaine KR, Arend RC, Gower BA.","doi":"10.1080/01635581.2019.1645864","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31352797/","journal":"Nutrition and cancer"},{"pmid":"31373534","disposition":"context","design":"Genetic mouse and cell autophagy-mechanism study","population":"SENP3-altered mice, liver tissue and cell lines; replicate/animal counts not given.","comparison":"SENP3 reduction versus controls under fed, fasting and cell-starvation conditions.","protocol":"Measured BECN1 modification, complex formation and autophagic flux.","findings":"Reduced SENP3 increased basal and starvation-related autophagy; the pathway acted as feedback restraint on activation.","limitations":"Demonstrates ongoing basal autophagy and regulation, not a simple on/off fasting clock or a proven health benefit from maximal activation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A fine-tuning mechanism underlying self-control for autophagy: deSUMOylation of BECN1 by SENP3.","year":"2020","authors":"Liu K, Guo C, Lao Y, Yang J, Chen F, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Yang J, Yi J.","doi":"10.1080/15548627.2019.1647944","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31373534/","journal":"Autophagy"},{"pmid":"31374976","disposition":"context","design":"Observational before-and-after skin-disease pilot","population":"55 people with hidradenitis suppurativa: 24 men and 31 women.","comparison":"Before versus after Ramadan; no randomized nonfasting control.","protocol":"Disease-severity scoring around Ramadan under existing treatments.","findings":"Average severity score fell from 11.00 to 10.15; change was not associated with weight loss.","limitations":"Small numerical change, ongoing treatments and fluctuating disease; title’s crossover wording does not supply a randomized control. Does not establish fasting as effective treatment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The Safety and Impact of a Model of Intermittent, Time-Restricted Circadian Fasting (\"Ramadan Fasting\") on Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Insights from a Multicenter, Observational, Cross-Over, Pilot, Exploratory Study.","year":"2019","authors":"Damiani G, Mahroum N, Pigatto PDM, Pacifico A, Malagoli P, Tiodorovic D, Conic RR, Amital H, Bragazzi NL, Watad A, Adawi M.","doi":"10.3390/nu11081781","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31374976/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"31409509","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized active-diet comparison","population":"43 adults with central obesity completed; randomized total/arm counts absent from abstract.","comparison":"Two weekly 600-kcal days versus daily 500-kcal deficit.","protocol":"Four weeks aiming for equivalent weight loss; NCT02679989.","findings":"Both lost about 2.6–2.9% weight and improved estimated insulin sensitivity similarly; most other cardiometabolic markers did not differ.","limitations":"Small short trial and indirect sensitivity measure; no clear fasting superiority or clinical event evidence. Same cohort as cognitive secondary report.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intermittent energy restriction is comparable to continuous energy restriction for cardiometabolic health in adults with central obesity: A randomized controlled trial; the Met-IER study.","year":"2020","authors":"Pinto AM, Bordoli C, Buckner LP, Kim C, Kaplan PC, Del Arenal IM, Jeffcock EJ, Hall WL.","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2019.07.014","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31409509/","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)"},{"pmid":"31420234","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled dialysis cohort","population":"87 hemodialysis patients completed; 68 fasted at least 20 days.","comparison":"Before, late Ramadan and four weeks afterward; no nonfasting arm.","protocol":"Nutritional, functional and biochemical monitoring over about 12 weeks.","findings":"Several body-fat/fluid measures fell, grip strength improved and phosphate decreased; albumin also fell.","limitations":"Changes are not uniformly favorable, and dialysis fluid status affects measurements. Selected completers and no control limit safety conclusions.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Investigating Physical and Nutritional Changes During Prolonged Intermittent Fasting in Hemodialysis Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study.","year":"2020","authors":"Adanan NIH, Md Ali MS, Lim JH, Zakaria NF, Lim CTS, Yahya R, Abdul Gafor AH, Karupaiah T, Daud Z'M.","doi":"10.1053/j.jrn.2019.06.003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31420234/","journal":"Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation"},{"pmid":"31425958","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized high-risk diabetes cohort","population":"95 insulin-treated adults, 49 also receiving SGLT2 inhibitors.","comparison":"Insulin with versus without existing SGLT2 therapy; both received education and flash monitoring.","protocol":"Before/during/after Ramadan.","findings":"Sensor-estimated HbA1c improved and creatinine was similar; hypoglycemia clustered in fasting afternoon hours.","limitations":"Small selected monitored groups, no fasting-free control and limited adverse-event detail; potential overlap with same-center high-risk cohort must be considered.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Use of flash glucose monitoring system in assessing safety of the SGLT2 inhibitors during Ramadan fasting in high risk insulin treated patients with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2019","authors":"Abdelgadir E, Rashid F, Bashier A, Al Saeed M, Khalifa A, Alawadi F, Hassanein M.","doi":"10.1016/j.dsx.2019.07.055","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31425958/","journal":"Diabetes & metabolic syndrome"},{"pmid":"31445052","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-condition crossover exercise experiment","population":"12 healthy men.","comparison":"Morning/evening walking, each fed or fasted.","protocol":"45-minute walks, meal-emptying test and 24-hour intake follow-up.","findings":"Fasted walking increased acute fat oxidation; evening fasting delayed stomach emptying without measurable later appetite or calorie compensation.","limitations":"Acute substrate use is not demonstrated long-term fat loss. Small male-only study and no sustained weight-management outcome.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Diurnal influences of fasted and non-fasted brisk walking on gastric emptying rate, metabolic responses, and appetite in healthy males.","year":"2019","authors":"McIver VJ, Mattin LR, Evans GH, Yau AMW.","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2019.104411","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31445052/","journal":"Appetite"},{"pmid":"31471173","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized short-term fasting trial plus longer-term observational comparison","population":"Healthy middle-aged adults; group counts not stated in abstract.","comparison":"Four-week strict alternate-day fasting versus control; separate longer-term fasters.","protocol":"Short randomized phase and observations of people fasting over six months.","findings":"Fasting reduced energy intake about 37%, fat mass and several metabolic markers.","limitations":"Aging-related biomarkers are not human lifespan. Long-term safety observations are not the same as a six-month randomized trial, and large calorie reduction limits fasting-specific attribution.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","notices":[{"type":"Erratum in","reference":"Cell Metab. 2020 Apr 7;31(4):878-881. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.02.011.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32268118/"}],"integrityNote":"An indexed 2020 erratum exists (PMID 32268118); the complete changes were not accessible in this assessment.","title":"Alternate Day Fasting Improves Physiological and Molecular Markers of Aging in Healthy, Non-obese Humans.","year":"2019","authors":"Stekovic S, Hofer SJ, Tripolt N, Aon MA, Royer P, Pein L, Stadler JT, Pendl T, Prietl B, Url J, Schroeder S, Tadic J, Eisenberg T, Magnes C, Stumpe M, Zuegner E, Bordag N, Riedl R, Schmidt A, Kolesnik E, Verheyen N, Springer A, Madl T, Sinner F, de Cabo R, Kroemer G, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Dengjel J, Sourij H, Pieber TR, Madeo F.","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2019.07.016","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31471173/","journal":"Cell metabolism"},{"pmid":"31496287","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized ketogenic-diet cancer trial","population":"60 women with locally advanced/metastatic breast cancer: 30 diet and 30 standard-diet controls.","comparison":"MCT-based ketogenic diet plus planned chemotherapy versus standard diet plus chemotherapy.","protocol":"Three months with metabolic/body-composition assessment.","findings":"Diet lowered glucose and body-fat/weight measures; authors reported better survival in the neoadjuvant subgroup (P=0.04).","limitations":"Subgroup survival result lacks event counts and effect interval in abstract and is not the whole randomized cohort. Mixed disease stages, short intervention and multiple outcomes require full-text scrutiny.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Feasibility, Safety, and Beneficial Effects of MCT-Based Ketogenic Diet for Breast Cancer Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study.","year":"2020","authors":"Khodabakhshi A, Akbari ME, Mirzaei HR, Mehrad-Majd H, Kalamian M, Davoodi SH.","doi":"10.1080/01635581.2019.1650942","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31496287/","journal":"Nutrition and cancer"},{"pmid":"31552584","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized double-blind crossover replacement-hormone trial","population":"53 adults with corticotrope deficiency randomized; 50 analyzed, including 29 men.","comparison":"Twice-daily hydrocortisone versus once-daily prednisolone plus placebo, in reverse sequences.","protocol":"Fourteen days per treatment during Ramadan.","findings":"Complication frequency, mean glucose and quality of life did not significantly differ after sequence adjustment.","limitations":"Compares replacement regimens, not fasting versus eating. Small trial cannot establish equivalence for rare adrenal crises or universal safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Prednisolone or hydrocortisone replacement in patients with corticotrope deficiency fasting during Ramadan result in similar risks of complications and quality of life: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.","year":"2020","authors":"Chihaoui M, Mimita W, Oueslati I, Rejeb O, Ben Amor Z, Grira W, Yazidi M, Chaker F.","doi":"10.1007/s12020-019-02082-w","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31552584/","journal":"Endocrine"},{"pmid":"31583037","disposition":"context","design":"Genetic skeletal-muscle mechanism experiment","population":"Muscle-specific MCU/Atg7 experimental models; sample sizes not provided.","comparison":"Reduced mitochondrial calcium uptake or autophagy-gene deletion versus controls.","protocol":"Measured autophagic flux and mitochondrial calcium handling.","findings":"Impairing either process worsened the other, supporting linked muscle-quality-control mechanisms.","limitations":"Mechanistic tissue study; fasting is physiological context rather than a demonstrated human therapeutic intervention or exact timing experiment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Crosstalk between Mitochondrial Ca<sup>2+</sup> Uptake and Autophagy in Skeletal Muscle.","year":"2019","authors":"Gherardi G, Di Marco G, Rizzuto R, Mammucari C.","doi":"10.1155/2019/1845321","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31583037/","journal":"Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity"},{"pmid":"31585939","disposition":"context","design":"Genetic mouse xenograft and single-cell tumor study","population":"Pancreatic cancer with/without HIF1A and host stromal cells; animal counts absent.","comparison":"HIF1A-deficient versus wild-type tumors and serial passages.","protocol":"Tumor growth, glycogen, inflammatory signaling and vascularization analyses.","findings":"Deficient tumors initially lagged, then regained rapid growth with glycogen accumulation and alternative inflammatory/vascular support.","limitations":"Tumors can adapt to a blocked pathway. Glycogen accumulation is not proof of universal fuel dependence, and dietary fasting was not tested.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Absence of HIF1A Leads to Glycogen Accumulation and an Inflammatory Response That Enables Pancreatic Tumor Growth.","year":"2019","authors":"Maruggi M, Layng FI, Lemos R, Garcia G, James BP, Sevilla M, Soldevilla F, Baaten BJ, de Jong PR, Koh MY, Powis G.","doi":"10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2994","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31585939/","journal":"Cancer research"},{"pmid":"31588804","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm bladder-cancer lifestyle feasibility pilot","population":"Five patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and prediabetes/type 2 diabetes; two completed twelve months.","comparison":"No control group.","protocol":"Carbohydrate restriction below 130 g/day plus walking/step goals and counseling.","findings":"Reported adherence and several glycemic/weight measures improved in the small observed cohort.","limitations":"Not a fasting or necessarily ketogenic regimen; substantial attrition and no recurrence/progression comparison. Cannot establish anticancer efficacy.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glycemic impact of a diet and lifestyle intervention on diabetics and prediabetics during treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.","year":"2020","authors":"Chestnut C, Smelser W, Dum T, Bechtel M, Hand L, Michel C, Bawajeeh A, Zohreh S, Liu W, Anant S, Robbins D, Holzbeierlein JM, Hamilton-Reeves J, Lee EK.","doi":"10.1080/01635581.2019.1672761","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31588804/","journal":"Nutrition and cancer"},{"pmid":"31627092","disposition":"context","design":"Cancer-tissue, cell and mouse xenograft study","population":"Ovarian tumor samples, public datasets and experimental models; counts not in abstract.","comparison":"PYGB depletion, microRNA overexpression and corresponding controls.","protocol":"Measured growth, migration, pathway signaling and tumor formation.","findings":"Higher PYGB correlated with worse prognosis; reducing it slowed experimental growth and invasion.","limitations":"Protein knockdown can alter signaling beyond fuel supply. No patient fasting intervention or proof that circulating glucose/ketones determine this response.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glycogen phosphorylase B promotes ovarian cancer progression via Wnt/β-catenin signaling and is regulated by miR-133a-3p.","year":"2019","authors":"Zhou Y, Jin Z, Wang C.","doi":"10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109449","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31627092/","journal":"Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie"},{"pmid":"31703648","disposition":"context","design":"Small randomized preoperative carbohydrate trial with exploratory long-term outcomes","population":"61 breast-cancer patients: 26 carbohydrate load and 35 standard fasting; ER-positive subgroup 50.","comparison":"Preoperative carbohydrate drink versus routine preoperative fasting with water.","protocol":"Drinks 18 and 2–4 hours before surgery; median 88-month follow-up.","findings":"Some ER-positive subgroup proliferation and recurrence results favored fasting; reported recurrence HR 9.3 had a very wide 95% CI 1.1–77.7.","limitations":"Small subgroup/event counts, baseline receptor imbalance and retrospective trial registration make survival findings uncertain. Routine surgical fasting is not a prolonged cancer-treatment regimen.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Influence of pre-operative oral carbohydrate loading vs. standard fasting on tumor proliferation and clinical outcome in breast cancer patients ─ a randomized trial.","year":"2019","authors":"Lende TH, Austdal M, Varhaugvik AE, Skaland I, Gudlaugsson E, Kvaløy JT, Akslen LA, Søiland H, Janssen EAM, Baak JPA.","doi":"10.1186/s12885-019-6275-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31703648/","journal":"BMC cancer"},{"pmid":"31724339","disposition":"context","design":"Three-condition within-person physiology experiment","population":"Nine men with obesity but otherwise healthy.","comparison":"Postabsorptive control, 72-hour fast and 72-hour fast with growth-hormone antagonist.","protocol":"Muscle imaging, biopsies and blood metabolomics.","findings":"Fasting increased muscle lipid stores about 75% and reduced glucose-oxidation enzyme activity; antagonist did not measurably prevent these changes.","limitations":"Acute metabolic adaptation, not proven muscle damage or health benefit; small sample and potential overlap with related lean/obese fasting studies.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Redundancy in regulation of lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle during prolonged fasting in obese men.","year":"2019","authors":"Høgild ML, Gudiksen A, Pilegaard H, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H, Pedersen SB, Møller N, Jørgensen JOL, Jessen N.","doi":"10.14814/phy2.14285","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31724339/","journal":"Physiological reports"},{"pmid":"31735334","disposition":"context","design":"Mechanistic glycogen-storage-disease liver-tumor study","population":"G6Pase-deficient liver/tumor models; sample sizes not supplied.","comparison":"Tumor versus nontumor tissue and adenoma versus carcinoma comparisons.","protocol":"Assessed autophagy defects, stored glycogen and tumor-promoting pathways.","findings":"Impaired clearance accompanied several growth pathways; malignant lesions had less glycogen than adenomas despite stronger oncogenic signals.","limitations":"Rare inherited disease biology, not evidence fasting removes tumors. Autophagy defects can contribute to tumor development without proving activation treats established cancer.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Activation of tumor-promoting pathways implicated in hepatocellular adenoma/carcinoma, a long-term complication of glycogen storage disease type Ia.","year":"2020","authors":"Cho JH, Lee YM, Bae SH, Chou JY.","doi":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.061","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31735334/","journal":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications"},{"pmid":"31743081","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Observational comparison of sleep, meal duration and activity in 24 female shift workers; proposes future time-restricted feeding but does not test a fasting intervention or an association of fasting with clinical outcomes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Free-Living Sleep, Food Intake, and Physical Activity in Night and Morning Shift Workers.","year":"2020","authors":"Lauren S, Chen Y, Friel C, Chang BP, Shechter A.","doi":"10.1080/07315724.2019.1691954","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31743081/","journal":"Journal of the American College of Nutrition"},{"pmid":"31756175","disposition":"context","design":"Clinical case report","population":"One 60-year-old man with type 2 diabetes.","comparison":"No control group.","protocol":"Strict ketogenic eating followed by prolonged fasting.","findings":"Developed starvation ketoacidosis requiring clinical evaluation/treatment.","limitations":"Documents a possible serious complication, not its frequency. Nutritional ketosis and pathological ketoacidosis must not be treated as interchangeable.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Starvation Ketoacidosis due to the Ketogenic Diet and Prolonged Fasting - A Possibly Dangerous Diet Trend.","year":"2019","authors":"Blanco JC, Khatri A, Kifayat A, Cho R, Aronow WS.","doi":"10.12659/ajcr.917226","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31756175/","journal":"The American journal of case reports"},{"pmid":"31779987","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized active-diet comparison","population":"70 adults with metabolic syndrome enrolled; 69 completed.","comparison":"Modified alternate-day restriction versus daily calorie restriction.","protocol":"Eight weeks of individualized diet prescriptions.","findings":"Alternate-day restriction produced greater reductions in weight, waist, systolic pressure and glucose; insulin resistance and several lipid measures did not differ.","limitations":"Short single trial with many outcomes; effect sizes and achieved calorie matching require full-text verification. No disease-event or long-term superiority result.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Modified alternate-day fasting vs. calorie restriction in the treatment of patients with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical trial.","year":"2019","authors":"Parvaresh A, Razavi R, Abbasi B, Yaghoobloo K, Hassanzadeh A, Mohammadifard N, Safavi SM, Hadi A, Clark CCT.","doi":"10.1016/j.ctim.2019.08.021","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31779987/","journal":"Complementary therapies in medicine"},{"pmid":"31801490","disposition":"context","design":"Exploratory metabolomic analysis of preoperative randomized trial","population":"60 serum samples: 25 carbohydrate, 35 fasting; 29 tumor samples (16 and 13), including 18 ER-positive.","comparison":"Preoperative carbohydrate loading versus standard fasting.","protocol":"Serum/tumor metabolites related to pathology and subsequent outcomes.","findings":"Carbohydrate loading altered metabolic profiles; selected metabolite and receptor subgroups had unfavorable prognosis associations.","limitations":"Same NCT03886389 cohort as clinical report, not independent survival evidence. Small tissue subsets, many comparisons and retrospective registration limit causal claims.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Metabolic consequences of perioperative oral carbohydrates in breast cancer patients - an explorative study.","year":"2019","authors":"Lende TH, Austdal M, Bathen TF, Varhaugvik AE, Skaland I, Gudlaugsson E, Egeland NG, Lunde S, Akslen LA, Jonsdottir K, Janssen EAM, Søiland H, Baak JPA.","doi":"10.1186/s12885-019-6393-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31801490/","journal":"BMC cancer"},{"pmid":"31852444","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm fatty-liver diet trial","population":"271 people with fatty liver randomized; arm counts absent from abstract.","comparison":"Alternate-day restriction, time-restricted eating and control.","protocol":"12 weeks, with four-week measurements.","findings":"Restricted schedules reduced weight/fat and triglycerides; liver stiffness, glucose, insulin and several other outcomes did not differ.","limitations":"Retrospectively registered. Abstract says weight loss increased by week 12 although listed absolute losses are smaller than week 4, and one triglyceride sign is inconsistent; verify tables before quoting precise comparisons.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of alternate-day fasting on body weight and dyslipidaemia in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomised controlled trial.","year":"2019","authors":"Cai H, Qin YL, Shi ZY, Chen JH, Zeng MJ, Zhou W, Chen RQ, Chen ZY.","doi":"10.1186/s12876-019-1132-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31852444/","journal":"BMC gastroenterology"},{"pmid":"31879752","disposition":"context","design":"Exploratory observational diet-choice analysis within a randomized monitoring trial","population":"250 adults with overweight; 54.4% chose intermittent fasting, 27.2% Mediterranean and 18.4% Paleo.","comparison":"Self-selected diets; randomization concerned monitoring support, not diet assignment.","protocol":"Twelve months after brief initial dietary education.","findings":"Modest weight loss occurred, with substantial declines in adherence; most between-diet outcome differences were not significant.","limitations":"Nonrandom diets, dropout and uncorrected multiple testing; cannot rank fasting over other diets from these numerical differences.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intermittent fasting, Paleolithic, or Mediterranean diets in the real world: exploratory secondary analyses of a weight-loss trial that included choice of diet and exercise.","year":"2020","authors":"Jospe MR, Roy M, Brown RC, Haszard JJ, Meredith-Jones K, Fangupo LJ, Osborne H, Fleming EA, Taylor RW.","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/nqz330","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31879752/","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition"},{"pmid":"31890243","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm combined-diet pilot","population":"31 adults with obesity.","comparison":"Before versus after; no control group.","protocol":"600-kcal alternate days plus a 30%-carbohydrate diet; three-month loss and three-month maintenance phases.","findings":"Average net weight loss was 6.3% at six months; some lipids, pressure and insulin improved, while several other measures did not.","limitations":"Cannot isolate fasting from carbohydrate restriction, overall calorie deficit or counseling. No comparative evidence the combination is superior.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Alternate day fasting combined with a low-carbohydrate diet for weight loss, weight maintenance, and metabolic disease risk reduction.","year":"2019","authors":"Kalam F, Gabel K, Cienfuegos S, Wiseman E, Ezpeleta M, Steward M, Pavlou V, Varady KA.","doi":"10.1002/osp4.367","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31890243/","journal":"Obesity science & practice"},{"pmid":"31947882","disposition":"context","design":"Population cancer-registry analysis","population":"Clear-cell bladder adenocarcinoma cases and other bladder-cancer cases in SEER; counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Rare glycogen-rich histologic subtype versus other carcinomas.","protocol":"Incidence, clinical characteristics and survival comparison.","findings":"Clear-cell tumors had poorer prognosis, explained largely by higher stage at diagnosis.","limitations":"Histologic glycogen-rich appearance does not establish glycogen caused aggressiveness or that dietary restriction treats the subtype.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Urinary Bladder Is a Glycogen-Rich Tumor with Poorer Prognosis.","year":"2020","authors":"Zhou Z, Kinslow CJ, Wang P, Huang B, Cheng SK, Deutsch I, Gentry MS, Sun RC.","doi":"10.3390/jcm9010138","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31947882/","journal":"Journal of clinical medicine"},{"pmid":"31975053","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized controlled meal-timing pilot","population":"Healthy nonobese midlife/older adults; sample and arm counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Eating within under eight hours daily versus reference eating, aiming to avoid weight loss.","protocol":"Six weeks.","findings":"Adherence was high; lean mass/bone density were unchanged. Cardiovascular function did not improve, while endurance and glucose tolerance improved modestly.","limitations":"Small short pilot cannot establish extended healthspan or long-term nutritional/bone safety; no cancer endpoint.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Short-term time-restricted feeding is safe and feasible in non-obese healthy midlife and older adults.","year":"2020","authors":"Martens CR, Rossman MJ, Mazzo MR, Jankowski LR, Nagy EE, Denman BA, Richey JJ, Johnson SA, Ziemba BP, Wang Y, Peterson CM, Chonchol M, Seals DR.","doi":"10.1007/s11357-020-00156-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31975053/","journal":"GeroScience"},{"pmid":"31997149","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective within-person blood-pressure study","population":"28 adults with treated corticotrope deficiency enrolled; 25 analyzed, 20 women.","comparison":"One Ramadan fasting day versus one nonfasting day.","protocol":"24-hour ambulatory blood-pressure monitoring.","findings":"Overall hypotension prevalence did not differ; early-afternoon pressure and variability were lower during fasting.","limitations":"Small selected sample and brief observation cannot exclude rare adrenal complications; not proof that fasting benefits this condition.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Blood pressure evaluated by 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in Ramadan-fasting patients with corticotrope deficiency.","year":"2020","authors":"Chihaoui M, Grira W, Chaker F, Oueslati I, Ben Amor Z, Yazidi M, Feki M.","doi":"10.1007/s12020-020-02213-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31997149/","journal":"Endocrine"},{"pmid":"31998762","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-condition crossover animal experiment","population":"Ten healthy adult dogs.","comparison":"Twice-daily low-fat feeding, 48-hour fasting on low-fat diet and 48-hour fasting on high-fat/MCT diet.","protocol":"Latin-square feeding sequence with metabolic and immune-function measurements.","findings":"High-fat fasting raised ketones modestly and lowered glucose/insulin; selected immune measures declined with low-fat fasting only.","limitations":"Dog metabolism and low absolute ketone levels differ from humans. No lifespan, cancer or clinical disease benefit was tested.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Metabolic and Immunological Effects of Intermittent Fasting on a Ketogenic Diet Containing Medium-Chain Triglycerides in Healthy Dogs.","year":"2019","authors":"Leung YB, Cave NJ, Heiser A, Edwards PJB, Godfrey AJR, Wester T.","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2019.00480","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31998762/","journal":"Frontiers in veterinary science"},{"pmid":"32003649","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized active-diet metabolic-syndrome trial","population":"80 participants; arm counts absent from abstract.","comparison":"Modified alternate-day fasting versus continuous calorie restriction.","protocol":"Four months; anthropometry, inflammation and clotting tests.","findings":"Fasting produced greater weight loss (6.43 versus 4.11 kg) and lower CRP; IL-6, TNF-alpha and fibrinogen did not differ.","limitations":"Many surrogate outcomes and uncertain achieved calorie matching; altered clotting times are not necessarily clinical benefit, and no cardiovascular-event outcome was measured.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The alternate-day fasting diet is a more effective approach than a calorie restriction diet on weight loss and hs-CRP levels.","year":"2021","authors":"Razavi R, Parvaresh A, Abbasi B, Yaghoobloo K, Hassanzadeh A, Mohammadifard N, Clark CCT, Morteza Safavi S.","doi":"10.1024/0300-9831/a000623","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32003649/","journal":"International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition"},{"pmid":"32072637","disposition":"context","design":"Two-stage genetic survival association study","population":"1,185 lung-cancer patients in discovery and 984 in validation datasets.","comparison":"Genetic variants across 162 nominated ketone-pathway genes, with multiple-testing control.","protocol":"25,819 variants tested against survival, followed by expression analysis.","findings":"Three variants were associated with survival; one PLIN2 variant also correlated with expression.","limitations":"Genetic association is not a fasting, dietary-ketone or treatment experiment; pathway labeling does not prove ketones caused survival differences.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Potentially functional genetic variants in PLIN2, SULT2A1 and UGT1A9 genes of the ketone pathway and survival of nonsmall cell lung cancer.","year":"2020","authors":"Tang D, Zhao YC, Liu H, Luo S, Clarke JM, Glass C, Su L, Shen S, Christiani DC, Gao W, Wei Q.","doi":"10.1002/ijc.32932","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32072637/","journal":"International journal of cancer"},{"pmid":"32079327","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized matched-energy crossover feeding trial","population":"11 sedentary men with overweight/obesity.","comparison":"Meals at 10 am/1 pm/5 pm versus 7 am/2 pm/9 pm.","protocol":"Five days per condition, including 24-hour blood sampling.","findings":"Nighttime glucose exposure was lower with restricted eating; total 24-hour glucose difference was nonsignificant and insulin exposure did not differ.","limitations":"Very short small study and multiple measurements; positive interviews do not establish sustained adherence or disease prevention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A Delayed Morning and Earlier Evening Time-Restricted Feeding Protocol for Improving Glycemic Control and Dietary Adherence in Men with Overweight/Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2020","authors":"Parr EB, Devlin BL, Radford BE, Hawley JA.","doi":"10.3390/nu12020505","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32079327/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"32121111","disposition":"context","design":"Cognitive secondary analysis of randomized diet trial","population":"43 adults aged 35–75 with central obesity.","comparison":"Intermittent versus continuous energy restriction; no weight-stable control described.","protocol":"Four weeks; mnemonic similarity testing before/after.","findings":"Both improved pattern separation without a between-diet advantage; recognition memory worsened within the intermittent group.","limitations":"No direct measurement of new neurons. Practice effects and weight change are possible; same NCT02679989 cohort as metabolic report, not independent evidence.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Energy Restriction Enhances Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis-Associated Memory after Four Weeks in an Adult Human Population with Central Obesity; a Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2020","authors":"Kim C, Pinto AM, Bordoli C, Buckner LP, Kaplan PC, Del Arenal IM, Jeffcock EJ, Hall WL, Thuret S.","doi":"10.3390/nu12030638","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32121111/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"32144714","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective international diabetes cohort analysis","population":"136 adults with type 1 diabetes; fasting-day information available for 130.","comparison":"Before versus during Ramadan, with participant choices and treatment changes recorded.","protocol":"DAR-MENA 2016 cohort; follow-up one to two months afterward.","findings":"100/130 fasted at least one day and 63/130 all 30 days; no significant change in reported hypoglycemia was detected.","limitations":"Selected self-directed behavior, frequent dose changes and limited power for severe events; null difference does not establish safety for all type 1 diabetes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Patterns of Diabetes Care Among People with Type 1 Diabetes During Ramadan: An International Prospective Study (DAR-MENA T1DM).","year":"2020","authors":"Al Awadi FF, Echtay A, Al Arouj M, Sabir Ali S, Shehadeh N, Al Shaikh A, Djaballah K, Dessapt-Baradez C, Omar Abu-Hijleh M, Bennakhi A, El Hassan Gharbi M, El Sayed El Hadidy K, Abdul Kareem Khazaal F, Hassanein MM.","doi":"10.1007/s12325-020-01267-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32144714/","journal":"Advances in therapy"},{"pmid":"32152018","disposition":"context","design":"Multicenter randomized diabetes-management trial","population":"97 adults with type 2 diabetes: 46 FAST algorithm, 51 usual care.","comparison":"Structured Ramadan management algorithm versus standard care.","protocol":"Glucose, hypoglycemia and distress assessments around Ramadan.","findings":"HbA1c improved by about 0.4 versus 0.1 percentage points; minor hypoglycemia and distress differences were not significant.","limitations":"Tests care planning, not fasting versus nonfasting. Small trial and borderline primary significance; earlier tool-development work may relate to this program.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Use of the Fasting Algorithm for Singaporeans With Type 2 Diabetes (FAST) During Ramadan: A Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2020","authors":"Lum ZK, Khoo ZR, Toh WYS, Kamaldeen SAK, Shakoor A, Tsou KYK, Chew DEK, Dalan R, Kwek SC, Othman N, Lian JX, Bte Sunari RN, Lee JY.","doi":"10.1370/afm.2500","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32152018/","journal":"Annals of family medicine"},{"pmid":"32164457","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Mechanistic perspective on SGLT2-inhibitor cardiovascular/renal benefits and fasting-like signaling; no new primary fasting trial or experimental dataset reported in the abstract.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Role of Deranged Energy Deprivation Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Cardiac and Renal Disease in States of Perceived Nutrient Overabundance.","year":"2020","authors":"Packer M.","doi":"10.1161/circulationaha.119.045561","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32164457/","journal":"Circulation"},{"pmid":"32204476","disposition":"context","design":"Patient-preference nonrandomized nutrition study","population":"64 adults with type 2 diabetes enrolled; 38 chose structured nutrition, described as 63%, suggesting a different analyzed denominator.","comparison":"Structured Ramadan plan plus diabetes-specific formula versus standard nutrition care.","protocol":"Eight weeks.","findings":"Structured care improved glucose and triglyceride measures; between-group HbA1c difference was not significant.","limitations":"Self-selection, combined formula/counseling and denominator ambiguity; improvement within one arm alone does not prove superiority. Not a trial of fasting itself.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Comparison of Structured Nutrition Therapy for Ramadan with Standard Care in Type 2 Diabetes Patients.","year":"2020","authors":"Mohd Yusof BN, Wan Zukiman WZHH, Abu Zaid Z, Omar N, Mukhtar F, Yahya NF, Shahar ASM, Hasbullah FY, Liu Xin Yi R, Marczewska A, Hamdy O.","doi":"10.3390/nu12030813","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32204476/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"32232919","disposition":"context","design":"Two-cohort genetic survival association study","population":"858 melanoma patients in discovery (95 deaths) and 409 in replication (48 deaths).","comparison":"Variants in 44 nominated ketone-pathway genes and expression correlations.","protocol":"4,196 variants assessed against melanoma-specific survival.","findings":"Two variants were associated with survival in combined analyses.","limitations":"Genetic association is not dietary ketosis or fasting exposure; multiple testing and need for further validation limit clinical interpretation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Genetic variants in PDSS1 and SLC16A6 of the ketone body metabolic pathway predict cutaneous melanoma-specific survival.","year":"2020","authors":"Dai W, Liu H, Chen K, Xu X, Qian D, Luo S, Amos CI, Lee JE, Li X, Nan H, Li C, Wei Q.","doi":"10.1002/mc.23191","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32232919/","journal":"Molecular carcinogenesis"},{"pmid":"32236143","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory endometrial-cancer cell experiment","population":"Ishikawa and HEC1a cancer lines plus benign endometrial cells; repeat counts not stated.","comparison":"LEFTY2 versus control, with/without TGF-beta.","protocol":"48-hour exposure; glucose transport and glycogen-synthesis measurements.","findings":"LEFTY2 increased transporter/enzyme expression; actual glucose uptake and glycogen increases were strongest in Ishikawa cells.","limitations":"Cell-line-specific signaling, not evidence glycogen is uniformly essential or that fasting kills endometrial tumors.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"LEFTY2/endometrial bleeding-associated factor up-regulates Na+ Coupled Glucose Transporter SGLT1 expression and Glycogen Accumulation in Endometrial Cancer Cells.","year":"2020","authors":"Zeng N, Okumura T, Alauddin M, Khozooei S, Rajaxavier J, Zhang S, Singh Y, Shi B, Brucker SY, Wallwiener D, Takeda S, Lang F, Salker MS.","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0230044","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32236143/","journal":"PloS one"},{"pmid":"32270927","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized meal-timing feasibility trial","population":"20 adults: 11 restricted eating, 9 unrestricted controls; 17 women and 3 men.","comparison":"Target eight-hour eating window versus usual eating.","protocol":"Twelve weeks; achieved window averaged about ten hours in the intervention group.","findings":"Weight, visceral fat and lean mass fell relative to controls; measured metabolic outcomes and activity did not change.","limitations":"Small trial without calorie-matched active control; lean-mass reduction is not automatically beneficial and achieved timing differed from prescription.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-Restricted Eating Effects on Body Composition and Metabolic Measures in Humans who are Overweight: A Feasibility Study.","year":"2020","authors":"Chow LS, Manoogian ENC, Alvear A, Fleischer JG, Thor H, Dietsche K, Wang Q, Hodges JS, Esch N, Malaeb S, Harindhanavudhi T, Nair KS, Panda S, Mashek DG.","doi":"10.1002/oby.22756","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32270927/","journal":"Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)"},{"pmid":"32279604","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled zebrafish brain experiment","population":"Young and old zebrafish; numbers not in abstract.","comparison":"Intermittent fasting, rapamycin and reference conditions at different ages.","protocol":"Short-term interventions with brain signaling/proliferation markers.","findings":"Responses varied by age and intervention; fasting and rapamycin did not have interchangeable effects.","limitations":"Fish markers, not human cognition or lifespan. LC3 ratios alone cannot establish complete autophagic flux or clinical benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Dietary and Pharmacological Interventions That Inhibit Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Activity Alter the Brain Expression Levels of Neurogenic and Glial Markers in an Age-and Treatment-Dependent Manner.","year":"2020","authors":"Celebi-Birand D, Ardic NI, Karoglu-Eravsar ET, Sengul GF, Kafaligonul H, Adams MM.","doi":"10.1089/rej.2019.2297","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32279604/","journal":"Rejuvenation research"},{"pmid":"32302665","disposition":"context","design":"Post-hoc regional subgroup of randomized medication trial","population":"150 Indian participants, 75 per arm for any-hypoglycemia analysis.","comparison":"Lixisenatide plus basal insulin versus sulfonylurea plus basal insulin.","protocol":"LixiRam Ramadan trial subgroup.","findings":"Documented symptomatic hypoglycemia difference was imprecise; the broader any-event outcome favored lixisenatide.","limitations":"Same NCT02941367 participants as parent study, not new independent evidence; post-hoc subgroup and small event counts.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Safety of lixisenatide plus basal insulin treatment regimen in Indian people with type 2 diabetes mellitus during Ramadan fast: A post hoc analysis of the LixiRam randomized trial.","year":"2020","authors":"Sahay R, Hafidh K, Djaballah K, Coudert M, Azar S, Shehadeh N, Hanif W, Hassanein M.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108148","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32302665/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"32313761","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled diabetes-support cohort","population":"102 participants: 41 type 1 and 61 type 2.","comparison":"Before versus after Ramadan; no helpline-free or nonfasting control.","protocol":"Education, dose adjustment and 24-hour telephone support; 912 calls recorded.","findings":"Average HbA1c fell, more clearly in type 2 diabetes, and glucose patterns improved late in Ramadan.","limitations":"Calls are not independent participants. Without a comparator or clear adverse-event denominators, fewer admissions and improved safety cannot be causally attributed to the service.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Role of 24-hour Helpline Service in the Management of Diabetes During the Holy Month of Ramadan.","year":"2020","authors":"Ulhaque MS, Bin Zafar A, Ahmed F, Ahmedani MY.","doi":"10.7759/cureus.7320","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32313761/","journal":"Cureus"},{"pmid":"32330510","disposition":"context","design":"International prospective single-drug observational cohort","population":"1,244 adults with type 2 diabetes in nine countries.","comparison":"No randomized medication or nonfasting control; before/after measurements.","protocol":"Gliclazide modified release over 14–18 weeks surrounding Ramadan.","findings":"2.2% reported symptomatic hypoglycemia and none severe; HbA1c, glucose and weight improved modestly.","limitations":"Selected treatment cohort and symptom diaries can miss events; cannot compare fasting safety or drugs causally from this single-arm study.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A real-world study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with gliclazide modified-release during fasting: DIA-RAMADAN.","year":"2020","authors":"Hassanein M, Al Sifri S, Shaikh S, Abbas Raza S, Akram J, Pranoto A, Rudijanto A, Shaltout I, Fariduddin M, Mohd Izani Wan Mohamed W, Al Awadi F, Alessa T, DIA-RAMADAN study investigators.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108154","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32330510/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"32348797","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized counterbalanced human behavior experiment","population":"14 healthy men.","comparison":"Expected 25%-energy day versus expected energy-balanced day.","protocol":"Two three-day sequences assessing intake and activity before, during and after restriction.","findings":"Participants ate more and moved less around planned restriction, offsetting about 46% of the anticipated energy deficit.","limitations":"Acute laboratory behavior in men does not establish long-term compensation, but prescribed fasting deficits should not be assumed fully achieved.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Anticipation of 24 h severe energy restriction increases energy intake and reduces physical activity energy expenditure in the prior 24 h, in healthy males.","year":"2020","authors":"James R, James LJ, Clayton DJ.","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2020.104719","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32348797/","journal":"Appetite"},{"pmid":"32351966","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized six-condition nutritional crossover trial","population":"15 healthy adults aged 65–73.","comparison":"Sunflower oil, caprylic acid, coconut oil and combinations with/without glucose.","protocol":"Four-hour ketone measurements after a 12-hour fast; coffee/cream and oils supplied calories.","findings":"Caprylic acid raised ketones more than coconut oil; added glucose reduced the response.","limitations":"Ketone production after consuming fats is not a continued calorie-free fast or evidence of autophagy, cancer killing or improved health.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ketosis After Intake of Coconut Oil and Caprylic Acid-With and Without Glucose: A Cross-Over Study in Healthy Older Adults.","year":"2020","authors":"Norgren J, Sindi S, Sandebring-Matton A, Kåreholt I, Daniilidou M, Akenine U, Nordin K, Rosenborg S, Ngandu T, Kivipelto M.","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2020.00040","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32351966/","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition"},{"pmid":"32360709","disposition":"context","design":"International prospective insulin safety cohort","population":"Adults with type 2 diabetes in 11 countries; total sample count not in abstract.","comparison":"Before, during and after Ramadan on glargine U300; no comparator drug or nonfasting arm.","protocol":"Recorded hypoglycemia, HbA1c and insulin dose changes.","findings":"Documented symptomatic/severe-event proportions were low and HbA1c improved; insulin dose was reduced during Ramadan.","limitations":"Selected monitored cohort and medication changes; abstract’s mean fasting-day count exceeds a lunar month and needs definition checking. No proof of universal safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Real-world safety and effectiveness of insulin glargine 300 U/mL in participants with type 2 diabetes who fast during Ramadan: The observational ORION study.","year":"2020","authors":"Hassanein M, Buyukbese MA, Malek R, Pilorget V, Naqvi M, Berthou B, Shaltout I, Kumar Sahay R.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108189","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32360709/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"32408153","disposition":"context","design":"Three pilot dietary/clinical-support studies","population":"90 people with MS enrolled; 70 completed.","comparison":"Various calorie-restriction or timed-eating programs and support strategies; two controlled randomized studies and one transitioning to single-arm.","protocol":"24–48 weeks depending on study.","findings":"Calorie-restriction adherence was poor; timed-eating adherence was better. No significant intention-to-treat patient-reported benefit was found.","limitations":"Heterogeneous pilots and attrition; possible participant overlap with earlier MS studies. Feasibility does not demonstrate reduced MS disease activity.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Safety and feasibility of various fasting-mimicking diets among people with multiple sclerosis.","year":"2020","authors":"Roman SN, Fitzgerald KC, Beier M, Mowry EM.","doi":"10.1016/j.msard.2020.102149","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32408153/","journal":"Multiple sclerosis and related disorders"},{"pmid":"32428840","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized matched-deficit diet trial","population":"58 women with obesity and social/economic vulnerability, ages 19–44.","comparison":"Calorie restriction with versus without a 12-hour daily fast.","protocol":"21-day detailed measurements; weight/waist follow-up to day 81.","findings":"Some body-fat, temperature and later waist outcomes favored timed fasting; hormones, resting metabolism, appetite and adherence difficulty did not differ.","limitations":"Short study with many outcomes and limited effect estimates; no clear general advantage for metabolic health or lasting disease prevention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Acute effects of time-restricted feeding in low-income women with obesity placed on hypoenergetic diets: Randomized trial.","year":"2020","authors":"Pureza IROM, Melo ISV, Macena ML, Praxedes DRS, Vasconcelos LGL, Silva-Júnior AE, Florêncio TMMT, Bueno NB.","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2020.110796","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32428840/","journal":"Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)"},{"pmid":"32438531","disposition":"context","design":"Gene-expression analysis of randomized feeding trial","population":"Women with obesity in two intermittent-fasting arms; analyzed count not supplied.","comparison":"Fasting with prescribed 100% versus 70% weekly energy; baseline, refed and 24-hour-fasted biopsies.","protocol":"Eight weeks; muscle and fat clock-gene assays at 8 am.","findings":"No uniform clock-gene effect emerged; apparent Per2 interactions lost significance after adjustment.","limitations":"Likely secondary report from the parent controlled-feeding study, not an independent trial; single-time-point expression cannot fully characterize circadian rhythms.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intermittent Fasting Does Not Uniformly Impact Genes Involved in Circadian Regulation in Women with Obesity.","year":"2020","authors":"Zhao L, Hutchison AT, Wittert GA, Thompson CH, Lange K, Liu B, Heilbronn LK.","doi":"10.1002/oby.22775","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32438531/","journal":"Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)"},{"pmid":"32450103","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled insulin-management cohort","population":"54 insulin-treated adults with type 2 diabetes.","comparison":"Before versus during/after Ramadan; no alternative-target control.","protocol":"Flexible daytime and tighter nighttime targets, education, dose adjustment and helpline support.","findings":"HbA1c improved, but high-glucose readings were common and one major hypoglycemia occurred; no admission was required.","limitations":"Event percentages lack a clear participant denominator in abstract. No hospitalization does not mean no major complication, and the management strategy was not randomized.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Achieving safer Ramadan fasting by keeping flexible glycemic targets during the day and tighter targets during the night in insulin treated people with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2020","authors":"Ahmedani MY, Ghafoor E.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108234","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32450103/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"32534886","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Mechanistic review of SGLT2-inhibitor kidney protection and fasting-like signaling; no new primary fasting experiment or clinical dataset.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Role of ketogenic starvation sensors in mediating the renal protective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes.","year":"2020","authors":"Packer M.","doi":"10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107647","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32534886/","journal":"Journal of diabetes and its complications"},{"pmid":"32571329","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled crossover chemotherapy-fasting pilot","population":"30 gynecologic-cancer patients completed; starting enrollment not in abstract.","comparison":"Each patient had modified fasting during half of chemotherapy cycles and normal-calorie eating during the others; half also assigned preparatory ketogenic diet.","protocol":"96 hours at 25% energy per fasting cycle; optional six-day ketogenic preparation.","findings":"Several symptoms and aggregate toxicity scores improved during fasting; fewer postponements were reported. Weight lost during fasting was not fully regained; ketogenic preparation did not help adherence.","limitations":"Small unblinded crossover with many outcomes and possible cycle-order effects; no survival or tumor-clearance proof. Persistent weight loss matters during cancer treatment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of modified short-term fasting and its combination with a fasting supportive diet during chemotherapy on the incidence and severity of chemotherapy-induced toxicities in cancer patients - a controlled cross-over pilot study.","year":"2020","authors":"Zorn S, Ehret J, Schäuble R, Rautenberg B, Ihorst G, Bertz H, Urbain P, Raynor A.","doi":"10.1186/s12885-020-07041-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32571329/","journal":"BMC cancer"},{"pmid":"32673591","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm timed-eating trial","population":"Adults with obesity; sample and arm sizes not stated in abstract.","comparison":"Four-hour 3–7 pm eating, six-hour 1–7 pm eating and unrestricted timing control.","protocol":"Eight weeks.","findings":"Both restricted windows produced about 3% weight loss with lower reported energy intake and improvements in selected insulin/oxidative markers.","limitations":"No demonstrated advantage of four over six hours; spontaneous calorie reduction complicates timing-specific claims. Short-term biomarkers are not disease-event outcomes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of 4- and 6-h Time-Restricted Feeding on Weight and Cardiometabolic Health: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Adults with Obesity.","year":"2020","authors":"Cienfuegos S, Gabel K, Kalam F, Ezpeleta M, Wiseman E, Pavlou V, Lin S, Oliveira ML, Varady KA.","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.018","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32673591/","journal":"Cell metabolism"},{"pmid":"32703721","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized breast-cancer diet trial/companion tumor outcomes","population":"80 women with locally advanced/metastatic breast cancer reported randomized; analyzed subgroup counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Ketogenic versus control diet with chemotherapy.","protocol":"Twelve weeks; imaging, biomarkers and postchemotherapy staging.","findings":"Authors reported larger tumor-size reductions and downstaging in locally advanced disease; metastatic response rates did not significantly differ.","limitations":"Same IRCT20171105037259N2 cohort as companion reports, not independent evidence. Several stated confidence intervals cross zero despite very small P values; full tables/analysis need verification.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Ketogenic metabolic therapy on patients with breast cancer: A randomized controlled clinical trial.","year":"2021","authors":"Khodabakhshi A, Akbari ME, Mirzaei HR, Seyfried TN, Kalamian M, Davoodi SH.","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.028","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32703721/","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)"},{"pmid":"32713721","disposition":"context","design":"Twelve-month randomized active-diet trial","population":"58 women with obesity randomized; 31 (53%) lost to follow-up.","comparison":"Matched-deficit diets with versus without a 12-hour restricted eating/fasting schedule.","protocol":"Intention-to-treat analysis over twelve months.","findings":"No weight-loss difference: −0.05 kg, 95% CI −2.34 to 2.24. Small body-fat/waist differences were reported.","limitations":"High attrition, modest secondary effects and some interval/P-value inconsistencies; related earlier short-term report shares the cohort.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of time-restricted feeding on body weight, body composition and vital signs in low-income women with obesity: A 12-month randomized clinical trial.","year":"2021","authors":"de Oliveira Maranhão Pureza IR, da Silva Junior AE, Silva Praxedes DR, Lessa Vasconcelos LG, de Lima Macena M, Vieira de Melo IS, de Menezes Toledo Florêncio TM, Bueno NB.","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.036","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32713721/","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)"},{"pmid":"32751097","disposition":"context","design":"Human tumor expression/tissue association study","population":"Uveal melanoma TCGA cohort plus independent validation specimens; patient counts not stated.","comparison":"Chromosome-3 loss versus other tumors, including sex and metastasis comparisons.","protocol":"67 glycogen-related genes and tissue glycogen staining.","findings":"Higher-risk chromosome-3-loss tumors generally showed less glycogen-related expression/storage, with sex differences.","limitations":"Association, not proof glycogen drives metastasis; lower stores can coexist with aggressive disease. No fasting intervention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Metastasis of Uveal Melanoma with Monosomy-3 Is Associated with a Less Glycogenetic Gene Expression Profile and the Dysregulation of Glycogen Storage.","year":"2020","authors":"Vardanyan S, Brosig A, Merz H, Ranjbar M, Kakkassery V, Grisanti S, Tura A.","doi":"10.3390/cancers12082101","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32751097/","journal":"Cancers"},{"pmid":"32751487","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled fasting cohort","population":"34 healthy young men and women.","comparison":"Five time points from before Ramadan to one month afterward; no nonfasting control.","protocol":"17–18-hour daily Ramadan fasts with repeated symptom/body measurements.","findings":"Reported fatigue and mood improved; sleepiness did not significantly change.","limitations":"Unblinded self-report, time effects and concurrent lifestyle changes; no controlled evidence that prolonged fasting itself caused the improvements.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A Prospective Clinical Trial of Prolonged Fasting in Healthy Young Males and Females-Effect on Fatigue, Sleepiness, Mood and Body Composition.","year":"2020","authors":"Nugraha B, Riat A, Ghashang SK, Eljurnazi L, Gutenbrunner C.","doi":"10.3390/nu12082281","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32751487/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"32756479","disposition":"context","design":"Reported randomized controlled Ramadan study","population":"30 sedentary men with obesity: 15 fasting and 15 control.","comparison":"Ramadan observance versus normal daily habits.","protocol":"Thirty days with follow-up 21 days later.","findings":"Several appetite-hormone measures and body-composition indices changed favorably in the fasting group; ghrelin interaction was not significant.","limitations":"Small sample and many hormone outcomes; exact randomization/observance methods and clinical importance require full text. Hormone changes are not proof of long-term obesity control.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Ramadan Intermittent Fasting on Gut Hormones and Body Composition in Males with Obesity.","year":"2020","authors":"Zouhal H, Bagheri R, Triki R, Saeidi A, Wong A, Hackney AC, Laher I, Suzuki K, Ben Abderrahman A.","doi":"10.3390/ijerph17155600","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32756479/","journal":"International journal of environmental research and public health"},{"pmid":"32791011","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized cancer diet trial","population":"Patients with stage II/III cancers; sample size and cancer-type distribution not in abstract.","comparison":"MCT-containing ketogenic diet versus institutional standard diet.","protocol":"Four months; quality-of-life and mental-health questionnaires.","findings":"Authors reported improved quality of life and mental health with ketogenic feeding.","limitations":"No numerical between-group effects, participant counts or attrition in abstract; unblinded subjective outcomes do not establish cancer control or survival benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The Impact of a Ketogenic Dietary Intervention on the Quality of Life of Stage II and III Cancer Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial in the Caribbean.","year":"2021","authors":"Augustus E, Granderson I, Rocke KD.","doi":"10.1080/01635581.2020.1803930","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32791011/","journal":"Nutrition and cancer"},{"pmid":"32799692","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory ovarian-cancer adaptation experiment","population":"Two drug-resistant ovarian cancer lines, A2780CP and SK-OV-3.","comparison":"Low glucose with versus without 5 mM beta-hydroxybutyrate and reference conditions.","protocol":"One-month adaptation at 250 mg/L glucose.","findings":"Restriction reduced ATP and migration; ketones partly restored ATP in SK-OV-3 but not A2780CP, with different pathway changes.","limitations":"Cell-specific adaptation contradicts a universal fuel response; culture glucose restriction and high ketone exposure are not a patient fasting trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Long-Term Glucose Restriction with or without β-Hydroxybutyrate Enrichment Distinctively Alters Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Related Signalings in Ovarian Cancer Cells.","year":"2021","authors":"Ghahremani H, Nabati S, Tahmori H, Peirouvi T, Sirati-Sabet M, Salami S.","doi":"10.1080/01635581.2020.1804947","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32799692/","journal":"Nutrition and cancer"},{"pmid":"32819413","disposition":"context","design":"Nonrandomized controlled radiotherapy diet study","population":"63 breast-cancer patients allocated: 32 ketogenic, 31 standard; 29 and 30 completed.","comparison":"Natural-food ketogenic versus unspecified standard diet during radiotherapy.","protocol":"Weekly impedance body-composition measurements.","findings":"Early loss included water/estimated lean mass; later loss was mainly fat. Thyroid T3 fell; quality-of-life increase was not significant.","limitations":"Nonrandom allocation and hydration-sensitive measurement; no tumor-control/survival endpoint. Part of KETOCOMP, not an independent cohort for every companion paper.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of a ketogenic diet intervention during radiotherapy on body composition: III-final results of the KETOCOMP study for breast cancer patients.","year":"2020","authors":"Klement RJ, Champ CE, Kämmerer U, Koebrunner PS, Krage K, Schäfer G, Weigel M, Sweeney RA.","doi":"10.1186/s13058-020-01331-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32819413/","journal":"Breast cancer research : BCR"},{"pmid":"32828130","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized breast-cancer diet trial/companion outcomes","population":"80 patients reported randomized; detailed analyzed arm counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Ketogenic versus control diet during chemotherapy.","protocol":"Twelve weeks with six-week interim assessment.","findings":"Quality of life/activity differences favored ketogenic diet at six weeks but not twelve; some biochemical markers improved.","limitations":"Intermediate findings do not override null final outcomes. Possible overlap with the 60-patient completion report requires reconciliation; lower lactate/ALP is not proof of cancer regression.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Does a ketogenic diet have beneficial effects on quality of life, physical activity or biomarkers in patients with breast cancer: a randomized controlled clinical trial.","year":"2020","authors":"Khodabakhshi A, Seyfried TN, Kalamian M, Beheshti M, Davoodi SH.","doi":"10.1186/s12937-020-00596-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32828130/","journal":"Nutrition journal"},{"pmid":"32907318","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory live-cell imaging and metabolism study","population":"Patient-derived BRAF-mutant melanoma cell lines; number/replicates absent.","comparison":"Different glycogen-storage phenotypes and glucose-deficient conditions.","protocol":"Deuterated-glucose Raman imaging of glycogen.","findings":"Higher glycogen storage correlated with greater tolerance of glucose deficiency in tested lines.","limitations":"Correlated phenotype and imaging method, not proof of universal glycogen dependence or fasting efficacy in people.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Visualizing Subcellular Enrichment of Glycogen in Live Cancer Cells by Stimulated Raman Scattering.","year":"2020","authors":"Lee D, Du J, Yu R, Su Y, Heath JR, Wei L.","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02348","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32907318/","journal":"Analytical chemistry"},{"pmid":"32927708","disposition":"context","design":"Human tissue profiling and mouse genetic validation","population":"Human liver clear-cell foci plus independent specimens and knockout mouse models; counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Foci versus reference liver; STBD1/USP28-altered versus control mice.","protocol":"Transcript/protein profiling and glycogen measurements.","findings":"Several markers differed, but deleting individual candidate genes did not reproduce glycogen overload in the tested mouse settings.","limitations":"Predicted precancerous biology and imperfect model correspondence; no dietary intervention or proof fasting clears lesions.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Clear Cell Foci (CCF) in the Human Non-Cirrhotic Liver Identifies Several Differentially Expressed Genes and Proteins with Functions in Cancer Cell Biology and Glycogen Metabolism.","year":"2020","authors":"Metzendorf C, Wineberger K, Rausch J, Cigliano A, Peters K, Sun B, Mennerich D, Kietzmann T, Calvisi DF, Dombrowski F, Ribback S.","doi":"10.3390/molecules25184141","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32927708/","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"pmid":"32958269","disposition":"context","design":"Small randomized chemotherapy-fasting trial","population":"20 women: 11 ovarian, 8 uterine and 1 cervical cancer; 120 chemotherapy cycles analyzed.","comparison":"Water-only fasting versus nonfasting during treatment; arm counts absent from abstract.","protocol":"24 hours before and 24 hours after each chemotherapy cycle.","findings":"Weight loss/hospitalization were similar; fewer treatment modifications were reported with fasting. Mean quality-of-life scores did not significantly differ.","limitations":"Cycles are repeated observations, not 120 patients. Small trial, mixed cancers and within-arm score improvement cannot establish survival benefit or broad safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Water only fasting and its effect on chemotherapy administration in gynecologic malignancies.","year":"2020","authors":"Riedinger CJ, Kimball KJ, Kilgore LC, Bell CW, Heidel RE, Boone JD.","doi":"10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.09.008","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32958269/","journal":"Gynecologic oncology"},{"pmid":"32971155","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled type-1 diabetes care cohort","population":"30 recruited; flash-monitoring data available for 24.","comparison":"Before versus during/after Ramadan with education and dose adjustment.","protocol":"Average 24 fasting days; six weeks of sensor use intended.","findings":"HbA1c improved modestly; most other differences were nonsignificant. One ketoacidosis occurred after an insulin dose was omitted.","limitations":"Selected monitored population, missing sensor data and no control. A serious event occurred despite the paper’s generally favorable safety conclusion.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of provision of optimum diabetes care on the safety of fasting in Ramadan in adult and adolescent patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.","year":"2020","authors":"Alawadi F, Alsaeed M, Bachet F, Bashier A, Abdulla K, Abuelkheir S, Rashid F, Abdulaziz Bin Hussain A, Abdelgadir E, Alsayyah F, Elsayed M, Hassanein M.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108466","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32971155/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"32992039","disposition":"context","design":"Longitudinal human tissue study plus cell experiments","population":"Human fasting volunteers, adipose biopsies and cultured macrophages; participant count absent.","comparison":"Repeated baseline/fasting samples; no randomized fed control described.","protocol":"Ten-day zero-calorie fast with tissue RNA, microscopy and blood markers.","findings":"By day ten, inflammatory/macrophage-related pathways and systemic mediators increased alongside major fuel-metabolism changes.","limitations":"Tissue adaptation is not automatically harmful or beneficial. Does not support the claim all fasting durations consistently suppress inflammation; no clinical disease or cancer endpoint.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Prolonged fasting drives a program of metabolic inflammation in human adipose tissue.","year":"2020","authors":"Fazeli PK, Zhang Y, O'Keefe J, Pesaresi T, Lun M, Lawney B, Steinhauser ML.","doi":"10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101082","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32992039/","journal":"Molecular metabolism"},{"pmid":"33017844","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized controlled metabolic-syndrome trial","population":"39 adults aged 30–50: 21 intermittent fasting, 18 control.","comparison":"Two modified restricted days weekly versus control.","protocol":"Eight weeks; cardiometabolic and gut-microbiome measurements.","findings":"Fasting reduced fat mass and improved selected oxidative/inflammatory/vascular measures; gut microbial and metabolite patterns changed.","limitations":"Small study with many endpoints and substantially lower calories; correlated microbiome shifts do not prove they caused clinical benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intermittent Fasting Improves Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Alters Gut Microbiota in Metabolic Syndrome Patients.","year":"2021","authors":"Guo Y, Luo S, Ye Y, Yin S, Fan J, Xia M.","doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgaa644","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33017844/","journal":"The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism"},{"pmid":"33031557","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary muscle analysis of randomized feeding trial","population":"76 women in three diet arms.","comparison":"Daily 70% energy versus intermittent fasting at 70% or 100% energy.","protocol":"Eight weeks; overnight-fasted and 24-hour-fasted samples.","findings":"Fasting did not increase the measured muscle lipid-metabolism markers; antioxidant-enzyme expression fell, and acute fasting reduced insulin sensitivity.","limitations":"Same parent cohort as earlier weight, inflammatory and clock-gene reports. Gene expression is not a direct clinical oxidative-injury or benefit measure.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Intermittent Fasting or Calorie Restriction on Markers of Lipid Metabolism in Human Skeletal Muscle.","year":"2021","authors":"Liu B, Hutchison AT, Thompson CH, Lange K, Wittert GA, Heilbronn LK.","doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgaa707","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33031557/","journal":"The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism"},{"pmid":"33078850","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled rat circadian-disruption experiment","population":"Adult male Wistar rats; numbers not stated.","comparison":"Experimental shift-work with unrestricted versus active-phase-restricted feeding and reference conditions.","protocol":"Behavioral tests and brain glial/inflammatory markers.","findings":"Timed feeding reduced shift-work-related anxiety/depression-like behaviors and inflammatory markers.","limitations":"Animal behaviors are not diagnoses of human depression. Timing synchronization, sleep and intake may contribute; no human treatment efficacy tested.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-restricted feeding prevents depressive-like and anxiety-like behaviors in male rats exposed to an experimental model of shift-work.","year":"2021","authors":"Guerrero-Vargas NN, Zárate-Mozo C, Guzmán-Ruiz MA, Cárdenas-Rivera A, Escobar C.","doi":"10.1002/jnr.24741","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33078850/","journal":"Journal of neuroscience research"},{"pmid":"33096684","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized active-diet metabolic-syndrome trial","population":"70 adults aged 18–65.","comparison":"Intermittent versus continuous energy restriction.","protocol":"Twelve weeks with diet-quality and metabolic assessment.","findings":"Both lost about 7% of weight and improved several risk markers; no significant between-group metabolic advantage.","limitations":"Short study with surrogate outcomes; dietary recall cannot prove complete micronutrient safety, and results favor calorie reduction rather than a distinct fasting effect.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Does the Energy Restriction Intermittent Fasting Diet Alleviate Metabolic Syndrome Biomarkers? A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2020","authors":"Kunduraci YE, Ozbek H.","doi":"10.3390/nu12103213","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33096684/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"33105701","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm timed-eating feasibility study","population":"24 adults with type 2 diabetes enrolled; 19 completed.","comparison":"Two-week habitual baseline followed by four-week 10 am–7 pm eating.","protocol":"No randomized control; adherence varied from 4% to 100% of days.","findings":"About five days weekly met the window; weight and glycemic control did not significantly improve overall.","limitations":"Small short study, attrition and selective adherence analyses; feasibility should not be described as established diabetes efficacy.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-Restricted Eating as a Nutrition Strategy for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Feasibility Study.","year":"2020","authors":"Parr EB, Devlin BL, Lim KHC, Moresi LNZ, Geils C, Brennan L, Hawley JA.","doi":"10.3390/nu12113228","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33105701/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"33135359","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled genetic female-mouse reproduction study","population":"Wild-type and liver-FGF21-knockout mice plus GnRH cell experiments; counts not stated.","comparison":"Timed versus unrestricted feeding under chow/high-fat diets, with genetic controls.","protocol":"Measured cycles, follicles, fertility and hormonal signaling.","findings":"Timed feeding improved selected reproductive outcomes with intact FGF21; benefits were absent with liver-specific loss.","limitations":"Mouse reproductive biology and diet-induced obesity model; does not establish fertility benefit or pregnancy safety in humans.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-restricted feeding improves the reproductive function of female mice via liver fibroblast growth factor 21.","year":"2020","authors":"Hua L, Feng B, Huang L, Li J, Luo T, Jiang X, Han X, Che L, Xu S, Lin Y, Fang Z, Wu, Zhuo Y.","doi":"10.1002/ctm2.195","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33135359/","journal":"Clinical and translational medicine"},{"pmid":"33136772","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled before/after intervention","population":"Resistance-trained firefighters; number not stated in abstract","comparison":"No concurrent control","protocol":"14-hour daily fasting for 6 weeks","findings":"Two oxidative-stress markers decreased; the other measured metabolic and inflammatory markers did not change.","limitations":"Small-study size cannot be assessed from abstract; numerous endpoints and no control limit inference.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of Time Restricted Feeding on Markers of Cardiometabolic Health and Oxidative Stress in Resistance-Trained Firefighters.","year":"2022","authors":"McAllister MJ, Gonzalez AE, Waldman HS.","doi":"10.1519/jsc.0000000000003860","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33136772/","journal":"Journal of strength and conditioning research"},{"pmid":"33179154","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary patient-reported outcomes from randomized DIRECT trial","population":"131 recruited, 129 randomized, approximately equally to two arms.","comparison":"Four-day fasting-mimicking diet around chemotherapy versus regular diet.","protocol":"Repeated questionnaires through six months after surgery.","findings":"Overall quality of life declined during treatment in both arms and recovered later; some perceptions differed. Favorable functioning/symptom findings were strongest among adherent participants.","limitations":"Same DIRECT cohort as tumor-response publication. Per-protocol adherers are selected, so their better scores do not establish an intention-to-treat benefit or survival effect.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Quality of life and illness perceptions in patients with breast cancer using a fasting mimicking diet as an adjunct to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the phase 2 DIRECT (BOOG 2013-14) trial.","year":"2021","authors":"Lugtenberg RT, de Groot S, Kaptein AA, Fischer MJ, Kranenbarg EM, Carpentier MD, Cohen D, de Graaf H, Heijns JB, Portielje JEA, van de Wouw AJ, Imholz ALT, Kessels LW, Vrijaldenhoven S, Baars A, Fiocco M, van der Hoeven JJM, Gelderblom H, Longo VD, Pijl H, Kroep JR, Dutch Breast Cancer Research Group (BOOG).","doi":"10.1007/s10549-020-05991-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33179154/","journal":"Breast cancer research and treatment"},{"pmid":"33213367","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized cardiac-procedure cohort","population":"303 patients after coronary intervention: 153 fasting and 150 nonfasting.","comparison":"Self-selected Ramadan observance versus no fasting.","protocol":"Ramadan plus six-month follow-up.","findings":"Fasters had more major cardiac events; 19 events occurred during Ramadan and four afterward in the fasting group. Earlier fasting after the procedure carried more risk.","limitations":"Confounding and a data-derived 90-day threshold limit certainty; this does not establish a universally safe waiting interval.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The safety of Ramadan Fasting following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.","year":"2020","authors":"Amin OA, Alaarag A.","doi":"10.1186/s12872-020-01784-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33213367/","journal":"BMC cardiovascular disorders"},{"pmid":"33281976","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory breast-cancer study plus public-dataset associations","population":"MCF-7 and T47D cell lines; public cancer expression/survival datasets with counts not stated.","comparison":"Low glucose with/without 10 or 25 mM beta-hydroxybutyrate.","protocol":"Four-day deprivation and gene-expression analysis.","findings":"Glucose restriction reduced growth; ketones did not consistently rescue it. Ketone-enzyme expression correlated with some prognosis measures in datasets.","limitations":"Ketone doses exceed usual nutritional ketosis; expression/prognosis associations do not validate patient selection for ketogenic therapy or prove all breast tumors cannot use ketones.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"β-hydroxybutyrate does not alter the effects of glucose deprivation on breast cancer cells.","year":"2021","authors":"Maldonado R, Talana CA, Song C, Dixon A, Uehara K, Weichhaus M.","doi":"10.3892/ol.2020.12326","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33281976/","journal":"Oncology letters"},{"pmid":"33336613","disposition":"context","design":"Tissue, cell and mouse lung-cancer mechanism study","population":"NSCLC samples/cell lines and xenograft mice; sample counts not in abstract.","comparison":"PYGB knockdown/overexpression versus controls.","protocol":"Growth, invasion, apoptosis and PI3K/AKT signaling assays.","findings":"Lowering PYGB reduced experimental growth and increased cell death; higher expression correlated with worse prognosis.","limitations":"Gene manipulation and growth signaling are not equivalent to dietary glycogen removal; no fasting or clinical treatment efficacy tested.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glycogen phosphorylase B promotes cell proliferation and migration through PI3K/AKT pathway in non-small cell lung cancer.","year":"2021","authors":"Zhan Y, Chen R, Wang T, Shan S, Zhu H.","doi":"10.1080/01902148.2020.1864065","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33336613/","journal":"Experimental lung research"},{"pmid":"33371909","disposition":"context","design":"Cross-sectional older-adult cohort analysis","population":"1,226 community-dwelling adults aged at least 64.","comparison":"Reported overnight fasting at most 9, 10–11 or at least 12 hours.","protocol":"Diet history and lower-extremity performance tests.","findings":"Longer overnight fasting was associated with poorer physical function, especially with low activity.","limitations":"Reverse causation is plausible: frailty, low appetite or illness may lengthen fasting. Cannot conclude fasting caused impairment or that shorter fasting treats it.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Prolonged nightly fasting and lower-extremity functioning in community-dwelling older adults.","year":"2021","authors":"Estrada-deLeón DB, Struijk EA, Caballero FF, Sotos Prieto M, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Lopez-Garcia E.","doi":"10.1017/s0007114520005218","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33371909/","journal":"The British journal of nutrition"},{"pmid":"33376581","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized meal-replacement/energy-restriction trial","population":"100 adults with type 2 diabetes, 50 per arm.","comparison":"Low-energy fasting-mimicking meal replacement versus normal-dose meal replacement.","protocol":"Four months.","findings":"Authors reported better glucose, body-size, pressure and lipid outcomes with the low-energy regimen.","limitations":"Abstract lacks effect sizes, detailed calorie schedule and adverse-event counts. Different calorie doses prevent isolating a specific fasting-mimicking mechanism; safety is not established by efficacy measures.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Fasting-Mimicking Diet and Specific Meal Replacement Foods on Blood Glucose Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2020","authors":"Tang F, Lin X.","doi":"10.1155/2020/6615295","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33376581/","journal":"Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity"},{"pmid":"33389084","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled prolonged-fasting physiology study","population":"13 healthy male volunteers.","comparison":"Repeated baseline, fasting, refeeding and recovery assessments; no fed control.","protocol":"Ten-day water-only fast within a 22-day protocol.","findings":"Mood/anxiety sensations worsened at some middle time points, while measured basic cognitive performance did not significantly change.","limitations":"Small selected male cohort, repeated-test effects and limited cognitive battery; no evidence of cognitive enhancement or general safety of ten-day fasting.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ten days of complete fasting affected subjective sensations but not cognitive abilities in healthy adults.","year":"2021","authors":"Yang C, Ma Q, Zhang H, Wu F, Wu M, Yang C, Chen Y, Xiong J, Liu W, Wang H, Wu R, Dai Z, Li Y.","doi":"10.1007/s00394-020-02450-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33389084/","journal":"European journal of nutrition"},{"pmid":"33393121","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled multimodal clinical cohort","population":"47 recruited; 36 met metabolic-syndrome criteria, 28 women and 8 men, analyzed by sex.","comparison":"Before, after two-week program and four-month follow-up.","protocol":"Hospital fasting combined with diet/lifestyle treatment.","findings":"Authors reported reduced periodontal inflammation in women, associated with weight/glucose changes.","limitations":"Abstract’s listed before/after medians contradict its stated direction of change; verify tables before numerical use. Combined care and no control prevent fasting-specific attribution.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Prolonged multimodal fasting modulates periodontal inflammation in female patients with metabolic syndrome: A prospective cohort study.","year":"2021","authors":"Pappe CL, Steckhan N, Hoedke D, Jepsen S, Rauch G, Keller T, Michalsen A, Dommisch H.","doi":"10.1111/jcpe.13419","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33393121/","journal":"Journal of clinical periodontology"},{"pmid":"33407612","disposition":"context","design":"Nonrandomized controlled timed-eating study","population":"32 women with obesity: 20 timed eating and 12 controls.","comparison":"16-hour fast/eight-hour eating versus control.","protocol":"Three months.","findings":"Weight fell about 4 kg; metabolic-syndrome blood markers did not significantly change. Calculated 30-year cardiovascular risk declined.","limitations":"Predicted risk is not observed event prevention. Correlation sample n=64 appears to include repeated measurements from 32 people; independence requires checking.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of time-restricted feeding in weight loss, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk in obese women.","year":"2021","authors":"Schroder JD, Falqueto H, Mânica A, Zanini D, de Oliveira T, de Sá CA, Cardoso AM, Manfredi LH.","doi":"10.1186/s12967-020-02687-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33407612/","journal":"Journal of translational medicine"},{"pmid":"33420549","disposition":"context","design":"Within-person early-fasting physiology experiment","population":"Ten healthy men.","comparison":"Eight-hour fast with versus without two hours of arm exercise.","protocol":"Muscle biopsies at baseline, four and eight hours.","findings":"Added energy expenditure did not broadly amplify fasting signaling; LC3 ratio was unchanged and several autophagy-protein changes were nonsignificant.","limitations":"Markers, not direct whole-body flux; human findings differed from rapid rodent responses. Cannot infer a universal autophagy start time.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Increasing whole-body energetic stress does not augment fasting-induced changes in human skeletal muscle.","year":"2021","authors":"Islam H, Amato A, Amato A, Bonafiglia JT, Rahman FA, Preobrazenski N, Ma A, Simpson CA, Quadrilatero J, Gurd BJ.","doi":"10.1007/s00424-020-02499-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33420549/","journal":"Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology"},{"pmid":"33420673","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-diet trial","population":"60 metabolically healthy women with obesity aged 18–55.","comparison":"Five-day fasting-mimicking regimen versus daily 500-kcal deficit.","protocol":"Two months.","findings":"Weight loss did not significantly differ; adjusted insulin-resistance difference was also nonsignificant, despite a favorable broad conclusion.","limitations":"Multiple hormone/body-composition outcomes, short duration and incomplete cycle details in abstract; do not report adjusted null findings as proven superiority.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of Fasting-Mimicking Diet or Continuous Energy Restriction on Weight Loss, Body Composition, and Appetite-Regulating Hormones Among Metabolically Healthy Women with Obesity: a Randomized Controlled, Parallel Trial.","year":"2021","authors":"Sadeghian M, Hosseini SA, Zare Javid A, Ahmadi Angali K, Mashkournia A.","doi":"10.1007/s11695-020-05202-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33420673/","journal":"Obesity surgery"},{"pmid":"33425548","disposition":"context","design":"Small insulin-regimen comparison with reported random assignment","population":"30 adults with type 2 diabetes: 14 premixed, 16 basal plus short-acting insulin.","comparison":"Two medication regimens during Ramadan.","protocol":"Pre/post laboratory measures and two dose-adjustment visits.","findings":"No significant differences in HbA1c, hypoglycemic events or weight were found.","limitations":"Abstract also calls the study observational; small null comparisons do not establish equivalence or general fasting safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Comparison of Human Premixed and Basal Plus Short-Acting Insulin Regimens for Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes During Ramadan Fasting.","year":"2020","authors":"Altemimi MT, Odhaib SA, Imran HJ, Alhamza A, Almomin A, Mansour AA.","doi":"10.7759/cureus.11976","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33425548/","journal":"Cureus"},{"pmid":"33446635","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized remote commercial weight-management trial","population":"78 randomized; 60 completed, 30 per group.","comparison":"Nominal 14:10 schedule with a caloric snack at hour 12 versus 12:12, both with controlled diet/exercise and counseling.","protocol":"Eight weeks.","findings":"Completers lost 8.5% versus 7.1% weight, difference about 1.4 percentage points; glucose improved within the longer-window group.","limitations":"Snack interrupts a calorie-free fast; commercial multi-component intervention and attrition limit timing-specific interpretation. Within-arm glucose significance does not prove a between-arm advantage.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of time restricted eating on body weight and fasting glucose in participants with obesity: results of a randomized, controlled, virtual clinical trial.","year":"2021","authors":"Peeke PM, Greenway FL, Billes SK, Zhang D, Fujioka K.","doi":"10.1038/s41387-021-00149-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33446635/","journal":"Nutrition & diabetes"},{"pmid":"33524440","disposition":"context","design":"Qualitative substudy of randomized timed-eating trial","population":"17 intervention participants interviewed before/after.","comparison":"No interview control group; participant experiences of the assigned eating window.","protocol":"Twelve-week self-selected ten-hour eating window.","findings":"Participants found the rule simple but had to reorganize meals/social activities; only two reported perfect daily adherence.","limitations":"Qualitative feasibility evidence, not an efficacy or prevalence estimate; shares a parent trial cohort and should not be counted as another trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Watching, keeping and squeezing time to lose weight: Implications of time-restricted eating in daily life.","year":"2021","authors":"Bjerre N, Holm L, Quist JS, Færch K, Hempler NF.","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2021.105138","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33524440/","journal":"Appetite"},{"pmid":"33595398","disposition":"context","design":"Cross-sectional religious-diet/lifestyle comparison","population":"400 adults: 200 long-term religious dietary fasters and 200 nonfasters.","comparison":"Periodic animal-food avoidance and associated lifestyle versus usual habits.","protocol":"Vitamin D intake, sunlight and serum levels across seasons.","findings":"Fasters had lower vitamin D intake/exposure and lower levels in winter/spring; deficiency or insufficiency was common in both groups.","limitations":"Food-type restriction and lifestyle are bundled, not timed fasting. No measured bone-density difference does not exclude other effects or establish nutritional adequacy.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Vitamin D status, vitamin D intake, and sunlight exposure in adults adhering or not to periodic religious fasting for decades.","year":"2021","authors":"Rodopaios NE, Petridou A, Mougios V, Koulouri AA, Vasara E, Papadopoulou SK, Skepastianos P, Hassapidou M, Kafatos AG.","doi":"10.1080/09637486.2021.1887821","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33595398/","journal":"International journal of food sciences and nutrition"},{"pmid":"33624026","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective observational cardiac cohort","population":"1,957 analyzed from 2,785 enrolled; 389 routine fasters, 1,568 non-fasters","comparison":"Long-term self-reported routine fasting versus never or former fasting","protocol":"Enrollment 2013–2015; follow-up through March 2019; fasters averaged 42 years of practice","findings":"Fasting was associated with lower mortality (adjusted HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.36–0.80) and heart failure, but not heart attack or stroke.","limitations":"Not randomized; religion, health behaviors, and stopping fasting because of illness may confound associations. Does not prove human lifespan extension.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Association of periodic fasting lifestyles with survival and incident major adverse cardiovascular events in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.","year":"2022","authors":"Bartholomew CL, Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL, May HT, Knowlton KU, Bair TL, Le VT, Bailey BW, Horne BD.","doi":"10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa050","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33624026/","journal":"European journal of preventive cardiology"},{"pmid":"33642044","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled prospective cohort","population":"84 adults with stable coronary disease; 79 men, 5 women","comparison":"Before/after comparison only","protocol":"One month of Ramadan","findings":"Several lipid, glucose and inflammatory measurements improved; no increase in coronary events was reported.","limitations":"Small selected cohort and short observation cannot establish event safety or benefit; no non-fasting control.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of Ramadan fasting on lipid profile and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with stable coronary artery disease.","year":"2022","authors":"Ben Ahmed H, Allouche E, Bouzid K, Zrelli S, Hmaidi W, Molahedh Y, Ouechtati W, Bezdah L.","doi":"10.1016/j.ancard.2020.11.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33642044/","journal":"Annales de cardiologie et d'angeiologie"},{"pmid":"33652686","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled supervised fasting biomarker study","population":"51 men and women.","comparison":"Before versus after fasting; no nonfasting control.","protocol":"Five-day Buchinger modified fast.","findings":"Ketones, selected sirtuin transcripts and some microbial measures changed; Christensenella abundance increased.","limitations":"Microbes and gene expression associated elsewhere with longevity are not evidence these participants lived longer or had improved autophagic flux; multiple exploratory outcomes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Five Days Periodic Fasting Elevates Levels of Longevity Related <i>Christensenella</i> and Sirtuin Expression in Humans.","year":"2021","authors":"Lilja S, Stoll C, Krammer U, Hippe B, Duszka K, Debebe T, Höfinger I, König J, Pointner A, Haslberger A.","doi":"10.3390/ijms22052331","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33652686/","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences"},{"pmid":"33759620","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary analysis of randomized three-arm trial","population":"49 adults with obesity","comparison":"4-hour eating window, 6-hour window, or unrestricted timing","protocol":"8 weeks; afternoon/evening windows","findings":"Weight fell in both restricted-window groups, but sleep quality, duration, insomnia and sleep-apnea symptoms did not improve versus controls.","limitations":"Same parent trial as PMID 32673591, not a separate weight-loss replication; questionnaire outcomes and small sample.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effect of 4-h versus 6-h time restricted feeding on sleep quality, duration, insomnia severity and obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity.","year":"2022","authors":"Cienfuegos S, Gabel K, Kalam F, Ezpeleta M, Pavlou V, Lin S, Wiseman E, Varady KA.","doi":"10.1177/02601060211002347","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33759620/","journal":"Nutrition and health"},{"pmid":"33769400","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled firefighter timed-eating pilot","population":"Professional resistance-trained firefighters; sample count absent from abstract.","comparison":"Before versus after; no usual-eating control described.","protocol":"Seven-week 14-hour fasting/ten-hour eating schedule.","findings":"Ventilatory threshold improved; strength/endurance/power did not clearly change. Another aerobic measure reportedly fell, but its symbol is missing in the indexed abstract.","limitations":"Incomplete abstract notation prevents naming the missing outcome reliably; short uncontrolled performance study, not cardiovascular-event prevention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of Time Restricted Feeding on Fitness Variables in Professional Resistance Trained Firefighters.","year":"2021","authors":"Gonzalez AE, Waldman HS, Abel MG, McCurdy KW, McAllister MJ.","doi":"10.1097/jom.0000000000002144","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33769400/","journal":"Journal of occupational and environmental medicine"},{"pmid":"33806775","disposition":"context","design":"Nonrandomized self-selected cancer-rehabilitation diet study","population":"152 women started: 30 ketogenic, 92 low-carb, 30 standard; 20, 76 and 25 completed.","comparison":"Three chosen diets within a common rehabilitation program.","protocol":"Twenty weeks of inpatient/outpatient care.","findings":"All groups improved several functional/quality-of-life measures; diet-specific metabolic patterns differed, with cholesterol rising on ketogenic diet.","limitations":"Self-selection, unequal groups, attrition and shared rehabilitation confound comparisons. No tumor-control/survival result and no basis for universal diet recommendations.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Low Carb and Ketogenic Diets Increase Quality of Life, Physical Performance, Body Composition, and Metabolic Health of Women with Breast Cancer.","year":"2021","authors":"Kämmerer U, Klement RJ, Joos FT, Sütterlin M, Reuss-Borst M.","doi":"10.3390/nu13031029","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33806775/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"33807102","disposition":"context","design":"Observational app study plus pragmatic randomized trial","population":"213 observational participants; 54 with long eating windows/metabolic risk randomized.","comparison":"Twelve-hour eating window versus standard dietary advice.","protocol":"Six-month intervention after four-week logging.","findings":"Between-group weight difference was not significant: −0.88%, 95% CI −3.1 to 1.3.","limitations":"Within-group loss does not establish superiority. Small randomized subset and imperfect adherence limit precision; food-quality observations are separate nonrandom evidence.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The Effects of Time-Restricted Eating versus Standard Dietary Advice on Weight, Metabolic Health and the Consumption of Processed Food: A Pragmatic Randomised Controlled Trial in Community-Based Adults.","year":"2021","authors":"Phillips NE, Mareschal J, Schwab N, Manoogian ENC, Borloz S, Ostinelli G, Gauthier-Jaques A, Umwali S, Gonzalez Rodriguez E, Aeberli D, Hans D, Panda S, Rodondi N, Naef F, Collet TH.","doi":"10.3390/nu13031042","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33807102/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"33839215","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled fasting microRNA study","population":"32 adults, average BMI 28.","comparison":"Before versus after; no nonfasting control.","protocol":"Ten-day medically supervised modified fast at about 250 kcal/day.","findings":"Seven of 24 tested microRNAs changed; computational analysis implicated metabolic/autophagy-related pathways.","limitations":"Predicted gene targets are not measured autophagic flux or demonstrated disease benefit. Multiple testing, no control and comparison with unrelated disease datasets limit causal claims.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Fasting-mediated metabolic and toxicity reprogramming impacts circulating microRNA levels in humans.","year":"2021","authors":"Ravanidis S, Grundler F, de Toledo FW, Dimitriou E, Tekos F, Skaperda Z, Kouretas D, Doxakis E.","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2021.112187","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33839215/","journal":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association"},{"pmid":"33859841","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled hypertension cohort","population":"58 adults with treated controlled hypertension; about half men.","comparison":"During versus after Ramadan, with repeated daily measurements.","protocol":"Heart-rate variability, blood pressure and metabolic tests.","findings":"Pressure and most lipids/body measures did not change; glucose was higher during Ramadan and afternoon heart-rate variability increased.","limitations":"A variability marker is not direct evidence of reduced cardiac disease or stress; medication adherence and time-of-day confounding matter.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of Ramadan Intermittent Fasting on the Heart Rate Variability and Cardiovascular Parameters of Patients with Controlled Hypertension.","year":"2021","authors":"Hammoud S, Saad I, Karam R, Abou Jaoude F, van den Bemt BJF, Kurdi M.","doi":"10.1155/2021/6610455","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33859841/","journal":"Journal of nutrition and metabolism"},{"pmid":"33898960","disposition":"context","design":"Open-label randomized three-arm fatty-liver trial","population":"74 participants randomized approximately equally.","comparison":"Low-carb high-fat, 5:2 energy restriction and standard lifestyle advice.","protocol":"Twelve weeks; liver fat measured by MR spectroscopy.","findings":"Both intensive diets reduced liver fat and weight more than standard advice; neither clearly outperformed the other. LDL/tolerability favored 5:2 over low-carb high-fat.","limitations":"Different levels of dietary intervention and weight loss may explain effects; short-term liver-fat improvement is not proven prevention of cirrhosis or liver cancer.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Treatment of NAFLD with intermittent calorie restriction or low-carb high-fat diet - a randomised controlled trial.","year":"2021","authors":"Holmer M, Lindqvist C, Petersson S, Moshtaghi-Svensson J, Tillander V, Brismar TB, Hagström H, Stål P.","doi":"10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100256","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33898960/","journal":"JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology"},{"pmid":"33928938","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled firefighter inflammatory-response pilot","population":"13 professional firefighters.","comparison":"Simulated fireground test before versus after timed eating.","protocol":"Eight weeks of 14-hour fasting/ten-hour eating.","findings":"Cortisol and some salivary inflammatory responses fell, but CRP rose.","limitations":"Mixed surrogate outcomes, small sample and no control; cannot label all inflammation reduced. Likely related to the firefighter fitness report and not necessarily independent participants.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time Restricted Feeding Reduces Inflammation and Cortisol Response to a Firegrounds Test in Professional Firefighters.","year":"2021","authors":"McAllister MJ, Gonzalez AE, Waldman HS.","doi":"10.1097/jom.0000000000002169","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33928938/","journal":"Journal of occupational and environmental medicine"},{"pmid":"33955249","disposition":"context","design":"Self-selected diet comparison with randomized arm-exercise component","population":"46 adults; 23 intermittent fasting, 23 free-living diet","comparison":"Two diet groups; bilateral glucose sensors within each participant","protocol":"12–14 days of monitoring","findings":"Body-fat change did not differ by diet. Right-arm sensors read on average 3.7 mg/dL higher than left-arm sensors.","limitations":"Diet assignment was not randomized; primarily a measurement-method study, not a fasting efficacy trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Differences in Glucose Readings Between Right Arm and Left Arm Using a Continuous Glucose Monitor.","year":"2022","authors":"Kawakatsu S, Liu X, Tran B, Tran BP, Manzanero L, Shih E, Shek A, Lim JJ.","doi":"10.1177/19322968211008838","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33955249/","journal":"Journal of diabetes science and technology"},{"pmid":"34041376","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled diabetes biomarker cohort","population":"37 adults with type 2 diabetes.","comparison":"Before, during and after Ramadan.","protocol":"Fetuin-A, weight and glucose-related measurements.","findings":"Weight and glycemic measures improved temporarily then returned toward baseline; fetuin-A was lower four weeks afterward.","limitations":"No control for medication, diet or other changes. Biomarker variation is not established sustained diabetes benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The impact of Ramadan fasting on Fetuin-A level in type 2 diabetes mellitus.","year":"2021","authors":"Harbuwono DS, Sazli BI, Kurniawan F, Darmowidjojo B, Koesnoe S, Tahapary DL.","doi":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06773","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34041376/","journal":"Heliyon"},{"pmid":"34042299","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized exercise-plus-meal-timing trial","population":"21 completers: 11 timed eating and 10 usual eating; mostly women.","comparison":"Noon–8 pm eating versus usual schedule; both received aerobic/resistance training.","protocol":"Eight weeks.","findings":"Timed eating produced greater fat/weight loss; lean tissue increased similarly in both groups. Reported energy intake fell in both.","limitations":"Small completer sample, short duration and self-reported calories; muscle gains cannot be attributed to fasting apart from shared exercise.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-restricted eating and concurrent exercise training reduces fat mass and increases lean mass in overweight and obese adults.","year":"2021","authors":"Kotarsky CJ, Johnson NR, Mahoney SJ, Mitchell SL, Schimek RL, Stastny SN, Hackney KJ.","doi":"10.14814/phy2.14868","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34042299/","journal":"Physiological reports"},{"pmid":"34069449","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized mouse feeding/exercise experiment","population":"Male mice; animal counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Unrestricted feeding, six-hour access immediately after exercise or six-hour access delayed five hours.","protocol":"Eight weeks with run-to-fatigue testing and muscle markers.","findings":"Running performance did not differ; timed-fed groups had lower hindlimb muscle mass and some signaling differences.","limitations":"Mouse model and tissue surrogates; no established human performance or health advantage from delaying food after exercise.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Feeding Time on Markers of Muscle Metabolic Flexibility Following Acute Aerobic Exercise in Trained Mice Undergoing Time Restricted Feeding.","year":"2021","authors":"Persinger A, Butawan M, Faietti M, Pryke A, Rose K, van der Merwe M, Bloomer RJ, Puppa MJ.","doi":"10.3390/nu13051717","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34069449/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"34135111","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm calorie-matching trial","population":"36 lean healthy adults, 12 per arm.","comparison":"Alternate-day 0%/150% intake, daily 75% intake, or alternate-day 0%/200% intake without net restriction.","protocol":"Three weeks.","findings":"Daily restriction lost more fat than equally restricted alternate-day fasting; calorie-balanced fasting did not significantly reduce fat. No clear fasting-specific metabolic benefit emerged.","limitations":"Short small trial in lean adults, but controls separate fasting from energy deficit; cannot generalize all results to obesity or longer regimens.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A randomized controlled trial to isolate the effects of fasting and energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic health in lean adults.","year":"2021","authors":"Templeman I, Smith HA, Chowdhury E, Chen YC, Carroll H, Johnson-Bonson D, Hengist A, Smith R, Creighton J, Clayton D, Varley I, Karagounis LG, Wilhelmsen A, Tsintzas K, Reeves S, Walhin JP, Gonzalez JT, Thompson D, Betts JA.","doi":"10.1126/scitranslmed.abd8034","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34135111/","journal":"Science translational medicine"},{"pmid":"34152528","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm/cohort dose-escalation cancer feasibility trial","population":"13 high-grade glioma patients: 6 newly diagnosed, 7 recurrent.","comparison":"Three cohorts: modified Atkins/MCT diet alone or with low/high metformin; all received radiation.","protocol":"Diet/radiation combination with dose-tolerance assessment.","findings":"Five stopped the metabolic intervention early; highest metformin dose was poorly tolerated. Survival durations were descriptive without a standard-care control.","limitations":"Small heterogeneous cohorts cannot establish synergy or efficacy. No serious event reported does not mean good adherence or absence of tolerability problems.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A Phase I clinical trial of dose-escalated metabolic therapy combined with concomitant radiation therapy in high-grade glioma.","year":"2021","authors":"Porper K, Shpatz Y, Plotkin L, Pechthold RG, Talianski A, Champ CE, Furman O, Shimoni-Sebag A, Symon Z, Amit U, Hemi R, Kanety H, Mardor Y, Cohen ZR, Jan E, Genssin H, Anikster Y, Zach L, Lawrence YR.","doi":"10.1007/s11060-021-03786-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34152528/","journal":"Journal of neuro-oncology"},{"pmid":"34175978","disposition":"context","design":"Nonrandomized KETOCOMP comparative cohort","population":"41 rectal-cancer patients analyzed; 18 ketogenic diet, 23 standard diet","comparison":"One standard-diet group during chemoradiotherapy","protocol":"Diet during radiotherapy","findings":"Some quality-of-life and metabolic measures favored ketogenic eating; about half found daily implementation difficult.","limitations":"Same KETOCOMP rectal cohort as PMID 34233255; not independent survival evidence. Within-arm significance is not necessarily a between-arm difference.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ketogenic diets consumed during radio-chemotherapy have beneficial effects on quality of life and metabolic health in patients with rectal cancer.","year":"2022","authors":"Klement RJ, Meyer D, Kanzler S, Sweeney RA.","doi":"10.1007/s00394-021-02615-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34175978/","journal":"European journal of nutrition"},{"pmid":"34187127","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled nonrandomized cytokine study","population":"50 healthy men: 25 fasting and 25 nonfasting.","comparison":"Fasting group at four times; control at baseline and late Ramadan.","protocol":"18–19-hour summer Ramadan fasts in Germany.","findings":"No significant between-group cytokine differences were detected; some within-fasting-group IL-1beta changes occurred afterward.","limitations":"Likely companion analysis of the same German mood/body-composition cohort; repeated within-group changes do not establish anti-inflammatory benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A prospective controlled study on Ramadan fasting in the healthy young males in summer in Germany: effect on cytokines.","year":"2020","authors":"Ghashang SK, Raha S, Hamdan I, Gutenbrunner C, Nugraha B.","doi":"10.1515/jcim-2019-0209","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34187127/","journal":"Journal of complementary & integrative medicine"},{"pmid":"34191688","disposition":"context","design":"Cross-sectional online/university survey","population":"64 intermittent fasters: 44 women, 20 men","comparison":"Published community and clinical norms; no recruited matched control","protocol":"Self-reported fasting, generally around 16 hours daily","findings":"Eating-disorder symptom scores exceeded community norms; 31.25% reached the questionnaire clinical cutoff.","limitations":"Convenience recruitment and no temporal information: cannot determine whether fasting caused symptoms or attracted people with pre-existing symptoms.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intermittent fasting implementation and association with eating disorder symptomatology.","year":"2022","authors":"Cuccolo K, Kramer R, Petros T, Thoennes M.","doi":"10.1080/10640266.2021.1922145","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34191688/","journal":"Eating disorders"},{"pmid":"34201442","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm app-based timed-eating pilot","population":"50 in run-in; 16 participated in the intervention.","comparison":"Before versus after; no randomized control.","protocol":"Ninety days targeting a ten-hour window.","findings":"Achieved window averaged nearly twelve hours; weight fell about 2.1 kg and systolic pressure about 12 mm Hg. Window adherence averaged 47%.","limitations":"Highly selected small subgroup, no control and incomplete adherence; regression to the mean and less eating may explain changes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A Smartphone Intervention to Promote Time Restricted Eating Reduces Body Weight and Blood Pressure in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Pilot Study.","year":"2021","authors":"Prasad M, Fine K, Gee A, Nair N, Popp CJ, Cheng B, Manoogian ENC, Panda S, Laferrère B.","doi":"10.3390/nu13072148","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34201442/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"34225917","disposition":"context","design":"Autophagy measurement methods report","population":"Mouse circulating white blood cells; no new clinical cohort described.","comparison":"Fasting and leupeptin blockade versus reference assay conditions.","protocol":"Flow-based quantification of LC3 puncta with degradation blocked.","findings":"Describes a method to distinguish autophagic flux from static accumulation.","limitations":"Methods guidance rather than independent evidence of human benefit; tied to prior blood-cell fasting work and cannot establish a human autophagy timetable.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Autophagy assessment in circulating leukocytes.","year":"2021","authors":"Bravo-San Pedro JM, Pietrocola F.","doi":"10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.10.013","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34225917/","journal":"Methods in cell biology"},{"pmid":"34233255","disposition":"context","design":"Nonrandomized controlled rectal-cancer radiotherapy diet study","population":"49 allocated: 24 ketogenic, 25 standard; 18 and 23 completed/analyzed.","comparison":"Ketogenic versus unspecified standard diet during radiotherapy.","protocol":"Weekly impedance measures and exploratory surgical pathology.","findings":"Diet reduced fat/weight after early water loss; some tumor-response comparisons favored ketogenic feeding, but significance depended on analysis population.","limitations":"Attrition, nonrandom allocation and inconsistent abstract wording/P values require full-text verification. KETOCOMP cohort, not proof of survival benefit or universal tumor starvation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of a ketogenic diet intervention during radiotherapy on body composition: IV. Final results of the KETOCOMP study for rectal cancer patients.","year":"2021","authors":"Klement RJ, Koebrunner PS, Meyer D, Kanzler S, Sweeney RA.","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2021.05.015","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34233255/","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)"},{"pmid":"34233941","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm glioma dietary feasibility trial","population":"25 adults with stable grade 2–4 astrocytoma enrolled; 21 completed.","comparison":"No standard-diet control.","protocol":"Eight weeks of two low-calorie days and five modified-Atkins days weekly.","findings":"Ketones rose in blood/urine and both lesional and opposite brain; food-record adherence was 48%. Two grade-3 events (seizure, neutropenia) occurred.","limitations":"Ketones reaching a lesion do not demonstrate its destruction. Concurrent/previous disease treatment and no control prevent efficacy claims; event causation needs full-text assessment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Feasibility and Biological Activity of a Ketogenic/Intermittent-Fasting Diet in Patients With Glioma.","year":"2021","authors":"Schreck KC, Hsu FC, Berrington A, Henry-Barron B, Vizthum D, Blair L, Kossoff EH, Easter L, Whitlow CT, Barker PB, Cervenka MC, Blakeley JO, Strowd RE.","doi":"10.1212/wnl.0000000000012386","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34233941/","journal":"Neurology"},{"pmid":"34274552","disposition":"context","design":"Prespecified secondary analysis of randomized feeding trial","population":"46 women with overweight/obesity from two restricted-energy arms.","comparison":"Intermittent versus continuous restriction, each prescribed 70% energy; acute fasting comparison within IF arm.","protocol":"Eight weeks.","findings":"Despite greater weight loss with intermittent restriction, eating behavior, mood, sleep, quality of life and cognition did not differ between diets.","limitations":"Parent cohort reused across metabolic reports; short duration and selected women without eating disorders cannot establish long-term psychological safety for everyone.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Eight weeks of intermittent fasting versus calorie restriction does not alter eating behaviors, mood, sleep quality, quality of life and cognitive performance in women with overweight.","year":"2021","authors":"Teong XT, Hutchison AT, Liu B, Wittert GA, Lange K, Banks S, Heilbronn LK.","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2021.06.006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34274552/","journal":"Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.)"},{"pmid":"34295305","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled crossover fasting physiology study","population":"20 adults with type 1 diabetes, seven women.","comparison":"Twelve-hour versus 36-hour fasting in the same participants.","protocol":"Sensor glucose, hormones and postfast glucose challenge.","findings":"Hypoglycemia rate per hour did not significantly differ; ketones increased after 36 hours.","limitations":"Small selected monitored cohort; per-hour rates are not cumulative individual risk, and rare ketoacidosis cannot be excluded. Not proof of general unsupervised fasting safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of a Single 36 Hours Prolonged Fasting Period in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes - A Cross-Over Controlled Trial.","year":"2021","authors":"Moser O, Eckstein ML, Mueller A, Tripolt NJ, Yildirim H, Abbas F, Pferschy PN, Goswami N, Aberer F, Obermayer A, Pieber TR, Kojzar H, Sourij C, Brunner M, Niedrist T, Herrmann M, Sourij H.","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2021.656346","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34295305/","journal":"Frontiers in endocrinology"},{"pmid":"34299702","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized counterbalanced crossover exercise trial","population":"12 trained young men.","comparison":"Eight-hour eating window versus usual diet.","protocol":"One- and four-week exercise/body-composition assessments.","findings":"Sprint-test mean power/work improved after four weeks of restricted eating; fat-free mass increased similarly in both conditions.","limitations":"Short small trial, ongoing training and several outcomes; a within-condition improvement is not automatically a robust between-condition advantage. Four weeks is not long-term safety evidence.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding on Supramaximal Exercise Performance and Body Composition: A Randomized and Counterbalanced Crossover Study in Healthy Men.","year":"2021","authors":"Correia JM, Santos I, Pezarat-Correia P, Minderico C, Schoenfeld BJ, Mendonca GV.","doi":"10.3390/ijerph18147227","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34299702/","journal":"International journal of environmental research and public health"},{"pmid":"34330832","disposition":"context","design":"Cancer-cell and animal tumor mechanism experiments","population":"Pancreatic cancer models; sample sizes not in abstract.","comparison":"UGP2 loss versus controls and YAP/TEAD-related experiments.","protocol":"Measured tumor growth, glycogen and protein glycosylation.","findings":"UGP2 supported growth; its loss reduced glycogen and disrupted glycosylation of survival-related proteins including EGFR.","limitations":"Growth effects cannot be assigned solely to glycogen because the enzyme also supports protein modification. No fasting or ketone-treatment trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2, a regulator of glycogen synthesis and glycosylation, is critical for pancreatic cancer growth.","year":"2021","authors":"Wolfe AL, Zhou Q, Toska E, Galeas J, Ku AA, Koche RP, Bandyopadhyay S, Scaltriti M, Lebrilla CB, McCormick F, Kim SE.","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2103592118","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34330832/","journal":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"pmid":"34348966","disposition":"context","design":"Laboratory and preclinical breast-cancer mechanism study","population":"Tumor-repopulating and differentiated breast-cancer models; counts not stated.","comparison":"Hypoxia versus reference conditions, PCK1 targeting and paclitaxel combinations.","protocol":"Followed carbon pathways, oxidative balance and tumor growth.","findings":"Hypoxic repopulating cells used gluconeogenic carbon through glycogen-related pathways; targeting PCK1 enhanced paclitaxel effects in models.","limitations":"Mechanism was absent in differentiated tumor cells. Nutrient-pathway targeting is not equivalent to whole-body fasting or proof that all cells depend on glycogen.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Hypoxia Promotes Breast Cancer Cell Growth by Activating a Glycogen Metabolic Program.","year":"2021","authors":"Tang K, Zhu L, Chen J, Wang D, Zeng L, Chen C, Tang L, Zhou L, Wei K, Zhou Y, Lv J, Liu Y, Zhang H, Ma J, Huang B.","doi":"10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0753","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34348966/","journal":"Cancer research"},{"pmid":"34371933","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized acute dinner-timing crossover trial","population":"12 healthy adults: 2 men and 10 women.","comparison":"Dinner at 6 pm versus 9 pm.","protocol":"Three-day conditions, with final two mornings/days analyzed.","findings":"Earlier dinner lowered average 24-hour glucose and altered next-morning fuel oxidation.","limitations":"Very short small study; no lasting weight, diabetes or cardiovascular outcomes, and timing relative to sleep may matter.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Eating Dinner Early Improves 24-h Blood Glucose Levels and Boosts Lipid Metabolism after Breakfast the Next Day: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial.","year":"2021","authors":"Nakamura K, Tajiri E, Hatamoto Y, Ando T, Shimoda S, Yoshimura E.","doi":"10.3390/nu13072424","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34371933/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"34407566","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled fasting physiology study in neuromuscular disease","population":"Ten people with spinal muscular atrophy type II (four adolescents, six adults) and eight healthy adults.","comparison":"Disease versus healthy control group during fasting.","protocol":"Up to 24 hours or stopping for hypoglycemia.","findings":"All disease participants developed substantial ketosis and 60% had low glucose/symptoms; bicarbonate fell, unlike healthy controls.","limitations":"Small disease-specific sample but direct evidence of hazardous fasting responses; low muscle mass may contribute, and healthy-adult findings cannot be generalized.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Prolonged fasting-induced hyperketosis, hypoglycaemia and impaired fat oxidation in child and adult patients with spinal muscular atrophy type II.","year":"2021","authors":"Ørngreen MC, Andersen AG, Eisum AS, Hald EJ, Raaschou-Pedersen DE, Løkken N, Høi-Hansen CE, Vissing J, Born AP, van Hall G.","doi":"10.1111/apa.16074","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34407566/","journal":"Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)"},{"pmid":"34439167","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm phase-I/II cancer feasibility study","population":"90 patients with solid/hematologic cancers selected for low nutritional risk.","comparison":"No concurrent standard-diet control.","protocol":"Five-day fasting-mimicking cycles every three to four weeks, average 6.3 cycles alongside treatment.","findings":"Weight and grip strength remained broadly stable; several body-composition and growth-factor measures changed favorably, with mainly mild reported side effects.","limitations":"Selection excludes many nutritionally vulnerable patients. No controlled tumor-response or survival proof; biomarker changes and feasibility are different outcomes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Safety and Feasibility of Fasting-Mimicking Diet and Effects on Nutritional Status and Circulating Metabolic and Inflammatory Factors in Cancer Patients Undergoing Active Treatment.","year":"2021","authors":"Valdemarin F, Caffa I, Persia A, Cremonini AL, Ferrando L, Tagliafico L, Tagliafico A, Guijarro A, Carbone F, Ministrini S, Bertolotto M, Becherini P, Bonfiglio T, Giannotti C, Khalifa A, Ghanem M, Cea M, Sucameli M, Murialdo R, Barbero V, Gradaschi R, Bruzzone F, Borgarelli C, Lambertini M, Vernieri C, Zoppoli G, Longo VD, Montecucco F, Sukkar SG, Nencioni A.","doi":"10.3390/cancers13164013","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34439167/","journal":"Cancers"},{"pmid":"34458297","disposition":"context","design":"Self-selected online cancer-patient survey","population":"96 submissions, 94 analyzed; 77 women and 17 men in the analyzed demographic counts.","comparison":"No control or prospective baseline; people already using low-carb/ketogenic diets.","protocol":"Retrospective reports of diet experience during cancer care.","findings":"69% reported better quality of life and many described adherence as easy.","limitations":"Strong selection, recall and survivor bias; self-reported improvement cannot establish causation, general tolerability or anticancer efficacy.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Implementation of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet Improves the Quality of Life of Cancer Patients - An Online Survey.","year":"2021","authors":"Tulipan J, Kofler B.","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2021.661253","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34458297/","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition"},{"pmid":"34459685","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Full correspondence checked: commentary on Ghahremani’s ovarian-cell experiment, not a new study. It raises cell-mixture and model limitations; do not count as an independent experiment.","access":"Original full correspondence checked at PubMed Central, PMC9066362.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Long-Term Glucose Restriction with or without Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Enrichment Distinctively Alters Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Related Signaling in Ovarian Cancer Cells.","year":"2022","authors":"Scalise CB, Norian L, Demark-Wahnefried W.","doi":"10.1080/01635581.2021.1971268","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34459685/","journal":"Nutrition and cancer"},{"pmid":"34480113","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Rat spinal-cord-injury study of metformin; the fasting match is a staining-term error. No fasting intervention or cancer outcome.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Metformin promotes microglial cells to facilitate myelin debris clearance and accelerate nerve repairment after spinal cord injury.","year":"2022","authors":"Wu YQ, Xiong J, He ZL, Yuan Y, Wang BN, Xu JY, Wu M, Zhang SS, Cai SF, Zhao JX, Xu K, Zhang HY, Xiao J.","doi":"10.1038/s41401-021-00759-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34480113/","journal":"Acta pharmacologica Sinica"},{"pmid":"34487222","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary analysis of ERGO2 randomized trial","population":"50 recurrent brain-tumor patients randomized 25/25; 20 completed diet intervention","comparison":"Ketogenic diet plus fasting versus standard diet, both with re-irradiation","protocol":"3 days calorie-restricted ketogenic diet, 3 days fasting, 3 further diet days","findings":"Parent trial did not improve progression-free survival. Metabolic markers changed, but quality of life and cognition did not; low glucose correlated with prognosis in exploratory responders.","limitations":"Same ERGO2 cohort, not a new efficacy trial. Controls ate fewer calories than expected; responder analysis cannot reverse the negative primary result.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Short-term fasting in glioma patients: analysis of diet diaries and metabolic parameters of the ERGO2 trial.","year":"2022","authors":"Voss M, Wenger KJ, von Mettenheim N, Bojunga J, Vetter M, Diehl B, Franz K, Gerlach R, Ronellenfitsch MW, Harter PN, Hattingen E, Steinbach JP, Rödel C, Rieger J.","doi":"10.1007/s00394-021-02666-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34487222/","journal":"European journal of nutrition"},{"pmid":"34578819","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized crossover endurance-athlete trial","population":"Trained male runners; sample size absent from abstract.","comparison":"Eight-hour versus twelve-hour eating window with similar reported training/intake.","protocol":"Four weeks per condition.","findings":"Small fat-mass reduction was reported with restricted eating; lean mass and 10-km performance did not significantly change.","limitations":"Short trial and borderline fat result; no demonstrated performance improvement or long-term health benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Four Weeks of 16/8 Time Restrictive Feeding in Endurance Trained Male Runners Decreases Fat Mass, without Affecting Exercise Performance.","year":"2021","authors":"Tovar AP, Richardson CE, Keim NL, Van Loan MD, Davis BA, Casazza GA.","doi":"10.3390/nu13092941","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34578819/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"34584218","disposition":"context","design":"Patient-derived xenograft and human-tissue metabolic study","population":"Prostate tumor xenografts, matched donor tissue and public patient datasets; sample counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Before versus after androgen deprivation/castration-resistant progression.","protocol":"Measured fatty acids, ketones and ketone-use enzyme expression.","findings":"Relapsed tumors showed altered ketone-related metabolism; enzyme-expression patterns also associated with poorer clinical outcomes in subsets.","limitations":"Association and enzyme expression do not directly quantify fuel flux or prove ketogenic diets accelerate disease; no patient diet intervention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Prostate cancer castrate resistant progression usage of non-canonical androgen receptor signaling and ketone body fuel.","year":"2021","authors":"Labanca E, Bizzotto J, Sanchis P, Anselmino N, Yang J, Shepherd PDA, Paez A, Antico-Arciuch V, Lage-Vickers S, Hoang AG, Tang X, Raso MG, Titus M, Efstathiou E, Cotignola J, Araujo J, Logothetis C, Vazquez E, Navone N, Gueron G.","doi":"10.1038/s41388-021-02008-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34584218/","journal":"Oncogene"},{"pmid":"34619991","disposition":"context","design":"Original observational blood-pressure cohort plus meta-analysis","population":"85 new LORANS participants; pooled review included 33 studies/3,213 participants.","comparison":"Before versus after Ramadan; observational pooled studies rather than randomized nonfasting assignment.","protocol":"Blood-pressure measurements around Ramadan.","findings":"New cohort pressure fell about 7.3/3.4 mm Hg; pooled reductions were smaller, about 3.2/2.3 mm Hg.","limitations":"Keep new and pooled participants distinct and avoid double-counting included studies. Lifestyle changes and measurement timing can confound effects; no cardiovascular-event proof.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of Religious Fasting in Ramadan on Blood Pressure: Results From LORANS (London Ramadan Study) and a Meta-Analysis.","year":"2021","authors":"Al-Jafar R, Zografou Themeli M, Zaman S, Akbar S, Lhoste V, Khamliche A, Elliott P, Tsilidis KK, Dehghan A.","doi":"10.1161/jaha.120.021560","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34619991/","journal":"Journal of the American Heart Association"},{"pmid":"34620199","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized controlled timed-eating diabetes trial","population":"120 adults with type 2 diabetes and overweight, 60 per arm.","comparison":"8 am–6 pm eating versus control.","protocol":"Twelve weeks.","findings":"Restricted eating improved HbA1c, weight, medication score and selected lipid/quality-of-life outcomes relative to control.","limitations":"No equally calorie-restricted active comparator; weight/intake and medication changes can mediate results. Short-term lipid improvements are not observed cardiovascular-event reduction.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-restricted feeding improves blood glucose and insulin sensitivity in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial.","year":"2021","authors":"Che T, Yan C, Tian D, Zhang X, Liu X, Wu Z.","doi":"10.1186/s12986-021-00613-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34620199/","journal":"Nutrition & metabolism"},{"pmid":"34624324","disposition":"context","design":"Cell neurotoxicity and animal fasting experiments","population":"APP/amyloid cell models and paraquat-exposed animals; species/count details incomplete in abstract.","comparison":"High amyloid burden versus controls; intermittent fasting versus reference feeding in toxicity model.","protocol":"Measured clearance, cell death and regional brain injury.","findings":"Autophagy remained functional despite simultaneous cell death; fasting reduced selected injury measures in some brain regions.","limitations":"More autophagy may be insufficient when damage generation exceeds clearance. Experimental toxin/amyloid models do not establish human Alzheimer therapy or cancer clearance.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Neurons die with heightened but functional macro- and chaperone mediated autophagy upon increased amyloid-ß induced toxicity with region-specific protection in prolonged intermittent fasting.","year":"2021","authors":"Ntsapi CM, Loos B.","doi":"10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112840","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34624324/","journal":"Experimental cell research"},{"pmid":"34649266","disposition":"context","design":"Small randomized long-term training/diet trial","population":"20 healthy resistance-trained men.","comparison":"Eight-hour afternoon/evening eating versus three meals spread over the day; both trained.","protocol":"Twelve months, with calories/macronutrients matched only at baseline.","findings":"Timed-eating participants later ate less, lost fat and improved several markers; testosterone and IGF-1 were lower.","limitations":"Spontaneous calorie reduction confounds fasting-specific effects; very small selected sample and many biomarkers, with possible continuity from earlier training study.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Twelve Months of Time-restricted Eating and Resistance Training Improves Inflammatory Markers and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors.","year":"2021","authors":"Moro T, Tinsley G, Pacelli FQ, Marcolin G, Bianco A, Paoli A.","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000002738","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34649266/","journal":"Medicine and science in sports and exercise"},{"pmid":"34678143","disposition":"context","design":"Human disease/model and genetic liver-tumor experiments","population":"Human glycogen-storage conditions and mouse/cell models; counts not in abstract.","comparison":"Glycogen-accumulating enzyme deficiencies versus controls; increased/decreased glycogen manipulations.","protocol":"Studied glycogen condensates, Hippo/YAP signaling and tumor initiation.","findings":"Stored glycogen altered signaling complexes and promoted tumor initiation; reducing accumulation prevented growth/incidence in tested models.","limitations":"Glycogen acted as a signaling structure, not merely fuel. Prevention of experimental initiation is not evidence fasting eliminates established human tumors.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glycogen accumulation and phase separation drives liver tumor initiation.","year":"2021","authors":"Liu Q, Li J, Zhang W, Xiao C, Zhang S, Nian C, Li J, Su D, Chen L, Zhao Q, Shao H, Zhao H, Chen Q, Li Y, Geng J, Hong L, Lin S, Wu Q, Deng X, Ke R, Ding J, Johnson RL, Liu X, Chen L, Zhou D.","doi":"10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34678143/","journal":"Cell"},{"pmid":"34692477","disposition":"context","design":"Public-dataset analysis with mouse proof-of-concept","population":"Over 10,000 tumor samples across 33 cancers, nearly 1,000 cell lines and liver-cancer xenografts.","comparison":"Four expression-based metabolic subtypes; ketogenic response tested in selected mouse models.","protocol":"Combined glycolysis/ketone-pathway classification and prognosis analyses.","findings":"Subtypes differed in prognosis and model diet response; authors proposed a predictor of ketogenic sensitivity.","limitations":"Tumor samples are not a randomized patient diet trial. Prediction remains exploratory and requires prospective clinical validation; literature-based validation can reuse prior evidence.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Pan-Cancer Analysis of Glycolytic and Ketone Bodies Metabolic Genes: Implications for Response to Ketogenic Dietary Therapy.","year":"2021","authors":"Qian L, Li Y, Cao Y, Meng G, Peng J, Li H, Wang Y, Xu T, Zhang L, Sun B, Li B, Yu D.","doi":"10.3389/fonc.2021.689068","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34692477/","journal":"Frontiers in oncology"},{"pmid":"34695513","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled mouse/cardiomyocyte hormone experiment","population":"Male mice and neonatal heart cells; sample sizes absent.","comparison":"CGRP injection versus saline under fed/fasted conditions; cell experiments.","protocol":"Acute measurements up to 60 minutes after 100 micrograms/kg CGRP.","findings":"CGRP suppressed measured cardiac autophagic flux, including the fasting response, through signaling pathways.","limitations":"Shows hormonal/tissue dependence, not a fixed human autophagy clock. No clinical fasting benefit, cancer outcome or long-term safety tested.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide exerts inhibitory effects on autophagy in the heart of mice.","year":"2021","authors":"Schavinski AZ, Machado J, Morgan HJN, Lautherbach N, Paula-Gomes S, Kettelhut IC, Navegantes LCC.","doi":"10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170677","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34695513/","journal":"Peptides"},{"pmid":"34728820","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Indexed as a commentary on glycogen phase separation and liver cancer; not a new original experiment or participant cohort.","access":"Original bibliographic record and publication type checked; full commentary unavailable.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glycogen phase separation and liver cancer.","year":"2021","authors":"Hindson J.","doi":"10.1038/s41575-021-00548-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34728820/","journal":"Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology"},{"pmid":"34746838","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized parallel trial","population":"30 healthy adults; 15 per arm","comparison":"Two arms: sprint training after ≥10-hour fast versus within 3 hours of food","protocol":"Three sessions weekly for 6 weeks","findings":"Fitness improved similarly in both groups; insulin sensitivity did not improve. Blood pressure fell within the fasted group.","limitations":"A significant change in one arm alone does not establish a significant difference between arms; small, short study.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Comparison of physiological and clinical markers for chronic sprint-interval training exercise performed either in the fasted or fed states among healthy adults.","year":"2021","authors":"Tan V, Lim I, Tan PT, Tan F, Aziz AR.","doi":"10.1016/j.crphys.2021.09.003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34746838/","journal":"Current research in physiology"},{"pmid":"34763309","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized open-label two-arm trial","population":"Women aged 40–65 with overweight or large waist; count absent from abstract","comparison":"Both prescribed 1,400 kcal/day; 8-hour eating window versus unrestricted timing","protocol":"8 weeks","findings":"Weight loss was greater with time restriction (4.1% versus 2.4%), but fasting glucose and estimated insulin resistance increased within that group; several lipid/insulin comparisons were null.","limitations":"Short duration; exact between-group estimates and participant flow need full text. Weight loss did not consistently imply improved metabolic markers.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of time-restricted feeding on body composition and cardio-metabolic risk in middle-aged women in Taiwan.","year":"2022","authors":"Lin YJ, Wang YT, Chan LC, Chu NF.","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2021.111504","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34763309/","journal":"Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)"},{"pmid":"34783271","disposition":"context","design":"Tumor tissue analysis and cell experiments","population":"Human bile-duct cancer tissue and cancer cells; counts absent from abstract","comparison":"Paired non-tumor tissue; GYS2 overexpression and silencing comparisons","protocol":"Measured glycogen-synthesis enzyme expression and manipulated GYS2","findings":"Lower GYS2 predicted worse outcomes; increasing it reduced cancer-cell growth and invasion, potentially through p53.","limitations":"This runs against a universal claim that glycogen synthesis promotes cancer; gene effects are not proof of dietary effects. No fasting intervention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Value of glycogen synthase 2 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma prognosis assessment and its influence on the activity of cancer cells.","year":"2021","authors":"A S, Wu H, Wang X, Wang X, Yang J, Xia L, Xia Y.","doi":"10.1080/21655979.2021.2005224","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34783271/","journal":"Bioengineered"},{"pmid":"34809475","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized pump-management pilot","population":"30 low/moderate-risk adults with type 1 diabetes","comparison":"Basal insulin adjustment alone versus additional pump features","protocol":"Ramadan","findings":"Additional features improved time in glucose range and reduced high-glucose exposure; low-glucose time did not differ.","limitations":"Medication/device management, not fasting benefit. Abstract labels change from 63% to 76% as 27 percentage points, an arithmetic inconsistency requiring full-text checking.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Alternate Insulin Pump Settings in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes During Ramadan: A Randomized Pilot Study.","year":"2023","authors":"AlGhatam G, O'Keeffe D, Taha H.","doi":"10.1177/19322968211059217","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34809475/","journal":"Journal of diabetes science and technology"},{"pmid":"34836217","disposition":"context","design":"Cross-sectional observational comparison","population":"400 adults: 200 lifelong Orthodox fasters, 200 non-fasters","comparison":"One non-fasting comparison group","protocol":"Periodic avoidance of certain foods, mainly animal foods, for roughly half the year","findings":"Fasters reported lower energy and multiple nutrient intakes; blood measurements generally did not mirror these differences.","limitations":"This is food-type restriction, not necessarily going without calories. Self-selection and dietary recall limit causal conclusions.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Periodic Religious Fasting for Decades on Nutrient Intakes and the Blood Biochemical Profile.","year":"2021","authors":"Petridou A, Rodopaios NE, Mougios V, Koulouri AA, Vasara E, Papadopoulou SK, Skepastianos P, Hassapidou M, Kafatos A.","doi":"10.3390/nu13113963","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34836217/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"34857213","disposition":"context","design":"Nonrandomized nutrition intervention","population":"60 adults with type 2 diabetes; 38 structured nutrition, 22 usual care","comparison":"Two self-selected groups, both during Ramadan","protocol":"8 weeks; structured plan included a diabetes-specific formula","findings":"Structured nutrition improved dietary adequacy; formula adherence and fiber intake were associated with better glucose measures.","limitations":"Tests a nutrition-support package during fasting, not fasting versus eating normally; self-selection and multiple dietary changes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Changes in dietary intake improve glycemic control following a structured nutrition therapy during Ramadan in individuals with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2021","authors":"Mohd Yusof BN, Hasbullah FY, Mohd Shahar AS, Omar N, Abu Zaid Z, Mukhtar F, Liu RXY, Marczewska A, Hamdy O.","doi":"10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.09.738","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34857213/","journal":"Clinical nutrition ESPEN"},{"pmid":"34959959","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary analysis of WONDERFUL randomized trial","population":"71 participants; 38 fasting, 33 controls","comparison":"Water-only fasting versus unrestricted eating","protocol":"24-hour fasts twice weekly for 4 weeks, then weekly for 22 weeks","findings":"Insulin reductions were larger among fasting participants with higher baseline red-cell distribution width; interaction P=.039. The red-cell measure itself did not change significantly.","limitations":"Exploratory subgroup analysis of an existing trial; not an independent replication or proof that this blood test should guide fasting.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Preferential Metabolic Improvement by Intermittent Fasting in People with Elevated Baseline Red Cell Distribution Width: A Secondary Analysis of the WONDERFUL Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2021","authors":"Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, May HT, Le VT, Bair TL, Bennett ST, Knowlton KU, Anderson JL.","doi":"10.3390/nu13124407","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34959959/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"35034194","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm trial","population":"24 physically active men completed","comparison":"Fasting-mimicking diet versus normal diet","protocol":"Three diet cycles; follow-up 7–10 days after third cycle","findings":"Body mass initially fell by 2.6 kg with the fasting-mimicking diet; measured muscle volume and force production did not differ significantly.","limitations":"Small healthy male sample; absence of detected harm does not establish safety in frailty, sarcopenia or cancer.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Fasting-Mimicking-Diet does not reduce skeletal muscle function in healthy young adults: a randomized control trial.","year":"2022","authors":"Nardon M, Venturelli M, Ruzzante F, Longo VD, Bertucco M.","doi":"10.1007/s00421-021-04867-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35034194/","journal":"European journal of applied physiology"},{"pmid":"35050952","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm trial","population":"101 adults with overweight/obesity and prediabetes; 34 alternate-day fasting, 33 time restriction, 34 controls","comparison":"Two fasting schedules versus control","protocol":"3-week intervention; 3-month follow-up","findings":"Both fasting groups improved weight and some glucose/lipid measures; alternate-day fasting produced greater weight loss than the 8-hour eating window.","limitations":"Absolute effects, energy intake and detailed control instructions absent from abstract; diabetes and cardiovascular events were not measured.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intermittent Fasting in Weight Loss and Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2022","authors":"Chair SY, Cai H, Cao X, Qin Y, Cheng HY, Ng MT.","doi":"10.1097/jnr.0000000000000469","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35050952/","journal":"The journal of nursing research : JNR"},{"pmid":"35087416","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized crossover trial","population":"13 enrolled, 11 completed; healthy lean adults","comparison":"Within-person comparison: one evening meal versus three meals","protocol":"11 days per diet; intended equal calories for weight maintenance","findings":"Weight fell 1.4 versus 0.5 kg and fat mass 0.7 versus 0.1 kg; exercise fat oxidation increased without detected performance impairment.","limitations":"Very small and brief; intended equal calories did not yield stable weight. Fat oxidation is not evidence of long-term disease prevention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Differential Effects of One Meal per Day in the Evening on Metabolic Health and Physical Performance in Lean Individuals.","year":"2021","authors":"Meessen ECE, Andresen H, van Barneveld T, van Riel A, Johansen EI, Kolnes AJ, Kemper EM, Olde Damink SWM, Schaap FG, Romijn JA, Jensen J, Soeters MR.","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2021.771944","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35087416/","journal":"Frontiers in physiology"},{"pmid":"35102374","disposition":"context","design":"Cross-sectional cohort analysis","population":"1,047 community-dwelling adults aged ≥65","comparison":"Three categories of habitual overnight fasting","protocol":"Diet-history assessment in Seniors-ENRICA-2","findings":"Longer fasting was not associated with better biomarkers; HDL was 2.94 mg/dL lower in longest versus shortest category (95% CI −4.80 to −1.09).","limitations":"Observational; illness and meal skipping can confound. Indexed abstract corrupts the longest-category threshold; verify full text before quoting it.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Association of prolonged nightly fasting with cardiovascular, renal, inflammation, and nutritional status biomarkers in community-dwelling older adults.","year":"2022","authors":"Estrada-deLeón DB, Struijk EA, Caballero FF, Ortolá R, Guallar-Castillón P, Banegas JR, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Lopez-Garcia E.","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/nqac021","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35102374/","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition"},{"pmid":"35150045","disposition":"context","design":"Human tumor association and cell/animal experiments","population":"Lung adenocarcinoma samples and laboratory models; counts not in abstract","comparison":"Gene knockdown, overexpression and phosphorylase-inhibition comparisons","protocol":"Investigated vWF–PI3K/AKT–PHKG1 signaling and glycogen breakdown","findings":"Glycogen breakdown supported metastasis in the studied models; inhibiting PHKG1 or phosphorylase reduced metastasis.","limitations":"Supports a specific metabolic target, not universal glycogen dependence or a fasting treatment. No human dietary intervention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Lung adenocarcinoma-derived vWF promotes tumor metastasis by regulating PHKG1-mediated glycogen metabolism.","year":"2022","authors":"Gu J, Qi Y, Lu Y, Tao Q, Yu D, Jiang C, Liu J, Liang X.","doi":"10.1111/cas.15298","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35150045/","journal":"Cancer science"},{"pmid":"35176134","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized crossover treatment trial","population":"17 adults with type 1 diabetes","comparison":"Mini-dose glucagon versus oral glucose for low blood sugar","protocol":"Two 2-week periods during Ramadan","findings":"Glucagon corrected fasting-related low blood sugar more effectively and improved time in target range.","limitations":"Tests rescue treatment, not fasting benefit. The need for treatment itself documents fasting-related hypoglycemia.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Home Use of Mini-Dose Glucagon As a Novel Treatment for Hypoglycemia Following Repeated, Prolonged Fasts in Type 1 Diabetes During Ramadan.","year":"2022","authors":"Algeffari M, Hussain S, Almogbel T, Alsharidah M, Alghadouni H, Mahmood F.","doi":"10.2337/dc21-1655","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35176134/","journal":"Diabetes care"},{"pmid":"35194047","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm trial","population":"90 randomized, 82 analyzed: 28 early window, 26 midday window, 28 controls","comparison":"Early and midday time-restricted eating versus control","protocol":"5 weeks in adults without obesity","findings":"Early timing improved insulin sensitivity more than midday timing; several other metabolic measures also favored early timing. No serious adverse events reported.","limitations":"Short duration and completer analysis; no disease events or long-term safety. Exact eating windows/effect sizes require full text.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Randomized controlled trial for time-restricted eating in healthy volunteers without obesity.","year":"2022","authors":"Xie Z, Sun Y, Ye Y, Hu D, Zhang H, He Z, Zhao H, Yang H, Mao Y.","doi":"10.1038/s41467-022-28662-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35194047/","journal":"Nature communications"},{"pmid":"35204263","disposition":"context","design":"Mouse and kidney-cell experiments","population":"Diabetic db/db mice and proximal-tubule cells; counts absent from abstract","comparison":"Normal chow, high-fat diet, ketogenic diet; cell-treatment comparisons","protocol":"Kidney markers at 5 weeks and metabolism at 9 weeks","findings":"Ketogenic diet reduced kidney injury measures without a significant glucose difference; beta-hydroxybutyrate increased cell autophagy measures and reduced oxidative stress.","limitations":"Animal/cell mechanism, not evidence of human kidney protection or a human fasting-autophagy timetable.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"3-Hydroxybutyrate Ameliorates the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy.","year":"2022","authors":"Jung J, Park WY, Kim YJ, Kim M, Choe M, Jin K, Seo JH, Ha E.","doi":"10.3390/antiox11020381","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35204263/","journal":"Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"pmid":"35239165","disposition":"context","design":"Regional subgroup of observational ORION study","population":"222 adults with type 2 diabetes in four Gulf countries","comparison":"Before/during/after Ramadan; no concurrent treatment or non-fasting control","protocol":"Insulin glargine 300 U/mL use","findings":"One participant had documented symptomatic hypoglycemia during Ramadan; HbA1c decreased about 0.51 percentage points.","limitations":"Medication-management evidence; selected treated participants and non-comparative design cannot establish fasting benefit. Shares parent ORION registry with other reports.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Safety and Effectiveness of Insulin Glargine 300 U/mL in Participants with Type 2 Diabetes Who Fast During Ramadan in The Gulf Region: A Subgroup Analysis of the Real-World ORION Study.","year":"2022","authors":"Malik RA, Elhadd T, Alattar A, Al Shaikh A, Al Randi M, Arora R, Al-Sifri S, Akil Y, Magdy A, Naqvi M, Hassanein M.","doi":"10.1007/s13300-022-01225-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35239165/","journal":"Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders"},{"pmid":"35282464","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary analysis of pilot randomized trial","population":"50 adolescents enrolled; 43 had sensor and dietary data","comparison":"Late time-restricted eating versus longer eating window","protocol":"12 weeks; NCT03954223","findings":"Sensor wear was feasible, but glucose variability and profiles did not improve versus control.","limitations":"Pilot size; same parent trial, not a separate cohort. Results do not establish efficacy or broad safety in adolescents.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Adolescents With Obesity: Monitoring of Glucose Profiles, Glycemic Excursions, and Adherence to Time Restricted Eating Programs.","year":"2022","authors":"Naguib MN, Hegedus E, Raymond JK, Goran MI, Salvy SJ, Wee CP, Durazo-Arvizu R, Moss L, Vidmar AP.","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2022.841838","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35282464/","journal":"Frontiers in endocrinology"},{"pmid":"35286607","disposition":"context","design":"Regional subgroup of observational ORION study","population":"106 adults with type 2 diabetes in India/Pakistan","comparison":"Before/during/after Ramadan; no concurrent control","protocol":"Glargine treatment, with a modest dose reduction during Ramadan","findings":"One symptomatic documented low-glucose event occurred during Ramadan; HbA1c and fasting glucose declined, while self-monitored glucose increased slightly.","limitations":"Regional subset of ORION, not independent fasting efficacy evidence; changing insulin dose and participant selection affect interpretation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A Real-World Observational Study of Gla-300 in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Who Fast During Ramadan in the South Asia Region: A Subgroup Analysis of the ORION Study.","year":"2022","authors":"Hassanein M, Sahay R, Hasan MI, Hussain A, Mittal V, Mohammed R, Shaikh Z, Farishta F, Mohanasundaram S, Naqvi M, Nair A, Ali Z.","doi":"10.1007/s13300-022-01234-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35286607/","journal":"Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders"},{"pmid":"35307861","disposition":"context","design":"Cell and mouse pancreatic-cancer experiments","population":"Pancreatic cancer cells and mouse tumors; numbers absent from abstract","comparison":"HMGCL depletion and beta-hydroxybutyrate exposure versus experimental controls","protocol":"Examined tumor ketone production and use","findings":"Tumors could use ketones; disrupting HMGCL reduced growth, while beta-hydroxybutyrate increased liver dissemination in the studied models.","limitations":"Directly challenges universal inability of cancer to use ketones, but does not establish that ketogenic diets worsen pancreatic cancer in humans.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ketogenic HMG-CoA lyase and its product β-hydroxybutyrate promote pancreatic cancer progression.","year":"2022","authors":"Gouirand V, Gicquel T, Lien EC, Jaune-Pons E, Da Costa Q, Finetti P, Metay E, Duluc C, Mayers JR, Audebert S, Camoin L, Borge L, Rubis M, Leca J, Nigri J, Bertucci F, Dusetti N, Iovanna JL, Tomasini R, Bidaut G, Guillaumond F, Vander Heiden MG, Vasseur S.","doi":"10.15252/embj.2021110466","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35307861/","journal":"The EMBO journal"},{"pmid":"35338353","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary metabolomics analysis of CAPS2 randomized diet trial","population":"Men with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer; analysis count absent from abstract","comparison":"Low-carbohydrate diet versus usual care","protocol":"6 months; serum sampled at baseline, 3 and 6 months","findings":"Higher ketones and some other metabolites correlated with longer PSA doubling time.","limitations":"Exploratory correlations from an existing trial; PSA kinetics are a surrogate. Does not prove ketones caused slower cancer growth or improved survival.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Serum metabolomic analysis of men on a low-carbohydrate diet for biochemically recurrent prostate cancer reveals the potential role of ketogenesis to slow tumor growth: a secondary analysis of the CAPS2 diet trial.","year":"2022","authors":"Chi JT, Lin PH, Tolstikov V, Howard L, Chen EY, Bussberg V, Greenwood B, Narain NR, Kiebish MA, Freedland SJ.","doi":"10.1038/s41391-022-00525-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35338353/","journal":"Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases"},{"pmid":"35372458","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled prospective Ramadan cohort","population":"57 adults with overweight/obesity; 6 normal-weight reference participants","comparison":"Before/after fasting; reference participants only established gene-expression levels","protocol":"One Ramadan month","findings":"Weight and several metabolic/inflammatory markers improved; blood FTO expression decreased.","limitations":"Reference participants were not a concurrent intervention control. Gene-expression changes cannot establish a protective mechanism or lasting benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ramadan Diurnal Intermittent Fasting Is Associated With Attenuated FTO Gene Expression in Subjects With Overweight and Obesity: A Prospective Cohort Study.","year":"2021","authors":"Madkour MI, Malhab LJB, Abdel-Rahman WM, Abdelrahim DN, Saber-Ayad M, Faris ME.","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2021.741811","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35372458/","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition"},{"pmid":"35386939","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective observational pregnancy cohort","population":"89 recruited; reported diabetes-type counts total only 56","comparison":"Before/during/after Ramadan; diabetes-type subgroups","protocol":"Glucose monitoring and fructosamine/HbA1c measurements","findings":"Fructosamine declined most in gestational diabetes.","limitations":"Participant-flow discrepancy needs full text. A biomarker change cannot establish maternal or fetal safety; no non-fasting control or adequate pregnancy-outcome assessment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Fructosamine as an Index of Short-Term Glycemic Control in Pregnant Women with Diabetes: Before, During and After Ramadan.","year":"2022","authors":"Ekhzaimy A, Alkatari S, AlMaatouq M, Alotaibi D, Aljasser S, Aseeri A, Jammah A, Mujammami M, Fouda M, Alfadda AA, Sulaimani R.","doi":"10.2147/ijwh.s351654","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35386939/","journal":"International journal of women's health"},{"pmid":"35398820","disposition":"context","design":"Indonesian subgroup of observational DIA-RAMADAN study","population":"198 adults with type 2 diabetes","comparison":"Before/after Ramadan; no comparator treatment or non-fasting group","protocol":"Established gliclazide modified-release use","findings":"Two participants reported symptomatic hypoglycemia; HbA1c and fasting glucose did not change significantly; weight fell 0.4 kg.","limitations":"Drug-management cohort, not proof of fasting efficacy or safety for all patients; shares a parent study with other regional reports.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Indonesia DIA-RAMADAN Study: A Real-life, Prospective and Observational of Gliclazide MR in Type-2 Diabetes Patients During Ramadan Fasting.","year":"2022","authors":"Soelistijo SA, Aman AM, Zufry H, Pranoto A, Rudijanto A, Hassanien M.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35398820/","journal":"Acta medica Indonesiana"},{"pmid":"35425930","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled mouse pancreatic-cancer experiments","population":"KPC pancreatic-cancer mouse models. Diet-only survival: 14 mice per arm. Pooled diet-plus-chemotherapy comparison: 31 standard-diet and 35 ketogenic-diet mice; separate spontaneous-tumor comparison: 5 versus 4.","comparison":"Standard versus ketogenic diet, with and without chemotherapy; separate immune-deficient experiments.","protocol":"Sixteen-hour fast before diet allocation; gemcitabine, nab-paclitaxel and cisplatin on days 4 and 7. Metabolic tracer experiments used separate assay-specific samples.","findings":"Tumors burned more ketones on ketogenic diet. Diet alone did not slow growth or extend survival; combined with chemotherapy it increased the average survival gain from 5.8 to 16 days in the pooled mouse experiments.","limitations":"Mouse results do not establish patient survival benefit. The proposed combination worked despite ketone utilization, not because all tumor cells were unable to use ketones; patent/commercial interests were disclosed.","access":"Original results, animal methods and main figure denominators checked; all supplements and independent review not completed.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ketogenic diet and chemotherapy combine to disrupt pancreatic cancer metabolism and growth.","year":"2022","authors":"Yang L, TeSlaa T, Ng S, Nofal M, Wang L, Lan T, Zeng X, Cowan A, McBride M, Lu W, Davidson S, Liang G, Oh TG, Downes M, Evans R, Von Hoff D, Guo JY, Han H, Rabinowitz JD.","doi":"10.1016/j.medj.2021.12.008","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35425930/","journal":"Med (New York, N.Y.)"},{"pmid":"35441995","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm feasibility study","population":"40 early-stage breast-cancer survivors","comparison":"No control group","protocol":"13-hour overnight fast for 12 weeks","findings":"95% met the adherence target; BMI, mood and fatigue improved, but overall quality of life, activity and blood markers did not.","limitations":"No recurrence or survival endpoint; uncontrolled short feasibility study cannot confirm the earlier observational recurrence association.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Pilot study to assess prolonged overnight fasting in breast cancer survivors (longfast).","year":"2022","authors":"O'Donnell E, Shapiro Y, Comander A, Isakoff S, Moy B, Spring L, Wander S, Kuter I, Shin J, Specht M, Kournioti C, Hu B, Sullivan C, Winters L, Horick N, Peppercorn J.","doi":"10.1007/s10549-022-06594-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35441995/","journal":"Breast cancer research and treatment"},{"pmid":"35462542","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled cohort","population":"80 people with inflammatory bowel disease: 60 ulcerative colitis, 20 Crohn’s disease","comparison":"Before/after Ramadan","protocol":"One Ramadan month","findings":"Ulcerative-colitis clinical scores worsened; CRP, stool calprotectin, Crohn’s scores, quality of life and depression did not change significantly.","limitations":"No non-fasting control; selected volunteers. Objective inflammatory-marker null results do not erase worsening symptoms.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting on inflammatory markers, disease severity, depression, and quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: A prospective cohort study.","year":"2022","authors":"Negm M, Bahaa A, Farrag A, Lithy RM, Badary HA, Essam M, Kamel S, Sakr M, Abd El Aaty W, Shamkh M, Basiony A, Dawoud I, Shehab H.","doi":"10.1186/s12876-022-02272-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35462542/","journal":"BMC gastroenterology"},{"pmid":"35470974","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm weight-loss trial","population":"81 adults with obesity; 69 women","comparison":"10-hour early eating window plus calorie restriction versus calorie restriction alone","protocol":"39 weeks; primary weight endpoint at 12 weeks","findings":"Weight loss did not differ at 12 weeks (6.2 versus 5.1 kg) or 39 weeks (4.9 versus 4.3 kg); other metabolic/body-composition measures also showed no added benefit.","limitations":"Both groups received an active calorie-reduction program; does not compare time restriction with no intervention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Early time-restricted eating compared with daily caloric restriction: A randomized trial in adults with obesity.","year":"2022","authors":"Thomas EA, Zaman A, Sloggett KJ, Steinke S, Grau L, Catenacci VA, Cornier MA, Rynders CA.","doi":"10.1002/oby.23420","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35470974/","journal":"Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)"},{"pmid":"35491316","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective education cohort","population":"316 adults with type 2 diabetes; compared by age below/above 65","comparison":"Both age groups received education; no uneducated or non-fasting control","protocol":"Pre-Ramadan individual education with follow-up through Ramadan","findings":"Glucose measures improved; hypoglycemia caused fast-breaking in 9% of younger and 7.7% of older participants.","limitations":"Cannot isolate education or fasting effects without a suitable control; low-glucose risk persisted despite preparation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Positive impact of pre-Ramadan education on glycemic control and reducing risk of hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetic elderly patients during COVID 19 pandemic.","year":"2022","authors":"El Toony LF, Elghazally SA, Hamad DA.","doi":"10.1016/j.pcd.2022.03.014","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35491316/","journal":"Primary care diabetes"},{"pmid":"35499696","disposition":"context","design":"Nonrandomized KETOCOMP controlled cohort","population":"32 head/neck cancer patients enrolled: 11 ketogenic, 21 standard; 7 and 21 analyzed","comparison":"Standard diet during radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy","protocol":"Weekly body composition; median survival follow-up 42 months","findings":"Body-composition trends favored ketogenic eating but were not significant; progression-free and overall survival did not differ significantly.","limitations":"Very small unequal groups and diet-arm attrition; no demonstrated survival benefit. Same KETOCOMP program, distinct cancer subgroup.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of a ketogenic diet intervention during radiotherapy on body composition: V. Final results of the KETOCOMP study for head and neck cancer patients.","year":"2022","authors":"Klement RJ, Sweeney RA.","doi":"10.1007/s00066-022-01941-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35499696/","journal":"Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al]"},{"pmid":"35551354","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Brief secondary research highlight rather than an original experiment; the underlying colorectal ketone study must carry the evidence.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Colorectal Cancer Growth Is Reduced by the Ketone Body β-Hydroxybutyrate.","year":"2022","authors":"","doi":"10.1158/2159-8290.cd-rw2022-084","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35551354/","journal":"Cancer discovery"},{"pmid":"35614845","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized exploratory three-arm trial","population":"37 completed: 13 early, 11 delayed, 13 calorie restriction only","comparison":"8 am–4 pm, noon–8 pm, or 8 am–8 pm intake; all prescribed 25% energy deficit","protocol":"8 weeks","findings":"All groups lost roughly 4–5 kg; no outcome differed significantly between groups.","limitations":"Small completer sample; does not demonstrate an added timing benefit when prescribed energy reduction is similar.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Cardiometabolic effects of early &lt;i&gt;v&lt;/i&gt;. delayed time-restricted eating plus energetic restriction in adults with overweight and obesity: an exploratory randomised clinical trial.","year":"2023","authors":"Queiroz JDN, Macedo RCO, Dos Santos GC, Munhoz SV, Machado CLF, de Menezes RL, Menzem EN, Moritz CEJ, Pinto RS, Tinsley GM, de Oliveira AR.","doi":"10.1017/s0007114522001581","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35614845/","journal":"The British journal of nutrition"},{"pmid":"35624229","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Narrative book chapter summarizing weight-management interventions; not an original fasting study.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Weight Loss Strategies.","year":"2022","authors":"Roberts SB, Anton S, Dao MC.","doi":"10.1007/164_2022_580","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35624229/","journal":"Handbook of experimental pharmacology"},{"pmid":"35642779","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Review of critical-illness endocrine/metabolic physiology, not original trial data. Its indexed correction should not be mistaken for a new fasting study.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","notices":[{"type":"Erratum in","reference":"Clin Sci (Lond). 2022 Jul 15;136(13):1045. doi: 10.1042/CS-2021-1003C_COR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35786749/"}],"integrityNote":"Original correction checked: two hormone trajectories in a review figure were corrected. The review is excluded as nonoriginal evidence.","title":"Novel insights in endocrine and metabolic pathways in sepsis and gaps for future research.","year":"2022","authors":"Téblick A, Gunst J, Langouche L, Van den Berghe G, Van den Berghe G.","doi":"10.1042/cs20211003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35642779/","journal":"Clinical science (London, England : 1979)"},{"pmid":"35645682","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled prospective cohort","population":"121 adults with stable plaque psoriasis","comparison":"Before/after Ramadan; no non-fasting control","protocol":"One month","findings":"Mean psoriasis severity score decreased from 4.36 to 3.51; weight did not change; only mild adverse events reported.","limitations":"Cannot separate fasting from season, treatment or behavior changes; no controlled efficacy or long-term safety conclusion.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Clinical implications of intermittent Ramadan fasting on stable plaque psoriasis: a prospective observational study.","year":"2022","authors":"Almutairi N, Shaaban D.","doi":"10.5114/ada.2021.107098","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35645682/","journal":"Postepy dermatologii i alergologii"},{"pmid":"35658544","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized mouse experiment","population":"Middle-aged obese male and female mice; counts absent from abstract","comparison":"Three groups per sex: sleeve surgery, sham/free feeding, sham/weight-matched intermittent calorie restriction","protocol":"8 weeks","findings":"Metabolic outcomes differed by sex; intermittent restriction improved glucose tolerance, with several stronger effects in females.","limitations":"Combines timing and calorie reduction; mouse physiology and surgery comparison do not establish equivalent human benefits.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Sex-specific differences in metabolic outcomes after sleeve gastrectomy and intermittent fasting in obese middle-aged mice.","year":"2022","authors":"Emiliano AB, Lopatinsky NR, Kraljević M, Higuchi S, He Y, Haeusler RA, Schwartz GJ.","doi":"10.1152/ajpendo.00017.2022","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35658544/","journal":"American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism"},{"pmid":"35658959","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm trial","population":"20 adults with overweight/obesity; 10 per arm","comparison":"One versus two restricted days weekly; both used high-protein meal pacing","protocol":"4 weeks; intended matched weekly energy intake/expenditure","findings":"Two restricted days produced greater short-term weight and waist reductions; both groups improved several measures.","limitations":"No ordinary calorie-restriction control; multicomponent diets and tiny sample. The abstract’s 29% figure describes a relative difference in weight reduction, not loss of 29% of body weight.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intermittent fasting two days versus one day per week, matched for total energy intake and expenditure, increases weight loss in overweight/obese men and women.","year":"2022","authors":"Arciero PJ, Arciero KM, Poe M, Mohr AE, Ives SJ, Arciero A, Boyce M, Zhang J, Haas M, Valdez E, Corbet D, Judd K, Smith A, Furlong O, Wahler M, Gumpricht E.","doi":"10.1186/s12937-022-00790-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35658959/","journal":"Nutrition journal"},{"pmid":"35661214","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized proof-of-concept trial","population":"40 adults with type 2 diabetes and albuminuria","comparison":"Monthly fasting-mimicking diet versus Mediterranean diet","protocol":"6 months plus 3-month follow-up","findings":"Overall urine albumin outcome did not differ significantly (P=.45). A prespecified microalbuminuria subgroup improved, and insulin resistance decreased; most changes were not sustained at follow-up.","limitations":"Small study with multiple exploratory biomarkers; subgroup benefit must not replace the negative overall primary comparison. Does not prove prevention of kidney failure.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Six-Month Periodic Fasting in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetic Nephropathy: A Proof-of-Concept Study.","year":"2022","authors":"Sulaj A, Kopf S, von Rauchhaupt E, Kliemank E, Brune M, Kender Z, Bartl H, Cortizo FG, Klepac K, Han Z, Kumar V, Longo V, Teleman A, Okun JG, Morgenstern J, Fleming T, Szendroedi J, Herzig S, Nawroth PP.","doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgac197","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35661214/","journal":"The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism"},{"pmid":"35673477","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled prospective cohort","population":"55 adults with type 2 diabetes taking oral medication","comparison":"Before, immediately after and 2 months after Ramadan","protocol":"Average 29 fasting days; reported calories fell 19%","findings":"Weight fell about 1.4 kg; fructosamine temporarily worsened, homocysteine increased, and many metabolic measures did not change.","limitations":"Fasting and energy reduction cannot be separated; CRP P=.058 is not conventionally significant despite favorable framing.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of Ramadan intermittent fasting on metabolic and inflammatory profiles in type 2 diabetic patients.","year":"2022","authors":"Oueslati I, Kardi A, Boukhayatia F, Hammami B, Cheikh M, Romdhane NB, Feki M, Yazidi M, Chihaoui M.","doi":"10.1007/s40200-022-01046-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35673477/","journal":"Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders"},{"pmid":"35676337","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Publisher identifies this as an In Brief research highlight summarizing Dmitrieva-Posocco et al., PMID 35477756; not an independent study.","access":"Original Nature Reviews Drug Discovery highlight checked, DOI 10.1038/d41573-022-00101-6.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ketone body blocks intestinal tumour growth.","year":"2022","authors":"Crunkhorn S.","doi":"10.1038/d41573-022-00101-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35676337/","journal":"Nature reviews. Drug discovery"},{"pmid":"35708106","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm medication-timing trial","population":"142 thyroidectomy patients randomized 48/47/47; only 87 analyzed 31/34/22","comparison":"Levothyroxine before sunset meal, after sunset meal, or before predawn meal","protocol":"Ramadan; thyroid tests before and after","findings":"TSH rose significantly within the latter two groups; adherence and weight change predicted TSH changes.","limitations":"Substantial attrition; within-arm significance alone does not establish timing superiority. This is medication management, not evidence fasting improves thyroid health.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Optimal Timing of Thyroid Hormone Replacement During Ramadan Fasting: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Patients with Prior Total Thyroidectomy.","year":"2022","authors":"Al-Qahtani KM, Aldeeri IA, Alshaibi AM, Alshabib NS, Barghouthi RM, Alyusuf EY, Jammah AA.","doi":"10.1089/thy.2022.0110","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35708106/","journal":"Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association"},{"pmid":"35711339","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled diabetic-mouse experiment","population":"Diabetic Lepr-db and control mice; counts absent from abstract","comparison":"Alternate-day fasting versus feeding controls; adiponectin and enzyme-inhibitor experiments","protocol":"12 weeks","findings":"Fasting improved glucose regulation and artery relaxation; adiponectin and nitric-oxide pathways contributed.","limitations":"Animal mechanistic evidence, not reduced cardiovascular events in humans.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Alternate Day Fasting Improves Endothelial Function in Type 2 Diabetic Mice: Role of Adipose-Derived Hormones.","year":"2022","authors":"Cui J, Lee S, Sun Y, Zhang C, Hill MA, Li Y, Zhang H.","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2022.925080","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35711339/","journal":"Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine"},{"pmid":"35719965","disposition":"context","design":"Two randomized mouse dietary experiments","population":"Male and female lung-cancer mice; numbers absent from abstract","comparison":"Experiment 1: ketogenic diet versus chow; experiment 2: ketone-ester chow versus chow","protocol":"After tumor induction","findings":"Both interventions raised circulating ketones, but neither prevented wasting nor improved survival. A worsening survival trend appeared in ketogenic-fed males.","limitations":"Null results apply to these models, not all cancers; a nonsignificant harm trend is not proven harm. Clearly contradicts a universal ketone survival benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Systemic Ketone Replacement Does Not Improve Survival or Cancer Cachexia in Mice With Lung Cancer.","year":"2022","authors":"Langer HT, Ramsamooj S, Liang RJ, Grover R, Hwang SK, Goncalves MD.","doi":"10.3389/fonc.2022.903157","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35719965/","journal":"Frontiers in oncology"},{"pmid":"35729673","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm sequential supplement pilot","population":"12 adults with type 2 diabetes completed","comparison":"5 days without supplement followed by 5 days with supplement","protocol":"8.5 g allulose before the sunset meal during Ramadan","findings":"Post-meal glucose measures improved during supplementation.","limitations":"No randomized order or concurrent control; retrospectively registered. Tests allulose during fasting, not fasting itself.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A pilot study on the effect of D-allulose on postprandial glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus during Ramadan fasting.","year":"2022","authors":"Japar S, Fukunaga K, Kobayashi T, Imachi H, Sato S, Saheki T, Ibata T, Yoshimura T, Soh KL, Ong SL, Muhamed Z, Murao K.","doi":"10.1186/s13098-022-00856-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35729673/","journal":"Diabetology & metabolic syndrome"},{"pmid":"35730413","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled prospective cohort","population":"32 healthy adults; 12 men, 20 women","comparison":"Before/after Ramadan","protocol":"About 16-hour daytime fasts, at least 25 days","findings":"BMI and two inflammatory markers decreased; lipids and sleep did not improve; fasting glucose rose within normal limits.","limitations":"Small, short observational study; no non-fasting comparison or disease outcomes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Diurnal Ramadan Intermittent Fasting on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Sleep Quality in Healthy Turkish Adults.","year":"2022","authors":"Mengi Çelik Ö, Koçak T, Köksal E.","doi":"10.1080/03670244.2022.2089878","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35730413/","journal":"Ecology of food and nutrition"},{"pmid":"35805627","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm trial","population":"34 adults with overweight/obesity","comparison":"5:2 restriction, sprint training, or both","protocol":"16 weeks","findings":"Diet groups lost more weight/fat than exercise alone; adding sprint training did not increase fat loss. Fitness improved only in exercise-containing arms.","limitations":"No inactive or continuous calorie-restriction control; small groups and mixed biomarker findings.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Intermittent Energy Restriction Alone and in Combination with Sprint Interval Training on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Individuals with Overweight and Obesity.","year":"2022","authors":"Cooke MB, Deasy W, Ritenis EJ, Wilson RA, Stathis CG.","doi":"10.3390/ijerph19137969","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35805627/","journal":"International journal of environmental research and public health"},{"pmid":"35814327","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled kidney-disease cohort","population":"28 adults with chronic kidney disease","comparison":"Before/after Ramadan","protocol":"One month of fasting; renal tests within 3 months afterward","findings":"Four participants (14.3%) had worsening kidney function, especially advanced-stage disease.","limitations":"Small selected cohort; completing the fast without symptoms did not guarantee stable kidney function. No non-fasting comparison.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of Fasting during Ramadan on Renal Functions in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.","year":"2022","authors":"Ansari FA, Latief M, Manuel S, Shashikiran KB, Dwivedi R, Prasad DK, Golla A, Raju SB.","doi":"10.4103/ijn.ijn_521_20","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35814327/","journal":"Indian journal of nephrology"},{"pmid":"35816900","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized controlled feeding trial","population":"36 adults with multiple sclerosis randomized; 31 completed","comparison":"Usual calories, daily 22% restriction, or 5:2 restriction","protocol":"8 weeks","findings":"Intermittent restriction changed several T-cell subsets and lipid metabolites; comparable changes were not seen in the other arms.","limitations":"Small biomarker study; cannot establish fewer relapses, less disability, or improved MRI outcomes. Parent-cohort overlap should be tracked.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intermittent calorie restriction alters T cell subsets and metabolic markers in people with multiple sclerosis.","year":"2022","authors":"Fitzgerald KC, Bhargava P, Smith MD, Vizthum D, Henry-Barron B, Kornberg MD, Cassard SD, Kapogiannis D, Sullivan P, Baer DJ, Calabresi PA, Mowry EM.","doi":"10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104124","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35816900/","journal":"EBioMedicine"},{"pmid":"35836586","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled exercise study during Ramadan","population":"24 adolescents with obesity; 12 exergaming, 12 controls","comparison":"Both groups fasted; one added exercise gaming","protocol":"45 minutes, five days weekly during Ramadan; before/during/after measurements","findings":"Some body-composition, fitness and mood measures improved with exercise during Ramadan; body composition returned to baseline afterward.","limitations":"Tests added exercise during fasting, not fasting versus no fasting; small study and transient effects.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Exergaming During Ramadan Intermittent Fasting Improve Body Composition as Well as Physiological and Psychological Responses to Physical Exercise in Adolescents With Obesity.","year":"2022","authors":"Abedelmalek S, Aloui K, Denguezli Bouzgarou M, Adam H, Souissi N, Chtourou H.","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2022.851054","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35836586/","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition"},{"pmid":"35871650","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized crossover trial","population":"14 adults with type 2 diabetes","comparison":"10-hour versus at least 14-hour eating window within each participant","protocol":"3 weeks per condition; liver spectroscopy and insulin clamps","findings":"Time in normal glucose range increased from 12.2 to 15.1 hours/day, but liver glycogen and directly measured insulin sensitivity did not significantly change.","limitations":"Small and short, but directly tests and fails to confirm the proposed liver-glycogen mechanism. Improved glucose does not establish every proposed mechanism.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Three weeks of time-restricted eating improves glucose homeostasis in adults with type 2 diabetes but does not improve insulin sensitivity: a randomised crossover trial.","year":"2022","authors":"Andriessen C, Fealy CE, Veelen A, van Beek SMM, Roumans KHM, Connell NJ, Mevenkamp J, Moonen-Kornips E, Havekes B, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Hoeks J, Schrauwen P.","doi":"10.1007/s00125-022-05752-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35871650/","journal":"Diabetologia"},{"pmid":"35875426","disposition":"context","design":"Cell-culture experiment","population":"SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma-derived neuronal model; replicate counts absent","comparison":"Four nutrient media with and without beta-hydroxybutyrate","protocol":"16-hour exposures","findings":"Ketone exposure changed lactate and mitochondrial measurements across glucose conditions.","limitations":"A transformed cell model is not a human fasting trial; the article’s definition of prolonged fasting differs from multi-day fasting. Cannot establish nerve repair in people.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Prolonged Intermittent Fasting Model on Energy Metabolism and Mitochondrial Functions in Neurons.","year":"2022","authors":"Pak M, Bozkurt S, Pınarbaşı A, Öz Arslan D, Aksungar FB.","doi":"10.1177/09727531211072303","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35875426/","journal":"Annals of neurosciences"},{"pmid":"35893879","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled circadian-shift mouse study","population":"C57BL/6 mice; numbers absent from abstract","comparison":"6- or 12-hour food windows under 6-hour or 12-hour light-cycle shifts","protocol":"Circadian adaptation and experimentally induced sepsis","findings":"Some timed-feeding schedules improved adaptation; effects varied by shift and schedule.","limitations":"Mouse behavior and sepsis model; no demonstrated human jet-lag treatment or broad fasting benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of Time-Restricted Feeding on Adaptation to a 6-Hour Delay Phase Shift or a 12-Hour Phase Shift in Mice.","year":"2022","authors":"Ren B, Huang Y, Zhang J, Li J, Liu Z, Guan Y, Chen L, Yang G.","doi":"10.3390/nu14153025","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35893879/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"35893925","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary analysis of randomized diet/exercise trial","population":"34 adults; 17 men, 17 women","comparison":"5:2 restriction versus continuous calorie restriction, both with resistance exercise","protocol":"12 weeks; energy and protein prescriptions matched","findings":"Both diets lowered cholesterol; adjusted total/LDL reductions favored intermittent restriction. Glucose measures did not change; reported adherence was about 80% in both.","limitations":"Secondary endpoints in a small existing cohort; not an independent body-composition trial or cardiovascular-event evidence.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Continuous Energy Restriction with Exercise on Cardiometabolic Biomarkers, Dietary Compliance, and Perceived Hunger and Mood: Secondary Outcomes of a Randomised, Controlled Trial.","year":"2022","authors":"Keenan S, Cooke MB, Chen WS, Wu S, Belski R.","doi":"10.3390/nu14153071","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35893925/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"35987309","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized insulin-pump settings trial","population":"42 young people with type 1 diabetes; 21 per arm","comparison":"Adjusted versus unchanged automated-pump settings","protocol":"Ramadan fasting","findings":"Good glucose control in both arms, with no significant between-group difference and no severe hypoglycemia or ketoacidosis reported.","limitations":"Highly selected advanced-device users; tests management settings, not fasting benefit or general safety for all people with diabetes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glycemic control during Ramadan fasting in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed‑loop system: A randomized controlled trial.","year":"2022","authors":"Elbarbary NS, Ismail EAR.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2022.110045","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35987309/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"36034217","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm trial","population":"60 young adults with overweight/obesity: 21 early, 20 later, 19 controls","comparison":"7 am–1 pm or noon–6 pm eating versus unrestricted timing","protocol":"8 weeks","findings":"Both windows produced similar weight loss; several glucose, blood-pressure and hormonal measures favored the early window.","limitations":"Short trial with multiple endpoints; reduced thyroid activity is a physiological finding, not automatically a health benefit. Energy intake and long-term outcomes require further assessment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Randomized controlled trial for time-restricted eating in overweight and obese young adults.","year":"2022","authors":"Zhang LM, Liu Z, Wang JQ, Li RQ, Ren JY, Gao X, Lv SS, Liang LY, Zhang F, Yin BW, Sun Y, Tian H, Zhu HC, Zhou YT, Ma YX.","doi":"10.1016/j.isci.2022.104870","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36034217/","journal":"iScience"},{"pmid":"36064331","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective observational kidney cohort","population":"360 counseled; 306 followed up; only 74 had post-fast kidney tests","comparison":"Self-selected full fasting, attempted/stopped fasting, or no fasting","protocol":"Ramadan follow-up","findings":"Fasting was not independently associated with kidney-function deterioration; 17 serious events including one death occurred, concentrated proportionally among those who stopped fasting.","limitations":"Major missing laboratory data and illness-related stopping can bias comparisons; failure to find an association does not prove safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ramadan fasting outcome among high-risk patients.","year":"2022","authors":"Baynouna AlKetbi L, Nagelkerke N, AlZarouni A, Al Kuwaiti M, Al Ghafli M, Al Qahtani S, Al Kaabi B, Al Kaabi M, Al Ahbabi A, Al Zeyodi Y, Al Ketheri K, Al Nabooda K, Al Tenaji K, AlAlawi A, Abdelbaqi H.","doi":"10.1186/s12882-022-02915-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36064331/","journal":"BMC nephrology"},{"pmid":"36115334","disposition":"context","design":"Human tumor profiling and cell experiments","population":"104 paired liver-cancer/non-tumor samples described; public datasets also analyzed","comparison":"Adjacent tissue and gene-expression manipulation controls","protocol":"BDH1 expression and clinical associations","findings":"Low BDH1 expression correlated with worse features; restoring expression reduced cancer-cell proliferation and invasion.","limitations":"Abstract inconsistently describes tissue counts (104 pairs versus 69/35 categories). Enzyme manipulation is not a dietary ketone intervention; direction differs across cancers.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Decreased expression of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1 is a prognostic marker and promotes tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma.","year":"2022","authors":"Luo W, Wu S, Zhang F, Chen X, Ma Y, Mo Y.","doi":"10.1016/j.prp.2022.154111","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36115334/","journal":"Pathology, research and practice"},{"pmid":"36118763","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled prospective cohort","population":"115 adults; 96 women, 19 men","comparison":"Before/during Ramadan","protocol":"Diet recall, sleep and weight measurements","findings":"Calories and carbohydrates increased, sleep timing/sleepiness changed, and mean weight fell only 0.3 kg.","limitations":"Convenience sample and self-report; tiny short-term weight change does not establish an effective sustained weight-loss strategy.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Changes in dietary intake, chronotype and sleep pattern upon Ramadan among healthy adults in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: A prospective study.","year":"2022","authors":"Alzhrani A, Alhussain MH, BaHammam AS.","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2022.966861","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36118763/","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition"},{"pmid":"36145236","disposition":"context","design":"Medically supervised uncontrolled prolonged-fast study","population":"13 men","comparison":"Repeated measurements; no non-fasting control","protocol":"10 days without calories, then 4 days restricted refeeding and 5 days recovery","findings":"Weight fell 7.28 kg; ketone/glucose balance stabilized around days 3–6. LDL rose, kidney function slightly declined, and sodium/chloride fell; some lean mass recovered with refeeding.","limitations":"Weight includes water and lean-tissue changes. Small supervised male sample cannot establish safety or supplement advice for unsupervised fasting; metabolic switching is not an autophagy clock.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of 10-Day Complete Fasting on Physiological Homeostasis, Nutrition and Health Markers in Male Adults.","year":"2022","authors":"Dai Z, Zhang H, Wu F, Chen Y, Yang C, Wang H, Sui X, Guo Y, Xin B, Guo Z, Xiong J, Wu B, Li Y.","doi":"10.3390/nu14183860","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36145236/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"36174477","disposition":"context","design":"Nonrandomized nutrition-support pilot","population":"21 adults with type 2 diabetes; 14 nutrition plan, 7 standard care","comparison":"Self-selected structured Ramadan nutrition versus usual care","protocol":"Glucose sensors before and during Ramadan","findings":"Structured nutrition improved several glucose measures and time in range.","limitations":"Small preference-based groups; tests a support package during fasting. Possible overlap with PMID 34857213 requires cohort reconciliation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of structured Ramadan Nutrition Plan on glycemic control and variability using continuous glucose monitoring in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A pilot study.","year":"2022","authors":"Hasbullah FY, Mohd Yusof BN, Wan Zukiman WZHH, Abu Zaid Z, Omar N, Liu RXY, Marczewska A, Hamdy O.","doi":"10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102617","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36174477/","journal":"Diabetes & metabolic syndrome"},{"pmid":"36220069","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm trial","population":"Adults with metabolic syndrome; count absent from abstract","comparison":"Low-carbohydrate diet, 8-hour eating window, or both","protocol":"3 months","findings":"All arms lost weight; time restriction alone or combined reduced visceral fat more than low-carbohydrate diet alone; some metabolic benefits favored the combination.","limitations":"No unrestricted usual-diet arm; sample size, adherence and actual energy differences require full text. No disease-event endpoints.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-restricted eating with or without low-carbohydrate diet reduces visceral fat and improves metabolic syndrome: A randomized trial.","year":"2022","authors":"He M, Wang J, Liang Q, Li M, Guo H, Wang Y, Deji C, Sui J, Wang YW, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Qian B, Chen H, Ma M, Su S, Geng H, Zhou WX, Guo X, Zhu WZ, Zhang M, Chen Z, Rensen PCN, Hui CC, Wang Y, Shi B.","doi":"10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100777","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36220069/","journal":"Cell reports. Medicine"},{"pmid":"36224542","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective observational drug comparison","population":"132 adults with type 2 diabetes; 44 empagliflozin, 88 sitagliptin, all with metformin","comparison":"Two medication combinations during Ramadan","protocol":"Before/after Ramadan","findings":"Both groups improved some glucose measures; symptomatic hypoglycemia occurred in about 15.9% of the empagliflozin group, reportedly similar to comparison.","limitations":"Nonrandomized unequal groups and baseline differences; not evidence that fasting itself is beneficial or risk-free.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Efficacy and safety of combination of empagliflozin and metformin with combination of sitagliptin and metformin during Ramadan: an observational study.","year":"2022","authors":"Ahmed I, Raja UY, Wahab MU, Rehman T, Ishtiaq O, Aamir AH, Ghaffar T, Raza A, Kumar S, Sherin A, Masood F, Randhawa FA, Asghar A, Khan S.","doi":"10.1186/s12902-022-01168-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36224542/","journal":"BMC endocrine disorders"},{"pmid":"36224641","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm trial","population":"50 employees with obesity; 25 per group","comparison":"5:2 intermittent restriction versus control","protocol":"Intervention duration not stated in abstract","findings":"Within-group weight/BMI decreased with fasting, but between-group body-composition differences were not clinically meaningful.","limitations":"Within-group statistical significance should not be presented as superiority to control; small sample.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of intermittent fasting 5:2 on body composition and nutritional intake among employees with obesity in Jakarta: a randomized clinical trial.","year":"2022","authors":"Witjaksono F, Prafiantini E, Rahmawati A.","doi":"10.1186/s13104-022-06209-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36224641/","journal":"BMC research notes"},{"pmid":"36230949","disposition":"context","design":"Mouse cachexia experiment","population":"C26 tumor-bearing mice; counts absent from abstract","comparison":"2-deoxyglucose treatment versus experimental controls","protocol":"Drug inhibition of glucose metabolism","findings":"Authors report reduced muscle wasting with altered ketone production/use and reduced muscle protein-degradation pathways.","limitations":"Drug treatment is not fasting. Abstract wording about lean mass/fiber area is internally inconsistent and needs full-text confirmation; does not show tumor starvation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"2-Deoxy-D-glucose Alleviates Cancer Cachexia-Induced Muscle Wasting by Enhancing Ketone Metabolism and Inhibiting the Cori Cycle.","year":"2022","authors":"Wei L, Wang R, Wazir J, Lin K, Song S, Li L, Pu W, Zhao C, Wang Y, Su Z, Wang H.","doi":"10.3390/cells11192987","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36230949/","journal":"Cells"},{"pmid":"36239695","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary bone-outcome analysis of randomized trial","population":"42 adults with at least one metabolic-syndrome feature","comparison":"12-hour eating window versus dietary advice","protocol":"6 months","findings":"No overall between-group bone differences; selected weight-loss responders had some bone-marker/content findings favoring time restriction.","limitations":"Subgroup selection by post-randomization weight loss can bias inference; no fracture endpoint. Possible parent-cohort overlap with PMID 33807102.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effects of time-restricted eating and weight loss on bone metabolism and health: a 6-month randomized controlled trial.","year":"2023","authors":"Papageorgiou M, Biver E, Mareschal J, Phillips NE, Hemmer A, Biolley E, Schwab N, Manoogian ENC, Gonzalez Rodriguez E, Aeberli D, Hans D, Pot C, Panda S, Rodondi N, Ferrari SL, Collet TH.","doi":"10.1002/oby.23577","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36239695/","journal":"Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)"},{"pmid":"36240295","disposition":"context","design":"Thyroid-cancer cell and female-mouse experiments","population":"Normal/tumor cells, patient biopsies and female mice; counts absent","comparison":"Glycogen-phosphorylase inhibitor versus controls","protocol":"CP-91,149 treatment","findings":"Inhibitor reduced NADPH, increased oxidative stress, induced cancer-cell death and slowed tumors in the models.","limitations":"Specific pharmacological interference with glycogen breakdown, not removal of dietary carbohydrate; no human fasting or cancer-treatment efficacy trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Inhibition of Glycogen Metabolism Induces Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Cytotoxicity in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer in Female Mice.","year":"2022","authors":"Davidson CD, Tomczak JA, Amiel E, Carr FE.","doi":"10.1210/endocr/bqac169","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36240295/","journal":"Endocrinology"},{"pmid":"36285573","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized crossover insulin-delivery trial","population":"25 young people with type 1 diabetes","comparison":"Seven insulin bolus schedules for the same meal","protocol":"Seven consecutive Ramadan sunset meals; 4-hour glucose monitoring","findings":"One split-bolus schedule improved early and late meal-related glucose control without late hypoglycemia.","limitations":"Insulin-management experiment, not fasting efficacy. Meal-specific regimen cannot be generalized into self-treatment advice.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Insulin delivery patterns required to maintain postprandial euglycemia in type 1 diabetes following consumption of traditional Egyptian Ramadan Iftar meal using insulin pump therapy: A randomized crossover trial.","year":"2022","authors":"Elbarbary NS, Elhenawy YI, Ali ARR, Smart CE.","doi":"10.1111/pedi.13439","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36285573/","journal":"Pediatric diabetes"},{"pmid":"36296997","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm observational follow-up","population":"40 enrolled, 33 completed; adults with overweight/obesity without diabetes","comparison":"Baseline and three follow-up points; no concurrent control","protocol":"Median 14-day water fast, 6-day whole-plant-food refeeding, 45-day follow-up","findings":"Weight, blood pressure and several risk markers remained lower at follow-up; triglycerides and insulin-resistance estimates initially worsened with refeeding and returned to baseline.","limitations":"Selected residential patients; fasting cannot be separated from refeeding diet, weight loss or clinical support. Six weeks is not evidence of durable disease prevention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A Six-Week Follow-Up Study on the Sustained Effects of Prolonged Water-Only Fasting and Refeeding on Markers of Cardiometabolic Risk.","year":"2022","authors":"Gabriel S, Ncube M, Zeiler E, Thompson N, Karlsen MC, Goldman DM, Glavas Z, Beauchesne A, Scharf E, Goldhamer AC, Myers TR.","doi":"10.3390/nu14204313","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36296997/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"36325269","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm inpatient trial","population":"52 adults with varied medical conditions; 26 per arm","comparison":"500 kcal/day versus 1,500 kcal/day","protocol":"10 days in a yoga/naturopathy facility","findings":"Vitamin D, vitality and some quality-of-life scores favored the lower-calorie arm; weight, BMI, B12 and hemoglobin did not differ significantly.","limitations":"This was modified fasting, not water-only fasting. Small heterogeneous sample, short follow-up and subjective outcomes do not establish treatment of vitamin deficiency.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of Medically Supervised Prolonged Fasting Therapy on Vitamin D, B12, Body Weight, Body Mass Index, Vitality and Quality of Life: A Randomized Control Trial.","year":"2022","authors":"Tewani GR, Silwal K, Sharma G, Yadav D, Siddiqui A, Kriplani S, Nathani VV, Sharma N, Keswani J, Sharma H, Nair PM.","doi":"10.1177/11786388221130560","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36325269/","journal":"Nutrition and metabolic insights"},{"pmid":"36337640","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary analysis of randomized trial","population":"20 adults; 11 time restriction, 9 controls","comparison":"Self-chosen 8-hour eating window versus usual habits","protocol":"12 weeks; same NCT03129581 cohort as PMID 32270927","findings":"Eating shifted later in the morning and earlier at night; sleep measures did not change overall. Greater window restriction correlated with longer sleep.","limitations":"The conclusion overstates the sleep result: a correlation is not a demonstrated randomized sleep benefit. Small reused cohort.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The impact of a self-selected time restricted eating intervention on eating patterns, sleep, and late-night eating in individuals with obesity.","year":"2022","authors":"Simon SL, Blankenship J, Manoogian ENC, Panda S, Mashek DG, Chow LS.","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2022.1007824","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36337640/","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition"},{"pmid":"36351326","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized pilot interrupted by pandemic","population":"24 started; 13 early eating, 11 controls; reported attrition 50% and 23%","comparison":"6-hour early eating versus 16-hour eating window","protocol":"Only 4 weeks analyzed instead of planned 8","findings":"One cognitive test response time improved more with early eating; higher ketones correlated with faster responses.","limitations":"Severe attrition, early termination, tiny groups and multiple tests; cannot establish broad cognitive improvement or dementia prevention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Early time-restricted eating may favorably impact cognitive acuity in university students: a randomized pilot study.","year":"2022","authors":"Mayra ST, Kravat N, Chondropoulos K, De Leon A, Johnston CS.","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2022.10.002","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36351326/","journal":"Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.)"},{"pmid":"36368052","disposition":"context","design":"Cross-sectional community survey","population":"2,762 Canadian adolescents and young adults","comparison":"People reporting intermittent fasting versus those not reporting it","protocol":"Past-month/past-year behavior questionnaires","findings":"Fasting was associated with eating-disorder symptoms across gender groups.","limitations":"Cannot determine temporal direction or causation; relevant risk association, not proof every fasting practice causes an eating disorder.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intermittent fasting: Describing engagement and associations with eating disorder behaviors and psychopathology among Canadian adolescents and young adults.","year":"2022","authors":"Ganson KT, Cuccolo K, Hallward L, Nagata JM.","doi":"10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101681","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36368052/","journal":"Eating behaviors"},{"pmid":"36398713","disposition":"context","design":"Colorectal-cancer cell mechanism experiments","population":"Cancer cell models; replicate counts absent from abstract","comparison":"Ketone exposure, MondoA knockdown and MEK1 pathway comparisons","protocol":"Laboratory exposures","findings":"Ketones reduced glucose uptake and proliferation and increased apoptosis through MondoA/TXNIP-related signaling.","limitations":"Supports one context-specific signaling mechanism, not universal cancer starvation, human cure or glycogen depletion by fasting.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"MEK1-dependent MondoA phosphorylation regulates glucose uptake in response to ketone bodies in colorectal cancer cells.","year":"2023","authors":"Zhu Y, Xu N, Wu S, Luan Y, Ke H, Wu L, Li Y, Lu Y, Xing X, Tian N, Liu Q, Tong L, Hu L, Ji Y, Chen Z, Zhang P, Tong X.","doi":"10.1111/cas.15667","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36398713/","journal":"Cancer science"},{"pmid":"36432116","disposition":"context","design":"Liver-cancer cell experiments","population":"Huh7 and HepG2 cells; replicate counts absent","comparison":"HMGCS2 knockdown/overexpression and beta-hydroxybutyrate, with/without sorafenib","protocol":"Laboratory drug/ketone exposures","findings":"HMGCS2 expression and ketone pretreatment increased sorafenib’s antiproliferative effects in these cells.","limitations":"Specific cell/drug context; no animals or human efficacy reported here and no fasting intervention. Cannot generalize to every tumor’s fuel needs.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"HMGCS2 Mediation of Ketone Levels Affects Sorafenib Treatment Efficacy in Liver Cancer Cells.","year":"2022","authors":"Suk FM, Wu CY, Chiu WC, Chien CY, Chen TL, Liao YJ.","doi":"10.3390/molecules27228015","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36432116/","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"pmid":"36432420","disposition":"context","design":"Retrospective nonrandomized diet cohort","population":"131 adults: 42 modified 5:2, 41 daily restriction, 48 meal replacement","comparison":"Three weight-loss programs","protocol":"12 weeks; 5:2 group ate 30% of needs on restricted days and 70% on other days","findings":"Weight loss was 9.0%, 5.7% and 8.6%, respectively; intermittent restriction did not outperform meal replacement.","limitations":"Intermittent arm had a greater prescribed weekly deficit than daily restriction; self-selection and differing diets prevent attributing benefit to timing alone.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of an Intermittent Fasting 5:2 Plus Program on Body Weight in Chinese Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Pilot Study.","year":"2022","authors":"Kang J, Shi X, Fu J, Li H, Ma E, Chen W.","doi":"10.3390/nu14224734","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36432420/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"36450119","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized exploratory four-arm trial, terminated early","population":"20 analyzed: 6 hypnotherapy, 4 fasting/diet, 1 exercise, 9 controls","comparison":"Three lifestyle programs versus usual topical treatment alone","protocol":"16 weeks; planned 120 participants, pandemic disrupted recruitment","findings":"Symptoms improved within several arms, including control; no reliable efficacy comparison was possible.","limitations":"Only four fasting participants, combined dietary changes, descriptive analysis and early termination; cannot establish fasting efficacy for eczema.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Hypnotherapy, Intermittent Fasting, and Exercise Group Programs in Atopic Dermatitis: A Randomized Controlled Explorative Clinical Trial During the COVID-19 Pandemic.","year":"2023","authors":"Rotter G, Teut M, Schleicher R, Dell'Oro M, Ortiz M, Binting S, Tissen-Diabaté T, Roll S, Michalsen A, Staab D, Wolfarth B, Brinkhaus B.","doi":"10.1089/jicm.2022.0699","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36450119/","journal":"Journal of integrative and complementary medicine"},{"pmid":"36454261","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Commentary on the Dmitrieva-Posocco colorectal-cancer mouse study; not independent original evidence.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ketogenic Diet and Beta-Hydroxybutyrate in Colorectal Cancer.","year":"2022","authors":"Khoziainova S, Rozenberg G, Levy M.","doi":"10.1089/dna.2022.0486","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36454261/","journal":"DNA and cell biology"},{"pmid":"36473336","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective observational medication cohort","population":"98 adults with type 2 diabetes","comparison":"Empagliflozin users versus non-SGLT2 medication users","protocol":"Before/during Ramadan","findings":"Reported results found no significant changes in several kidney/weight measures and no group differences in ketones or hypoglycemia.","limitations":"Abstract conclusion claims weight/eGFR reductions despite null results section; full-text reconciliation needed. Nonrandomized drug study, not fasting efficacy.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes during Ramadan on volume status, ketonaemia, and hypoglycaemia.","year":"2023","authors":"Goh KG, Zakaria MH, Raja Azwan RN, Bhajan Singh KK, Badrul Hisham MH, Hussein Z.","doi":"10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102680","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36473336/","journal":"Diabetes & metabolic syndrome"},{"pmid":"36508320","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized INTERFAST-2 trial","population":"46 adults with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes","comparison":"Intermittent fasting versus control; counseling and glucose monitoring provided","protocol":"Three nonconsecutive restricted days weekly for 12 weeks","findings":"HbA1c fell 7.3 mmol/mol versus essentially no change; eight fasting participants and no controls met the combined weight/insulin/HbA1c endpoint. No severe hypoglycemia reported.","limitations":"Small supervised trial with medication management; cannot extrapolate safety to unsupervised insulin use. Exact calorie protocol and arm counts need full text.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Intermittent Fasting in People With Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes (INTERFAST-2)-A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2023","authors":"Obermayer A, Tripolt NJ, Pferschy PN, Kojzar H, Aziz F, Müller A, Schauer M, Oulhaj A, Aberer F, Sourij C, Habisch H, Madl T, Pieber T, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Stadlbauer V, Sourij H.","doi":"10.2337/dc22-1622","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36508320/","journal":"Diabetes care"},{"pmid":"36518092","disposition":"context","design":"Per-protocol secondary analysis of randomized trial","population":"90 originally randomized adults with obesity; adherent-analysis count absent","comparison":"Early 8-hour eating window versus ≥12 hours","protocol":"14 weeks; included only consistent ≥5-day/week adherers","findings":"Selected adherers showed greater weight/fat and some metabolic improvements, but reported shorter sleep and longer time falling asleep.","limitations":"Post-randomization selection loses the full protection of randomization; same parent trial, not independent efficacy evidence.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Early time-restricted eating affects weight, metabolic health, mood, and sleep in adherent completers: A secondary analysis.","year":"2023","authors":"Steger FL, Jamshed H, Bryan DR, Richman JS, Warriner AH, Hanick CJ, Martin CK, Salvy SJ, Peterson CM.","doi":"10.1002/oby.23614","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36518092/","journal":"Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)"},{"pmid":"36518093","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary analysis of randomized pilot","population":"20 adults without diabetes; 11 time restriction, 9 controls","comparison":"8-hour window versus unrestricted eating","protocol":"12 weeks","findings":"No significant improvement in multiple measures of insulin sensitivity, secretion or beta-cell function.","limitations":"Small sample; same cohort as PMIDs 32270927 and 36337640, not three independent trials.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-restricted eating did not alter insulin sensitivity or β-cell function in adults with obesity: A randomized pilot study.","year":"2023","authors":"Bantle AE, Lau KJ, Wang Q, Malaeb S, Harindhanavudhi T, Manoogian ENC, Panda S, Mashek DG, Chow LS.","doi":"10.1002/oby.23620","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36518093/","journal":"Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)"},{"pmid":"36547366","disposition":"context","design":"Multinational randomized management trial","population":"506 enrolled, equally randomized; follow-up data for 231 intervention and 221 control participants","comparison":"Ramadan-focused education plus medication adjustment versus usual care","protocol":"Before and during Ramadan","findings":"Severe hypoglycemia was less likely with the management package (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1–0.8); HbA1c improved more, while weight/HDL differences were not significant.","limitations":"Tests safer management, not fasting versus no fasting. Abstract attrition percentages do not align cleanly with stated equally randomized counts; verify participant flow.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Optimizing Ramadan fasting: A randomised controlled trial for people with type 2 diabetes during Ramadan applying the principles of the ADA/EASD consensus.","year":"2023","authors":"Ibrahim M, Barker MM, Ahmad E, Ahmed A, Annabi FA, Ba-Essa EM, Davies MJ, Houeiss P, Iraqi H, Masood SN, Mimouni-Zerguini S, Shaikh S, Tantawi H, Tuomilehto J.","doi":"10.1002/dmrr.3604","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36547366/","journal":"Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews"},{"pmid":"36549296","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-arm trial","population":"80 adults with obesity and fatty liver disease; 81% women","comparison":"Alternate-day restriction plus exercise, restriction alone, exercise alone, or no intervention","protocol":"3 months; 600-kcal restricted days and five weekly hour-long exercise sessions","findings":"Liver fat fell more with the combination than exercise or control, but not clearly more than fasting alone. Fibrosis score, HbA1c and several other markers did not differ.","limitations":"Short study of liver fat, not cirrhosis or clinical events; borderline comparison with fasting alone should not be overstated.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of alternate day fasting combined with aerobic exercise on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled trial.","year":"2023","authors":"Ezpeleta M, Gabel K, Cienfuegos S, Kalam F, Lin S, Pavlou V, Song Z, Haus JM, Koppe S, Alexandria SJ, Tussing-Humphreys L, Varady KA.","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2022.12.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36549296/","journal":"Cell metabolism"},{"pmid":"36571891","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm trial","population":"36 women with overweight/obesity; 24 time restriction, 12 comparison","comparison":"Both calorie-restricted; one also used an 8-hour window","protocol":"8 weeks","findings":"Time restriction produced more weight and fat loss, but also more fat-free-mass loss; metabolic rate, metabolic profile and mood/eating-disorder symptoms did not improve.","limitations":"Small short sample; lean-tissue loss belongs alongside weight benefit, and null symptom findings do not establish long-term psychological safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Metabolic and behavioral effects of time-restricted eating in women with overweight or obesity: Preliminary findings from a randomized study.","year":"2023","authors":"Fagundes GBP, Tibães JRB, Silva ML, Braga MM, Silveira ALM, Teixeira AL, Ferreira AVM.","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2022.111909","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36571891/","journal":"Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)"},{"pmid":"36578878","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective observational medication comparison","population":"493 adults with type 2 diabetes; 274 empagliflozin, 219 comparison","comparison":"Metformin-based treatment with versus without empagliflozin","protocol":"24 weeks spanning Ramadan","findings":"HbA1c and weight reductions favored empagliflozin; hypoglycemia and volume-depletion event rates did not differ significantly.","limitations":"Nonrandomized drug comparison among fasting participants; does not establish fasting benefit or exclude rare medication harms.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Empagliflozin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Fasting During Ramadan: A Real-World Study from Bangladesh.","year":"2022","authors":"Pathan MDF, Akter N, Selim S, Saifuddin M, Qureshi NK, Kamrul-Hasan ABM, Hannan MA, Ahmed MAU, Mustari M, Chakraborty AK.","doi":"10.2147/dmso.s380544","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36578878/","journal":"Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy"},{"pmid":"36580199","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective medication cohort","population":"102 enrolled, 82 completed; adults with type 2 diabetes on SGLT2 inhibitors","comparison":"Before/after Ramadan; no clearly described non-user control in abstract","protocol":"Established empagliflozin or dapagliflozin use","findings":"Six completers reported hypoglycemia; no severe crises reported. HbA1c/weight changes were nonsignificant, while estimated kidney filtration declined.","limitations":"20 participants excluded/lost; absence of rare events in 82 completers does not guarantee safety. Drug management, not fasting efficacy.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) during the month of Ramadan in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Pakistani population-an observational study from a tertiary care center in Karachi.","year":"2023","authors":"Sheikh A, Das B, Sattar S, Islam N.","doi":"10.1007/s12020-022-03290-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36580199/","journal":"Endocrine"},{"pmid":"36619318","disposition":"context","design":"Observational INSPIRE registry analysis","population":"205 people with COVID-19, including 73 routine fasters; 1,524 assessed for infection","comparison":"Long-standing self-reported periodic fasting versus no routine fasting","protocol":"Pre-vaccine COVID-19 period, March 2020–February 2021","findings":"Hospitalization/death occurred in 11.0% versus 28.8%; reported HR 0.61 (95% CI 0.42–0.90). Infection rates did not differ.","limitations":"Healthy-user/religious-lifestyle confounding and selected cardiac-registry population; no fasting treatment assignment. Same INSPIRE source population as other reports.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Association of periodic fasting with lower severity of COVID-19 outcomes in the SARS-CoV-2 prevaccine era: an observational cohort from the INSPIRE registry.","year":"2022","authors":"Horne BD, May HT, Muhlestein JB, Le VT, Bair TL, Knowlton KU, Anderson JL.","doi":"10.1136/bmjnph-2022-000462","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36619318/","journal":"BMJ nutrition, prevention & health"},{"pmid":"36647882","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Narrative mechanistic/clinical review of intermittent fasting in diabetes, not original participant or experimental data.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intermittent fasting in type 2 diabetes: from fundamental science to clinical applications.","year":"2023","authors":"Chen L, Tian FY, Hu XH, Wu JW, Xu WD, Huang Q.","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202301_30880","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36647882/","journal":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences"},{"pmid":"36678156","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized counterbalanced crossover trial","population":"18 trained young men","comparison":"8-hour eating window versus habitual eating, both with resistance training","protocol":"4 weeks per intervention","findings":"Fat loss and fat-free-mass changes did not differ; performance effects varied between upper- and lower-body tests.","limitations":"Small short athletic sample and multiple performance outcomes; no general superiority or long-term muscle-safety conclusion.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of Time-Restricted Eating and Resistance Training on High-Speed Strength and Body Composition.","year":"2023","authors":"Correia JM, Santos PDG, Pezarat-Correia P, Minderico CS, Infante J, Mendonca GV.","doi":"10.3390/nu15020285","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36678156/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"36680967","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm multinational SoliRam observational study","population":"409 eligible adults with type 2 diabetes","comparison":"Before/during/after Ramadan; no comparator","protocol":"Established insulin-glargine/lixisenatide treatment","findings":"Documented symptomatic hypoglycemia occurred in 2.3% during Ramadan versus 1.0% before; HbA1c fell about 0.75 percentage points.","limitations":"Selected established drug users; no fasting efficacy comparison. Improved HbA1c coexisted with some low-glucose events.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Real-world safety and effectiveness of iGlarLixi in people with type 2 diabetes who fast during Ramadan: The SoliRam observational study.","year":"2023","authors":"Hassanein M, Malek R, Shaltout I, Sahay RK, Buyukbese MA, Djaballah K, Pilorget V, Coudert M, Al Sifri S, SoliRam Study Investigators.","doi":"10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102707","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36680967/","journal":"Diabetes & metabolic syndrome"},{"pmid":"36687703","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized HIV cohort","population":"Men aged 20–40 on stable antiretroviral treatment; counts absent from abstract","comparison":"Ramadan fasters versus non-fasters","protocol":"2-week comparison","findings":"CRP decreased more in fasters; total antioxidant status did not differ. Smoking, sleep, weight and diet also changed.","limitations":"Multiple concurrent behavior changes confound attribution; no viral-control, cardiovascular-event or survival outcome.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ramadan fasting reduces high-sensitivity C-reactive protein among HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy.","year":"2022","authors":"Widhani A, Yunihastuti E, Setiati S, Witjaksono F, Karjadi TH.","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2022.964797","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36687703/","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition"},{"pmid":"36710112","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm exercise trial during Ramadan","population":"20 men with obesity; 10 per arm","comparison":"Fasting plus interval/resistance training versus fasting alone","protocol":"4 weeks","findings":"Adding exercise improved several body-composition/metabolic measures and helped preserve fat-free mass.","limitations":"Both groups fasted; isolates added training, not the effect of fasting. Small male-only sample.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effectiveness of Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting and concurrent training in the management of obesity: is the combination worth the weight?","year":"2023","authors":"Maaloul R, Marzougui H, Ben Dhia I, Ghroubi S, Tagougui S, Kallel C, Driss T, Elleuch MH, Ayadi F, Turki M, Hammouda O.","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2022.12.004","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36710112/","journal":"Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD"},{"pmid":"36712417","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm feasibility pilot","population":"12 adults with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis; 11 retained","comparison":"No control","protocol":"8-hour eating window for 8 weeks","findings":"Most participants completed and accepted the schedule; exploratory symptom/cognition findings prompted further study.","limitations":"Feasibility is not efficacy; no controlled evidence of slowed progression, fewer relapses or disability improvement.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Feasibility and acceptability of time-restricted eating in a group of adults with multiple sclerosis.","year":"2022","authors":"Wingo BC, Rinker JR, Green K, Peterson CM.","doi":"10.3389/fneur.2022.1087126","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36712417/","journal":"Frontiers in neurology"},{"pmid":"36738837","disposition":"context","design":"Nonrandomized before/after trial","population":"19 adults with type 2 diabetes","comparison":"Habitual baseline followed by time restriction; no concurrent control","protocol":"2-week baseline then 4 weeks of 9-hour eating, five days/week","findings":"Average glucose fell 0.7 mmol/L and time in target range increased 10 percentage points; reported intake/activity did not change.","limitations":"Short uncontrolled study; self-reported dietary stability cannot prove independence from energy changes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-restricted eating improves measures of daily glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2023","authors":"Parr EB, Steventon-Lorenzen N, Johnston R, Maniar N, Devlin BL, Lim KHC, Hawley JA.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110569","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36738837/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"36771218","disposition":"context","design":"Within-person physiological cohort study","population":"Non-obese, obese and type 2 diabetes groups; total count absent from abstract","comparison":"12-hour versus 36-hour fast within participants","protocol":"Glucose tolerance tests and metabolomics","findings":"Fasting glucose/insulin fell and calculated insulin sensitivity improved; non-obese participants had higher 2-hour glucose and reduced early insulin response after 36 hours.","limitations":"Acute physiology, not chronic disease benefit. Lower fasting glucose can coexist with worse glucose tolerance after a meal; exact indices and counts need full text.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glucose Metabolism and Metabolomic Changes in Response to Prolonged Fasting in Individuals with Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes and Non-Obese People-A Cohort Trial.","year":"2023","authors":"Tripolt NJ, Hofer SJ, Pferschy PN, Aziz F, Durand S, Aprahamian F, Nirmalathasan N, Waltenstorfer M, Eisenberg T, Obermayer AMA, Riedl R, Kojzar H, Moser O, Sourij C, Bugger H, Oulhaj A, Pieber TR, Zanker M, Kroemer G, Madeo F, Sourij H.","doi":"10.3390/nu15030511","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36771218/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"36819321","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective observational cancer cohort","population":"37 colorectal-cancer patients; 33 fasted at least part of Ramadan","comparison":"Before/after; only four non-fasters, no randomized control","protocol":"Ramadan during chemotherapy","findings":"Many reported better tolerability, but overall CEA and LDH changes were not significant; a large mean CEA drop was driven by three patients.","limitations":"No tumor-response or survival proof; small selected cohort and chemotherapy confounding. Stable kidney markers cannot rule out all fasting harms.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The Impact of Fasting the Holy Month of Ramadan on Colorectal Cancer Patients and Two Tumor Biomarkers: A Tertiary-Care Hospital Experience.","year":"2023","authors":"Alshammari K, Alhaidal HA, Alharbi R, Alrubaiaan A, Abdel-Razaq W, Alyousif G, Alkaiyat M.","doi":"10.7759/cureus.33920","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36819321/","journal":"Cureus"},{"pmid":"36827218","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized mouse dietary experiment","population":"Male C57BL/6 mice; counts absent from abstract","comparison":"Six diets: chow, high-fiber plant diet, unrestricted high-fat, calorie-restricted high-fat, time-restricted high-fat, alternate-day high-fat","protocol":"6-week high-fat induction followed by 2 months intervention","findings":"Fasting schedules did not restore intestinal architecture/immune measures as well as improving dietary composition.","limitations":"Mouse gut outcomes; demonstrates that meal timing does not automatically offset poor diet composition. Daniel Fast is food-choice restriction.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Fasting Protocols Do Not Improve Intestinal Architecture and Immune Parameters in C57BL/6 Male Mice Fed a High Fat Diet.","year":"2023","authors":"Ageeli RY, Sharma S, Puppa M, Bloomer RJ, Buddington RK, van der Merwe M.","doi":"10.3390/medicines10020018","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36827218/","journal":"Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"pmid":"36863257","disposition":"context","design":"Cell and animal colorectal-cancer experiments","population":"Colorectal-cancer cells, patient-derived cells/organoids and several mouse models. Main survival comparison: 7 usual-diet and 8 FMD mice; chemotherapy factorial experiment: 5 mice per arm. Further drug combinations used 5–7 mice per arm.","comparison":"Usual diet, FMD, chemotherapy and combination; separate ferroptosis-inducing drugs, autophagy/ferroptosis inhibitors and cell-state controls.","protocol":"Two FMD cycles in the first model; each four-day cycle supplied 50% of normal intake on day one and 10% on days two to four. Cell and drug protocols differed.","findings":"FMD slowed growth, but surviving colorectal-cancer cells could enter a resting, drug-tolerant state. Adding ferroptosis-inducing drugs increased killing, with autophagy implicated by reporter/inhibitor experiments.","limitations":"Preclinical, small model-specific groups and experimental drugs; lower proliferation is not complete cancer elimination. Cell-state and inhibitor results do not establish a human fasting duration or clinical treatment.","access":"Original full methods, results and Figures 1–8 checked; supplementary methods and independent review not completed.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Fasting-mimicking diet synergizes with ferroptosis against quiescent, chemotherapy-resistant cells.","year":"2023","authors":"Liu X, Peng S, Tang G, Xu G, Xie Y, Shen D, Zhu M, Huang Y, Wang X, Yu H, Huang M, Luo Y.","doi":"10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104496","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36863257/","journal":"EBioMedicine"},{"pmid":"36866742","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm physiological trial","population":"43 healthy young men","comparison":"2-day fast, 6-day fast, or usual diet","protocol":"Fasting and recovery glucose-tolerance testing","findings":"Both fasts acutely increased glucose exposure after a glucose load; the 2-day group retained impaired tolerance during recovery, while the 6-day group showed a different insulin response.","limitations":"Title’s relative advantage does not mean fasting immediately improved glucose tolerance. Short healthy-male experiment, not evidence for diabetes treatment or universal multi-day safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Prolonged fasting outperforms short-term fasting in terms of glucose tolerance and insulin release: a randomised controlled trial.","year":"2023","authors":"Solianik R, Židonienė K, Eimantas N, Brazaitis M.","doi":"10.1017/s0007114523000557","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36866742/","journal":"The British journal of nutrition"},{"pmid":"36940624","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary analysis of randomized fatty-liver diet trial","population":"62 participants analyzed","comparison":"5:2 restriction, low-carbohydrate/high-fat restriction, or lifestyle advice","protocol":"12 weeks; same parent study as PMID 33898960","findings":"Both active diets reduced weight and abdominal fat similarly; neither clearly outperformed the other for visceral or subcutaneous fat.","limitations":"Secondary subset of an existing cohort, not independent replication; cannot isolate timing from energy deficit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Macronutrient composition and its effect on body composition changes during weight loss therapy in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2023","authors":"Lindqvist C, Holmer M, Hagström H, Petersson S, Tillander V, Brismar TB, Stål P.","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2023.111982","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36940624/","journal":"Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)"},{"pmid":"36950420","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective pregnancy comparison","population":"82 women reported in results: 57 gestational diabetes, 25 normoglycemic","comparison":"Both groups fasted; compared diabetes status and fasting duration","protocol":"Mean 16 fasting days, range 5–30","findings":"Most measured maternal/neonatal outcomes did not differ; longer fasting in the normoglycemic subgroup was associated with smaller infant head circumference.","limitations":"No non-fasting control, small subgroups and inconsistent diabetes count (52 in methods, 57 in results). Cannot establish pregnancy safety from nonsignificant differences.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Maternal and perinatal outcome of Ramadan fasting in women with gestational diabetes.","year":"2023","authors":"Abdullah S, Shumaila, Mughal S, Samuel M, Hossain N.","doi":"10.12669/pjms.39.2.7332","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36950420/","journal":"Pakistan journal of medical sciences"},{"pmid":"36986128","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary analysis of randomized four-arm trial","population":"80 adults with obesity and fatty liver","comparison":"Alternate-day restriction plus exercise, restriction alone, exercise alone, or control","protocol":"3 months; same cohort as PMID 36549296","findings":"Weight/liver-fat reductions did not translate into improved sleep quality, duration, insomnia or sleep-apnea symptom risk.","limitations":"Questionnaire outcomes and small groups; not an independent weight-loss trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Alternate-Day Fasting Combined with Exercise: Effect on Sleep in Adults with Obesity and NAFLD.","year":"2023","authors":"Ezpeleta M, Gabel K, Cienfuegos S, Kalam F, Lin S, Pavlou V, Varady KA.","doi":"10.3390/nu15061398","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36986128/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"37082115","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized pilot","population":"Adults with stage 3–4 kidney disease and overweight/obesity; number absent from abstract","comparison":"Self-selected time restriction versus control diet","protocol":"12 weeks with medical supervision","findings":"Estimated kidney filtration changed by +3.1 versus −0.8 mL/min/1.73 m²; weight fell 2.8 kg in fasting arm, including fat-free mass and water.","limitations":"Preference assignment, short follow-up and body-composition effects on creatinine complicate kidney interpretation; no kidney-failure endpoint.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-restricted feeding's effect on overweight and obese patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3-4: A prospective non-randomized control pilot study.","year":"2023","authors":"Lao BN, Luo JH, Xu XY, Fu LZ, Tang F, Ouyang WW, Xu XZ, Wei MT, Xiao BJ, Chen LY, Wu YF, Liu XS.","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2023.1096093","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37082115/","journal":"Frontiers in endocrinology"},{"pmid":"37091135","disposition":"context","design":"Case report","population":"One man","comparison":"No control","protocol":"Two-week fast beginning with 5 days without either food or water","findings":"Developed a leg deep-vein thrombosis; dehydration was considered a contributing factor.","limitations":"Cannot estimate incidence or prove causality. Exposure included prolonged dry fasting, so it must not be described as water-only throughout.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Prolonged Fasting as a Cause of Deep Vein Thrombosis: A Case Report.","year":"2023","authors":"Roberge G, Samson C, Le Gal G, Calabrino A.","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-57225","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37091135/","journal":"TH open : companion journal to thrombosis and haemostasis"},{"pmid":"37119413","disposition":"context","design":"Breast-cancer cell mechanism study","population":"MCF-7 cells and public expression datasets; replicate counts absent","comparison":"miR-22 overexpression versus cell controls","protocol":"Glucose/glycogen pathway measurements under low-glucose conditions","findings":"miR-22 reduced glycolysis and low-glucose survival while increasing glycogen-synthesis gene expression.","limitations":"Gene-expression manipulation, not fasting; increased glycogen-related expression did not simply mean enhanced cancer survival.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"miR-22-enriched breast cancer cells display repressed glycolytic metabolism, increased glycogen synthesis, and reduced survival in low glucose conditions.","year":"2023","authors":"Koufaris C, Papandreou ME, Ellis JK, Nicolaidou V, Keun HC.","doi":"10.1007/s11033-023-08458-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37119413/","journal":"Molecular biology reports"},{"pmid":"37142604","disposition":"context","design":"Mouse and cell therapeutic mechanism study","population":"High-fat-fed mice and laboratory systems; counts absent","comparison":"Lysosome-acidifying nanoparticles versus experimental controls","protocol":"Treatment of established fatty liver","findings":"Restoring lysosomal acidity improved autophagy-related function and metabolic abnormalities in mice.","limitations":"Nanoparticle treatment, not dietary fasting; illustrates that functional lysosomal degradation matters, rather than assuming more autophagy-marker accumulation is beneficial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Restoration of lysosomal acidification rescues autophagy and metabolic dysfunction in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.","year":"2023","authors":"Zeng J, Acin-Perez R, Assali EA, Martin A, Brownstein AJ, Petcherski A, Fernández-Del-Rio L, Xiao R, Lo CH, Shum M, Liesa M, Han X, Shirihai OS, Grinstaff MW.","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38165-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37142604/","journal":"Nature communications"},{"pmid":"37185457","disposition":"context","design":"Human metabolomics with cell and animal experiments","population":"400 independent serum samples; paired colorectal tissue and models, additional counts absent","comparison":"Cancer/control biomarker comparisons; beta-hydroxybutyrate exposure and ACAT1 silencing","protocol":"Targeted metabolomics and tumor experiments","findings":"Higher ketones were found in cancer serum; ketone exposure promoted proliferation/metastasis in models through ACAT1-related signaling.","limitations":"Human association does not show dietary causation; model results differ from other colorectal ketone studies. Concentrations, genotypes and treatment contexts must be compared before generalizing.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Elevated serum β-hydroxybutyrate, a circulating ketone metabolite, accelerates colorectal cancer proliferation and metastasis via ACAT1.","year":"2023","authors":"Mao T, Qin F, Zhang M, Li J, Li J, Lai M.","doi":"10.1038/s41388-023-02700-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37185457/","journal":"Oncogene"},{"pmid":"37223533","disposition":"context","design":"Cell experiments, mouse xenografts and human tissue observations","population":"Lung-cancer lines including H1299; 13 paired human tumors/adjacent tissues; mouse group sizes not specified in main report","comparison":"Serum-starved cells with/without ketones; OXCT1 knockdown versus control in cells and grafts","protocol":"Beta-hydroxybutyrate 1 or 5 mM in growth assays; pathway knockdown and rescue experiments","findings":"Ketones rescued growth of serum-starved lung-cancer cells. Blocking ketone-use enzyme OXCT1 reduced growth and altered NF-kB signaling; high expression was associated with worse survival in human data.","limitations":"No patient dietary trial; main figure states three independent experiments, not three patients per treatment. Supplementary animal counts were not verified.","access":"Full article text checked, including methods and reported results; independent duplicate review and all supplements not completed.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"OXCT1 regulates NF-κB signaling pathway through β-hydroxybutyrate-mediated ketone body homeostasis in lung cancer.","year":"2023","authors":"Lu Z, Han T, Wang T, Gan M, Xie C, Yu B, Wang JB.","doi":"10.1016/j.gendis.2022.04.020","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37223533/","journal":"Genes & diseases"},{"pmid":"37234349","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective propensity-matched medication cohort","population":"220 of 1,104 screened adults included; 89 received empagliflozin","comparison":"Empagliflozin versus other medication users during Ramadan","protocol":"Followed through 8 weeks after Ramadan","findings":"Reported hypoglycemia symptoms were less frequent (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.26–0.89), but confirmed hypoglycemia did not differ (RR 1.09, CI 0.37–3.22).","limitations":"Matching cannot remove unmeasured confounding; wide confirmed-event interval. Tests drug choice, not fasting benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Safety and tolerability of Empagliflozin use during the holy month of Ramadan by fasting patients with type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study.","year":"2023","authors":"Samkari MM, Bokhari NS, Alhajaji R, Ahmed ME, Al Raddadi A, Bahget AK, Saleh SF, Aljehani F, Alzahrani SH, Alsifyani SS, Samkari MM, Badr AF, Alalawi M, Al Sulaiman K.","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2023.04.022","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37234349/","journal":"Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society"},{"pmid":"37250536","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled prospective student cohort","population":"115 enrolled; 58 men, 57 women","comparison":"Before, during and after Ramadan","protocol":"Four weight assessments","findings":"About 0.4 kg loss near Ramadan’s end was regained within 2–3 weeks.","limitations":"Convenience sample and unclear analyzed count; reported ANOVA statistics warrant checking. Does not support lasting weight loss or a blanket safety claim.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Body Weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) in Public Sector Undergraduate Medical Students of Peshawar.","year":"2023","authors":"Majid A, Osama M, Noman M, Nisa U, Haider I.","doi":"10.12669/pjms.39.3.7017","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37250536/","journal":"Pakistan journal of medical sciences"},{"pmid":"37251671","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary nerve-function analysis of controlled diet trial","population":"31 adults with type 2 diabetes: 14 fasting-mimicking, 17 Mediterranean diet; 13 had nerve imaging","comparison":"Monthly fasting-mimicking diet versus Mediterranean diet","protocol":"6 months; DRKS00014287","findings":"Clinical neuropathy scores and most sensory/imaging measures did not improve; isolated within-group nerve measures differed.","limitations":"Small multiple-outcome analysis of the parent nephropathy trial (PMID 35661214); no established reversal of neuropathy or generalized nerve repair.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Six-month periodic fasting does not affect somatosensory nerve function in type 2 diabetes patients.","year":"2023","authors":"Kender Z, von Rauchhaupt E, Schwarz D, Tsilingiris D, Schimpfle L, Bartl H, Longo VD, Bendszus M, Kopf S, Herzig S, Heiland S, Szendroedi J, Sulaj A.","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2023.1143799","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37251671/","journal":"Frontiers in endocrinology"},{"pmid":"37275490","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-arm trial","population":"77 young women with excess body fat: 19 control, 19 time restriction, 20 walking, 19 combined","comparison":"Time restriction, walking, both, or control","protocol":"8 weeks","findings":"Some weight/BMI changes favored interventions, but lean tissue decreased and cholesterol rose; combination showed no clear added benefit.","limitations":"Weight reduction was not uniformly healthy body-composition change. Multiple analyses, small groups and narrow population limit generalization.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of time-restricted feeding and walking exercise on the physical health of female college students with hidden obesity: a randomized trial.","year":"2023","authors":"Liu H, Chen S, Ji H, Dai Z.","doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2023.1020887","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37275490/","journal":"Frontiers in public health"},{"pmid":"37275639","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm trial","population":"56 women with overweight/obesity","comparison":"Modified alternate-day fasting versus daily calorie restriction","protocol":"8 weeks","findings":"Weight loss was 5.23 versus 3.15 kg. Overall sleep quality and daytime-sleepiness scales did not differ, although two sleep subscales favored fasting.","limitations":"Selected positive subscales should not replace null primary sleep outcomes; short follow-up and multiple endpoints.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Alternate-day modified fasting diet improves weight loss, subjective sleep quality and daytime dysfunction in women with obesity or overweight: a randomized, controlled trial.","year":"2023","authors":"Hooshiar SH, Yazdani A, Jafarnejad S.","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2023.1174293","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37275639/","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition"},{"pmid":"37280675","disposition":"context","design":"Human tumor profiling plus cell and mouse experiments","population":"METABRIC 1,904 tumors; tissue array 337; four breast-cancer lines; mouse count absent","comparison":"Tumor-expression associations and GYS1 knockdown controls","protocol":"Glycogen-synthesis gene targeting, including triple-negative breast cancer","findings":"Higher GYS1 predicted worse survival associations; knockdown reduced glycogen and cell growth and delayed xenografts.","limitations":"Human data are observational; intervention evidence is preclinical gene targeting, not fasting. Indexed correction PMID 37635223 requires consideration; GYS1 may have functions beyond fuel storage.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","notices":[{"type":"Erratum in","reference":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2023 Aug 28;42(1):220. doi: 10.1186/s13046-023-02800-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37635223/"}],"integrityNote":"Original correction checked: Additional File 8 Figure 6c identifies U87MG cells, not HCC1806. The corrected experiment is not a breast-cancer-line result.","title":"Glycogen synthase 1 targeting reveals a metabolic vulnerability in triple-negative breast cancer.","year":"2023","authors":"de Heer EC, Zois CE, Bridges E, van der Vegt B, Sheldon H, Veldman WA, Zwager MC, van der Sluis T, Haider S, Morita T, Baba O, Schröder CP, de Jong S, Harris AL, Jalving M.","doi":"10.1186/s13046-023-02715-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37280675/","journal":"Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR"},{"pmid":"37299580","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-group mouse experiment","population":"Overweight/obese mice plus lean controls; counts absent","comparison":"Continuous timed feeding, timed feeding then withdrawal, unrestricted high-fat, or unrestricted low-fat","protocol":"6 weeks total; withdrawal after week 4","findings":"Weight/glucose benefits rapidly waned after stopping, while some adipose inflammatory and insulin measures persisted for about two weeks.","limitations":"Mouse tissue-specific persistence, not a human duration guarantee; no universal lasting fasting effect.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Post-Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding against Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Obese Mice.","year":"2023","authors":"Yun N, Nah J, Lee MN, Wu D, Pae M.","doi":"10.3390/nu15112617","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37299580/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"37315900","disposition":"context","design":"Imaging subset of randomized supplement trial","population":"24 adults with prediabetes and obesity had paired MRI","comparison":"Probiotic versus placebo; all practiced 5:2 restriction","protocol":"12 weeks","findings":"Several fat depots decreased, with no significant probiotic-versus-placebo difference; fat-depot changes did not correlate with HbA1c changes.","limitations":"No non-fasting control; primarily tests supplementation and fat distribution, not independent fasting efficacy.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Magnetic resonance study of visceral, subcutaneous, liver and pancreas fat changes after 12 weeks intermittent fasting in obese participants with prediabetes.","year":"2023","authors":"Dokpuang D, Zhiyong Yang J, Nemati R, He K, Plank LD, Murphy R, Lu J.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110775","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37315900/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"37347364","disposition":"context","design":"Cancer database and cell-knockdown study","population":"Lung-cancer datasets and cells; counts absent","comparison":"PYGL-expression associations and knockdown versus controls","protocol":"Target identification and cell proliferation/migration tests","findings":"Higher PYGL correlated with worse clinical features; knockdown inhibited cell growth/migration.","limitations":"Correlative human data plus cell intervention; no human treatment, dietary restriction or demonstration that all cancer needs glycogen.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Identification of glycogen phosphorylase L as a potential target for lung cancer.","year":"2023","authors":"He XL, Lyu WY, Li XY, Zhao H, Qi L, Lu JJ.","doi":"10.1007/s12032-023-02069-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37347364/","journal":"Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England)"},{"pmid":"37375597","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled prospective inpatient cohort","population":"125 adults with hip/knee osteoarthritis","comparison":"Before/after multimodal treatment; no control","protocol":"Mean 7.7 days of modified fasting below 600 kcal/day plus other therapies; follow-up questionnaires to 12 months","findings":"Pain and function improved during treatment; mean pain score fell 2.7 points and weight 3.6 kg; 36% reduced or changed pain medication.","limitations":"Fasting cannot be isolated from other inpatient therapies, expectations or weight loss. Follow-up attrition/durability require full text.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Prolonged Fasting during Inpatient Multimodal Treatment on Pain and Functional Parameters in Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis: A Prospective Exploratory Observational Study.","year":"2023","authors":"Koppold DA, Kandil FI, Güttler O, Müller A, Steckhan N, Meiß S, Breinlinger C, Nelle E, Hartmann AM, Jeitler M, Hanslian E, Fischer JM, Michalsen A, Kessler CS.","doi":"10.3390/nu15122695","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37375597/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"37417177","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"All 18 analyzed hemodialysis patients were non-fasting; study assessed Ramadan-associated lifestyle changes, not a fasting exposure or intervention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of Ramadan on Clinical and Biochemical Parameters among Non-fasting Hemodialysis Patients.","year":"2022","authors":"Alkhunaizi AM, Alnasrallah B, Brady E, Amir A, Yousif B, Anwar A, Alkhunaizi MA.","doi":"10.4103/1319-2442.379023","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37417177/","journal":"Saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation : an official publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia"},{"pmid":"37436939","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm trial","population":"56 women with overweight/obesity and food-addiction symptoms; 29 time restriction, 27 controls","comparison":"Low-calorie diet with versus without time restriction","protocol":"8 weeks","findings":"Time restriction produced greater weight/fat loss and higher BDNF; food-addiction scores improved in both groups.","limitations":"BDNF and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein are indirect markers, not proof of improved brain function or a microbiome mechanism; short selected sample.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of time restricted feeding on anthropometric measures, eating behavior, stress, serum levels of BDNF and LBP in overweight/obese women with food addiction: a randomized clinical trial.","year":"2024","authors":"Irani H, Abiri B, Khodami B, Yari Z, Lafzi Ghazi M, Hosseinzadeh N, Saidpour A.","doi":"10.1080/1028415x.2023.2234704","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37436939/","journal":"Nutritional neuroscience"},{"pmid":"37447384","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled neonatal rat nutrition experiment","population":"Three groups, five rats each","comparison":"Normal nutrition, prenatal protein restriction, prenatal plus postnatal restriction","protocol":"Birth and 21-day tissue measurements","findings":"Liver and muscle autophagy-related proteins differed by developmental nutrition.","limitations":"Protein restriction in developing animals is not adult fasting. Static LC3/p62 measurements do not alone establish autophagic flux or a human timing threshold.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Hepatic and Skeletal Muscle Autophagy Marker Levels in Rat Models of Prenatal and Postnatal Protein Restriction.","year":"2023","authors":"Santosa I, Shoji H, Arai Y, Awata K, Tokita K, Shimizu T.","doi":"10.3390/nu15133058","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37447384/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"37525238","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective questionnaire cohort","population":"Medical students; number absent from abstract","comparison":"Before/during Ramadan; no concurrent control","protocol":"Two surveys in 2022","findings":"Self-reported diet/activity and smoking measures improved; male perceived stress increased; academic performance did not change.","limitations":"Self-report, multiple simultaneous lifestyle changes and no control; no clinical disease-prevention evidence.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Changes in dietary and lifestyle behaviors and mental stress among medical students upon Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting: a prospective cohort study from Taif/Saudi Arabia.","year":"2023","authors":"Alotaibi MI, Elsamad G, Aljardahi AN, Alghamdi AN, Alotaibi AI, Alorabi HM, Alzahrani KM, Abdel-Moneim AS.","doi":"10.1186/s12889-023-16385-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37525238/","journal":"BMC public health"},{"pmid":"37549455","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-arm rat study","population":"40 Wistar rats","comparison":"Sedentary/trained controls and sedentary/trained fasting groups","protocol":"15-hour daily fasting plus/minus aerobic exercise for 4 weeks","findings":"Exercise performance improved similarly, but fasting with exercise reduced lean mass and showed muscle damage despite higher antioxidant capacity.","limitations":"Animal findings; favorable oxidative biomarkers do not establish overall benefit or muscle safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intermittent fasting associated with aerobic exercise improves oxidative parameters and causes muscle damage without compromising the performance of Wistar rats.","year":"2023","authors":"Dorand VAM, Soares NL, da Silva Andrade AA, Ribeiro MD, de Almeida Filho EJB, Neto MM, Batista KS, de Oliveira GC, Alves AF, de Paiva Sousa MC, Silva AS, Aquino JS.","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2023.112159","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37549455/","journal":"Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)"},{"pmid":"37581325","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective noncomparative medication cohort","population":"140 adults with type 2 diabetes in four countries","comparison":"Before/during/after Ramadan","protocol":"Established glargine-300 treatment; doses adjusted","findings":"HbA1c fell from 7.9% to 6.9%; five participants had symptomatic documented hypoglycemia during Ramadan, none severe.","limitations":"No non-fasting or alternative-treatment control; medication adjustment and selection prevent attributing glucose changes to fasting.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Real-world Safety and Effectiveness of Insulin Glargine 300 U/mL in Participants with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus During the Period of Ramadan in Four Countries (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey): A Prospective Observational Study.","year":"2024","authors":"Hassanein M, Shaltout I, Malek R, Assaad Khalil S, Ballout H, Annabi F, Shereen M.","doi":"10.2174/1573399820666230811152520","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37581325/","journal":"Current diabetes reviews"},{"pmid":"37591044","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized crossover exercise-timing trial","population":"32 adults with type 1 diabetes","comparison":"Supervised exercise before versus after sunset meal; habitual-activity baseline","protocol":"Three sessions weekly during Ramadan","findings":"Both schedules lowered average glucose on exercise days; evening exercise also showed next-day effects.","limitations":"Evaluates exercise timing under supervision, not fasting versus no fasting; small study cannot establish general safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effect of timing of remotely supervised exercise on glucose control in people with type 1 diabetes during Ramadan: A randomised crossover study.","year":"2023","authors":"Al Ozairi E, ElSamad A, Al Kandari J, Hamdan Y, Taliping D, Gray SR.","doi":"10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102845","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37591044/","journal":"Diabetes & metabolic syndrome"},{"pmid":"37621169","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Narrative review of breast-cancer fasting/FMD research; no independent original cohort or experiment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Fasting-mimicking diet: a metabolic approach for the treatment of breast cancer.","year":"2023","authors":"Ligorio F, Provenzano L, Vernieri C.","doi":"10.1097/cco.0000000000000986","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37621169/","journal":"Current opinion in oncology"},{"pmid":"37629695","disposition":"context","design":"Single-patient longitudinal gene-expression study with comparison patients","population":"One fasting CLL patient sampled 20 times; five other untreated patients sampled once each","comparison":"Repeated samples from one person versus five people with different diets","protocol":"Vegetarian/fruitarian diet plus annual 4–39-day fasts","findings":"Lymphocyte counts reportedly fell around 4–6 weeks after fasting; nine genes differed between the index patient and comparison patients.","limitations":"Twenty samples are not twenty independent patients. Genetic/clinical differences and diet confounding prevent causal claims; no demonstrated cure, controlled progression benefit or safe fasting prescription.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A Nine-Gene Expression Signature Distinguished a Patient with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Who Underwent Prolonged Periodic Fasting.","year":"2023","authors":"Bossi LE, Palumbo C, Trojani A, Melluso A, Di Camillo B, Beghini A, Sarnataro LM, Cairoli R.","doi":"10.3390/medicina59081405","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37629695/","journal":"Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)"},{"pmid":"37644560","disposition":"context","design":"Patient-engagement feasibility survey/focus groups","population":"47 patients described; 8 focus-group and 36 survey participants explicitly counted","comparison":"No treatment assignment or clinical control","protocol":"Feedback on a proposed gynecologic-cancer fasting trial","findings":"Patients were generally receptive and offered practical recruitment/adherence suggestions.","limitations":"This is research-design feedback, not a completed fasting efficacy trial; participant-count discrepancy needs full text.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A patient perspective on applying intermittent fasting in gynecologic cancer.","year":"2023","authors":"Redding A, Santarossa S, Murphy D, Udumula MP, Munkarah A, Hijaz M, Rattan R.","doi":"10.1186/s13104-023-06453-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37644560/","journal":"BMC research notes"},{"pmid":"37678852","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Rat diabetic-nephropathy exosome/drug study with fasting glucose as a measurement, not a fasting intervention. Abstract also conflicts on animal total (40 versus five groups of ten).","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Inhibition of Autophagy in Renal Cells With Human, Urine-derived, Stem-cell Exosomes to Improve Diabetic Nephropathy.","year":"2023","authors":"Nie H, Zhou L, Xu R, Yu J.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37678852/","journal":"Alternative therapies in health and medicine"},{"pmid":"37739649","disposition":"context","design":"Repeated-measure observational cohort","population":"12 healthy young men","comparison":"Before, early/late Ramadan and four weeks afterward","protocol":"16-hour daytime fasting for 29 days","findings":"FGF21 initially rose then declined; energy intake/activity also changed.","limitations":"Very small uncontrolled biomarker study. Ramadan repeated daytime fasting is not uninterrupted multi-day fasting; no disease or longevity outcome.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Fluctuations of serum fibroblast growth factor-21 levels in prolonged fasting in male adults.","year":"2023","authors":"Ağaçdiken A, Göktaş Z.","doi":"10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.06.024","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37739649/","journal":"Clinical nutrition ESPEN"},{"pmid":"37759730","disposition":"context","design":"Mouse cachexia and muscle-cell experiments","population":"Tumor-bearing mice and C2C12 muscle cells; counts absent","comparison":"Injected ethyl hydroxybutyrate or ketone exposure versus experimental controls","protocol":"Ketone supplementation without dietary restriction","findings":"Reported less muscle wasting, smaller tumors and improved mouse survival; metabolic pathways changed.","limitations":"Injected supplement in a particular model is not evidence that fasting or dietary ketosis treats human cancer/cachexia.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Ethyl 3-Hydroxybutyrate in Alleviating Skeletal Muscle Wasting in Cancer Cachexia.","year":"2023","authors":"Zhou Y, Lu R, Lin F, Chen S, He QQ, Wu G, Huang C, Lin D.","doi":"10.3390/biom13091330","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37759730/","journal":"Biomolecules"},{"pmid":"37760956","disposition":"context","design":"Multi-line cancer-cell experiment","population":"Colon, ovarian, cervical and breast cancer cells; replicate counts absent","comparison":"Ketone salts and lithium controls, with/without anticancer drugs","protocol":"Laboratory dose-response experiments","findings":"Acetoacetate slowed proliferation rather than killing cells; combinations reduced drug concentrations needed for killing. Lithium itself contributed effects.","limitations":"Growth arrest is not cancer-cell death. Cell-culture drug synergy does not establish human treatment efficacy or achievable dietary exposures.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ketone Bodies Induce Unique Inhibition of Tumor Cell Proliferation and Enhance the Efficacy of Anti-Cancer Agents.","year":"2023","authors":"Miller AI, Diaz D, Lin B, Krzesaj PK, Ustoyev S, Shim A, Fine EJ, Sarafraz-Yazdi E, Pincus MR, Feinman RD.","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines11092515","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37760956/","journal":"Biomedicines"},{"pmid":"37764710","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Algorithm development using previously published trial data; not an independent fasting intervention or prospectively validated clinical recommendation system. Reported prediction accuracy is not a patient treatment-success rate.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Understanding Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Risk Parameters through Intermittent Fasting: A Machine Learning Approach.","year":"2023","authors":"Shazman S.","doi":"10.3390/nu15183926","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37764710/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"37816729","disposition":"context","design":"Colon-cancer cell, organoid and xenograft experiments","population":"Cancer cells, engineered mouse organoids and xenografts; counts absent","comparison":"Drp1 loss and glycogen-pathway inhibition versus experimental controls","protocol":"Mitochondrial-fission disruption and chemotherapy testing","findings":"Cells compensated for Drp1 loss by increasing glucose uptake/glycogen storage; blocking glycogen breakdown increased drug sensitivity.","limitations":"Context-specific adaptive fuel use, not universal glycogen dependence. No human fasting treatment tested.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Inhibition of mitochondrial fission activates glycogen synthesis to support cell survival in colon cancer.","year":"2023","authors":"Hasani S, Young LEA, Van Nort W, Banerjee M, Rivas DR, Kim J, Xiong X, Sun RC, Gentry MS, Sesaki H, Gao T.","doi":"10.1038/s41419-023-06202-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37816729/","journal":"Cell death & disease"},{"pmid":"37822801","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective pregnancy cohort","population":"70 pregnant women: 53 gestational diabetes, 17 type 2 diabetes","comparison":"Before/during Ramadan; comparison by diabetes type","protocol":"Second/third trimester fasting","findings":"Fasting glucose fell modestly, but type 2 diabetes predicted more hypoglycemia (OR 6.23, 95% CI 1.04–37.54).","limitations":"No non-fasting control and wide interval; lower fasting glucose is not proof of maternal/fetal benefit. Most received no special fasting instructions.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Blood Glucose Level in Pregnant Women with Gestational and Type 2 Diabetes.","year":"2023","authors":"Alsulami SS, Ghamri KA.","doi":"10.2147/dmso.s429249","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37822801/","journal":"Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy"},{"pmid":"37836517","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm trial","population":"72 adults with impaired fasting glucose: 26 combined intervention, 24 time restriction, 22 usual care","comparison":"Time restriction plus behavioral incentives, time restriction alone, or usual care","protocol":"Duration not specified in abstract","findings":"Overall weight, glucose, HbA1c, insulin and lipid comparisons were null; selected adherers had favorable glucose results.","limitations":"Per-protocol selection cannot replace the randomized null result; exact protocol and attrition require full text.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Efficacy of Time-Restricted Eating and Behavioral Economic Intervention in Reducing Fasting Plasma Glucose, HbA1c, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Patients with Impaired Fasting Glucose: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2023","authors":"Suthutvoravut U, Anothaisintawee T, Boonmanunt S, Pramyothin S, Siriyothin S, Attia J, McKay GJ, Reutrakul S, Thakkinstian A.","doi":"10.3390/nu15194233","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37836517/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"37854337","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled longitudinal microbiome cohort","population":"46 adults with obesity","comparison":"Five timepoints; no non-fasting control","protocol":"7-day medically supervised water-only fast","findings":"Gut microbial composition and metabolism changed substantially, then rapidly recovered after fasting.","limitations":"Microbiome change is not inherently improvement; no demonstrated clinical disease benefit and no causal proof that microbes drove host changes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Dynamics and ecological reassembly of the human gut microbiome and the host metabolome in response to prolonged fasting.","year":"2023","authors":"Sang X, Li S, Guo R, Yan Q, Liu C, Zhang Y, Lv Q, Wu L, Ma J, You W, Feng L, Sun W.","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2023.1265425","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37854337/","journal":"Frontiers in microbiology"},{"pmid":"37862821","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized crossover metabolic-chamber trial","population":"12 healthy lean men","comparison":"60-hour fast versus energy-balanced feeding","protocol":"Hourly metabolism with 2-week washout","findings":"Fat oxidation increased while carbohydrate use decreased; total daily energy expenditure was lower during fasting.","limitations":"Direct acute metabolic evidence, not proof of greater long-term fat loss or an autophagy start/peak time. Selected healthy male sample.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The impact of prolonged fasting on 24h energy metabolism and its 24h rhythmicity in healthy, lean males: A randomized cross-over trial.","year":"2023","authors":"Andriessen C, Doligkeit D, Moonen-Kornips E, Mensink M, Hesselink MKC, Hoeks J, Schrauwen P.","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2023.10.010","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37862821/","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)"},{"pmid":"37875984","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Network meta-analysis of 27 existing randomized trials; useful secondary synthesis, not a new participant cohort. Must not add its sample as independent evidence.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of time-restricted eating with different eating windows on human metabolic health: pooled analysis of existing cohorts.","year":"2023","authors":"Nie Z, Xu J, Cheng Y, Li Z, Zhang R, Zhang W, Zhao L.","doi":"10.1186/s13098-023-01190-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37875984/","journal":"Diabetology & metabolic syndrome"},{"pmid":"37887153","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized meal-timing repeated-measures study","population":"19 adolescent female handball players","comparison":"Early versus late predawn meal, with pre/post-Ramadan reference tests","protocol":"Morning/afternoon performance testing","findings":"Afternoon performance declined during fasting; later predawn eating reduced some performance losses.","limitations":"Small athletic sample; tests meal timing during religious fasting, not clinical benefit or general adolescent safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ramadan Fasting and Short-Term Maximal Physical Performance: Searching for Optimal Timing of the Last Meal \"Suhoor\" in Female Pre-University Handball Players.","year":"2023","authors":"Bougrine H, Salem A, Nasser N, Ammar A, Chtourou H, Souissi N.","doi":"10.3390/ejihpe13100152","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37887153/","journal":"European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education"},{"pmid":"37892388","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary analysis of randomized three-arm trial","population":"90 adults with obesity","comparison":"8-hour noon–8 pm eating, 25% daily calorie restriction, or no intervention","protocol":"12 months","findings":"Both diets produced similar weight loss, but depression, mood and most quality-of-life measures did not improve versus controls.","limitations":"Same parent weight-loss trial, not independent replication; borderline vitality finding should not override overall null mood results.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of Time-Restricted Eating versus Daily Calorie Restriction on Mood and Quality of Life in Adults with Obesity.","year":"2023","authors":"Lin S, Cienfuegos S, Ezpeleta M, Pavlou V, Chakos K, McStay M, Runchey MC, Alexandria SJ, Varady KA.","doi":"10.3390/nu15204313","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37892388/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"37929015","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled prospective molecular study","population":"37 adults with metabolic syndrome","comparison":"Repeated measurements without a non-fasting control","protocol":"5-day water-only fast","findings":"Weight, waist, blood pressure and fasting glucose decreased; urine proteins/metabolites changed, with sex differences. Uric acid was the exception to otherwise normal reported organ-function markers.","limitations":"Short-term biomarker changes do not establish disease prevention, durable benefit or overall safety; proposed evolutionary explanation is speculative.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Non-invasive omics analysis delineates molecular changes in water-only fasting and its sex-discriminating features in metabolic syndrome patients.","year":"2023","authors":"Jiang Y, Tang Z, Zhu X, Xiao B, Tian H, Lei X, Peng H, Qin J, Zhang Y, Hoffman RM, Hu X, Chen Q, Ji G, Jia L.","doi":"10.1002/mco2.393","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37929015/","journal":"MedComm"},{"pmid":"37960230","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled mouse fatty-liver experiment","population":"High-fat-fed mice; counts absent from abstract","comparison":"Continued high-fat feeding versus intermittent fasting, with reference comparisons","protocol":"30-week high-fat exposure, fasting during final 22 weeks","findings":"Fasting reduced liver fat, inflammation/fibrosis measures and restored impaired autophagy-related flux.","limitations":"Preclinical mechanism; does not define human autophagy onset or establish reversal of clinical liver fibrosis.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intermittent Fasting Attenuates Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis by Enhancing the Hepatic Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway.","year":"2023","authors":"Kim KE, Shin HJ, Ju Y, Jung Y, An HS, Lee SJ, Jeong EA, Lee J, Hwang GS, Roh GS.","doi":"10.3390/nu15214574","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37960230/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"37971503","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm trial","population":"27 randomized, 23 completed: 12 early-carbohydrate, 11 controls","comparison":"Early carbohydrate timing versus Mediterranean-style diet with matched calories/macronutrients","protocol":"12 weeks in adults with type 2 diabetes","findings":"Weight and HbA1c improved similarly; no additional metabolic benefit of early carbohydrate timing.","limitations":"Restricts carbohydrate timing, not all calories. Small trial; active calorie restriction in both groups.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Early time-restricted carbohydrate consumption vs conventional dieting in type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial.","year":"2024","authors":"Tricò D, Masoni MC, Baldi S, Cimbalo N, Sacchetta L, Scozzaro MT, Nesti G, Mengozzi A, Nesti L, Chiriacò M, Natali A.","doi":"10.1007/s00125-023-06045-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37971503/","journal":"Diabetologia"},{"pmid":"37979443","disposition":"context","design":"Human biomarker observation plus mouse/cell experiments","population":"Heart-attack patient samples, male mice and rat heart cells; counts absent","comparison":"Beta-hydroxybutyrate at reperfusion versus saline; ATG7 loss experiments","protocol":"Single ketone dose at restoration of blood flow","findings":"Mouse infarct size fell about 50%; protection depended on autophagy machinery and mitochondrial preservation.","limitations":"Human component measured ketones, not treatment efficacy. Achieving similar ketone levels by fasting does not establish fasting as heart-attack treatment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"β-hydroxybutyrate administered at reperfusion reduces infarct size and preserves cardiac function by improving mitochondrial function through autophagy in male mice.","year":"2024","authors":"Chu Y, Hua Y, He L, He J, Chen Y, Yang J, Mahmoud I, Zeng F, Zeng X, Benavides GA, Darley-Usmar VM, Young ME, Ballinger SW, Prabhu SD, Zhang C, Xie M.","doi":"10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.11.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37979443/","journal":"Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology"},{"pmid":"38057844","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized adjunctive medication trial","population":"50 adolescents/young adults with type 1 diabetes using automated insulin delivery","comparison":"Vildagliptin with sunset meal versus no added drug","protocol":"Ramadan","findings":"Added medication reduced post-meal glucose excursions and increased time in range; no severe hypoglycemia or ketoacidosis reported.","limitations":"Drug/device management, not fasting efficacy; selected population and small study cannot rule out rare harms.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting.","year":"2023","authors":"Elbarbary NS, Ismail EAR.","doi":"10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38057844/","journal":"Diabetology & metabolic syndrome"},{"pmid":"38136270","disposition":"context","design":"Colorectal-cancer organoid experiment","population":"Organoids; donor/replicate counts absent from abstract","comparison":"Beta-hydroxybutyrate, oxaliplatin, combinations and antioxidant comparisons","protocol":"Laboratory treatment exposures","findings":"Ketones strengthened oxaliplatin cytotoxicity with altered oxidative metabolism; melatonin counteracted the effect by reducing oxidative stress.","limitations":"Organoids are not treated patients. Ketone metabolism supporting drug-induced oxidative stress is different from starving cells of usable fuel.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Augments Oxaliplatin-Induced Cytotoxicity by Altering Energy Metabolism in Colorectal Cancer Organoids.","year":"2023","authors":"Sever T, Ellidokuz EB, Basbinar Y, Ellidokuz H, Yilmaz ÖH, Calibasi-Kocal G.","doi":"10.3390/cancers15245724","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38136270/","journal":"Cancers"},{"pmid":"38136416","disposition":"context","design":"Exploratory genetic substudy of DIRECT trial","population":"113 breast-cancer patients; 17 candidate variants","comparison":"Genotype associations within chemotherapy with/without FMD","protocol":"Neoadjuvant treatment; NCT02126449","findings":"Two IGF1-receptor variants associated with pathological response; proposed diet–gene interactions were exploratory.","limitations":"Same DIRECT cohort, not a new diet trial; multiple testing and wide interaction intervals require external validation. No validated personalized fasting test.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"IGF1 and Insulin Receptor Single Nucleotide Variants Associated with Response in HER2-Negative Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy with or without a Fasting Mimicking Diet (BOOG 2013-04 DIRECT Trial).","year":"2023","authors":"de Gruil N, Böhringer S, de Groot S, Pijl H, Kroep JR, Swen JJ.","doi":"10.3390/cancers15245872","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38136416/","journal":"Cancers"},{"pmid":"38137174","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-arm young-rat study","population":"64 male/female Wistar rats","comparison":"Control, intermittent fasting, exercise, or both","protocol":"8 weeks during development","findings":"Fasting worsened anxiety-like behavior and object-recognition performance and increased cortical excitability; exercise countered several effects.","limitations":"Developing-animal findings, not proof of the same effects in adults; demonstrates that fasting effects can depend on age and concurrent activity.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Treadmill Exercise Reverses the Adverse Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Behavior and Cortical Spreading Depression in Young Rats.","year":"2023","authors":"Braz AF, Figueira de Oliveira ML, Costa DHSD, Torres-Leal FL, Guedes RCA.","doi":"10.3390/brainsci13121726","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38137174/","journal":"Brain sciences"},{"pmid":"38166036","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm Keto-CARE feasibility study","population":"20 women with metastatic breast cancer enrolled; 15 phase-I and 9 phase-II ketone datasets","comparison":"No control; all undergoing chemotherapy","protocol":"3 months supplied ketogenic food, then 3 months self-management/coaching","findings":"Participants with data achieved ketosis; weight fell about 10% by 3 months and insulin-resistance markers improved.","limitations":"Major attrition and no randomized comparator; no demonstrated tumor-response or survival benefit. Metabolic feasibility is not proof of cancer starvation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Feasibility and metabolic outcomes of a well-formulated ketogenic diet as an adjuvant therapeutic intervention for women with stage IV metastatic breast cancer: The Keto-CARE trial.","year":"2024","authors":"Buga A, Harper DG, Sapper TN, Hyde PN, Fell B, Dickerson R, Stoner JT, Kackley ML, Crabtree CD, Decker DD, Robinson BT, Krystal G, Binzel K, Lustberg MB, Volek JS.","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0296523","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38166036/","journal":"PloS one"},{"pmid":"38201958","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective observational nutrition-recovery study","population":"30 malnourished/underfed adults; 14 completed repeat biopsies; healthy comparison count absent","comparison":"Patient biopsies before/after tube feeding versus healthy reference tissue","protocol":"At least one month below half nutritional needs; 3–6 months refeeding","findings":"Intestinal villi/microvilli were abnormal before feeding and largely recovered afterward; autophagic vacuoles were observed.","limitations":"Illness-associated undernutrition is not elective fasting. Structural autophagy observations do not establish beneficial flux; severe attrition and confounding.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Prolonged Fasting Induces Histological and Ultrastructural Changes in the Intestinal Mucosa That May Reduce Absorption and Revert after Enteral Refeeding.","year":"2023","authors":"Nunes G, Guimarães M, Coelho H, Carregosa R, Oliveira C, Pereira SS, Alves de Matos A, Fonseca J.","doi":"10.3390/nu16010128","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38201958/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"38220239","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective risk-score validation cohort","population":"466 people with diabetes; 265 high, 115 moderate, 86 low risk","comparison":"Compared risk categories, with self-selected fasting","protocol":"Ramadan 2022","findings":"Higher-risk groups had more low/high-glucose events; many still completed fasting.","limitations":"Completing a fast does not establish absence of harm. Observational tool validation, not fasting efficacy; apparent risk overestimation requires careful outcome definition.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Validity of the International Diabetes Federation risk stratification score of Ramadan fasting in individuals with diabetes mellitus.","year":"2024","authors":"Alfadhli EM, Alharbi TS, Alrotoie AM, Aljohani AA, Qari AS, Alsubhi BA, Alsaedi AH, Aljohani AA.","doi":"10.15537/smj.2024.45.1.2023060","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38220239/","journal":"Saudi medical journal"},{"pmid":"38228496","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm trial","population":"40 adults with fatty liver; all completed","comparison":"8 am–4 pm versus noon–8 pm eating","protocol":"8 weeks","findings":"Liver fat fell about 3.24 and 3.51 percentage points, respectively; no significant timing difference, with similar improvements in other measures.","limitations":"No usual-diet or matched-calorie unrestricted-timing control; cannot determine whether timing adds benefit beyond reduced intake.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of time-restricted eating on intrahepatic fat and metabolic health among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.","year":"2024","authors":"Deng Y, Liu X, Sun Y, Zhou L, Li Q, Lei Z, Yang F, Chen L, Zhang C, Tan W, Jin X, Han Z, Xu H, Wang Q, Nie Q, Yi H, Bao W, Rong S.","doi":"10.1002/oby.23965","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38228496/","journal":"Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)"},{"pmid":"38242204","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized crossover training trial","population":"16 male runners enrolled; 15 analyzed","comparison":"1 pm–9 pm eating versus habitual timing, both with structured running","protocol":"4 weeks per condition","findings":"No added benefit for weight/body composition, metabolic markers or aerobic performance; training improved fitness in both conditions.","limitations":"Small healthy trained-male sample; one nonadherent participant excluded.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Aerobic Capacity, Body Composition, and Markers of Metabolic Health in Healthy Male Recreational Runners: A Randomized Crossover Trial.","year":"2024","authors":"Correia JM, Correia JM, Pezarat-Correia P, Minderico C, Infante J, Mendonca GV.","doi":"10.1016/j.jand.2024.01.005","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38242204/","journal":"Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics"},{"pmid":"38249603","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized education study","population":"74 participants; 37 education, 37 controls","comparison":"Nutrition lessons versus no lessons; both during Ramadan","protocol":"Before, end of Ramadan and 4 weeks afterward","findings":"Education improved dietary adherence and some weight/metabolic measures; cytokine changes were mixed.","limitations":"Tests added education, not fasting alone. Increases/decreases in different inflammatory markers cannot be summarized as uniformly reduced inflammation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ramadan-specific nutrition education improves cardio-metabolic health and inflammation-a prospective nutrition intervention study from Pakistan.","year":"2023","authors":"Gul R, Khan I, Alam I, Almajwal A, Hussain I, Sohail N, Hussain M, Cena H, Shafiq S, Aftab A.","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2023.1204883","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38249603/","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition"},{"pmid":"38264001","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary glucose analysis of randomized weight-loss trial","population":"81 randomized; 44 paired glucose-sensor datasets, 38 paired laboratory datasets","comparison":"Early time restriction plus calorie restriction versus calorie restriction alone","protocol":"12 weeks; same parent trial as PMID 35470974","findings":"Most glucose and insulin-sensitivity outcomes did not differ; one glucose-variability measure favored calorie restriction alone.","limitations":"Substantial missing paired data and mostly normal baseline glucose; no added timing benefit established.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effects of early time restricted eating plus daily caloric restriction compared to daily caloric restriction alone on continuous glucose levels.","year":"2024","authors":"Zaman A, Grau L, Jeffers R, Steinke S, Catenacci VA, Cornier MA, Rynders CA, Thomas EA.","doi":"10.1002/osp4.702","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38264001/","journal":"Obesity science & practice"},{"pmid":"38290134","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective observational diabetes-device cohort","population":"294 people with type 1 diabetes: 62 automated delivery, 37 pump/sensor, 8 pump/fingerstick, 155 injections/sensor, 32 injections/fingerstick","comparison":"Five existing treatment modalities","protocol":"Ramadan 2022","findings":"Automated insulin delivery was associated with better glucose control and fewer diabetes-related fast interruptions.","limitations":"Nonrandomized treatment/access differences; device-management evidence, not fasting benefit. Abstract ordering of some fast-break medians needs verification.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A Real-World Prospective Study of the Effectiveness and Safety of Automated Insulin Delivery Compared With Other Modalities of Type 1 Diabetes Treatment During Ramadan Intermittent Fasting.","year":"2024","authors":"Al-Sofiani ME, Alharthi S, Albunyan S, Alzaman N, Klonoff DC, Alguwaihes A.","doi":"10.2337/dc23-1968","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38290134/","journal":"Diabetes care"},{"pmid":"38294337","disposition":"context","design":"Bangladeshi DIA-RAMADAN subgroup","population":"98 adults with type 2 diabetes","comparison":"Before/after Ramadan; no concurrent control","protocol":"Established gliclazide use shifted to evening","findings":"No severe hypoglycemia reported; HbA1c, fasting glucose and weight changes were nonsignificant.","limitations":"Selected medication users, mostly lower risk; same global cohort as other DIA-RAMADAN reports, not an independent fasting trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Real-world evidence on the effectiveness and safety of gliclazide MR 60 mg in Bangladeshi patients with Type II diabetes during fasting: a sub-analysis from the global DIA-RAMADAN study.","year":"2024","authors":"Uddin MF, Khan MA, Selim S, Sultana N, Sayem MA, Iftekhar MM, Habib MB, Akter N, Khan S.","doi":"10.57264/cer-2023-0132","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38294337/","journal":"Journal of comparative effectiveness research"},{"pmid":"38341039","disposition":"context","design":"Gulf-region SoliRam subgroup","population":"241 included, 234 eligible during Ramadan","comparison":"Before/after, no comparator","protocol":"Established insulin-glargine/lixisenatide use","findings":"One fasting-hours hypoglycemia event reported; HbA1c and weight improved.","limitations":"Subset of PMID 36680967 parent cohort, not independent replication; treatment and selection confounding.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Safety and effectiveness of iGlarLixi in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus from Gulf countries during Ramadan holy month: A subgroup analysis of the SoliRam observational study.","year":"2024","authors":"Hassanein M, El Naggar A, Al Sheikh A, Djaballah K, Saeed M, Melas-Melt L, AlSifri S.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111567","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38341039/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"38342286","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized mouse infection/diet experiment","population":"Schistosoma-infected BALB/c mice; nine groups, animal counts absent","comparison":"High-sucrose, alternate-day restriction and standard feeding, with/without antiparasitic treatment and reference groups","protocol":"15 weeks; treatment at week 8","findings":"Alternate-day restriction worsened several liver parasite/inflammation/fibrosis measures despite less intestinal egg retention.","limitations":"Infection-specific animal findings; shows tissue-dependent harm rather than universal anti-inflammatory benefit. Exact nine-arm structure needs full text.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Dietary glycemic and energy load differentially modulates Schistosoma mansoni-induced granulomatous inflammation and response to antiparasitic chemotherapy.","year":"2024","authors":"Reis LFCD, Cerdeira CD, Silva LCC, Ramos ABSB, Silva JEC, Castro AP, Ventura RR, Souza RLM, Marques MJ, Novaes RD.","doi":"10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107141","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38342286/","journal":"Acta tropica"},{"pmid":"38358372","disposition":"context","design":"Liver-cancer cell and animal mechanism study","population":"HBV-associated cancer models; counts absent","comparison":"Viral polymerase overexpression and PYGL/TRIM21 pathway comparisons","protocol":"Gene/protein manipulation","findings":"Viral polymerase stabilized glycogen phosphorylase, increased glycogen breakdown/glycolysis and promoted cancer progression.","limitations":"Specific viral-cancer mechanism, not proof all tumors require glycogen or that dietary fasting blocks this pathway.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"HBV DNA polymerase regulates tumor cell glycogen to enhance the malignancy of HCC cells.","year":"2024","authors":"Zhao X, Wang C, Zhao L, Tian Z.","doi":"10.1097/hc9.0000000000000387","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38358372/","journal":"Hepatology communications"},{"pmid":"38361757","disposition":"context","design":"Computational single-cell and cohort analysis","population":"64,545 cells from 10 liver tumors plus public validation cohorts","comparison":"Expression-defined cell groups and clinical-response associations","protocol":"Analyzed 65 glycogen-related genes","findings":"Glycogen-related signatures correlated with tumor microenvironment and prognosis/immunotherapy response.","limitations":"Cells are not independent patients; computational associations do not establish causal fuel dependency or treatment efficacy.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glycogen metabolism-mediated intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment influences liver cancer prognosis.","year":"2024","authors":"Zhang Y, Qin N, Wang X, Liang R, Liu Q, Geng R, Jiang T, Liu Y, Li J.","doi":"10.32604/or.2023.029697","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38361757/","journal":"Oncology research"},{"pmid":"38398802","disposition":"context","design":"Nonrandomized self-selected diet feasibility trial","population":"27 enrolled; 21 breast-cancer patients selected for analysis","comparison":"8-hour eating with diet-quality changes versus 25% calorie restriction","protocol":"During curative radiotherapy","findings":"Both groups lost weight/waist circumference; lipids, glucose and insulin changes were not significant.","limitations":"Small selected analysis, no usual-care arm, combined diet changes and no tumor-control/survival endpoint.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Calorie Restriction and Time-Restricted Feeding: Effective Interventions in Overweight or Obese Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy Treatment with Curative Intent for Cancer.","year":"2024","authors":"Vega C, Barnafi E, Sánchez C, Acevedo F, Walbaum B, Parada A, Rivas N, Merino T.","doi":"10.3390/nu16040477","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38398802/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"38420162","disposition":"context","design":"Multi-omics analysis with cell and animal validation","population":"Cancer datasets and triple-negative breast-cancer models; counts absent","comparison":"Expression/signature comparisons and GYS1 targeting controls","protocol":"Disulfide-stress cell-death mechanism","findings":"GYS1 targeting was identified as a vulnerability and validated in experimental breast-cancer models.","limitations":"Preclinical gene-targeting result, not fasting or human cancer-treatment efficacy; computational survival/immune predictions need prospective validation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Multi-omics analysis of disulfidptosis regulators and therapeutic potential reveals glycogen synthase 1 as a disulfidptosis triggering target for triple-negative breast cancer.","year":"2024","authors":"Xie J, Deng X, Xie Y, Zhu H, Liu P, Deng W, Ning L, Tang Y, Sun Y, Tang H, Cai M, Xie X, Zou Y.","doi":"10.1002/mco2.502","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38420162/","journal":"MedComm"},{"pmid":"38443944","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-arm trial","population":"92 postmenopausal women with obesity; 23 per arm","comparison":"Twice-weekly restriction, physical/cognitive exercise, combination, or control","protocol":"3 months","findings":"Memory improved in exercise-containing arms; diet alone did not improve cognition. Some metabolic/body-composition measures improved across interventions.","limitations":"No significant differences among the three active arms; combination-versus-control significance does not prove combination superiority. Short follow-up.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of combined dietary intervention and physical-cognitive exercise on cognitive function and cardiometabolic health of postmenopausal women with obesity: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2024","authors":"Keawtep P, Sungkarat S, Boripuntakul S, Sa-Nguanmoo P, Wichayanrat W, Chattipakorn SC, Worakul P.","doi":"10.1186/s12966-024-01580-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38443944/","journal":"The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity"},{"pmid":"38494184","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective online survey cohort","population":"218 sleeve-gastrectomy participants; correction states 73 controls, while corrected Table 2 still labels 75.","comparison":"Surgical/nonsurgical and pre/post-Ramadan comparisons","protocol":"Ramadan fasting","findings":"Fasting completion varied by time since surgery. The corrected report removed the claim of lower hunger and higher satiety versus controls.","limitations":"Self-reported observational data cannot establish postoperative safety; indexed correction PMID 39675759 requires review. Ability to complete fasting is not adequate nutrition.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","notices":[{"type":"Erratum in","reference":"J Minim Invasive Surg. 2024 Dec 15;27(4):234-235. doi: 10.7602/jmis.2024.27.4.234.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39675759/"}],"integrityNote":"Original correction checked: the abstract control count changes to 73, a hunger/satiety sentence is removed, and Table 2 is replaced. The corrected table still labels 75 controls; this discrepancy remains unresolved.","title":"Ramadan fasting following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective online survey cohort study in Egypt.","year":"2024","authors":"Abdelbaki TN, Ahmed N, Alhussini MA, Elshafei M.","doi":"10.7602/jmis.2024.27.1.33","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38494184/","journal":"Journal of minimally invasive surgery"},{"pmid":"38525797","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled prospective neurologic cohort","population":"102 women with idiopathic intracranial hypertension","comparison":"Month before versus Ramadan","protocol":"2023 Ramadan","findings":"Headache days rose from median 15 to 20, BMI increased and symptom/quality-of-life measures worsened.","limitations":"No non-fasting control; weight, sleep and hydration may contribute. Association does not isolate fasting as the cause.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of Ramadan fasting on vision and headache-related quality of life in women with idiopathic intracranial hypertension: A prospective observational study.","year":"2024","authors":"Hussein M, Abdelghaffar M, Ali M, Yassein AM, Khalil DM, Magdy R.","doi":"10.1111/head.14707","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38525797/","journal":"Headache"},{"pmid":"38545012","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective chronic-kidney-disease cohort","population":"68 stated, but sex/diabetes/stage counts total 66; 38 diabetic and 28 non-diabetic","comparison":"Before/after Ramadan; both subgroups fasted","protocol":"Through one week after Ramadan","findings":"Authors reported improved creatinine/BP and no worsening kidney function in selected stable patients.","limitations":"Count discrepancy, no non-fasting control and short follow-up; cannot establish safety for advanced or unstable disease.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Safety of fasting in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with stable chronic kidney disease during Ramadan.","year":"2024","authors":"Haroon A, Riaz M, Rabbani B, Saeed A.","doi":"10.12669/pjms.40.4.7989","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38545012/","journal":"Pakistan journal of medical sciences"},{"pmid":"38553690","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary subgroup analysis of combined lifestyle intervention","population":"24 older adults","comparison":"Baseline ferritin-defined groups; all received walking plus time restriction","protocol":"12 weeks; 10-hour eating window","findings":"Ferritin and HbA1c decreased; larger ferritin declines correlated with larger HbA1c changes.","limitations":"Despite randomized-trial title, this reported comparison is by baseline iron status without an untreated group. Cannot isolate fasting, exercise or causal iron effects.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Iron status determined changes in health measures induced by nordic walking with time-restricted eating in older adults- a randomised trial.","year":"2024","authors":"Kortas JA, Reczkowicz J, Juhas U, Ziemann E, Świątczak A, Prusik K, Olszewski S, Soltani N, Rodziewicz-Flis E, Flis D, Żychowska M, Gałęzowska G, Antosiewicz J.","doi":"10.1186/s12877-024-04876-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38553690/","journal":"BMC geriatrics"},{"pmid":"38555451","disposition":"context","design":"Prostate-cancer cell and xenograft experiments","population":"Cancer cells and mice; counts absent","comparison":"Beta-hydroxybutyrate and INMT pathway manipulation versus controls","protocol":"Protein modification and stemness assays","findings":"Ketones inhibited malignant behavior in these models through modification of INMT-related signaling.","limitations":"Mechanism is not simply unusable fuel; no human fasting/diet efficacy trial or proof across prostate-cancer subtypes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"β-hydroxybutyrate inhibits malignant phenotypes of prostate cancer cells through β-hydroxybutyrylation of indoleacetamide-N-methyltransferase.","year":"2024","authors":"Zhang Y, Li Y.","doi":"10.1186/s12935-024-03277-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38555451/","journal":"Cancer cell international"},{"pmid":"38560252","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled rat diet study","population":"16 male rats; four final groups of four","comparison":"Normal/high-fat-high-fructose diets with/without intermittent fasting","protocol":"12 weeks total; late intervention after 8-week dietary exposure","findings":"Fasting improved some intestinal structure, oxidative and lipid measures in the high-fat/high-fructose model.","limitations":"Extremely small animal groups; aquaporin changes are mechanistic markers, not human clinical benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Therapeutic effects of intermittent fasting on high-fat, high-fructose diet; involvement of jejunal aquaporin 1, 3, and 7.","year":"2024","authors":"Elhessy HM, Berika M, Salem YG, El-Desoky MM, Eldesoqui M, Mostafa N, Habotta OA, Lashine NH.","doi":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28436","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38560252/","journal":"Heliyon"},{"pmid":"38600065","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm trial","population":"56 South-Asian Surinamese adults with type 2 diabetes","comparison":"Fasting-mimicking diet, glycocalyx supplement, or placebo/control","protocol":"3 months plus 3-month follow-up","findings":"FMD temporarily improved BMI/HbA1c but did not preserve microvascular health; a dynamic vascular marker worsened, especially at follow-up.","limitations":"Small surrogate-outcome study, but important counterexample to assuming lower weight/glucose means every vascular outcome improves. No cardiovascular-event endpoint.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Role of dietary interventions on microvascular health in South-Asian Surinamese people with type 2 diabetes in the Netherlands: A randomized controlled trial.","year":"2024","authors":"van der Velden AIM, IJpelaar DHT, Chandie Shaw PK, Pijl H, Vink H, van der Vlag J, Rabelink TJ, van den Berg BM.","doi":"10.1038/s41387-024-00275-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38600065/","journal":"Nutrition & diabetes"},{"pmid":"38604445","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective risk-tool validation with random sampling","population":"757 selected; abstract says 611 included but category counts total 661","comparison":"Low, moderate and high predicted-risk groups","protocol":"Ramadan 2023","findings":"High-risk participants more often stopped fasting; low blood sugar was the main reason.","limitations":"Random sampling is not randomized fasting assignment. Conflicting denominators require full-text correction; validates risk prediction, not fasting benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Verification of 2021 IDF-DAR risk assessment tool for fasting Ramadan in patients with diabetes attending primary health care in The Kingdom of Bahrain: The DAR-BAH study.","year":"2024","authors":"Shamsi N, Naser J, Humaidan H, Al-Saweer A, Jaafar M, Abbas F, Al-Doseri S, Shabeeb N, Al-Shaikh E, Al-Dairi A, Mandoos K.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111661","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38604445/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"38613092","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm observational multimodal-treatment cohort","population":"176 adults with fibromyalgia","comparison":"Before/after inpatient treatment; no control","protocol":"3–12 days below 600 kcal/day with other therapies; questionnaires to 12 months","findings":"Pain, function and quality of life improved; some psychological changes were not sustained.","limitations":"Cannot isolate fasting from inpatient therapies or expectations; follow-up response/attrition matter. No serious reported event does not establish broad safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Prolonged Medical Fasting during an Inpatient, Multimodal, Nature-Based Treatment on Pain, Physical Function, and Psychometric Parameters in Patients with Fibromyalgia: An Observational Study.","year":"2024","authors":"Koppold DA, Kandil FI, Müller A, Güttler O, Steckhan N, Meiss S, Breinlinger C, Nelle E, Rajput Khokhar A, Jeitler M, Hanslian E, Fischer JM, Michalsen A, Kessler CS.","doi":"10.3390/nu16071059","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38613092/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"38656394","disposition":"context","design":"Lung-cancer cell experiment","population":"A549 cells; replicate counts absent","comparison":"Different glucose conditions with/without beta-hydroxybutyrate","protocol":"Acute and glucose-deprivation-adapted cell conditions","findings":"Ketone treatment increased apoptosis/oxidative stress, particularly in glucose-deprived cells, and reduced some stem-cell markers.","limitations":"Single cell line and experimentally imposed glucose restriction; human blood glucose is not eliminated by fasting. Concentrations need full-text verification before calling exposure physiological.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Beta hydroxybutyrate induces lung cancer cell death, mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress in a long term glucose-restricted condition.","year":"2024","authors":"Shirian FI, Karimi M, Alipour M, Salami S, Nourbakhsh M, Nekufar S, Safari-Alighiarloo N, Tavakoli-Yaraki M.","doi":"10.1007/s11033-024-09501-w","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38656394/","journal":"Molecular biology reports"},{"pmid":"38674802","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-schedule pilot with run-in","population":"25 healthy adults; 11 in 16:8, 6 in 20:4, 8 alternate-day fasting","comparison":"Three active schedules; no concurrent non-fasting arm","protocol":"4-week baseline run-in then 8-week intervention","findings":"Only alternate-day fasting showed significant within-group weight/BMI reduction; adherence varied widely.","limitations":"Small unequal groups and within-group analyses; cannot establish superiority from one significant arm and two nonsignificant arms.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Different Types of Intermittent Fasting Interventions on Metabolic Health in Healthy Individuals (EDIF): A Randomised Trial with a Controlled-Run in Phase.","year":"2024","authors":"Herz D, Karl S, Weiß J, Zimmermann P, Haupt S, Zimmer RT, Schierbauer J, Wachsmuth NB, Erlmann MP, Niedrist T, Khoramipour K, Voit T, Rilstone S, Sourij H, Moser O.","doi":"10.3390/nu16081114","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38674802/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"38694225","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized meal-timing repeated-measures experiment","population":"26 adolescent female athletes","comparison":"Early versus late predawn meal, with pre/post-Ramadan references","protocol":"Morning, noon and afternoon cognitive tests","findings":"Afternoon performance declined during Ramadan; later meal timing mitigated some declines.","limitations":"Abstract’s midday statements conflict and conclusion overstates prevention; verify full results. Small athlete sample, not broad cognitive benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effect of last meal \"Suhoor\" timing on diurnal variations in cognitive performance during Ramadan fasting among female athletes.","year":"2024","authors":"Bougrine H, Ammar A, Trabelsi K, Belgacem A, Salem A, Chtourou H, Jahrami H, Souissi N.","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2024.1373799","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38694225/","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition"},{"pmid":"38698355","disposition":"context","design":"Mixed-methods secondary analysis of FIT trial","population":"100 originally randomized; questionnaires from 49 FMD and 43 controls; 20 focus-group participants","comparison":"Monthly FMD plus usual care versus usual care","protocol":"12 months; NCT03811587","findings":"Diet quality did not differ quantitatively; self-reported activity increased relative to controls, and some participants described lifestyle changes.","limitations":"Same cohort as PMID 38546821, not independent efficacy evidence; activity/diet reports and qualitative impressions do not prove mechanism.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Self-initiated lifestyle changes during a fasting-mimicking diet programme in patients with type 2 diabetes: a mixed-methods study.","year":"2024","authors":"van den Burg EL, Schoonakker MP, Korpershoek B, Sommeling LE, Sturm CA, Lamb HJ, Pijl H, Numans ME, Adriaanse MA, van Peet PG.","doi":"10.1186/s12875-024-02405-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38698355/","journal":"BMC primary care"},{"pmid":"38777939","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm education trial","population":"114 healthy Muslim adults","comparison":"Diet/lifestyle guidance before Ramadan versus usual Ramadan practice","protocol":"Ramadan intervention; conducted 2016","findings":"Guidance modestly improved well-being and weight versus control; about 60% reported symptoms such as headache or fatigue in both arms.","limitations":"Both arms fasted, so benefit belongs to the guidance package. Short-term self-report; abstract hip-circumference units/effect repeat BMI and need verification.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Modified Ramadan Fasting on Mental Well-Being and Biomarkers in Healthy Adult Muslims - A Randomised Controlled Trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Lauche R, Fathi I, Saddat C, Klose P, Al-Abtah J, Büssing A, Rampp T, Dobos G, Cramer H.","doi":"10.1007/s12529-024-10296-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38777939/","journal":"International journal of behavioral medicine"},{"pmid":"38789718","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled prolonged-fasting physiology study","population":"24 healthy men; 14 fasting, 10 controls","comparison":"6-day zero-calorie fast versus control","protocol":"Samples through fasting and one week of recovery","findings":"Several tryptophan-pathway metabolites changed markedly and returned to baseline after refeeding; adrenaline rose on day 4.","limitations":"Metabolite shifts are not demonstrated clinical benefit or neurological protection; small male sample and possible overlap with related prolonged-fast studies.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Exploring the effect of prolonged fasting on kynurenine pathway metabolites and stress markers in healthy male individuals.","year":"2024","authors":"Louvrou V, Solianik R, Brazaitis M, Erhardt S.","doi":"10.1038/s41430-024-01451-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38789718/","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition"},{"pmid":"38812058","disposition":"context","design":"Breast-cell culture experiment","population":"Two cancer lines (MCF7, MDA-MB-231) and one non-cancer line (HB2)","comparison":"Beta-hydroxybutyrate versus cell controls","protocol":"Growth, metabolism and gene-expression assays","findings":"Responses differed between cancer lines; glucose uptake and lactate output did not change, while oxidative stress and some growth measures did.","limitations":"Ketone exposure is not a full ketogenic diet or fasting intervention; supports tumor heterogeneity rather than a universal starvation mechanism.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Metabolic alterations and cellular responses to β-Hydroxybutyrate treatment in breast cancer cells.","year":"2024","authors":"Fulman-Levy H, Cohen-Harazi R, Levi B, Argaev-Frenkel L, Abramovich I, Gottlieb E, Hofmann S, Koman I, Nesher E.","doi":"10.1186/s40170-024-00339-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38812058/","journal":"Cancer & metabolism"},{"pmid":"38866976","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary hormone analysis of randomized trial","population":"90 adults with obesity","comparison":"8-hour eating, 25% calorie restriction, or control","protocol":"12 months; same parent cohort as PMID 37892388","findings":"Weight decreased, but measured sex hormones did not significantly change across groups.","limitations":"Small sex/menopause subgroups; reproductive outcomes and premenopausal estrogen/progesterone were not established by these results.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of time restricted eating versus daily calorie restriction on sex hormones in males and females with obesity.","year":"2024","authors":"Lin S, Cienfuegos S, Ezpeleta M, Pavlou V, Runchey MC, Varady KA.","doi":"10.1038/s41430-024-01461-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38866976/","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition"},{"pmid":"38888435","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled automated-insulin cohort","population":"20 adults with type 1 diabetes and moderate/high fasting risk","comparison":"Month before versus Ramadan","protocol":"Hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery","findings":"Time in target range and low-glucose exposure did not significantly change; no acute metabolic crisis reported.","limitations":"Tiny selected device-user cohort cannot establish rare-event safety or fasting benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Automated Insulin Delivery System: A Solution for Moderate to High-Risk Ramadan Fasting in People Living with Type 1 Diabetes.","year":"2024","authors":"Outenah C, Ly Sall K, Penfornis A, Amadou C, Dardari D.","doi":"10.1089/dia.2024.0168","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38888435/","journal":"Diabetes technology & therapeutics"},{"pmid":"38901423","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm brain-health trial","population":"40 cognitively intact older adults with insulin resistance","comparison":"5:2 restriction versus healthy-living diet","protocol":"8 weeks; NCT02460783","findings":"Both diets improved several cognitive/metabolic/imaging measures; fasting produced more weight loss and some selective cognitive advantages. Alzheimer-related cerebrospinal-fluid markers changed minimally.","limitations":"No untreated control, short follow-up, exploratory genetics and surrogate brain-age measures; not dementia prevention or demonstrated reversal of aging. Indexed correction PMID 39019039 requires review.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","notices":[{"type":"Erratum in","reference":"Cell Metab. 2024 Aug 6;36(8):1900-1904. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.07.012.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39019039/"}],"integrityNote":"An indexed correction exists (PMID 39019039); its complete changes were not accessible in this assessment.","title":"Brain responses to intermittent fasting and the healthy living diet in older adults.","year":"2024","authors":"Kapogiannis D, Manolopoulos A, Mullins R, Avgerinos K, Delgado-Peraza F, Mustapic M, Nogueras-Ortiz C, Yao PJ, Pucha KA, Brooks J, Chen Q, Haas SS, Ge R, Hartnell LM, Cookson MR, Egan JM, Frangou S, Mattson MP.","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2024.05.017","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38901423/","journal":"Cell metabolism"},{"pmid":"38904148","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled diet intervention","population":"20 female dancers; 10 time restriction, 10 normal diet","comparison":"11 am–7 pm eating versus usual diet","protocol":"6 weeks","findings":"Fat measures and some anaerobic performance improved; no significant change in eating-disorder questionnaires or aerobic performance.","limitations":"Allocation method not clear in abstract; tiny short sample cannot establish long-term eating-disorder safety in a vulnerable population.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"6-week time-restricted eating improves body composition, maintains exercise performance, without exacerbating eating disorder in female DanceSport dancers.","year":"2024","authors":"Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Guo X, Liu Z, Sun D, Liang Y, Shen H, Li X, Mu J, Liu J, Cao G, Chen M.","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2369613","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38904148/","journal":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition"},{"pmid":"38910244","disposition":"context","design":"Cell/mouse chemotherapy-resistance study with human biomarker comparison","population":"15 colorectal-cancer patients: 8 oxaliplatin responders, 7 nonresponders; cell/mouse counts absent","comparison":"Ketone plus oxaliplatin and epigenetic-pathway controls","protocol":"Drug-resistant models and patient blood/tissue assays","findings":"Ketones restored drug sensitivity in models through H3K79-related regulation; patient ketone levels were associated with response.","limitations":"Patient component observational, not a ketone treatment trial; preclinical resensitization is not human survival evidence.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"β-hydroxybutyrate resensitizes colorectal cancer cells to oxaliplatin by suppressing H3K79 methylation in vitro and in vivo.","year":"2024","authors":"Deng M, Yan P, Gong H, Li G, Wang J.","doi":"10.1186/s10020-024-00864-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38910244/","journal":"Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.)"},{"pmid":"38931157","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm feasibility pilot","population":"26 adults with metabolic syndrome","comparison":"Before/after; no concurrent control","protocol":"Self-selected 10-hour eating window for 12 weeks","findings":"Reported adherence was high; mean weight fell 1.7 kg, HbA1c about 0.2 percentage points and systolic pressure 4.8 mmHg.","limitations":"Short uncontrolled study and incomplete food logging; selected adherer comparisons cannot establish causality or durable benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Feasibility and Cardiometabolic Effects of Time-Restricted Eating in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome.","year":"2024","authors":"Świątkiewicz I, Nuszkiewicz J, Wróblewska J, Nartowicz M, Sokołowski K, Sutkowy P, Rajewski P, Buczkowski K, Chudzińska M, Manoogian ENC, Taub PR, Woźniak A.","doi":"10.3390/nu16121802","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38931157/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"38932663","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm trial","population":"99 adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes completed","comparison":"16:8, 14:10 or control diet","protocol":"Three days weekly for 3 months","findings":"Weight fell about 4.02%, 3.15% and 0.55%; glucose/lipid changes favored fasting arms.","limitations":"Enrollment/attrition, medication adjustment and energy intake need full text; short completer results do not establish long-term disease outcomes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of intermittent fasting 16:8 and 14:10 compared with control-group on weight reduction and metabolic outcomes in obesity with type 2 diabetes patients: A randomized controlled trial.","year":"2024","authors":"Sukkriang N, Buranapin S.","doi":"10.1111/jdi.14186","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38932663/","journal":"Journal of diabetes investigation"},{"pmid":"38999823","disposition":"context","design":"Observational INSPIRE registry analysis","population":"2,373 tested participants; primary analysis 601 COVID-positive, including 180 routine fasters","comparison":"Long-standing self-reported fasting versus non-fasting","protocol":"Follow-up through March 2023","findings":"Among COVID-positive patients, fasting correlated with fewer heart-failure admissions (adjusted HR 0.63, CI 0.40–0.99); most admissions were exacerbations of existing disease.","limitations":"Same registry as earlier INSPIRE reports; residual lifestyle confounding, selected testing and multiple outcomes. No randomized fasting treatment or proven prevention of new heart failure.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Periodic Fasting and Acute Cardiac Events in Patients Evaluated for COVID-19: An Observational Prospective Cohort Study.","year":"2024","authors":"Horne BD, Anderson JL, Haddad F, May HT, Le VT, Knight S, Bair TL, Knowlton KU.","doi":"10.3390/nu16132075","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38999823/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"39003957","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-arm metabolic study","population":"44 adults with obesity completed","comparison":"Calorie restriction, intermittent fasting, ketogenic diet or habitual eating","protocol":"One diet month, then another month with rifaximin added","findings":"Active diets improved monocyte respiration markers; later microbiome/inflammatory changes occurred with both diet and antibiotic exposure.","limitations":"Antibiotic co-intervention complicates mechanism attribution; cellular oxygen use is not a clinical disease endpoint. Exact initial randomized N and arm sizes need full text.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intermittent fasting, calorie restriction, and a ketogenic diet improve mitochondrial function by reducing lipopolysaccharide signaling in monocytes during obesity: A randomized clinical trial.","year":"2024","authors":"Guevara-Cruz M, Hernández-Gómez KG, Condado-Huerta C, González-Salazar LE, Peña-Flores AK, Pichardo-Ontiveros E, Serralde-Zúñiga AE, Sánchez-Tapia M, Maya O, Medina-Vera I, Noriega LG, López-Barradas A, Rodríguez-Lima O, Mata I, Olin-Sandoval V, Torres N, Tovar AR, Velázquez-Villegas LA.","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2024.06.036","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39003957/","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)"},{"pmid":"39064630","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized crossover trial","population":"17 adults with overweight/obesity; 12 women, 5 men","comparison":"7 am–3 pm eating versus control","protocol":"4-week conditions with 4-week washout","findings":"No significant between-condition benefit for body composition, glucose/lipid measures, appetite or blood pressure.","limitations":"Small brief trial; within-group female weight loss was not a significant treatment comparison.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of Early Time-Restricted Eating on Metabolic Markers and Body Composition in Individuals with Overweight or Obesity.","year":"2024","authors":"Mena-Hernández DR, Jiménez-Domínguez G, Méndez JD, Olvera-Hernández V, Martínez-López MC, Guzmán-Priego CG, Reyes-López Z, Ramos-García M, Juárez-Rojop IE, Zavaleta-Toledo SS, Ble-Castillo JL.","doi":"10.3390/nu16142187","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39064630/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"39138507","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized acute fasting/exercise experiment","population":"18 inactive young adults","comparison":"12- versus 16-hour fasts with different exercise intensities and fasting-alone conditions","protocol":"Acute laboratory tests","findings":"High-intensity exercise after a 16-hour fast produced higher peak fat oxidation than some comparison conditions.","limitations":"Acute fuel oxidation is not net fat loss; small sample, multiple comparisons and retrospective registration. Does not establish a universally optimal fasting duration.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The acute effect of time-restricted feeding (12 & 16 h) and varying exercise intensities on fat-oxidation rate in inactive young adults - a randomized control trial.","year":"2024","authors":"Loren Y, Norman G, Veronica J.","doi":"10.1186/s13102-024-00959-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39138507/","journal":"BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation"},{"pmid":"39143654","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm trial","population":"90 women with obesity and PCOS; 30 per arm","comparison":"14:10 early eating plus probiotic, plus placebo, or daily calorie restriction","protocol":"8 weeks","findings":"Weight loss was similar (2.2, 2.9 and 2.5 kg); no added metabolic, menstrual or hormonal benefit from time restriction or probiotics.","limitations":"Short trial; no fertility/live-birth endpoint. Active diet improvements should not be presented as fasting-specific superiority.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effects of time-restricted eating alone or in combination with probiotic supplementation in comparison with a calorie-restricted diet on endocrine and metabolic profiles in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized clinical trial.","year":"2024","authors":"Talebi S, Shab-Bidar S, Moini A, Mohammadi H, Djafarian K.","doi":"10.1111/dom.15801","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39143654/","journal":"Diabetes, obesity & metabolism"},{"pmid":"39175933","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled glucose-sensor cohort","population":"93 adults with type 2 diabetes on nonintensive insulin","comparison":"Before/during/after Ramadan","protocol":"Repeated glucose profiles","findings":"Average glucose and time in range improved during Ramadan, but time below 54 mg/dL also increased.","limitations":"No non-fasting control; better averages can coexist with clinically relevant low-glucose exposure. Medication/lifestyle effects cannot be separated.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glucometric parameter changes in patients with type 2 diabetes during ramadan fasting: A prospective comparative real-world study.","year":"2024","authors":"Al Hayek A, Al Zahrani WM, Al Dawish MA.","doi":"10.1016/j.metop.2024.100304","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39175933/","journal":"Metabolism open"},{"pmid":"39188065","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary dietary analysis of randomized adolescent trial","population":"44 adolescents; 32 time restriction, 12 controls","comparison":"8-hour eating with real-time/blinded glucose sensors versus ≥12-hour eating","protocol":"12 weeks; same parent cohort as PMID 35282464","findings":"Energy intake fell similarly in both groups, about 440 kcal/day; between-group diet-quality and composition differences were not significant.","limitations":"Small subset and self-reported diet; within-arm improvements do not establish added benefit of time restriction.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of 8-h time-restricted eating on energy intake, dietary composition and quality in adolescents with obesity.","year":"2024","authors":"Bakhsh JA, Vu MH, Salvy SJ, Goran MI, Vidmar AP.","doi":"10.1111/ijpo.13165","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39188065/","journal":"Pediatric obesity"},{"pmid":"39193706","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized crossover trial","population":"39 adults with early type 2 diabetes","comparison":"4-hour eating window versus standard lifestyle","protocol":"6 weeks per intervention","findings":"Beta-cell function index improved about 14%, HbA1c fell about 0.32 percentage points, and weight about 3.86%; fasting glucose did not differ.","limitations":"Weight loss and timing not separated; short surrogate-outcome trial, not proof of regenerated beta cells or durable remission.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of Time-Restricted Eating on β-Cell Function in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes.","year":"2025","authors":"Kramer CK, Zinman B, Feig DS, Retnakaran R.","doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgae594","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39193706/","journal":"The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism"},{"pmid":"39203800","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm preliminary study","population":"16 adults without diabetes","comparison":"Religious daytime dry fasting, time-restricted eating, or control","protocol":"19 days","findings":"Religious fasting reduced intake/weight but raised maximum glucose; average glucose and most variability/range measures did not differ.","limitations":"Very small groups and short follow-up; null average measures cannot establish universal safety of dry fasting.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Twenty-Four Hour Glucose Profiles and Glycemic Variability during Intermittent Religious Dry Fasting and Time-Restricted Eating in Subjects without Diabetes: A Preliminary Study.","year":"2024","authors":"Peters B, Pappe CL, Koppold DA, Schipp K, Arnrich B, Michalsen A, Dommisch H, Steckhan N, Pivovarova-Ramich O.","doi":"10.3390/nu16162663","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39203800/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"39203878","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary sleep analysis of randomized trial","population":"75 adults with type 2 diabetes","comparison":"Noon–8 pm eating, 25% daily calorie restriction, or control","protocol":"6 months","findings":"Time restriction did not improve sleep quality, duration, insomnia or sleep-apnea symptom risk versus comparisons.","limitations":"Same parent trial as the featured diabetes weight-loss study, not independent replication; sleep outcomes are secondary.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of Time-Restricted Eating on Sleep in Type 2 Diabetes.","year":"2024","authors":"Pavlou V, Lin S, Cienfuegos S, Ezpeleta M, Runchey MC, Corapi S, Gabel K, Kalam F, Alexandria SJ, Vidmar AP, Varady KA.","doi":"10.3390/nu16162742","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39203878/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"39226719","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary analysis of randomized three-arm trial","population":"162 participants who started intervention; metabolic syndrome","comparison":"Time restriction, low-carbohydrate diet, or combination","protocol":"3 months; NCT04475822","findings":"Some quality-of-life domains favored time restriction; overall sleep, mood, appetite and metabolic-hormone changes did not differ between groups.","limitations":"Same cohort as PMID 36220069; multiple endpoints. Within-arm P=.021 does not meet the stated .017 multiple-comparison threshold.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of time-restricted eating and low-carbohydrate diet on psychosocial health and appetite in individuals with metabolic syndrome: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2024","authors":"Zheng Y, Wang X, Wang J, Yang J, Wang T, Li Q, Zhu W, Wang Y, Sui J, Qiang W, Guo H, Wang Y, Shi B, He M.","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2024.08.029","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39226719/","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)"},{"pmid":"39227921","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary biomarker analysis of randomized trial","population":"169 randomized, 162 started, 57 in adherent analysis","comparison":"Low-carbohydrate, 8-hour eating, or both","protocol":"3 months; same NCT04475822 cohort","findings":"Several enzyme/thyroid values changed within groups, but no significant between-group differences occurred.","limitations":"Blood enzymes are not direct proof of better heart function; thyroid shifts are not automatically beneficial. Selected adherer findings and no usual-diet arm limit inference.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-restricted eating with or without a low-carbohydrate diet improved myocardial status and thyroid function in individuals with metabolic syndrome: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.","year":"2024","authors":"Zheng Y, Wang J, Liu M, Zhou X, Lin X, Liang Q, Yang J, Zhang M, Chen Z, Li M, Wang Y, Sui J, Qiang W, Guo H, Shi B, He M.","doi":"10.1186/s12916-024-03595-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39227921/","journal":"BMC medicine"},{"pmid":"39229586","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm fatty-liver trial","population":"60 adults randomized; analyzed denominators need full text","comparison":"5:2 restriction versus daily calorie restriction","protocol":"12 weeks","findings":"Imaging-based steatosis/stiffness measures favored 5:2; weight, glucose and lipid comparisons did not differ.","limitations":"Liver stiffness is not biopsy-proven fibrosis reversal; borderline findings, claimed double blinding and inconsistent registry link require verification. No clinical liver-event endpoint.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of 5:2 intermittent fasting diet versus daily calorie restriction eating on metabolic-associated fatty liver disease-a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2024","authors":"Wang YY, Tian F, Qian XL, Ying HM, Zhou ZF.","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2024.1439473","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39229586/","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition"},{"pmid":"39246981","disposition":"context","design":"Single-patient case report","population":"One 68-year-old man with high-grade glioma","comparison":"No control","protocol":"Fasting among numerous simultaneous complementary interventions over 24 days","findings":"MRI dimensions decreased modestly; authors report symptom/laboratory improvement.","limitations":"Cannot assign any effect to fasting among many treatments. Brief dimensional change is not validated survival benefit or proof of cancer eradication; no basis to replace established treatment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Integrative Oncology for High-Grade Glioma: A Case Report on the Combined Effects of Oncothermia and Complementary Therapies.","year":"2024","authors":"Nair PM, Ramalakshmi R, Devibala M, Saranya M, Sivaranjini S, Thangavelu R, Mahalingam M.","doi":"10.7759/cureus.66492","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39246981/","journal":"Cureus"},{"pmid":"39248024","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized open-label headache-prevention trial","population":"238 randomized; 173 analyzed on at least day 1 (80 treatment, 93 control)","comparison":"Extended-release paracetamol versus control during fasting","protocol":"First Ramadan week, about 13.5 hours fasting/day","findings":"Headache affected 33% on day 1; overall preventive treatment effect was not significant (OR 0.67, CI 0.42–1.06), despite two favorable individual days.","limitations":"Large post-randomization exclusions and multiple daily comparisons; documents a common early fasting symptom, not fasting efficacy.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Evaluating the use of paracetamol to prevent fasting headache during the first week of Ramadan: A randomized, open-label, clinical trial.","year":"2024","authors":"Almohammed OA, Alsanea S, Albishi N, AlMuhareb L, AlMotawa R, Alrasheed S, Alasmari F, Almutairi F, Assiri MA, Alghamdi A, Albilali A, A ElToukhy R, Alwhaibi A.","doi":"10.1111/head.14828","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39248024/","journal":"Headache"},{"pmid":"39251144","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled four-group rat experiment","population":"Adult male rats; abstract reports n=12 with unclear per-group denominator","comparison":"Chow or high-fat/high-sugar cafeteria diet, each with unrestricted or 8-hour access","protocol":"13 weeks","findings":"Timing restriction partly reduced metabolic effects but did not prevent diet-related memory impairment; microbial diversity decreased.","limitations":"Diet composition remained important. Suggested more severe restriction was not tested and should not become a recommendation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-restricted feeding does not prevent adverse effects of palatable cafeteria diet on adiposity, cognition and gut microbiota in rats.","year":"2024","authors":"Morris MJ, Hasebe K, Shinde AL, Leong MKH, Billah MM, Hesam-Shariati S, Kendig MD.","doi":"10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109761","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39251144/","journal":"The Journal of nutritional biochemistry"},{"pmid":"39267053","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary HDL-function analysis of INTERFAST-2","population":"41 adults with type 2 diabetes; 19 intermittent fasting, 22 comparison","comparison":"Standardized insulin/diet counseling with or without three restricted days weekly","protocol":"12 weeks; restricted days at 25% energy needs","findings":"Both groups improved cholesterol-efflux function; fasting increased apoM but did not add broad HDL-function benefits.","limitations":"Same parent cohort as PMID 36508320; within-arm significance differences are not necessarily treatment differences. No cardiovascular-event outcome.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of dietary interventions and intermittent fasting on HDL function in obese individuals with T2DM: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2024","authors":"Pammer A, Obermayer A, Stadler JT, Pferschy PN, Tripolt NJ, Habisch H, Madl T, Sourij H, Marsche G.","doi":"10.1186/s12933-024-02426-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39267053/","journal":"Cardiovascular diabetology"},{"pmid":"39285631","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm short trial","population":"42 young adults reporting poor sleep","comparison":"Modified alternate-day fasting versus control","protocol":"12 days","findings":"Sleep measures did not improve; people moved less on restricted days and compensated on other days. No body-composition difference detected.","limitations":"Very short study; average activity can conceal lower activity on fasting days. No long-term sleep or weight conclusion.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effects of alternate-day fasting on sleep and physical activity in poor sleeping adults: A randomized control trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Deru LS, Jacobsen CG, Gipson EZ, Graves PG, Stevens AJ, Duncan GB, Christensen WF, Bailey BW.","doi":"10.1111/jsr.14341","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39285631/","journal":"Journal of sleep research"},{"pmid":"39290088","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary fatty-acid analysis of randomized diet trial","population":"48 adults with fatty liver","comparison":"Low-carbohydrate/high-fat restriction, 5:2 restriction, or control","protocol":"12 weeks; same parent trial as PMID 33898960","findings":"Diet/plasma fatty-acid changes correlated with liver-fat/stiffness and lipid changes.","limitations":"Exploratory associations within an existing trial; not independent proof of fasting superiority or causal effects of individual fatty acids.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Associations between dietary fatty acid and plasma fatty acid composition in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: secondary analysis from a randomised trial with a hypoenergetic low-carbohydrate high-fat and intermittent fasting diet.","year":"2024","authors":"Tillander V, Holmer M, Hagström H, Petersson S, Brismar TB, Stål P, Lindqvist C.","doi":"10.1017/s0007114524001673","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39290088/","journal":"The British journal of nutrition"},{"pmid":"39314516","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled prospective sensory study","population":"62 participants","comparison":"Before, first day and final Ramadan day","protocol":"Repeated smell-threshold/identification tests","findings":"Smell-test scores improved without weight change.","limitations":"No non-fasting control; repeated-test learning and other Ramadan changes cannot be excluded. No evidence of broader neurological benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"As a phenomenon: Ramadan fasting improves olfactory performance.","year":"2024","authors":"Çakan D, Yılmaz HB, Cansız H, Çevik H, Tong MCF, Yılmaz BB, Çakan ZK.","doi":"10.1002/lio2.70017","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39314516/","journal":"Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology"},{"pmid":"39317920","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary behavior analysis of randomized survivor weight-loss trial","population":"159 breast-cancer survivors","comparison":"Weight-loss intervention versus usual care; national survey reference","protocol":"12-month intervention, follow-up to 18 months","findings":"Meal timing, nightly fasting and sleep patterns did not materially change by treatment group.","limitations":"No assigned fasting intervention and no recurrence outcome here; observational designation of less-optimal behaviors is not causal cancer evidence.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Eating frequency, timing of meals, and sleep duration before and after a randomized controlled weight loss trial for breast cancer survivors.","year":"2026","authors":"D'cunha K, Park Y, Leech RM, Protani MM, Marquart-Wilson L, Reeves MM.","doi":"10.1007/s11764-024-01680-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39317920/","journal":"Journal of cancer survivorship : research and practice"},{"pmid":"39329321","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized pregnancy comparison","population":"100 healthy second-trimester participants; 50 fasting, 50 non-fasting","comparison":"Self-selected fasting versus non-fasting","protocol":"About 14 hours/day during Ramadan","findings":"Most measured fetal ultrasound/oxidative markers did not differ; antioxidant capacity was lower among those fasting over 15 days.","limitations":"Small selected cohort and no long-term infant outcomes. Abstract labels nonsignificant findings with P<.05, requiring full-text verification; cannot establish pregnancy safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The impact of Ramadan fasting on oxidative stress levels in the second trimester of pregnancy.","year":"2024","authors":"Kasap E, Torun R, Kardeşler S, Görgülü G, Bozgeyik MB, Güzel Y, Şahin Güleç E.","doi":"10.1080/01443615.2024.2408690","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39329321/","journal":"Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"pmid":"39339719","disposition":"context","design":"Nonrandomized controlled gene-expression study","population":"36 young men with overweight/obesity","comparison":"12-hour daily fasting versus usual meals","protocol":"10 days","findings":"Telomerase-gene expression increased in both groups, more in fasting group; FOXO3a increase was not significant.","limitations":"Expression is not telomere length, lifespan or proof of slowed aging. Short 12-hour nightly schedule is not a continuous ten-day fast; highly variable results.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The Impact of Ten Days of Periodic Fasting on the Modulation of the Longevity Gene in Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Quasi-Experimental Study.","year":"2024","authors":"Yuliyanasari N, Zamri EN, Rejeki PS, Miftahussurur M.","doi":"10.3390/nu16183112","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39339719/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"39341847","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized pregnancy feasibility trial","population":"32 randomized, 30 completed; elevated gestational-diabetes risk","comparison":"Maximum 10-hour eating window versus usual care","protocol":"5 weeks","findings":"Participants shortened eating time successfully, but glucose, blood pressure and body composition did not improve; evening hunger increased.","limitations":"Small feasibility study, not adequate to establish fetal safety or prevention of gestational diabetes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A randomized feasibility trial of time-restricted eating during pregnancy in people with increased risk of gestational diabetes.","year":"2024","authors":"Skarstad HMS, Haganes KL, Sujan MAJ, Gellein TM, Johansen MK, Salvesen KÅ, Hawley JA, Moholdt T.","doi":"10.1038/s41598-024-72913-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39341847/","journal":"Scientific reports"},{"pmid":"39378563","disposition":"context","design":"Mendelian-randomization analysis","population":"Public genetic association datasets across 120 cancer phenotypes; participant counts absent","comparison":"Genetically predicted circulating ketone differences","protocol":"Univariable/multivariable and mediation models","findings":"Genetically predicted higher ketones associated with lower risk for selected cancers, with varying strength of evidence.","limitations":"Genetic proxies are not dietary treatment; assumptions, weak instruments, pleiotropy and multiple testing matter. Does not establish benefit for existing cancer or every cancer type.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The genetically predicted causal associations between circulating 3-hydroxybutyrate levels and malignant neoplasms: A pan-cancer Mendelian randomization study.","year":"2024","authors":"Ye F, Huang Y, Zeng L, Li N, Hao L, Yue J, Li S, Deng J, Yu F, Hu X.","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2024.09.044","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39378563/","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)"},{"pmid":"39387098","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled rat circadian experiment","population":"Male Wistar rats; counts absent","comparison":"Running access during active/inactive phases, unrestricted or none; combined feeding/running schedules","protocol":"Timed wheel and food availability","findings":"Combined timing shifted muscle/liver clocks; alignment to the active phase better reduced weight/fat.","limitations":"Animal circadian mechanism, not a universal human fasting schedule or independent clinical benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Synergy between time-restricted feeding and time-restricted running is necessary to shift the muscle clock in male wistar rats.","year":"2024","authors":"Shiba A, de Goede P, Tandari R, Foppen E, Korpel NL, Coopmans TV, Hellings TP, Jansen MW, Ruitenberg A, Ritsema WIGR, Yi CX, Mul JD, Stenvers DJ, Kalsbeek A.","doi":"10.1016/j.nbscr.2024.100106","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39387098/","journal":"Neurobiology of sleep and circadian rhythms"},{"pmid":"39390498","disposition":"context","design":"Qualitative intervention development and single-arm pilot","population":"33 women with HIV in development work; 12 in fasting pilot","comparison":"No clinical control","protocol":"4-week time-restricted eating pilot","findings":"All 12 pilot participants remained; reported acceptability and perceived benefits were favorable.","limitations":"Feasibility/self-reported impressions, not controlled weight-loss or diabetes-prevention evidence. Resource and treatment context important.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Development and feasibility testing of a time-restricted eating intervention for women living with overweight/obesity and HIV in a resource-limited setting of South Africa.","year":"2024","authors":"Hoosen F, Pico ML, Goedecke JH, Dave JA, Quist JS, Færch K, Grunnet LG, de Villiers A, Aagaard-Hansen J, Mendham AE.","doi":"10.1186/s12889-024-20228-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39390498/","journal":"BMC public health"},{"pmid":"39408266","disposition":"context","design":"Nonrandomized religious/diet-pattern comparison","population":"100 women: 50 Orthodox nuns, 50 lay women","comparison":"Plant-focused religious diet versus low-fat advice, both with 8-hour windows","protocol":"16 weeks","findings":"Antioxidant measures differed in opposite directions: total capacity higher in nuns, glutathione higher in lay women.","limitations":"Lifestyle, diet and vitamin-D differences confound; no non-fasting group, no clinical event endpoint and no uniform antioxidant superiority.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Religious Fasting on Markers of Oxidative Status in Vitamin D-Deficient and Overweight Orthodox Nuns versus Implementation of Time-Restricted Eating in Lay Women from Central and Northern Greece.","year":"2024","authors":"Karras SN, Michalakis K, Tekos F, Skaperda Z, Vardakas P, Ziakas PD, Kypraiou M, Anemoulis M, Vlastos A, Tzimagiorgis G, Haitoglou C, Georgopoulos N, Papanikolaou EG, Kouretas D.","doi":"10.3390/nu16193300","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39408266/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"39410010","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized dietary mouse tumor experiments","population":"Breast 4T1 and kidney Renca models; mouse counts absent","comparison":"Ketone-ester-supplemented carbohydrate-containing diet versus comparison diet","protocol":"After tumor implantation","findings":"Ketone ester reduced primary tumors and lung metastases in mice, although it did not inhibit cells directly in culture; molecular changes differed by tumor type.","limitations":"Supports a model-specific systemic effect rather than simple starvation; no human efficacy. Ketone ester supplementation is distinct from fasting or carbohydrate restriction.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"An Exogenous Ketone Ester Slows Tumor Progression in Murine Breast and Renal Cancer Models.","year":"2024","authors":"Ogbonna HN, Roberts Z, Godwin N, Muri P, Turbitt WJ, Swalley ZN, Dempsey FR, Stephens HR, Zhang J, Plaisance EP, Norian LA.","doi":"10.3390/cancers16193390","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39410010/","journal":"Cancers"},{"pmid":"39411191","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective frailty/risk cohort","population":"204 adults aged ≥60 with diabetes; 20 frail, 89 pre-frail, 95 robust","comparison":"Frailty categories among people considered for Ramadan fasting","protocol":"Pre/post-Ramadan assessment","findings":"Adverse events occurred more often with frailty: about one-third of frail participants versus 6.3% of robust participants.","limitations":"Observational risk association; abstract confidence interval is malformed and needs verification. Completion and subjective appearance can miss vulnerability.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Frailty assessment and outcomes in primary care for patients with diabetes during Ramadan: implications for risk evaluation and care plans.","year":"2024","authors":"Baynouna Alketbi LM, Afandi B, Nagelkerke N, Abdubaqi H, Al Nuaimi RA, Al Saedi MR, Al Blooshi FI, Al Blooshi NS, Al Aryani AM, Al Marzooqi NM, Al Khouri AA, Al Mansoori SA, Hassanein M.","doi":"10.3389/fmed.2024.1426140","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39411191/","journal":"Frontiers in medicine"},{"pmid":"39414086","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized noninferiority trial","population":"51 adults with type 2 diabetes started; 43 completed","comparison":"10 am–7 pm eating versus individualized dietitian guidance","protocol":"6 months with four consultations","findings":"HbA1c fell 0.4 versus 0.3 percentage points; time restriction met a prespecified 0.3-point noninferiority margin (difference −0.11, CI −0.50 to 0.28). Weight fell similarly.","limitations":"Supports an alternative, not superiority; small open-label sample, self-reported adherence and spontaneous energy reduction in both groups.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Comparing the effects of time-restricted eating on glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes with standard dietetic practice: A randomised controlled trial.","year":"2024","authors":"Parr EB, Radford BE, Hall RC, Steventon-Lorenzen N, Flint SA, Siviour Z, Plessas C, Halson SL, Brennan L, Kouw IWK, Johnston RD, Devlin BL, Hawley JA.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111893","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39414086/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"39415097","disposition":"context","design":"Biomarker substudy of randomized headache trial","population":"61 participants: 31 prophylactic paracetamol, 30 control","comparison":"Headache versus no headache within treatment arms","protocol":"First day of Ramadan","findings":"CGRP was higher among those with fasting headache; several other markers did not differ.","limitations":"Same parent trial as PMID 39248024; association does not prove mechanism. Reported OR 1.32 lies outside stated CI 1.06–1.22, requiring correction before quoting.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of fasting-induced headache on calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and other clinical biomarkers on the first day of Ramadan: Sub-analysis from a randomized open label clinical trial.","year":"2024","authors":"Alwhaibi A, Alasmari F, Almutairi F, Assiri MA, Aldawsari FS, Aloyayd ST, Alhejji AA, Alotaibi JA, Albilali A, Almohammed OA, Alsanea S.","doi":"10.1186/s10194-024-01886-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39415097/","journal":"The journal of headache and pain"},{"pmid":"39418832","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized controlled feeding trial","population":"27 middle-aged men with overweight/obesity","comparison":"Alternate-day restriction, matched continuous restriction, or energy balance; protein matched","protocol":"10 intervention days after 3-day run-in","findings":"Direct isotope-measured muscle-protein synthesis did not differ; energy-restricted groups lost more body weight.","limitations":"Short integrated synthesis measurement does not establish long-term muscle preservation or balance of synthesis and breakdown in frail people.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Short-term intermittent fasting and energy restriction do not impair rates of muscle protein synthesis: A randomised, controlled dietary intervention.","year":"2024","authors":"Kouw IWK, Parr EB, Wheeler MJ, Radford BE, Hall RC, Senden JM, Goessens JPB, van Loon LJC, Hawley JA.","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2024.09.034","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39418832/","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)"},{"pmid":"39454570","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized 2×2 factorial feeding trial","population":"96 adults with overweight/obesity","comparison":"Low-carbohydrate diet and time restriction, separately/combined, under calorie restriction","protocol":"12-week intervention plus 28-week follow-up","findings":"All groups lost weight; low-carbohydrate eating added fat loss while time restriction added more lean-mass loss; microbiome measures changed.","limitations":"Weight-loss benefit must be weighed against tissue composition; microbiome changes are not themselves proven health benefits.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of healthy low-carbohydrate diet and time-restricted eating on weight and gut microbiome in adults with overweight or obesity: Feeding RCT.","year":"2024","authors":"Li L, Li R, Tian Q, Luo Y, Li R, Lin X, Ou Y, Guo T, Chen X, Pan A, Manson JE, Liu G.","doi":"10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101801","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39454570/","journal":"Cell reports. Medicine"},{"pmid":"39458471","disposition":"context","design":"Exploratory secondary analysis of randomized trial","population":"49 adults: 35 pooled 4/6-hour windows, 14 controls","comparison":"Short eating windows versus no dietary advice","protocol":"8 weeks; same parent cohort as PMID 32673591","findings":"Weight, insulin and some oxidative markers improved, but IGF1 and two binding proteins did not change; selected larger-weight-loss subgroup showed other changes.","limitations":"No cancer or lifespan endpoint. Post-randomization weight-loss subgroup cannot establish a fasting-specific anti-aging mechanism.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of Time-Restricted Eating on Circulating Levels of IGF1 and Its Binding Proteins in Obesity: An Exploratory Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2024","authors":"Akasheh RT, Ankireddy A, Gabel K, Ezpeleta M, Lin S, Tamatam CM, Reddy SP, Spring B, Cheng TD, Fontana L, Khan SA, Varady KA, Cienfuegos S, Kalam F.","doi":"10.3390/nu16203476","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39458471/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"39458522","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary sleep analysis of randomized trial","population":"90 adults with obesity","comparison":"8-hour eating, 25% calorie restriction, or no intervention","protocol":"12 months; same cohort as PMID 37892388","findings":"Both diets lost similar weight; sleep quality, duration, insomnia and sleep-apnea risk did not improve versus controls.","limitations":"Self-reported secondary outcomes; not an independent weight-loss replication.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-Restricted Eating Versus Daily Calorie Restriction: Effect on Sleep in Adults with Obesity over 12 Months.","year":"2024","authors":"Lin S, Cienfuegos S, Ezpeleta M, Gabel K, Pavlou V, Alexandria SJ, Varady KA.","doi":"10.3390/nu16203528","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39458522/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"39464252","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized adolescent feasibility trial","population":"27 enrolled, 23 completed; type 2 diabetes treated with metformin","comparison":"Noon–8 pm eating versus ≥12-hour eating","protocol":"12 weeks","findings":"Adherence was feasible; no significant between-group differences in HbA1c, BMI-related measure or liver enzyme, despite some within-arm changes.","limitations":"Small pilot; HbA1c CI/P-value inconsistency in abstract needs checking. No reported adverse event does not establish long-term adolescent safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial of Late 8-Hour Time-Restricted Eating for Adolescents With Type 2 Diabetes.","year":"2024","authors":"Hegedus E, Vu MH, Salvy SJ, Bakhsh J, Goran MI, Raymond JK, Espinoza JC, Vidmar AP.","doi":"10.1016/j.jand.2023.10.012","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39464252/","journal":"Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics"},{"pmid":"39520336","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized mouse diet experiment","population":"Male C57BL/6J mice; counts absent","comparison":"Chow/high-fat diet with unrestricted or alternate-day feeding","protocol":"12-week diet induction then 8-week intervention","findings":"Fasting improved insulin resistance and changed fat-tissue inflammation, microbiota and bile acids.","limitations":"Correlated microbiome/metabolite shifts do not alone prove mediation; animal evidence, not human clinical efficacy.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intermittent Fasting Improves Insulin Resistance by Modulating the Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Metabolism in Diet-Induced Obesity.","year":"2024","authors":"Lei S, Liu G, Wang S, Zong G, Zhang X, Pan L, Han J.","doi":"10.1002/mnfr.202400451","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39520336/","journal":"Molecular nutrition & food research"},{"pmid":"39520981","disposition":"context","design":"Mouse/cell mechanism study with human liver profiling","population":"Mouse experiments and human steatotic liver samples; counts absent","comparison":"VPS4A phosphorylation/binding or gene-loss controls","protocol":"Studied selective lipid-droplet autophagy in response to fasting","findings":"VPS4A targeting was necessary for lipophagy in the models; reduced markers were observed in fatty human livers.","limitations":"Human component is tissue association, not a fasting time-course trial. Selective fat-droplet recycling is not elimination of whole cancer cells.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"VPS4A is the selective receptor for lipophagy in mice and humans.","year":"2024","authors":"Das D, Sharma M, Gahlot D, Nia SS, Gain C, Mecklenburg M, Zhou ZH, Bourdenx M, Thukral L, Martinez-Lopez N, Singh R.","doi":"10.1016/j.molcel.2024.10.022","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39520981/","journal":"Molecular cell"},{"pmid":"39530408","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective observational adult cohort","population":"491 Chinese adults","comparison":"Current/past fasting versus never fasting","protocol":"8-month follow-up, adjusted for baseline symptoms","findings":"Fasting history predicted more later eating-disorder symptoms and eating-related impairment; past fasting also predicted higher BMI.","limitations":"Prospective association strengthens temporal information but does not eliminate self-selection or residual confounding; cannot conclude fasting caused all outcomes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Engagement in Intermittent Fasting is Prospectively Associated With Higher Body Mass Index, Higher Eating Disorder Psychopathology, and Lower Intuitive Eating in Chinese Adults.","year":"2025","authors":"He J, Chen X, Cui T, Xiao Y, Barnhart WR, Wang Y, Yi S, Nagata JM.","doi":"10.1002/eat.24322","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39530408/","journal":"The International journal of eating disorders"},{"pmid":"39550356","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-arm fatty-liver trial","population":"100 adults with MASLD","comparison":"Lifestyle advice, flaxseed, 16-hour daily fasting, or both","protocol":"12 weeks","findings":"Combination was not superior to either intervention; steatosis changes did not significantly beat control, while stiffness-based scores did.","limitations":"Authors call a daily 16:8 schedule FMD, but it is not the usual multi-day fasting-mimicking diet. Elastography is not biopsy proof of fibrosis reversal.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effectiveness of flaxseed consumption and fasting mimicking diet on anthropometric measures, biochemical parameters, and hepatic features in patients with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): a randomized controlled clinical trial.","year":"2024","authors":"Khodadadi N, Sadeghi A, Poustchi H, Abbasi B, Nilghaz M, Melekoglu E, Yari Z, Hekmatdoost A.","doi":"10.1038/s41387-024-00350-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39550356/","journal":"Nutrition & diabetes"},{"pmid":"39581528","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled prolonged-fast physiology study","population":"17 healthy participants","comparison":"Repeated attention/EEG testing; no control described","protocol":"15-day complete fast","findings":"Most attention-resource measures did not show clear impairment; several EEG interactions were borderline or small.","limitations":"Small selected sample, multiple tests and no control; absence of a detected attention deficit is not evidence of overall safety or suitability for spaceflight.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effects of 15-day complete fasting on the attentional network: An ERP study.","year":"2025","authors":"Wang C, Cao Z, Qin H, Tian L, Jiang Y, Dai Z, Chi L, Wu B.","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149343","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39581528/","journal":"Brain research"},{"pmid":"39599745","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm supervised prolonged-fast trial","population":"29 adults with stage 1/2 hypertension, without diabetes","comparison":"Before/after; no control","protocol":"Median 11-day water fast (range 7–40), then plant-food refeeding; follow-up at 6 weeks and potentially 1 year","findings":"Blood pressure/weight decreased and antihypertensives were stopped under care; high short-term retention and mostly mild reported events.","limitations":"Highly selected residential participants; diet/refeeding/support confounded, long-term completeness needs checking. Does not justify unsupervised medication withdrawal or establish rare-event safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Prolonged Water-Only Fasting Followed by a Whole-Plant-Food Diet Is a Potential Long-Term Management Strategy for Hypertension and Obesity.","year":"2024","authors":"Zeiler E, Gabriel S, Ncube M, Thompson N, Newmire D, Scharf EL, Goldhamer AC, Myers TR.","doi":"10.3390/nu16223959","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39599745/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"39603936","disposition":"source-unavailable","design":"Not verified from original results text.","population":"Sample size and species not verified.","comparison":"Control groups not verified.","protocol":"Protocol and duration not verified.","findings":"No outcome conclusion extracted: an indexed title alone is insufficient evidence.","limitations":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes.","accessAttempts":["https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asjsur.2024.10.240"],"checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Prognosis and immunity of different cluster groups of glycogen metabolism-related genes in glioma.","year":"2024","authors":"Li W, Yuan Y, Chen S, Liu Y.","doi":"10.1016/j.asjsur.2024.10.240","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39603936/","journal":"Asian journal of surgery"},{"pmid":"39609683","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm trial","population":"90 adults with overweight/obesity; 30 per arm","comparison":"Regular diet, customized diet, or intermittent fasting","protocol":"12 weeks","findings":"BMI change did not differ; some waist, lipid, systolic-pressure and memory comparisons favored fasting.","limitations":"Multiple outcomes, limited protocol/effect-size detail in abstract; no long-term cognition or disease endpoint.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of intermittent fasting on body composition, clinical health markers and memory status in the adult population: a single-blind randomised controlled trial.","year":"2024","authors":"Rizvi ZA, Saleem J, Zeb I, Shahzad R, Kayani JA, Faryal J, Bukhari GMJ, Abdi G, Jain M.","doi":"10.1186/s12937-024-01046-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39609683/","journal":"Nutrition journal"},{"pmid":"39617888","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective observational insulin comparison","population":"46 adults with type 2 diabetes and stage 2–3 kidney disease","comparison":"Three basal-insulin groups, all fasting","protocol":"Ramadan 2022","findings":"Glucose variability, low-glucose time and most laboratory/body measures did not significantly differ among insulins.","limitations":"Small nonrandomized drug comparison; nonsignificant differences do not prove equivalent safety or benefit from fasting.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Safety and efficacy of different basal insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus with chronic kidney disease in Ramadan: prospective observational study.","year":"2024","authors":"Baharum NH, Wan Muhammad Hatta SF, Zainordin NA, Abdul Ghani R.","doi":"10.1186/s12902-024-01778-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39617888/","journal":"BMC endocrine disorders"},{"pmid":"39618608","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized glucose-sensor comparison","population":"39 adults with type 2 diabetes; 29 fasting, 10 non-fasting","comparison":"Fasting group had substantially lower baseline risk than non-fasting group","protocol":"5–7 days sensor monitoring around Ramadan","findings":"24% of fasters experienced hypoglycemia and 80% hyperglycemia; fasting-group HbA1c/weight did not significantly improve.","limitations":"Risk-based selection makes simple fasting/non-fasting comparisons misleading; small sample and short monitoring.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Evaluation of Glycemic Control in Patients With Diabetes by a Continuous Glucose Monitoring System During the Month of Ramadan.","year":"2024","authors":"Haraj NE, Harouna Malam Brah NA, Elaziz S, Chadli A.","doi":"10.7759/cureus.72710","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39618608/","journal":"Cureus"},{"pmid":"39632975","disposition":"context","design":"Two-sample Mendelian-randomization study","population":"Ketone GWAS 121,584; lung-cancer dataset 85,716, other respiratory datasets up to 468,475","comparison":"Genetic proxies for ketone concentrations versus disease risk","protocol":"Public datasets with sensitivity and replication analyses","findings":"Genetically predicted higher beta-hydroxybutyrate associated with lower lung-cancer risk (OR 0.771, CI 0.648–0.916) and some respiratory outcomes.","limitations":"Genetic associations rely on instrumental-variable assumptions; not an intervention trial, cancer-treatment outcome or proof that a ketogenic diet prevents lung cancer.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Mendelian randomization study on the association of circulating ketone bodies with lung cancer and respiratory diseases.","year":"2024","authors":"Tang X, Zhuang H, Yu H.","doi":"10.1038/s41598-024-81591-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39632975/","journal":"Scientific reports"},{"pmid":"39697862","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective education cohort with recalled prior-year comparison","population":"140 adults with diabetes","comparison":"2023 after education versus reported Ramadan 2022 experience","protocol":"Pre-Ramadan education and follow-up","findings":"Glucose monitoring increased, but hypoglycemia did not decrease and reported hyperglycemia rose from 3% to 14.9%; no severe crises reported.","limitations":"Recall and increased detection may affect comparisons; no randomized control. Education-related behavior improvement is not proof of fasting benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting in patients with diabetes: assessment of knowledge, practices, risk of complications, and impact of pre-ramadan education.","year":"2025","authors":"Oueslati I, Cherif L, Aloui E, Mabrouk M, Yazidi M, Chihaoui M.","doi":"10.1007/s40200-024-01529-w","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39697862/","journal":"Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders"},{"pmid":"39698238","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled prospective hormonal cohort","population":"62 women: 31 premenopausal, 31 postmenopausal","comparison":"Before/after Ramadan; subgroup comparisons","protocol":"One month","findings":"Several weight, lipid and inflammatory markers improved; estrogen changed in opposite directions by menopause status, while IGF1 and several oxidative markers did not change.","limitations":"Autophagy was proposed, not directly measured. No non-fasting control; cycle timing and concurrent lifestyle changes can affect hormones.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting on anthropometric, hormonal, metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers in pre-and post-menopausal women: a prospective cohort of Saudi women.","year":"2024","authors":"Al Zunaidy NA, Al-Khalifa AS, Alhussain MH, Althwab SA, Mohammed MA, Faris ME.","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2024.1437169","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39698238/","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition"},{"pmid":"39716568","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm rat experiment","population":"34 male rats","comparison":"Standard chow, high-fat diet, or high-fat diet plus alternate-day fasting","protocol":"24 weeks total; fasting during final 12 weeks","findings":"Fasting reduced intake/weight and intestinal oxidative/inflammatory abnormalities, with altered receptor/hormone expression.","limitations":"Energy reduction accompanies timing; pathway associations need causal validation and do not establish human treatment effects.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The ameliorating effect of intermittent fasting on intestinal glucagon-like peptide 1 in rats fed a high-fat diet via the Farnesoid X receptor and the Melanocortin-4 receptor.","year":"2025","authors":"Eraky SM, Ramadan NM, Atif HM, Mahmoud AM, Abo El-Magd NF.","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123327","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39716568/","journal":"Life sciences"},{"pmid":"39748228","disposition":"context","design":"Two-year observational follow-up of randomized trial","population":"46 originally randomized: 22 fasting, 24 control; 39 returned: 17 and 22","comparison":"Original randomized groups; continued fasting after twelve weeks was self-selected","protocol":"INTERFAST-2: three days weekly at up to 500 kcal before noon, with insulin-adjustment protocol","findings":"At two years, weight change was −4.2 versus −0.4 kg (P=.021). HbA1c, insulin dose and the composite outcome did not differ significantly. Ten of 17 fasting-group returnees continued at least occasionally.","limitations":"Attrition and unregulated post-trial behavior limit causal durability claims. This is follow-up of PMID 36508320, not a new trial; absence of reported severe hypoglycemia in this small follow-up does not establish general safety.","access":"Full article text checked, including methods and reported results; independent duplicate review and all supplements not completed.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Sustained weight reduction following 12 weeks of intermittent fasting intervention in people with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes-Two-year follow-up of the randomised controlled InterFast-2 trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Azhar K, Ramirez-Obermayer A, Sourij C, Knoll L, Andritz E, Kojzar H, Müller A, Moser O, Moser O, Tripolt NJ, Pferschy PN, Aziz F, Sourij H.","doi":"10.1111/dom.16158","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39748228/","journal":"Diabetes, obesity & metabolism"},{"pmid":"39759025","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized crossover controlled-feeding trial","population":"10 adults with prediabetes","comparison":"Early 8-hour eating with most calories before 2 pm versus later usual distribution","protocol":"One week per condition; weight maintained","findings":"Early eating reduced glucose excursions and time above 140 mg/dL; CRP and sedimentation rate did not change.","limitations":"Small acute evidence for glucose effects independent of weight change; no established long-term prevention or anti-inflammatory benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Weight-neutral early time-restricted eating improves glycemic variation and time in range without changes in inflammatory markers.","year":"2024","authors":"Bruno J, Walker JM, Nasserifar S, Upadhyay D, Ronning A, Vanegas SM, Popp CJ, Barua S, Alemán JO.","doi":"10.1016/j.isci.2024.111501","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39759025/","journal":"iScience"},{"pmid":"39825120","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm biomarker trial","population":"44 postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis and excess weight","comparison":"16:8 eating versus usual diet with healthy-eating advice","protocol":"8 weeks","findings":"Some oxidative markers, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and liver enzymes improved; other measured markers did not.","limitations":"Biomarker changes are not demonstrated reductions in joint damage, symptoms or medication needs; small multiple-endpoint trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effects of intermittent fasting on antioxidant and inflammatory markers and liver enzymes in postmenopausal, overweight and obese women with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Tavakoli A, Akhgarjand C, Ansar H, Houjaghani H, Khormani A, Djafarian K, Rostamian A, Ranjbar M, Farsani GM.","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-86734-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39825120/","journal":"Scientific reports"},{"pmid":"39830610","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm remote feasibility pilot","population":"20 consented, 18 completed; mostly older White women with memory concerns","comparison":"Before/after, no control","protocol":"14-hour nightly fasting for 8 weeks","findings":"Phone-based cognitive and insomnia scores improved; BMI/diet quality did not change.","limitations":"Repeated testing, expectations and regression to mean cannot be excluded; not evidence of dementia prevention. Subsequent randomized work should take precedence.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Prolonged nightly fasting in older adults with memory decline: A single-group pilot study exploring changes in cognitive function and cardiometabolic risk factors.","year":"2025","authors":"James DL, Larkey LK, Maxfield M, Han S, Ofori E, Mohr AE, Hawley NA, Alperin K, Ahlich E, Vance DE, Sears DD.","doi":"10.1017/cts.2024.676","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39830610/","journal":"Journal of clinical and translational science"},{"pmid":"39833322","disposition":"context","design":"Colorectal-cancer cell experiment","population":"HCT-116 cells; replicate counts absent","comparison":"Beta-hydroxybutyrate or alpha-ketoglutarate under normal versus low-oxygen/low-glucose conditions","protocol":"Dose-response and gene-expression assays","findings":"Beta-hydroxybutyrate increased viability/proliferation under low-glucose hypoxia with altered ACAT1/SRC/HIF1A expression.","limitations":"Single-line MTT/gene-expression evidence, not clinical harm; nevertheless directly contradicts the claim that ketones necessarily starve all glucose-limited cancer cells.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Differential effects of β-hydroxybutyrate and α-ketoglutarate on HCT-116 colorectal cancer cell viability under normoxic and hypoxic low-glucose conditions: exploring the role of SRC, HIF1α, ACAT1, and SIRT2 genes.","year":"2025","authors":"Badameh P, Akhlaghi Tabar F, Mohammadipoor N, Rezaei R, Ranjkesh R, Maleki MH, Vakili O, Shafiee SM.","doi":"10.1007/s00438-024-02211-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39833322/","journal":"Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG"},{"pmid":"39838548","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm training trial","population":"36 adults","comparison":"Training fasted with time restriction, after carbohydrate snack with time restriction, or exercise with unrestricted diet","protocol":"8 weeks","findings":"Fat-oxidation capacity improved in all groups without a significant group-by-time difference.","limitations":"No added fasting benefit demonstrated; exercise fat oxidation is not equivalent to long-term body-fat loss.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of time-restricted feeding and meal timing on an 8-week fat oxidation exercise training program-A randomized controlled trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Hofstätter F, Niedermeier M, Rausch LK, Kopp M, Simpson L, Lawley JS.","doi":"10.14814/phy2.70194","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39838548/","journal":"Physiological reports"},{"pmid":"39848865","disposition":"context","design":"Retrospective longitudinal health-record study","population":"Adults aged 40–70 with type 2 diabetes; count absent","comparison":"Muslim/residence-defined exposure versus non-Muslim comparison","protocol":"Six Ramadan periods, 2011–2016","findings":"Muslim participants had greater odds of both meaningful HbA1c rises and falls around Ramadan.","limitations":"Actual fasting was inferred from religion/residence, not directly established; medication, diet and seasonal confounding. Cannot assign all changes to fasting.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ramadan fasting and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: A real-world data analysis.","year":"2025","authors":"Salih A SA, Chodick G, Klein P, Eilat-Adar S.","doi":"10.1016/j.pcd.2024.12.010","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39848865/","journal":"Primary care diabetes"},{"pmid":"39861348","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary dietary analysis of randomized four-arm trial","population":"131 women with overweight/obesity","comparison":"≤10-hour eating, interval training, combination, or control","protocol":"7 weeks; NCT04019860","findings":"Time restriction reduced intake of several minerals and increased the number of nutrients with suboptimal intake.","limitations":"Dietary estimates are not diagnosed deficiencies; nevertheless food quality and adequate intake matter. Same parent trial, not an independent intervention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of Time-Restricted Eating and High-Intensity Exercise on Nutrient Intake in Women with Overweight/Obesity: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Haganes KL, Devlin BL, Orr RK, Moholdt T.","doi":"10.3390/nu17020218","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39861348/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"39867556","disposition":"context","design":"Human cell-culture fasting-mimetic experiment","population":"Immortalized retinal pigment epithelial cells; replicate counts absent","comparison":"Sulforaphane, nutrient deprivation and pathway-drug comparisons","protocol":"Acute exposures, including 4-hour transcriptomics","findings":"Sulforaphane altered nutrient sensing and enhanced measured autophagic flux under several conditions.","limitations":"Compound treatment in cultured cells is not a human fasting timetable or evidence of safe anticancer dosing; authors note potential toxicity as well as therapeutic hypotheses.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Sulforaphane acutely activates multiple starvation response pathways.","year":"2024","authors":"Plafker KS, Georgescu C, Pezant N, Pranay A, Plafker SM.","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2024.1485466","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39867556/","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition"},{"pmid":"39895799","disposition":"context","design":"Cancer-dataset analysis with cell validation","population":"Public gastric-cancer and other tumor datasets; patient counts absent","comparison":"Glycogen-expression signatures and cell-gene manipulation controls","protocol":"Prognostic-model development and laboratory validation","findings":"Glycogen-related expression associated with worse gastric-cancer features; related genes affected malignant cell behavior.","limitations":"Computational prediction is not prospectively proven treatment selection or evidence that fasting kills gastric cancer; both synthesis and breakdown signatures were involved.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Integrated Multi-omics Data Analysis and <i>In Vitro</i> Validation Reveal the Crucial Role of Glycogen Metabolism in Gastric Cancer.","year":"2025","authors":"Zhou X, Wu J, Liu Y, Wang X, Gao X, Xia X, Xu J, He J, Wang T, Shu Y.","doi":"10.7150/jca.104424","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39895799/","journal":"Journal of Cancer"},{"pmid":"39915199","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm trial","population":"52 adults with metabolic fatty liver disease","comparison":"16:8 eating versus low-calorie diet","protocol":"10 months according to abstract","findings":"Both improved weight/liver enzymes; low-calorie diet produced larger steatosis/stiffness reductions and better triglycerides. Inflammatory/oxidative markers did not improve significantly.","limitations":"Small trial; stiffness is a surrogate, not biopsy-proven fibrosis reversal. Results challenge automatic superiority of fasting.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The Effect of Intermittent Fasting Diet in Comparison With Low-Calorie Diet on Inflammation, Lipid Profile, Glycemic Index, Liver Fibrosis in Patients With Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Karimi M, Akhgarjand C, Houjaghani H, Nejad MM, Sohrabpour AA, Poustchi H, Mohammadi H, Chamari M, Imani H.","doi":"10.1016/j.clinthera.2025.01.007","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39915199/","journal":"Clinical therapeutics"},{"pmid":"39915600","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm trial","population":"46 randomized; 21 per arm completed","comparison":"16:8 eating plus lacto-ovo vegetarian diet versus control","protocol":"12 weeks","findings":"Combined intervention produced larger weight/waist reductions and improvements in several liver/metabolic markers.","limitations":"Two dietary changes bundled; cannot attribute effects specifically to timing. Surrogate liver indices and short completer analysis.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of time restricted feeding combined with Lacto Ovo vegetarian diet on metabolic associated fatty liver disease management: a randomized clinical trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Shafiee M, Sadeghi A, Ghafouri-Taleghani F, Nilghaz M, Ghods M, Narimani B, Hekmatdoost A, Saidpour A.","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-88773-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39915600/","journal":"Scientific reports"},{"pmid":"39934050","disposition":"context","design":"Cardiac MRI substudy of FIT randomized trial","population":"100 parent-trial participants; only 26 with complete paired cardiac data, 13 per arm","comparison":"Monthly 5-day FMD plus usual care versus usual care","protocol":"12 months; NCT03811587","findings":"Myocardial fat decreased with FMD versus control; reported within-arm change −0.235 percentage points.","limitations":"Highly selected complete-data subset of the featured FIT cohort, not independent trial; cardiac fat is not a heart-attack/heart-failure endpoint.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Fasting-mimicking diet in type 2 diabetes reduces myocardial triglyceride content: A 12-month randomised controlled trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Roos PR, van den Burg EL, Schoonakker MP, van Peet PG, Numans ME, Pijl H, Westenberg JJM, Lamb HJ.","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2025.103860","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39934050/","journal":"Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD"},{"pmid":"39956379","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized maternal-rat experiment","population":"Female rats and offspring; dam/litter counts absent","comparison":"Preconception 16-hour daily fasting versus control","protocol":"4 weeks before conception","findings":"Maternal weight/reproduction did not change; some offspring developmental milestones occurred earlier.","limitations":"Earlier milestones are not established long-term benefit; litter-level analysis and adult offspring outcomes need checking. No human pregnancy/preconception recommendation follows.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of preconceptional intermittent fasting on reflex ontogenesis, physical and somatic development of the offspring of Wistar rats.","year":"2025","authors":"Vasconcelos de Araújo AN, Gomes Dutra LM, Dantas BS, Alves AF, Almeida Gonçalves SA, Tribuzy de Magalhães Cordeiro AM, Barbosa Soares JK, de Souza Aquino J.","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149510","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39956379/","journal":"Brain research"},{"pmid":"39965719","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective observational diabetes-device study","population":"702 young participants: 276 non-insulin-treated type 2, 426 type 1 diabetes","comparison":"Type 1 treatment categories versus each other and type 2 reference group","protocol":"Ramadan","findings":"Automated insulin users maintained better tight glucose control than other type 1 treatment groups; many nonautomated groups worsened.","limitations":"Nonrandomized diabetes/device comparisons with different baseline risks; tests management context, not fasting efficacy.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time in tight glucose range in adolescents and young adults with diabetes during Ramadan intermittent fasting: Data from real-world users on different treatment strategies.","year":"2025","authors":"Elbarbary NS, Rahman Ismail EA.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112042","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39965719/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"39973006","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm trial","population":"88 enrolled, 81 completed; 30 time restriction, 29 calorie restriction, 29 unrestricted","comparison":"Self-selected 8-hour window, 15% calorie reduction, or unrestricted eating","protocol":"12 weeks","findings":"Neither intervention significantly beat unrestricted eating for primary weight outcome; most body/metabolic measures were similar. Achieved eating window averaged 9.8 hours.","limitations":"Important randomized null result; adherence differed from prescribed window, and confidence intervals allow smaller effects.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-restricted eating, caloric reduction, and unrestricted eating effects on weight and metabolism: a randomized trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Oldenburg N, Mashek DG, Harnack L, Wang Q, Manoogian ENC, Evanoff N, Dengel DR, Taddese A, Yentzer BP, Lysne L, Wong A, Hanson M, Anderson JD, Alvear A, LaPage N, Ryder J, Varady K, Gao Z, Ryu S, Bolan PJ, Bergman B, Helgeson E, Panda S, Chow LS.","doi":"10.1002/oby.24252","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39973006/","journal":"Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)"},{"pmid":"39991046","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary analysis of randomized crossover physiology trial","population":"30 adults; 20 women, 10 men","comparison":"24-hour water fast versus unrestricted eating, reversed on day 2","protocol":"Two consecutive conditions; NCT01059760","findings":"Growth hormone rose, especially from low baseline levels, and change was uncorrelated with weight loss.","limitations":"Hormone spikes are not proof of muscle gain, rejuvenation or longer life. Percent changes from tiny baseline concentrations can look disproportionately large; no washout noted.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Weight loss-independent changes in human growth hormone during water-only fasting: a secondary evaluation of a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2024","authors":"Horne BD, Anderson JL, May HT, Bair TL, Le VT, Iverson L, Knowlton KU, Muhlestein JB.","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2024.1401780","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39991046/","journal":"Frontiers in endocrinology"},{"pmid":"39992790","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm metabolic substudy of ERGO3","population":"10 brain-tumor patients: 9 glioblastoma, 1 other high-grade glioma","comparison":"Before/after fasting; no concurrent control","protocol":"72-hour preoperative water-only fast","findings":"Blood lipids/metabolites shifted, glucose fell and uric acid rose.","limitations":"Systemic metabolic response is not tumor killing, autophagic cancer clearance or survival benefit. Same ERGO3 program; exact relationship to other reports must be tracked.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Plasma lipidomic and metabolomic profiles in high-grade glioma patients before and after 72-h presurgery water-only fasting.","year":"2025","authors":"Divé I, Hahnefeld L, Wenger KJ, Kögel D, Steinbach J, Geisslinger G, Ronellenfitsch MW, Tegeder I.","doi":"10.1002/1878-0261.70003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39992790/","journal":"Molecular oncology"},{"pmid":"40016311","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm fatty-liver trial","population":"Adults with MAFLD; count absent from abstract","comparison":"16:8 eating plus DASH diet versus standard-meal control diet","protocol":"12 weeks","findings":"Combined intervention improved some waist/BMI, liver-fat and enzyme measures; insulin resistance improved in both groups.","limitations":"Bundled dietary quality and timing prevent isolating fasting. Full-text sample/energy matching and fibrosis claims need verification.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The efficacy of DASH combined with time-restricted feeding (16/8) on metabolic associated fatty liver disease management: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Nilghaz M, Sadeghi A, Koochakpoor G, Poustchi H, Khodadadi N, Narimani B, Ghods M, Shafiee M, Shahparvari MR, Hekmatdoost A.","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-88393-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40016311/","journal":"Scientific reports"},{"pmid":"40016571","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective single-arm O-SEMA-FAST medication study","population":"257 analyzed; 215 dosing diaries; 216 hypoglycemia datasets","comparison":"Adherent versus nonadherent semaglutide users, no randomized control","protocol":"20 weeks spanning Ramadan","findings":"HbA1c fell 0.2 percentage points and weight 2.6 kg; 67/216 (31%) reported low-glucose events, none severe.","limitations":"Medication adherence and multiple drugs confound; symptomatic events are not all confirmed lows. Not evidence that fasting alone caused benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"O-SEMA-FAST: A Prospective, Non-interventional Study Investigating Oral Semaglutide Use in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus During Ramadan.","year":"2025","authors":"Hassanein M, Alawadi F, AlKadhim I, Aly H, Bajawi D, Cinar T, Dhanwal D, Jabbar A, Khader S, Khudadah K, Muzaffar T, Ngome M, Nafach J, Shaghouli A, O-SEMA-FAST Investigators.","doi":"10.1007/s13300-025-01702-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40016571/","journal":"Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders"},{"pmid":"40017349","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm CHRONO-NAFLD trial","population":"59 completed: 19 unrestricted timing, 20 early, 20 late","comparison":"All hypocaloric Mediterranean diet; no window versus 8 am–6 pm or noon–10 pm","protocol":"12 weeks plus 8-week follow-up","findings":"All groups improved weight/BP; early-window group showed within-arm glucose/insulin improvements.","limitations":"Abstract does not establish that all favorable within-arm findings significantly exceeded other arms; matched active diets and short duration.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of a 12-Week Mediterranean-Type Time-Restricted Feeding Protocol in Patients With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Randomised Controlled Trial-The 'CHRONO-NAFLD Project'.","year":"2025","authors":"Tsitsou S, Bali T, Adamantou M, Saridaki A, Poulia KA, Karagiannakis DS, Papakonstantinou E, Cholongitas E.","doi":"10.1111/apt.70044","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40017349/","journal":"Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics"},{"pmid":"40020647","disposition":"context","design":"Liver MRI secondary analysis of FIT randomized trial","population":"89 baseline MRI participants; 48 FMD, 41 controls","comparison":"Monthly 5-day FMD plus usual care versus usual care","protocol":"12 months; same NCT03811587 cohort","findings":"Adjusted liver-fat difference −2.8 percentage points (CI −4.7 to −0.8), and corrected T1 −29.9 ms (CI −51.8 to −8.0), favored FMD.","limitations":"MRI inflammation/fibrosis markers are not histologic proof or clinical-event reductions; existing FIT cohort, not independent replication. Later risk-category analysis was post hoc.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A fasting-mimicking diet programme reduces liver fat and liver inflammation/fibrosis measured by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2025","authors":"van den Burg EL, Schoonakker MP, van Peet PG, le Cessie S, Numans ME, Pijl H, Lamb HJ.","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2025.02.017","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40020647/","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)"},{"pmid":"40055977","disposition":"context","design":"Mouse cancer-cachexia intervention","population":"Colon-cancer cachexia mice; counts absent","comparison":"Engineered ketone-producing probiotic versus experimental controls","protocol":"Bacterial supplementation","findings":"Reported improved mouse survival, less tumor growth/wasting and altered microbiota/inflammation.","limitations":"Engineered bacteria have several actions; cannot attribute effects solely to ketones or extrapolate to fasting/human cancer treatment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Engineered Lactobacillus rhamnosus Producing 3-Hydroxybutyrate: A Dual-Action Therapeutic Strategy for Colon Cancer Cachexia.","year":"2025","authors":"Qiu X, Zou Z, Lin T, Guo C, Lin D.","doi":"10.1002/bit.28972","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40055977/","journal":"Biotechnology and bioengineering"},{"pmid":"40064299","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-condition crossover trial","population":"14 adults with type 2 diabetes","comparison":"12-hour or 8-hour eating, each with/without post-meal walking","protocol":"Acute 14-hour testing with standardized meals","findings":"Neither shorter eating window nor walking reduced total glucose exposure; walking reduced insulin exposure, without added timing benefit.","limitations":"Acute small trial; does not address sustained HbA1c or long-term exercise benefits.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Combined effects of time-restricted eating and exercise on short-term blood glucose management in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The TREx study, a randomised controlled trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Bravo-Garcia AP, Radford BE, Hall RC, Broome SC, Tee N, Arthur B, Janssens K, Johnston RD, Halson SL, Devlin BL, Hawley JA, Parr EB.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112081","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40064299/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"40072085","disposition":"context","design":"Prostate-cancer cell mechanism experiment","population":"Human prostate-cancer cells; replicate counts absent","comparison":"Interleukin-24 with kinase/pathway controls","protocol":"PKA/GSK3β/glycogen-synthase manipulation","findings":"Treatment activated glycogen synthase, lowered intracellular glucose and induced mitochondrial stress/apoptosis.","limitations":"A drug/protein signaling experiment, not fasting. Increasing glycogen synthesis accompanying cell death contradicts a simplistic more-glycogen-always-better-for-cancer model.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Interleukin 24 Promotes Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Glucose Regulation, and Apoptosis by Inactivating Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta in Human Prostate Cancer Cells.","year":"2025","authors":"Kim A, Lopez S, Smith S, Sony A, Abreu J, de la Parra C, Sauane M.","doi":"10.3390/cells14050357","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40072085/","journal":"Cells"},{"pmid":"40108888","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-arm trial","population":"54 young adults with overweight/obesity","comparison":"10-hour eating, resistance training, combination, or usual lifestyle","protocol":"8 weeks","findings":"Time restriction alone reduced weight primarily with fat-free-mass loss and no detected fat loss; adding resistance training preserved fat-free mass and reduced fat.","limitations":"Abstract conclusion calls timing alone useful for fat loss despite null fat-mass result; body-composition measurement and arm counts require full text.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Efficacy of time restricted eating and resistance training on body composition and mood profiles among young adults with overweight/obesity: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Cui T, Sun Y, Ye W, Liu Y, Korivi M.","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2481127","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40108888/","journal":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition"},{"pmid":"40125211","disposition":"context","design":"Observational diabetes risk-score study","population":"303 adults; 39 low, 71 moderate, 193 high risk","comparison":"Compared predicted-risk groups","protocol":"Ramadan fasting experience","findings":"High glucose was common and more frequent in high-risk participants; hypoglycemia often caused fast interruption.","limitations":"Title calls design cross-sectional while methods say prospective; some event totals conflict. Completion of fasting does not by itself validate safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Validity of the New International Diabetes Federation-Diabetes and Ramadan (IDF-DAR) Risk Stratification Score and Fasting Experience of Saudi Patients With Diabetes During Ramadan: Insights From a Cross-Sectional Study.","year":"2025","authors":"Almalki M, AlSaeed AA, AlNomi AA, AlSufyani M, Albedaiwi K, Alshahrani F, AlMohareb O, Aljohani N, Alshahrani A.","doi":"10.7759/cureus.79351","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40125211/","journal":"Cureus"},{"pmid":"40128559","disposition":"context","design":"Cellular substudy of randomized TRE trial","population":"52 adults with obesity or overweight/prediabetes","comparison":"10-hour eating versus habitual living","protocol":"3 months","findings":"No significant change in mitochondrial respiration of blood immune cells or platelets within or between groups.","limitations":"Direct null cellular endpoint; possible RESET cohort overlap with PMID 38588687 requires linking. Not evidence that every tissue is unaffected.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-restricted eating in people at high diabetes risk does not affect mitochondrial bioenergetics in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and platelets.","year":"2025","authors":"de Melo JML, Blond MB, Jensen VH, Pedersen H, Clemmensen KKB, Jensen MM, Færch K, Quist JS, Størling J.","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-94652-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40128559/","journal":"Scientific reports"},{"pmid":"40186671","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized cancer-survivor fatigue pilot","population":"30 randomized, 25 completed; 87% blood-cancer survivors","comparison":"10-hour eating versus control; both received nutrition counseling","protocol":"12 weeks after treatment","findings":"Fatigue improved by a clinically interesting 4.1 points versus 0, but comparison was not statistically significant (P=.11); glucose/rhythm differences were also nonsignificant.","limitations":"Promising imprecise estimate, not established efficacy. Small pilot and no cancer-recurrence/survival endpoint; conclusion must not hide the null significance test.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-restricted eating to address persistent cancer-related fatigue among cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Kleckner AS, Clingan CL, Youngblood SM, Kleckner IR, Quick L, Elrod RD, Zhu S, Manoogian ENC, Panda S, Badros AZ, Emadi A.","doi":"10.1007/s00520-025-09394-w","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40186671/","journal":"Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer"},{"pmid":"40211977","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized crossover trial","population":"Eight adults completed, four women and four men","comparison":"Same participants: dinner at 5–7 pm versus 9 pm–midnight; breakfast/lunch timing unchanged","protocol":"Two fourteen-day periods with more than one month washout; instructed to match meal types/calories","findings":"None of seven continuous-glucose-monitor outcomes differed significantly between schedules.","limitations":"Very small and short study, actual energy expenditure/intake not fully measured; does not establish equivalence or prove timing never matters.","access":"Full article text checked, including methods and reported results; independent duplicate review and all supplements not completed.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effectiveness of isocaloric early time-restricted eating on glucose metabolism in adults: A randomized controlled crossover trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Weng M, Deng S, Xie W, Ma Y, Jia Y.","doi":"10.1111/dom.16399","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40211977/","journal":"Diabetes, obesity & metabolism"},{"pmid":"40218879","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized exploratory diet/exercise pilot","population":"30 postmenopausal women","comparison":"Intermittent fasting versus low-calorie approaches alongside interval training; exact arm structure unclear in abstract","protocol":"8 weeks","findings":"Some fitness, heart-rate and salivary orexin measurements changed.","limitations":"Abstract inconsistently describes a control group and limited between-arm effects; cannot support a clear fasting advantage without full-text arm/outcome verification.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Influence of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition, Physical Performance, and the Orexinergic System in Postmenopausal Women: A Pilot Study.","year":"2025","authors":"Valenzano AA, Vasco P, D'Orsi G, Marzovillo RRR, Torquato M, Messina G, Polito R, Cibelli G.","doi":"10.3390/nu17071121","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40218879/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"40234969","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized crossover metabolic trial","population":"24 sedentary adults over 50 with overweight","comparison":"Equal-calorie low-carbohydrate/high-fat versus high-carbohydrate/low-fat pre-fast shake","protocol":"24-hour fasting conditions with follow-up samples","findings":"Average ketones reached 0.5 mmol/L by 12 hours after the low-carbohydrate meal, but not during the high-carbohydrate condition.","limitations":"Shows meal-dependent ketosis timing, not autophagy onset or proof of long-term glucose benefit. Hormone differences shortly after meals are expected acute physiology.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effects of initiating a 24-hour fast with a low versus a high carbohydrate shake on glycemic control in older adults: a randomized crossover study.","year":"2025","authors":"Gipson EZ, Deru LS, Graves PG, Jacobsen CG, Peterson NE, Bailey BW.","doi":"10.1186/s12986-025-00920-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40234969/","journal":"Nutrition & metabolism"},{"pmid":"40236783","disposition":"context","design":"Human clinical study plus mouse and cell mechanisms","population":"Alzheimer’s patients and 5xFAD mice; human/animal counts absent from abstract","comparison":"Human control/allocation details absent; microbiota transfer, bacterial/metabolite and receptor controls in models","protocol":"4-month human time-restricted feeding intervention","findings":"Authors report cognitive improvement and model evidence implicating bacterial propionate/FFAR3 signaling.","limitations":"Potentially important human claim requires full-text N, randomization, controls, attrition and effect sizes. Mouse mediation does not prove the same causal mechanism in patients or disease reversal.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-restricted feeding mitigates Alzheimer's disease-associated cognitive impairments via a &lt;i&gt;B. pseudolongum&lt;/i&gt;-propionic acid-FFAR3 axis.","year":"2025","authors":"Zhao Y, Jia M, Ding C, Bao B, Li H, Ma J, Dong W, Gao R, Chen X, Chen J, Dai X, Zou Y, Hu J, Shi L, Liu X, Liu Z.","doi":"10.1002/imt2.70006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40236783/","journal":"iMeta"},{"pmid":"40250088","disposition":"context","design":"Three-arm diet intervention described as randomized","population":"108 assigned: 37 early, 37 late, 34 energy restriction; 93 completed","comparison":"All energy-restricted; early/late 8-hour windows versus 12-hour window","protocol":"3 months; per-protocol analysis","findings":"Weight loss did not differ; early eating favored selected fat, glucose and blood-pressure measures.","limitations":"Assignment described as based on chronotype needs reconciliation with randomization. Multiple outcomes, completer selection and device-derived metabolic age are not proof of rejuvenation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Early time-restricted eating with energy restriction has a better effect on body fat mass, diastolic blood pressure, metabolic age and fasting glucose compared to late time-restricted eating with energy restriction and/or energy restriction alone: A 3-month randomized clinical trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Črešnovar T, Habe B, Mohorko N, Kenig S, Jenko Pražnikar Z, Petelin A.","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2025.04.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40250088/","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)"},{"pmid":"40280987","disposition":"context","design":"Two-year follow-up of randomized TREHIIT trial","population":"59 of original 131 attended follow-up","comparison":"Original timed eating, interval training, combination, control groups","protocol":"2 years after 7-week intervention","findings":"About 46% of fasting and 45% of exercise participants reported maintaining the practice; no between-group cardiometabolic comparison met the prespecified .01 threshold.","limitations":"Major follow-up attrition and self-reported maintenance; same parent cohort as PMID 39861348. P=.019/.015 trends should not be relabeled significant under stated threshold.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Maintenance of time-restricted eating and high-intensity interval training in women with overweight/obesity 2 years after a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Haganes KL, Hawley JA, Lydersen S, Moholdt T.","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-95743-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40280987/","journal":"Scientific reports"},{"pmid":"40290077","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm training trial","population":"24 healthy young women","comparison":"6-hour early or later eating versus 12-hour window; all did push-ups","protocol":"8 weeks","findings":"Early eating produced greater weight loss; triceps thickness and push-up endurance improved similarly across groups.","limitations":"One local muscle measurement is not whole-body lean-mass preservation; very small sample, no calorie control or broad resistance-training program.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Early Time-Restricted Eating Improves Weight Loss While Preserving Muscle: An 8-Week Trial in Young Women.","year":"2025","authors":"Yu Z, Ueda T.","doi":"10.3390/nu17061022","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40290077/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"40304655","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm RESET2 feasibility pilot","population":"20 adults with complicated type 2 diabetes; 19 completed","comparison":"No control","protocol":"8 weeks strict 10-hour window, then 4 weeks individualized support","findings":"Reported adherence 94%; weight fell 2.0 kg and HbA1c 0.4 percentage points.","limitations":"Feasibility and uncontrolled improvements, not randomized efficacy; subsequent planned trial is not a completed result.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-Restricted Eating is a Feasible Dietary Strategy in the Treatment of Complicated Type 2 Diabetes: The RESET2 Pilot Study.","year":"2025","authors":"Termannsen AD, Varming A, Hansen GS, Bjerre N, Persson F, Bagger JI, Hansen DL, Ewers B, Jørgensen NB, Blond MB, Hempler NF, Færch K, Quist JS.","doi":"10.1016/j.jneb.2025.03.012","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40304655/","journal":"Journal of nutrition education and behavior"},{"pmid":"40322737","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective single-arm medication-initiation study","population":"61 adults with type 2 diabetes","comparison":"Before/after starting SGLT2 medication; no control","protocol":"Ramadan through 6 weeks afterward","findings":"HbA1c/BP and creatinine improved; no reported hypoglycemia, dehydration or ketoacidosis.","limitations":"New medication is a major co-intervention; small sample cannot exclude rare harms. Does not establish fasting benefit or justify unsupervised drug initiation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety.","year":"2025","authors":"Khalil HAM, Abdelal SK, El-Rawy AF, Abodahab ALH.","doi":"10.1155/jdr/4321423","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40322737/","journal":"Journal of diabetes research"},{"pmid":"40335161","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized human diet trial with mouse/cell follow-up","population":"96 adults with obesity; three diet groups; model counts absent","comparison":"Mediterranean, alternate-day fasting or ketogenic diet","protocol":"Duration absent from abstract; NCT04453150","findings":"Cognition reportedly improved most with alternate-day fasting; microbiome transfer/model studies supported a microglial mechanism.","limitations":"Human cognitive effect size, prespecification and attrition need full text; mouse transfer does not fully establish human mediation or dementia treatment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Microbiota fasting-related changes ameliorate cognitive decline in obesity and boost ex vivo microglial function through the gut-brain axis.","year":"2025","authors":"Mela V, Heras V, Iesmantaite M, García-Martín ML, Bernal M, Posligua-García JD, Subiri-Verdugo A, Martínez-Montoro JI, Gómez-Pérez AM, Bandera B, Moreno-Indias I, Tinahones FJ.","doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2025-335353","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40335161/","journal":"Gut"},{"pmid":"40354829","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm rheumatoid-arthritis trial","population":"44 postmenopausal women; 22 per arm","comparison":"16:8 eating versus usual diet","protocol":"8 weeks","findings":"Disability and disease-activity scores improved, but measured inflammation/oxidative outcomes did not.","limitations":"Likely companion to PMID 39825120 based on identical cohort; reconcile registration. Small short trial, no structural joint-damage or long-term endpoint.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of intermittent fasting diet in overweight and obese postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized controlled clinical trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Ranjbar M, Shab-Bidar S, Rostamian A, Mohammadi H, Tavakoli A, Djafarian K.","doi":"10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103189","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40354829/","journal":"Complementary therapies in medicine"},{"pmid":"40356261","disposition":"context","design":"Exploratory uncontrolled oral-health substudy","population":"42 adults with metabolic syndrome","comparison":"Before/after fasting, no concurrent control","protocol":"5–10 days fasting; follow-up 4–5 months","findings":"Gum bleeding, plaque and crevicular-fluid measures decreased; overall microbiome diversity did not change, though selected genera did.","limitations":"Parent-cohort relationship and sustained effects need checking; no control for hygiene, diet or other treatment. Not proof of durable periodontal disease treatment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of Prolonged Fasting on the Oral Microbiome in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome: An Exploratory Secondary Analysis.","year":"2025","authors":"Pappe CL, Kleine Bardenhorst S, Prior K, Steckhan N, Michalsen A, Ehmke B, Dommisch H, Hagenfeld D.","doi":"10.1111/jcpe.14171","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40356261/","journal":"Journal of clinical periodontology"},{"pmid":"40362868","disposition":"context","design":"Observational target-trial emulation","population":"457 adults without cancer or diabetes","comparison":"Habitual fasting durations around sleep, statistically weighted","protocol":"2-year body-weight outcome","findings":"Overall weight differences were small and nonsignificant; striking sex subgroup differences require caution.","limitations":"Emulation is not randomized assignment; residual confounding, subgroup instability and wide intervals. Despite cohort name, no cancer outcome was tested.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Overnight Fasting and Body Weight: Emulated Target Trial Using Cancer Prevention Study-3 Data.","year":"2025","authors":"Elahy V, Wang Y, Flanders WD, Zhong C, McCullough ML.","doi":"10.3390/nu17091559","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40362868/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"40371575","disposition":"context","design":"Proteomic substudy with external observational comparison","population":"67 diet/exercise trial participants plus 707 community participants","comparison":"2×2 alternate-day fasting/exercise trial; community biomarker associations","protocol":"3 months in trial","findings":"Protein signatures tracked liver fat and insulin resistance; some associations replicated in community data.","limitations":"Mechanistic prioritization, not new independent treatment efficacy; likely parent cohort PMID 36549296, and 707 community participants did not receive fasting.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Circulating Proteomics Identifies a Dynamic Profile of Hepatic Steatosis During Metabolic Intervention.","year":"2025","authors":"El-Sabawi B, Tanriverdi K, Gajjar P, Nayor M, Landman JM, Below JE, Haff M, Long M, Ezpeleta M, Freedman JE, Varady K, Shah R, Perry AS.","doi":"10.1161/jaha.124.037100","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40371575/","journal":"Journal of the American Heart Association"},{"pmid":"40437584","disposition":"context","design":"Qualitative substudy of shift-worker trial","population":"33 participants; 47 interviews, 18 diary contributors","comparison":"Experiences across continuous restriction and two intermittent schedules","protocol":"Baseline/follow-up interviews","findings":"Simplicity, support, flexible scheduling and workplace environment affected adherence.","limitations":"Interviews are not efficacy outcomes; 47 interviews are not 47 independent participants. Parent trial clinical results must be cited separately.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The experiences of night shift workers following three different dietary weight loss interventions: a qualitative study using behaviour change theory.","year":"2025","authors":"Davis C, Kleve S, Huggins CE, Bonham MP.","doi":"10.1186/s12966-025-01750-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40437584/","journal":"The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity"},{"pmid":"40451678","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm pilot","population":"17 adults over 60; 8 time restriction, 9 comparison","comparison":"Mediterranean diet with versus without 12-hour nightly fast","protocol":"3 months","findings":"Waist measures favored added timing restriction, while a liver enzyme favored diet alone; few timing-group participants wanted to continue.","limitations":"Tiny sample and multiple endpoints; broad superiority claim exceeds limited between-group findings. Reported continuation percentages need denominator verification.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The impact of intermittent fasting and Mediterranean diet on older adults' physical health and quality of life: A randomized clinical trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Couto S, Cenit MC, Montero J, Iguacel I.","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2025.104132","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40451678/","journal":"Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD"},{"pmid":"40454302","disposition":"context","design":"Implementation/acceptability analysis of HALLO-P randomized pilot","population":"90 older adults with excess weight","comparison":"In-person calorie restriction, remote calorie restriction, or time restriction","protocol":"9 months","findings":"Engagement was high; remote calorie-restriction participants reported greater satisfaction and willingness to continue than time-restriction participants.","limitations":"Process outcomes, not independent clinical efficacy results; highlights that fasting is not necessarily the easiest option for everyone.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intervening on Calorie Intake or Eating Timing in Older Adults: Lessons Learned in the Healthy Aging and Late-Life Outcomes Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Fanning J, Rejeski WJ, Nicklas BJ, Kritchevsky SB, Miller ME, Houston DK, Walkup MP, Kennedy K, Stowe CL, Ford S, Yow D, HALLO-P Investigators.","doi":"10.2147/cia.s520273","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40454302/","journal":"Clinical interventions in aging"},{"pmid":"40469137","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized pregnancy comparison","population":"100 pregnant women; 50 fasting, 50 non-fasting","comparison":"At least 10 fasting days versus no fasting","protocol":"Third trimester through delivery","findings":"Most fetal Doppler, monitoring and birth-size measures did not significantly differ.","limitations":"Selected small cohort, no randomization and limited endpoints; cannot rule out uncommon or longer-term maternal/infant harms.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Ramadan fasting during third trimester on Doppler indices, non-stress test of fetus and perinatal outcomes.","year":"2025","authors":"Jamil R, Mughal S, Sonam, Sohail S, Hossain N.","doi":"10.12669/pjms.41.5.11529","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40469137/","journal":"Pakistan journal of medical sciences"},{"pmid":"40476748","disposition":"context","design":"Mouse and cell colon-cancer/cachexia experiment","population":"CT26 cells and tumor-bearing mice; counts absent","comparison":"3-hydroxybutyrate versus controls","protocol":"Metabolomics and tumor-treatment experiments","findings":"Ketones suppressed tumor growth, increased intracellular lactate/oxidative stress and induced apoptosis in the models.","limitations":"Proposed transporter competition is not inability to use ketones as fuel; no human efficacy, and model-specific findings differ from other colorectal studies.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"3-Hydroxybutyrate Suppresses Colon Cancer Growth by Inducing Intracellular Lactate Accumulation and Oxidative Stress.","year":"2025","authors":"Qiu X, Wu W, Zou Z, Huang C, Lin D.","doi":"10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00991","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40476748/","journal":"Journal of proteome research"},{"pmid":"40510485","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective repeated-Ramadan diabetes cohort","population":"76 enrolled, 39 completed 3-year follow-up; 49 non-diabetic reference participants in 2022","comparison":"Before/during/after Ramadan and non-diabetic reference profiles","protocol":"2020–2022","findings":"Meal-related glucose spikes worsened during Ramadan in type 1 diabetes and persisted afterward.","limitations":"Large attrition and no randomized non-fasting group; medication/meal practices contribute. Non-diabetic spikes remained within normal limits.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Altered Ramadan fasting glycemic profiles of adults with type 1 diabetes reveal strong evidence of underestimated insulin adjustments: a 3-year observational study in Arab settings.","year":"2025","authors":"Alguwaihes AM, Alyusuf EY, Alrajeh A, Alotaibi M, Al-Sofiani ME.","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1399990","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40510485/","journal":"Frontiers in endocrinology"},{"pmid":"40529001","disposition":"context","design":"Qualitative follow-up of nightly-fasting pilot","population":"16 older adults interviewed","comparison":"No control; post-intervention interviews","protocol":"8-week nightly fasting, same parent cohort as PMID 39830610","findings":"Participants described acceptable routines, accountability and perceived benefits, alongside practical challenges.","limitations":"Perceived effects are not objective efficacy or independent confirmation of cognitive improvement.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Perspectives of older adults with memory decline participating in a prolonged nightly fasting (PNF) pilot study: A qualitative exploration.","year":"2025","authors":"James DL, Ahlich E, Maxfield M, Kechter A, James SE, Koskan AM, Sears DD.","doi":"10.1017/cts.2025.63","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40529001/","journal":"Journal of clinical and translational science"},{"pmid":"40543603","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm fatty-liver trial","population":"337 randomized; 333 analyzed: 113 usual care, 110 calorie restriction, 110 time restriction","comparison":"Usual care versus daily calorie restriction versus time restriction","protocol":"16 weeks; NCT05579158","findings":"Liver fat fell about 25.8% relatively with timing restriction versus 0.7% with usual care; calorie restriction produced a similar 24.7% decrease.","limitations":"Stronger sample for a surrogate endpoint; timing did not outperform calorie restriction. Relative fat reduction is not a 25.8-percentage-point absolute change or proven cirrhosis prevention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Efficacy and safety of time-restricted eating in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.","year":"2025","authors":"Oh JH, Yoon EL, Park H, Lee S, Jo AJ, Cho S, Kwon E, Nah EH, Lee JH, Park JH, Ahn SB, Jun DW.","doi":"10.1016/j.jhep.2025.06.005","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40543603/","journal":"Journal of hepatology"},{"pmid":"40545696","disposition":"context","design":"Lung-cancer cell and mouse experiments","population":"Two NSCLC lines, NCI-H1975 and PC-9, plus nude-mouse models; counts absent","comparison":"Ketones and FFAR3 knockdown/overexpression controls","protocol":"Tumor growth, stemness and metastasis assays","findings":"Beta-hydroxybutyrate reduced malignant behavior in these models; FFAR3 signaling was required for effects.","limitations":"Positive preclinical mechanism, not patient treatment evidence or universal fuel starvation. May correspond to an existing partially assessed lung-cancer lead; reconcile before double counting.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"β-hydroxybutyrate, a ketone body, suppresses tumor growth, stemness, and invasive phenotypes in non-small cell lung cancer.","year":"2025","authors":"Huang Y, Ding J, Zhu Y, Shi J, Liu R, Wu C, Han L, Zhang M.","doi":"10.1080/15384047.2025.2516825","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40545696/","journal":"Cancer biology & therapy"},{"pmid":"40554393","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm superiority trial","population":"250 night-shift workers: 85 continuous restriction, 83 fasting on days off/day shifts, 82 fasting on night shifts; 170 completed","comparison":"Continuous restriction versus two modified 5:2 schedules","protocol":"24 weeks; restricted days about 2,100 kJ","findings":"Neither intermittent schedule outperformed continuous restriction for weight or insulin resistance; one schedule improved cholesterol more.","limitations":"32% attrition and wide weight-effect intervals; completer improvements do not establish superiority. Same parent trial as qualitative PMID 40437584.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intermittent fasting for weight loss in night shift workers: a three-arm, superiority randomised clinical trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Bonham MP, Leung GKW, Rogers M, Davis R, Clark AB, Davis C, Phoi YY, Ware RS, El-Heneidy A, Kellow NJ, Dorrian J, Banks S, Sletten TL, Huggins CE, Coates AM.","doi":"10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105803","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40554393/","journal":"EBioMedicine"},{"pmid":"40556855","disposition":"context","design":"Human muscle-cell nutrient-deprivation experiment","population":"Normal and diabetic myoblast cell lines; replicate counts absent","comparison":"Different serum sources/concentrations, including deprivation","protocol":"12- or 24-hour culture conditions","findings":"Nutrient deprivation reduced viability/density; oxidative/inflammatory markers depended strongly on serum and cell source.","limitations":"Cultured cells without serum do not reproduce whole-person fasting; no direct human muscle-loss rate or autophagy clock established.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The Effect of Nutrient Deprivation on Markers of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Transcriptome in Normal and Type-2 Diabetic Human Skeletal Muscle Myoblasts.","year":"2025","authors":"Ceriani L, Newmire DE, Gonzales XF, Sparks J, Guardiola J, Omoruyi FO.","doi":"10.1155/jnme/6661176","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40556855/","journal":"Journal of nutrition and metabolism"},{"pmid":"40560588","disposition":"context","design":"Prespecified secondary analysis of randomized four-arm trial","population":"197 adults; 49 usual care, 49 early, 52 late, 47 self-selected eating","comparison":"All Mediterranean-diet education; three 8-hour windows versus usual ≥12-hour timing","protocol":"12 weeks; NCT05310721","findings":"No significant differences in objectively measured sleep, mood or quality of life among timing schedules or versus usual care.","limitations":"Same parent trial, not independent weight-loss evidence; null short-term averages do not guarantee individual tolerability.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-Restricted Eating and Sleep, Mood, and Quality of Life in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Clavero-Jimeno A, Dote-Montero M, Migueles JH, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Medrano M, Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Osés M, Carneiro-Barrera A, de Cabo R, Muñoz-Torres M, Labayen I, Ruiz JR.","doi":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.17268","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40560588/","journal":"JAMA network open"},{"pmid":"40573074","disposition":"context","design":"Nonrandomized clinic diet comparison","population":"49 adults with obesity; 23 ketogenic, 26 time restriction","comparison":"Two self-selected/clinically assigned diets","protocol":"12 weeks","findings":"Both groups lost weight and lowered predicted cardiovascular risk; some metabolic changes favored ketogenic eating.","limitations":"QRISK3 is a risk estimate, not observed events; nonrandomization, small sample and short follow-up limit comparisons.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Comparative Effects of Time-Restricted Eating and the Ketogenic Diet on QRISK3-Assessed Cardiovascular Risk in Individuals with Obesity: A Longitudinal Analysis of Metabolic, Anthropometric, and Lifestyle Factors.","year":"2025","authors":"Pescari D, Mihuta MS, Bena A, Stoian D.","doi":"10.3390/nu17121963","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40573074/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"40578956","disposition":"context","design":"Pediatric-cancer cell-line experiment","population":"Huh6 liver-tumor cells, G401/WT-CLS1 kidney-tumor cells, fibroblast reference","comparison":"Normal versus glucose-free media, with/without ketones","protocol":"Cell growth, ATP and ketone-enzyme assays","findings":"Ketones did not rescue growth in glucose-free media; ATP response differed by tumor line.","limitations":"Positive support for poor ketone rescue in these specific cells, not clinical pediatric diet efficacy. Fasting does not make human blood glucose-free; title and conclusion exceed what was tested.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ketone Bodies Inhibit Growth of Hepatoblastoma and Rhabdoid Tumor of the Kidney Cells.","year":"2025","authors":"Muto-Fujita E, Yamaoka B, Abe N, Fujiwara K, Uehara S.","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.17673","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40578956/","journal":"Anticancer research"},{"pmid":"40596030","disposition":"context","design":"Small prolonged-fast physiological study","population":"13 middle-aged men","comparison":"Repeated measurements and exercise response; no separate fed control stated","protocol":"8-day water-only fast with aerobic exercise","findings":"Metabolic, hormonal and oxidative markers shifted toward fat use and stress adaptation.","limitations":"Small male sample, multiple surrogate outcomes and limited comparator; no demonstrated disease prevention, muscle safety or durable benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Metabolic and hormonal effects of an 8 days water only fasting combined with exercise in middle aged men.","year":"2025","authors":"Pilis K, Godlewska U, Pilis A, Stec K, Dolibog P, Kruszewski M, Kosior-Lara A, Kalmatov R, Pilis W, Letkiewicz S.","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-05164-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40596030/","journal":"Scientific reports"},{"pmid":"40598397","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized five-arm calorie-restricted diet trial","population":"160 adults with obesity; 140 completed","comparison":"Mediterranean, ketogenic, early timing, late timing, or modified alternate-day fasting","protocol":"3 months; NCT04453150","findings":"Ketogenic, alternate-day and late-timing arms lost more weight than Mediterranean control by 3.78, 3.14 and 2.27 kg; early-timing difference was nonsignificant.","limitations":"Short-term result, actual energy/adherence and lean mass require full text. Cognitive report PMID 40335161 uses the same registration and a subset, not an independent trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Martínez-Montoro JI, Bandera B, Gutiérrez-Bedmar M, Gómez-Pérez AM, Macías-González M, Moreno-Indias I, Tinahones FJ.","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40598397/","journal":"BMC medicine"},{"pmid":"40600642","disposition":"context","design":"Cross-sectional nurse survey/diet-log study","population":"123 nurses, mostly White women","comparison":"Day versus night/rotating shifts; no fasting assignment","protocol":"Up to 7 days food logging","findings":"Most expressed interest in time restriction; average nightly fast was about 11.9 hours and diet quality was low.","limitations":"Interest and feasibility are not evidence of weight loss or disease benefit; convenience sample.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"SHift-working Investigation of Fasting and Timing (SHIFT) of diet: A cross-sectional assessment of nurses' dietary quality, fasting duration, and feasibility of completing a 7-day diet log.","year":"2025","authors":"Farrell ET, Turner-McGrievy GM, Dawson RM, Heflin K, Wirth MD.","doi":"10.1080/07420528.2025.2525463","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40600642/","journal":"Chronobiology international"},{"pmid":"40604163","disposition":"context","design":"Post-hoc subgroup analysis of WONDERFUL trial","population":"68 participants with available growth-hormone data","comparison":"24-hour water fasting versus unrestricted eating","protocol":"Twice weekly for 4 weeks, then weekly for 22 weeks","findings":"Lower baseline growth hormone identified a subgroup with larger HOMA-IR reduction; weight difference was nonsignificant.","limitations":"Post-hoc interaction in an existing trial, not independent replication or validated treatment-selection test; HOMA-IR is a surrogate.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Insulin resistance reduction, intermittent fasting, and human growth hormone: secondary analysis of a randomized trial.","year":"2024","authors":"Horne BD, Anderson JL, May HT, Bair TL, Le VT, Iverson L, Knowlton KU, Muhlestein JB.","doi":"10.1038/s44324-024-00025-2","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40604163/","journal":"npj metabolic health and disease"},{"pmid":"40604264","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm clinical trial","population":"Adults with hypertension and excess weight; count absent from abstract","comparison":"Monthly 5-day fasting-mimicking diet versus continuous Mediterranean diet","protocol":"4 months plus 3-month follow-up","findings":"No measured endpoint differed significantly between groups at intervention end. Both improved several risk factors; reactive hyperemia index decreased within the FMD arm.","limitations":"A lower endothelial-function index is not established vascular rejuvenation; speculative interpretation must be identified. Indexed correction PMID 40987812 requires review; risk scores are not cardiovascular events.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","notices":[{"type":"Erratum in","reference":"NPJ Metab Health Dis. 2025 Sep 23;3(1):38. doi: 10.1038/s44324-025-00084-z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40987812/"}],"integrityNote":"Original correction checked: intervention-duration rationale, adherence discussion, author contributions and commercial funding/patent disclosures were expanded. L-Nutra sponsored clinical procedures and supplied the diet.","title":"Fasting mimicking diet cycles versus a Mediterranean diet and cardiometabolic risk in overweight and obese hypertensive subjects: a randomized clinical trial.","year":"2023","authors":"Mishra A, Fanti M, Ge X, Vaughn D, Brandhorst S, Wei M, Hong KM, Pellegrini M, Pijl H, Houston MC, Longo VD.","doi":"10.1038/s44324-023-00002-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40604264/","journal":"npj metabolic health and disease"},{"pmid":"40620207","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective observational diabetes-device comparison","population":"178 adults with type 1 diabetes; 98 hybrid closed-loop, 80 injections plus sensor","comparison":"Existing treatment modalities among moderate/high-risk fasters","protocol":"Ramadan 2024","findings":"Half of automated-system users versus 8% of injection users met combined fasting/glucose targets.","limitations":"Nonrandomized access, age and baseline differences limit causal claims; safer management is not evidence that fasting improves diabetes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Potential benefits of hybrid closed-loop systems for managing moderate- to high-risk individuals with type 1 diabetes during Ramadan fasting.","year":"2025","authors":"Alguwaihes AM, Alotaibi MS, Alqumaidi H, Batais MA, Alrasheed AA, Alnasser LN, Karalliedde J, Hussain S.","doi":"10.1111/dom.16573","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40620207/","journal":"Diabetes, obesity & metabolism"},{"pmid":"40641203","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled biomarker cohort","population":"30 adults with early-stage kidney disease","comparison":"Before, during and after Ramadan","protocol":"One month","findings":"Some glucose/oxidative/circadian-related markers changed; creatinine and albumin did not significantly change.","limitations":"No direct autophagic-flux measurement or kidney disease-progression outcome; serum markers cannot establish autophagy activation or durable renal benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Malondialdehyde, Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase, Sirtuin 1, Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group D Member 1, and Transforming Growth Factor Beta in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study.","year":"2025","authors":"Priyono D, Yerizel E, Harun H, Suharti N.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40641203/","journal":"Acta medica Indonesiana"},{"pmid":"40651983","disposition":"context","design":"Cell and patient-derived mouse-xenograft experiments","population":"Prostate/breast cancer models; animal and tissue counts absent","comparison":"Ketone drink, EZH2/HMGCS2 manipulation and drug combinations versus controls","protocol":"Therapy-resistant prostate-cancer xenografts","findings":"Ketone drink reduced tumor growth in mice and strengthened selected drugs, with EZH2 degradation implicated.","limitations":"Patient-derived tumors grown in mice are not treated human patients; no human efficacy or universal ketone-starvation mechanism established.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ketone drink enhances therapeutic efficacy in prostate cancer by targeting EZH2.","year":"2025","authors":"Yum C, Schaefer RA, Wang R, Wang TY, Lu X, Liu Q, Ren Y, Meng Q, Yang Y, Zhang X, Xiong Y, Yu X, Zhang X, Jin J, Dong X, Yi Y, Yang R, Cao Q.","doi":"10.1038/s41389-025-00567-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40651983/","journal":"Oncogenesis"},{"pmid":"40668670","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary psychological analysis of randomized training trial","population":"52 randomized, 36 analyzed","comparison":"Exercise fasted, exercise after snack with time restriction, or exercise with unrestricted diet","protocol":"8 weeks; companion to PMID 39838548","findings":"No psychological outcome showed a significant group-by-time advantage from fasting; some measures improved across all groups.","limitations":"Substantial attrition and same cohort; no basis to claim added mood benefit or comprehensive safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Time Restricted Feeding and Meal Timing on An 8-Week Aerobic Exercise Training Programme on Psychological Parameters-A Randomised Controlled Trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Hofstätter F, Niedermeier M, Rausch LK, Lawley JS, Kopp M.","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.70017","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40668670/","journal":"European journal of sport science"},{"pmid":"40671417","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized supplement trial during alternate-day fasting","population":"41 adults completed; 25 women, 16 men","comparison":"Krill oil versus vegetable-oil placebo; all practiced fasting","protocol":"8 weeks","findings":"Weight loss was similar; krill-oil group lost less fat-free mass and grip strength.","limitations":"Tests a supplement during weight loss, not fasting versus another diet; initial enrollment/arm counts and funding need full text.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Benefits of Krill Oil Supplementation During Alternate-Day Fasting in Adults With Overweight and Obesity: A Randomized Trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Alblaji M, Gray SR, Almesbehi T, Morrison DJ, Malkova D.","doi":"10.1002/oby.24354","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40671417/","journal":"Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)"},{"pmid":"40698448","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized waitlist-controlled trial","population":"122 adults","comparison":"Breakfast-skipping 16-hour fasting versus waitlist","protocol":"10 days","findings":"Objective cognitive performance and mood did not worsen on average; participants felt less concentrated before noon.","limitations":"Short adaptation trial, not proof of cognitive enhancement or safety for all populations/longer fasts.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Stable cognitive performance while adapting to intermittent fasting: A randomised controlled trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Bamberg C, Reichenberger J, Blechert J.","doi":"10.1177/13591053251351204","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40698448/","journal":"Journal of health psychology"},{"pmid":"40711668","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm breast-cancer feasibility pilot","population":"95 screened, 30 enrolled, 27 completed; 84 FMD cycles. Later body-composition samples fell to 19.","comparison":"Single arm; historical adverse-event assumptions for sample-size calculation, not a concurrent control.","protocol":"Three five-day recipe-based FMD cycles before/on chemotherapy, with 21-day final washout.","findings":"Five grade III-or-higher self-reported events were recorded over 84 cycles, including fatigue, dizziness, constipation, abdominal pain and leg weakness. Some metabolic/body-composition measures changed; no cancer efficacy was established.","limitations":"Events per cycle are not the proportion of patients harmed. No concurrent control and concurrent chemotherapy limit safety attribution; repeated cycles are not independent participants.","access":"Original methods, results, safety denominator and body-composition sample counts checked; independent review not completed.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The feasibility and safety of fasting-mimicking diet in breast cancer patients with chemotherapy in China.","year":"2025","authors":"Xue M, Zhang N, Dong X, Tian Q, Shen K, Wu B.","doi":"10.1007/s10549-025-07756-w","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40711668/","journal":"Breast cancer research and treatment"},{"pmid":"40731289","disposition":"context","design":"Per-protocol secondary analysis of diet trial","population":"90 analyzed: 31 early, 28 late, 31 energy restriction","comparison":"All energy-restricted, with early/late/12-hour windows","protocol":"3 months; same NCT05730231 cohort as PMID 40250088","findings":"Early timing favored selected fat/glucose/leptin/appetite measures; insulin-resistance, lipid and liver measures were similar.","limitations":"Chronotype-dependent allocation and post-randomization exclusions need clarification; not an independent trial or broad metabolic superiority.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Comparing the influence of early and late time-restricted eating with energy restriction and energy restriction alone on cardiometabolic markers, metabolic hormones and appetite in adults with overweight/obesity: per-protocol analysis of a 3-month randomized clinical trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Habe B, Črešnovar T, Petelin A, Kenig S, Mohorko N, Jenko Pražnikar Z.","doi":"10.1186/s12986-025-00984-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40731289/","journal":"Nutrition & metabolism"},{"pmid":"40732984","disposition":"context","design":"Microbiome substudy of randomized multicomponent program","population":"58 adults; 29 per arm","comparison":"Calorie restriction, high-protein/low-carb diet, 10-hour timing, supplements and app support versus low-carb diet","protocol":"6 months","findings":"Microbial diversity and selected taxa changed more with the package and correlated with fat loss.","limitations":"Cannot isolate fasting from several co-interventions; microbiome correlations do not prove mediation. Same parent WLM3P trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Gut Microbiota Shifts After a Weight Loss Program in Adults with Obesity: The WLM3P Study.","year":"2025","authors":"Pereira V, Cuevas-Sierra A, de la O V, Salvado R, Barreiros-Mota I, Castela I, Camelo A, Brandão I, Santo CE, Faria A, Calhau C, Silvestre MP, Moreira-Rosário A.","doi":"10.3390/nu17142360","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40732984/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"40733010","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary behavior/hormone analysis of randomized weight-loss trial","population":"165 adults; 84 in 4:3 fasting, 81 daily restriction","comparison":"Matched prescribed weekly deficit, behavior support and exercise goal","protocol":"12 months","findings":"Binge/uncontrolled-eating scores improved more in 4:3 group; fasting appetite-hormone changes did not differ.","limitations":"Same parent 4:3 trial, not independent efficacy replication; supervised selected participants differ from observational eating-disorder-risk populations.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of 4:3 Intermittent Fasting on Eating Behaviors and Appetite Hormones: A Secondary Analysis of a 12-Month Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention.","year":"2025","authors":"Breit MJ, Caldwell AE, Ostendorf DM, Pan Z, Creasy SA, Swanson B, Clark K, Hill EB, MacLean PS, Bessesen DH, Melanson EL, Catenacci VA.","doi":"10.3390/nu17142385","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40733010/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"40763896","disposition":"context","design":"Sequential multiple-assignment randomized ADAPT trial","population":"83 randomized initially; 82 assessed at week 4; 46 nonresponders rerandomized (22 timing, 24 exercise)","comparison":"Initial carbohydrate diets; second-stage timing versus exercise among early nonresponders","protocol":"16 weeks","findings":"Adding time restriction versus exercise did not differentially improve outcomes among nonresponders; initial carbohydrate groups had similar weight loss.","limitations":"Adaptive subgroup design, not a simple fasting-versus-control trial; small second-stage groups and abstract lacks final conclusion text.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Adaptive dietary and exercise strategies for weight loss in Adults with Prediabetes Trial (ADAPT): a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Ellison KM, El Zein A, Baidwan NK, Ferguson CC, Fowler LA, Bryan DR, Reynolds C, Hermanson D, Berg KJ, Mehta T, Hill JO, Wyatt HR, Sayer RD.","doi":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.07.034","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40763896/","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition"},{"pmid":"40765038","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized six-arm mouse experiment","population":"72 male mice; 12 per group","comparison":"Fasting schedules with/without running and controls","protocol":"6 weeks","findings":"Timing restriction plus exercise changed glucose/glycogen and signaling markers more than some alternatives.","limitations":"Normal-mouse biomarkers, not human diabetes efficacy; exact schedules and six-arm structure need full text. Glycogen changes do not imply cancer-cell starvation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Different Fasting Methods Combined With Running Exercise Regulate Glucose Metabolism via AMPK/SIRT1/BDNF Pathway in Mice.","year":"2025","authors":"Wang X, Shi J, Li Y, Zhou L, Xu L, Wang J, Liu C, Liang B.","doi":"10.1002/cph4.70031","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40765038/","journal":"Comprehensive Physiology"},{"pmid":"40770722","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-arm diet trial","population":"98 adults with prediabetes; 24 fasting, 24 portfolio, 25 anti-inflammatory, 25 control","comparison":"5:2, portfolio-moderate-carbohydrate, anti-inflammatory, or healthy control diet","protocol":"Measurements at weeks 2, 8 and 14 in the corrected tables.","findings":"Several diet arms improved glucose markers; fasting improved selected anthropometric measures, while other diet strategies also benefited.","limitations":"Multiple endpoints and active comparators; no diabetes-incidence endpoint. Corrected within-group changes do not establish superiority of fasting.","access":"Original abstract and full correction with revised Tables 2–3 checked; complete original methods not verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","notices":[{"type":"Erratum in","reference":"Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2026 Feb 9;18(1):53. doi: 10.1186/s13098-025-02081-0.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41664097/"}],"integrityNote":"Original correction checked: Tables 2–3 and within-group statistical analyses were revised. Corrected weight changes are significant within all four arms; these are not between-arm superiority tests.","title":"Effect of intermittent fasting, portfolio-moderate-carbohydrate, and anti-inflammatory diets on cardio-metabolic status in pre-diabetic patients; an open-label randomized clinical trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Pasdar Y, Saber A, Rezvani N, Bozorgi S, Moradi S, Cheshmeh S, Niazi H, Najafi F.","doi":"10.1186/s13098-025-01901-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40770722/","journal":"Diabetology & metabolic syndrome"},{"pmid":"40794365","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm FastER feasibility pilot","population":"31 women with metastatic hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer; 27 paired assessments","comparison":"No control; starting endocrine/targeted therapy","protocol":"12 weeks; ≥13-hour nightly fasting plus aerobic/resistance exercise","findings":"74.1% met fasting goal, fewer met exercise goals; some quality-of-life measures improved.","limitations":"Combined treatment/exercise changes prevent fasting attribution; no controlled progression/survival result, and feasibility is the primary endpoint.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Combined intermittent fasting and exercise intervention in patients with metastatic, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer (FastER): a pilot study.","year":"2025","authors":"Gonzalo-Encabo P, Giobbie-Hurder A, Sears DD, Mayer EL, Partridge AH, Poorvu PD, Waks AG, Tanasijevic AM, Crane TE, Dieli-Conwright CM, Ligibel JA.","doi":"10.1007/s10549-025-07803-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40794365/","journal":"Breast cancer research and treatment"},{"pmid":"40796095","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-arm diet/training trial","population":"32 young women with overweight","comparison":"Time restriction/high protein factorial; all calorie-restricted and resistance training","protocol":"8 weeks","findings":"All groups reduced fat; high-protein groups increased fat-free mass, with selected adiposity/leptin advantages in combined intervention.","limitations":"Tiny groups and multiple components; largest numerical change does not guarantee a significant between-arm effect. Cannot credit lean-mass preservation to fasting alone.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"High-Protein Time-Restricted Eating Alongside Resistance Training Reduces Adipose Tissue While Preserving Fat-Free Mass in Women With Overweight: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Bagherpour F, Arazi H, Rajabi H, Campbell BI.","doi":"10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0010","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40796095/","journal":"International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism"},{"pmid":"40869563","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled prolonged-fast physiology study","population":"13 middle-aged men","comparison":"Before/after fasting","protocol":"8-day water-only fast; measurements in thermoneutral conditions","findings":"Resting metabolic heat production and several body measures fell, while measured core/skin temperature remained stable.","limitations":"Thermal stability in comfortable conditions is not overall safety or resilience to cold; possible overlap with PMID 40596030 requires cohort linking.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Body Temperature, Metabolic, and Circulatory Changes After 8 Days of Water-Only Fasting in Healthy Middle-Aged Men.","year":"2025","authors":"Pokora I, Wyderka P, Pilis W, Pilis K.","doi":"10.3390/jcm14165735","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40869563/","journal":"Journal of clinical medicine"},{"pmid":"40880914","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled exercise/timing study","population":"59 peri-/postmenopausal women; 26 combined, 33 exercise only","comparison":"Exercise with versus without 16:8 eating","protocol":"12 weeks","findings":"Adding time restriction did not improve cognition beyond exercise; several changes appeared only in exercise-alone group.","limitations":"Allocation method not explicit in abstract; multiple cognitive/EEG endpoints and short follow-up. No dementia-prevention evidence.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of exercise alone and in combination with time-restricted eating on cognitive health in menopausal women.","year":"2025","authors":"Jóźwiak B, Kleka P, Laudańska-Krzemińska I.","doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2025.1640512","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40880914/","journal":"Frontiers in public health"},{"pmid":"40885386","disposition":"context","design":"Pancreatic-cancer tissue and cell mechanism study","population":"Human pancreatic tissue and cell models; counts absent","comparison":"BDH1 manipulation and exogenous ketones versus controls","protocol":"Redox and mitochondrial-acetylation assays","findings":"BDH1 promoted proliferation by regulating redox balance; exogenous ketones did not change proliferation in the tested setting.","limitations":"Enzyme function differs from effects of ketone supplementation; no diet or fasting patient trial. Useful null result against both universal benefit and universal harm claims.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase promotes pancreatic cancer cell proliferation through regulation of the NAD&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;/NADH balance and mitochondrial acetylation.","year":"2025","authors":"Wei X, Zhang C, Zheng X, Pan K, Ren X, Lou X, Yang Z, Fu T, Fang H, Lyu J.","doi":"10.1016/j.jbc.2025.110636","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40885386/","journal":"The Journal of biological chemistry"},{"pmid":"40918916","disposition":"context","design":"Multicenter observational thrombosis-risk study","population":"Participant and event counts not disclosed in abstract","comparison":"Risk-factor comparisons; no clear non-fasting control","protocol":"Ramadan fasting","findings":"Authors report thrombosis among participants with higher risk scores and pre-existing venous risk.","limitations":"Without denominators/event counts, incidence cannot be assessed; no proof fasting caused events or that preventive medication is indicated. Full methods/results essential.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Venous Thromboembolism Risk Assessment in Prolonged Fasting During Ramadan: The Global Ramadan Free Thrombosis Project.","year":"2025","authors":"Caprini J, Fakhry A, Nagib S, Al-Mallah AH, Barsim EM, Farrag M, Abouelseoud A, Alnadi O, Moner M, Ghazy ZM, Seken RA, Jabr M, Boucelma M, Zyada A.","doi":"10.7759/cureus.89406","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40918916/","journal":"Cureus"},{"pmid":"40924443","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-arm feasibility pilot","population":"43 young adults: 10 timing, 11 mindfulness, 11 combined, 11 control","comparison":"Noon–8 pm eating and/or mindfulness versus control","protocol":"8 weeks","findings":"High adherence; combined arm showed promising stress/adiposity/metabolic marker changes.","limitations":"No colorectal-cancer incidence or treatment endpoint despite cancer-prevention framing; tiny groups, bundled intervention and multiple exploratory outcomes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A Remote Time-Restricted Eating and Mindfulness Intervention Addressing Risk Factors Associated with Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer Demonstrates Feasibility and Acceptability among Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Lima Oliveira M, Cares K, Hamm A, Nadeem S, Bogseth D, Klatkiewicz B, Overhiser T, Elias C, Li Y, Guo R, Oddo VM, Biggers A, Naylor KB, Chen Z, Pezley L, Attre M, Peñalver Bernabé B, Gabel K, Sharp LK, Bendinskas K, Webber D, Lockwood MB, Jenkins NDM, Tussing-Humphreys LM.","doi":"10.1080/01635581.2025.2557642","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40924443/","journal":"Nutrition and cancer"},{"pmid":"40925657","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized BEFORE THE BEGINNING trial","population":"167 randomized 84/83; 111 became pregnant; two pregnancy analyses excluded","comparison":"Time restriction plus exercise versus standard care","protocol":"Before and throughout pregnancy; primary assessment at week 28","findings":"No significant improvement in 2-hour glucose (difference +0.48 mmol/L, CI −0.05 to 1.01); adherence declined during pregnancy.","limitations":"Primary point estimate favored control, though imprecise; combined intervention and pregnancy subset. Does not prove gestational-diabetes prevention or broad safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time restricted eating and exercise training before and during pregnancy for people with increased risk of gestational diabetes: single centre randomised controlled trial (BEFORE THE BEGINNING).","year":"2025","authors":"Sujan MJ, Skarstad HM, Rosvold G, Fougner SL, Follestad T, Salvesen KÅ, Moholdt T.","doi":"10.1136/bmj-2024-083398","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40925657/","journal":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)"},{"pmid":"40945487","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm trial","population":"76 randomized, 75 completed; 26 alternate-day, 26 time restriction, 24 controls","comparison":"Alternate-day fasting, noon–8 pm eating, or usual timing","protocol":"4 weeks; whole-body MRI primary outcome","findings":"Both reduced fat volume; alternate-day fasting reduced about 696 cm³ more than time restriction and also reduced energy intake more (34% versus 15%).","limitations":"Short trial in adults without obesity; larger energy deficit helps explain difference. Lower resting metabolism/T3 should not automatically be labeled beneficial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Alternate-day fasting elicits larger changes in fat mass than time-restricted eating in adults without obesity - A randomized clinical trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Derron N, Güntner AT, Weber IC, Braun J, Koska İÖ, Othman A, Mönch L, von Eckardstein A, Puhan MA, Beuschlein F, Hochuli M, Zamboni N, Guggenberger R, Gerber PA.","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2025.08.033","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40945487/","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)"},{"pmid":"40963529","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective uncontrolled PROFAST-3 cohort","population":"18 adults with type 2 diabetes on ≥3 drugs","comparison":"Before/during Ramadan, medications adjusted","protocol":"Glucose sensors and activity trackers","findings":"Overall time-in-range measures did not significantly change, while post-sunset hyperglycemia persisted; vigorous activity correlated with low-glucose exposure during fasting.","limitations":"Tiny observational sample; averages conceal timing-specific excursions. Medication adjustments prevent isolation of fasting effects.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Fasting during Ramadan is associated with changes in activity and blood glucose excursion in people with type 2 diabetes on three or more anti-hyperglycemic agents PROFAST-3.","year":"2025","authors":"Bashir M, Al-Homaid A, Boughorbel S, Mokeddem B, Palotti J, Hashim S, Abbas U, Elhadd T.","doi":"10.5339/qmj.2025.76","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40963529/","journal":"Qatar medical journal"},{"pmid":"40968544","disposition":"context","design":"Lifestyle feasibility study with randomized fasting add-on","population":"34 completed (81%); subset allocation 2:1 to fasting add-on","comparison":"Shared Mediterranean/less-processed-food/exercise program with versus without fasting","protocol":"6 months; fasting added for final 3","findings":"13/34 achieved reported diabetes remission and mean weight fell 6.8 kg, but fasting added no significant improvement.","limitations":"Remission belongs to the overall program, not specifically fasting. Small pilot and completer denominator; remission definition/medication follow-up need full text.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Optimizing cardiovascular health with a type 2 diabetes remission program: Ultraprocessed food-intake reduction, Mediterranean diet, chrononutrition and physical training-The DIABEPIC-2 pilot study.","year":"2025","authors":"Dionne V, Iglesies-Grau J, Latour É, Besnier F, Gagnon C, Gayda M, Pelletier V, Selcer S, Vrinceanu T, Debray A, Tessier AJ, Juneau M, Nigam A, L'Allier PL, Bherer L.","doi":"10.1111/dom.70142","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40968544/","journal":"Diabetes, obesity & metabolism"},{"pmid":"40970462","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary metabolomic-age analysis of two existing MS studies","population":"39 ketogenic-diet participants and 36 in calorie-restriction trial","comparison":"Ketogenic pre/post cohort; intermittent/daily restriction versus weight-stable control","protocol":"6 months ketogenic or 8 weeks restriction","findings":"Calculated metabolomic age decreased with ketogenic diet and intermittent restriction.","limitations":"Not a new FMD intervention or evidence of reversed biological aging/disability; surrogate clock, secondary analysis and same MS cohort as PMID 35816900.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Fasting Mimicking Diets Reverse Accelerated Biological Aging in Multiple Sclerosis.","year":"2025","authors":"Siavoshi F, Smith MD, Cassard S, Moreau GB, Brenton JN, Mowry EM, Fitzgerald KC, Bhargava P.","doi":"10.1002/ana.78044","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40970462/","journal":"Annals of neurology"},{"pmid":"40973930","disposition":"context","design":"Mouse diabetic bone-regeneration experiment","population":"High-fat-fed diabetic mice; counts absent","comparison":"Cell-aggregate implantation with/without periodic fasting and reference controls","protocol":"Mandibular defect repair","findings":"Combined intervention improved bone-regeneration markers versus ineffective cell therapy alone.","limitations":"Preclinical combination, not human dental regeneration or proof fasting alone repairs bone. Exact group counts/controls need full text.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Recipient Periodic Fasting Promotes Osteogenesis of Implanted Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Aggregates and Safeguards Diabetic Mandibular Bone Regeneration.","year":"2025","authors":"Zhang ZQ, Yuan Y, Zhang XH, Liu JN, Cao Y, Liu L, Yang LF, Xiao YH, Huang SS, Sui BD, Liang JF, Chen J, Bao L, Liu JY, Li YY, Li Z, Zheng CX, Jin F.","doi":"10.1007/s12015-025-10975-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40973930/","journal":"Stem cell reviews and reports"},{"pmid":"40993374","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized mouse genetic-diabetes experiment","population":"KATP gain-of-function mice and littermate controls; counts absent","comparison":"Free feeding versus alternate-day fasting in both genotypes","protocol":"Adult inducible diabetes model","findings":"Fasting improved glucose and restored autophagic flux/beta-cell identity in this model.","limitations":"Specific monogenic mouse disease, not demonstrated human beta-cell regeneration or cure of type 1/type 2 diabetes. Autophagosome accumulation under free feeding reflected impaired flux.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Restoration of pancreatic beta cell identity and autophagy in K&lt;sub&gt;ATP&lt;/sub&gt;-induced diabetes by intermittent fasting.","year":"2025","authors":"Castelblanco E, Shyr ZA, Ramirez-Sotero I, Yan Z, Chen SX, Diwan A, Remedi MS.","doi":"10.1007/s00125-025-06545-w","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40993374/","journal":"Diabetologia"},{"pmid":"41005725","disposition":"context","design":"Post-hoc responder metabolomics analysis of randomized trial","population":"Type 2 diabetes with nephropathy; analysis count absent","comparison":"Monthly FMD versus Mediterranean diet, additionally split by albuminuria response","protocol":"6 months; same parent trial as PMID 35661214","findings":"Metabolic shifts were more sustained among those whose albuminuria improved.","limitations":"Selecting groups by outcome makes mechanistic association exploratory; cannot replace parent trial’s nonsignificant overall albuminuria comparison or prove mediation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Periodic fasting induced reconstitution of metabolic flexibility improves albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2025","authors":"Sulaj A, Nguyen PBH, Poschet G, Kliemank E, Fleming T, Henke L, Neibig W, Kopf S, Hell R, Longo VD, Herzig S, Nawroth PP, Menden MP, Szendroedi J.","doi":"10.1016/j.molmet.2025.102257","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41005725/","journal":"Molecular metabolism"},{"pmid":"41007653","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective tissue analysis of undernutrition/refeeding cohort","population":"30 underfed adults; 14 paired follow-ups; healthy reference tissue","comparison":"Before/after feeding versus healthy tissue","protocol":"≥1 month below half energy needs, then 3–6 months tube feeding","findings":"Gut hormone expression was elevated during undernutrition and did not fully normalize after feeding.","limitations":"Same cohort as PMID 38201958, with different malnutrition definitions reported. Illness-associated starvation and tissue hormone expression are not evidence of beneficial elective fasting.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of Prolonged Fasting and Refeeding on Enteroendocrine Hormone Expression: One More Piece of the Fasting/Refeeding Metabolic Puzzle.","year":"2025","authors":"Nunes G, Guimarães M, Oliveira SB, Pereira SS, Vara-Luiz F, Mendes I, Palma C, Oliveira C, Fonseca J.","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13092088","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41007653/","journal":"Biomedicines"},{"pmid":"41010536","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized crossover timing trial","population":"28 healthy university students","comparison":"Early versus delayed 6-hour eating window","protocol":"4 weeks each, 2-week washout","findings":"Early timing produced about 0.95 kg more weight loss; delayed timing improved sprint power more; endurance did not change.","limitations":"No habitual-eating control, so practice effects cannot be excluded for pre/post performance improvements. Small short study.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-Restricted Eating Without Exercise Enhances Anaerobic Power and Reduces Body Weight: A Randomized Crossover Trial in Untrained Adults.","year":"2025","authors":"Yu Z, Ueda T.","doi":"10.3390/nu17183011","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41010536/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"41031153","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective observational anticoagulant cohort","population":"257 people with atrial fibrillation","comparison":"No comparator; existing apixaban users fasting ≥10 days","protocol":"Ramadan periods over two years","findings":"No ischemic or major bleeding event reported; 12 minor bleeding events occurred.","limitations":"Selected treated patients and short follow-up; no fasting efficacy or proof that medication schedules can be altered without individual review.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Safety and effectiveness of apixaban use for stroke prevention during Ramadan fasting (the API-RAM study).","year":"2025","authors":"Ghrab A, Gargouri R, Addad F, Cheikhrouhou A, Jabeur M, Charfeddine S, Bahloul A, Triki Z, Ellouze T, Abidi O, Mallek S, Triki F, Abdessalem S, Elalamy I, Abid L.","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1565094","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41031153/","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology"},{"pmid":"41063446","disposition":"context","design":"Exploratory inflammation substudy of randomized trial","population":"209 parent participants; selected analysis 35 intermittent, 32 continuous restriction, 18 standard care","comparison":"Intermittent early restriction versus continuous restriction or care","protocol":"6 months; selected active-arm participants above median weight loss","findings":"CRP/TNF-alpha decreased overall but no between-group effect; adipose inflammatory genes did not differ.","limitations":"Outcome-based weight-loss selection compromises randomized comparison; same parent trial, not independent anti-inflammatory proof.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of Achieved Weight Loss by Intermittent Fasting Plus Early Time-Restricted Eating and Calorie Restriction on Systemic and Adipose Tissue Markers of Inflammation in Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: An Exploratory Sub-Study.","year":"2025","authors":"Turner L, Zhao L, Liu K, Teong XT, Wittert G, Hutchison AT, Heilbronn LK.","doi":"10.1111/jhn.70137","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41063446/","journal":"Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association"},{"pmid":"41092045","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized age-stratified trial","population":"40 active men, younger and middle-aged strata","comparison":"Fasting versus control within each age group","protocol":"5 months, four days/week","findings":"Weight and some lipid measures declined, but fat-free mass and HDL also decreased; body-fat percentage and performance did not clearly improve.","limitations":"Small subgroups and multiple outcomes; lower weight/cholesterol is not uniformly beneficial when lean tissue and HDL decline. Exact daily schedule needs full text.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The influence of intermittent fasting on body metrics, lipid profile, and physical performance in young and middle-aged men.","year":"2026","authors":"Gasmi M, Hawani A, Ben Chikha A, Eken Ö, Marsigliante S, Muscella A, Khalifa R.","doi":"10.1177/02601060251385278","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41092045/","journal":"Nutrition and health"},{"pmid":"41108503","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective within-person controlled adrenal-insufficiency study","population":"30 patients, 27 women and 3 men","comparison":"Ramadan fasting versus non-fasting days under replacement therapy/education","protocol":"Continuous glucose monitoring","findings":"Clinical complications occurred in 67% during fasting versus 23% outside; 37% broke fast. Sensor-detected hypoglycemia was common in both periods without significant difference.","limitations":"Symptoms and sensor definitions differ; selected treated patients still had substantial complications. Small study cannot establish safe unsupervised fasting.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Hypoglycaemia and other risks of ramadan fasting in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency: A prospective controlled trial using 24-hour glucose monitoring.","year":"2026","authors":"Chihaoui M, Sta J, Kamoun E, Belhadjsliman C, Khessairi N, Oueslati I, Yazidi M, Chaker F, Feki M.","doi":"10.1007/s40618-025-02728-9","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41108503/","journal":"Journal of endocrinological investigation"},{"pmid":"41120363","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized double-blind drug trial during fasting","population":"245 adults with functional dyspepsia; 122 esomeprazole, 123 placebo","comparison":"Drug versus placebo; everyone fasted","protocol":"30 days Ramadan","findings":"Primary response rates were 98% versus 95%, nonsignificant (P=.5); symptoms improved in both groups.","limitations":"No non-fasting control to credit fasting; abstract calls early differences significant despite confidence intervals crossing zero. Drug efficacy and fasting claims require cautious full-text appraisal.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting.","year":"2025","authors":"Hadrich S, Lamti F, Trabelsi I, Dhaoui R, Ben Abdewahed M, Sekma A, Neffati F, Boukadida L, Yaakoubi H, Jaballah R, Bakir A, Youssef R, Zorgati A, Bel Haj Ali K, Beltaief K, Dridi Z, Ben Hamda K, Jomaa W, Chamtouri I, Bendaya Y, Bouchoucha M, Ben Hafaeidh S, Razgallah R, Bouida W, Grissa MH, Sriha A, Khedher S, Khochtali I, Sakly N, Ben Soltane H, Hassine M, Boubaker H, Boukef R, Msolli MA, Nouira S.","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41120363/","journal":"Scientific reports"},{"pmid":"41129693","disposition":"context","design":"Thyroid-cancer cell mechanism study","population":"Anaplastic thyroid cancer cells; counts absent","comparison":"Thyroid receptor beta activation versus pathway controls","protocol":"Glycogen gene/protein, viability and oxidative-stress assays","findings":"Receptor activation altered glycogen metabolism in genotype-dependent ways and suppressed malignant activity.","limitations":"Pharmacological/gene regulation, not dietary glycogen depletion; no human fasting treatment or universal dependence established.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Thyroid Hormone Receptor β Suppresses Cancer Cell Activity by Differential Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism.","year":"2025","authors":"Zielinski JM, Tomczak JA, Amiel E, Carr FE.","doi":"10.1210/endocr/bqaf156","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41129693/","journal":"Endocrinology"},{"pmid":"41136870","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective kidney-disease medication cohort","population":"236 adults; 56 SGLT2 users, 180 non-users","comparison":"Medication groups, both fasting","protocol":"Weekly Ramadan labs and 6-month follow-up","findings":"Acute kidney injury occurred in 17.8% versus 23.3%, without a significant drug-group difference; risk rose with advanced disease.","limitations":"No increase associated with a drug is not no risk from fasting: kidney injury was common in both groups. Nonrandomized and no non-fasting comparator.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Safety of SGLT2 inhibitors in chronic kidney disease patients during Ramadan fasting: a prospective cohort study.","year":"2025","authors":"Elkeraie A, Elraggal M, AbouKhatwa M, Omar ME, Zyada R.","doi":"10.1007/s40620-025-02438-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41136870/","journal":"Journal of nephrology"},{"pmid":"41138721","disposition":"context","design":"Lung-cancer metabolic cell and animal experiments","population":"Tumor-initiating and bulk tumor cells plus in-vivo models; counts absent","comparison":"Glucose limitation, ketone supplementation/ketogenic diet, and MCT1/CD147/FASN targeting","protocol":"Prolonged dietary and molecular interventions","findings":"Tumor-initiating cells switched to ketone use under glucose limitation; ketones/diet supported growth, while blocking ketone transport or fat synthesis created treatment vulnerability.","limitations":"Direct counterexample to universal ketone starvation, but not proof of dietary harm in patients. Combination targeting is experimental and different from fasting alone.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Induction of a metabolic switch from glucose to ketone metabolism programs ketogenic diet-induced therapeutic vulnerability in lung cancer.","year":"2025","authors":"Wu Z, Wang Z, Ng SQ, Lidster JA, Schwerd-Kleine P, Phua ZJC, Peh KLE, Ho YY, Yuan J, Shathishwaran S, Yeo XH, Zhang Y, Chiu YHJ, Lau LYE, Lim TKH, Takano A, Tan EH, Skanderup AJ, Tergaonkar V, Han W, Ho YS, Tan DSW, Tam WL.","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2025.10.001","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41138721/","journal":"Cell metabolism"},{"pmid":"41146360","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized controlled energy-restriction trial","population":"28 women with obesity/increased breast-cancer risk; 20 completed (9 intermittent, 11 continuous)","comparison":"Matched 25% weekly restriction: two 600-kcal days versus daily restriction","protocol":"8 weeks","findings":"Weight and ectopic-fat reductions were comparable; intermittent insulin-related improvements immediately after restricted days were not maintained on normal-eating days.","limitations":"No breast-cancer incidence endpoint, substantial attrition and short duration. Measurement day changes interpretation; both groups lost fat-free mass.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A randomised controlled trial of short-term Intermittent Energy Restriction [IER] versus Continuous Energy Restriction [CER] on body fat stores and measures of insulin resistance in women with obesity at increased risk of breast cancer.","year":"2025","authors":"Harvie M, Coe P, Higham C, Peach N, Howell A, Evans DG, Williams S, Sellers K, Malcomson L, Pegington M, Renehan AG.","doi":"10.1186/s40795-025-01181-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41146360/","journal":"BMC nutrition"},{"pmid":"41156526","disposition":"context","design":"Quasi-randomized preference-influenced trial","population":"54 menopausal women; 24 timing plus exercise, 30 exercise alone","comparison":"16:8 eating added to shared circuit training","protocol":"Duration requires full text; related program NCT06138015","findings":"Some symptom and quality-of-life domains improved more with combined intervention; others did not.","limitations":"Preference-influenced allocation and subjective outcomes allow bias; probable overlap with PMID 40880914, not independent confirmation of cognitive benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-Restricted Eating Combined with Exercise Reduces Menopausal Symptoms and Improves Quality of Life More than Exercise Alone in Menopausal Women: A Quasi-Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Jóźwiak B, Szulc A, Laudańska-Krzemińska I.","doi":"10.3390/nu17203274","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41156526/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"41186047","disposition":"context","design":"Exploratory lipidomics analysis of ChronoFast crossover trial","population":"31 women with overweight/obesity","comparison":"Early versus late timing, intended equal calories","protocol":"2 weeks each","findings":"Many lipid species changed within early timing, but no substantial between-intervention lipid differences were found.","limitations":"Same parent cohort; high-dimensional exploratory comparisons. Within-arm changes cannot establish early-timing superiority or clinical benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of Intended Isocaloric Early versus Late Time-Restricted Eating on Plasma Lipidome in Women with Overweight or Obesity: Secondary Analysis of the ChronoFast Trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Szekely K, Gerl MJ, Peters B, Schwarz J, Schuppelius B, Damm M, Soliz-Rueda JR, Sehgal R, Lazaratos M, Klose C, Simons K, Pfeiffer AFH, Schürmann A, Kramer A, Michalsen A, Pivovarova-Ramich O.","doi":"10.1002/advs.202507149","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41186047/","journal":"Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)"},{"pmid":"41199408","disposition":"context","design":"Mixed-methods process evaluation of RESET2 pilot","population":"19 adults with type 2 diabetes completed","comparison":"No control; participant interviews and intervention-delivery assessment","protocol":"8 weeks 10-hour eating then 4 weeks individualized support","findings":"Participants valued support and flexibility; routines/social circumstances affected adherence.","limitations":"Same cohort as PMID 40304655; feasibility/process data, not new controlled efficacy evidence.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Theory-based process evaluation of a non-randomised single-arm pilot study investigating time-restricted eating in the treatment of type 2 diabetes-the RESET2 pilot study.","year":"2025","authors":"Termannsen AD, Bjerre N, Hansen GS, Jalking L, Færch K, Hempler NF, Quist JS, Varming A.","doi":"10.1186/s40814-025-01715-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41199408/","journal":"Pilot and feasibility studies"},{"pmid":"41205742","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm mouse metabolism study","population":"Male C57BL/6J mice; counts absent","comparison":"Continued high-fat/high-fructose, high-fat alone, or high-fat with time restriction","protocol":"9-week induction plus 9-week intervention","findings":"Time restriction improved some glucose/lipid measures and fat-tissue thermogenic signals without weight loss.","limitations":"Animal molecular findings; removal of fructose in some arms and tissue-specific mechanisms matter. No human disease-event or longevity evidence.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-restricted feeding induces white adipose browning and improves metabolic health independent of weight loss: an integrative multi-omics study.","year":"2025","authors":"Zheng Y, Wang J, Zhang M, Chen Z, Wang Y, Sui J, Qiang W, Guo H, Jin L, Hou G, Shi B, He M.","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2025.124077","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41205742/","journal":"Life sciences"},{"pmid":"41214519","disposition":"context","design":"Trial-based economic analysis with lifetime simulation","population":"92 FIT trial participants","comparison":"Monthly FMD plus usual care versus usual care","protocol":"Observed 1 year, then modeled lifetime","findings":"Observed first-year costs were higher and quality-adjusted life-year difference nonsignificant; possible lifetime value depended on modeled future benefits.","limitations":"Projected complications/survival are not observed trial outcomes. Same FIT cohort, not independent evidence of longevity or cardiovascular prevention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Cost-effectiveness of a periodic fasting-mimicking diet programme in patients with type 2 diabetes: a trial-based analysis and a lifetime model-based analysis.","year":"2025","authors":"van den Burg EL, van Peet PG, Schoonakker MP, Esmeijer AC, Lamb HJ, Numans ME, Pijl H, van den Akker-van Marle ME.","doi":"10.1186/s12875-025-03027-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41214519/","journal":"BMC primary care"},{"pmid":"41228563","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary neonatal analysis of randomized trial","population":"167 parent participants; 106 live births, 53 per arm","comparison":"Preconception/pregnancy timing plus exercise versus control","protocol":"Birth and 6–8-week infant outcomes","findings":"No significant differences in high birth weight, mean birth weight or early body composition.","limitations":"Same BEFORE THE BEGINNING cohort as PMID 40925657; limited sample for rare harms, no established infant benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Neonatal Outcomes Following a Preconception Lifestyle Intervention in People at Risk of Gestational Diabetes: Secondary Findings from the BEFORE THE BEGINNING Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Sujan MAJ, Skarstad H, Rosvold G, Fougner SL, Follestad T, Nyrnes SA, Salvesen K, Moholdt T.","doi":"10.3390/nu17213492","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41228563/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"41244602","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm fatty-liver trial","population":"84 adults, 42 per arm; diabetes and advanced fibrosis excluded","comparison":"Hypocaloric diet with versus without timing restriction","protocol":"12 weeks","findings":"HOMA-IR improved more with timing (2.6 versus 1.55 units reduction); steatosis-grade improvement did not significantly differ.","limitations":"Surrogate insulin measure, selected population and short follow-up; no proven additional liver-disease outcome.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time Restricted Hypo-caloric Diet Achieves Better Insulin Sensitivity over Hypo-caloric Diet Alone in Patients With Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Sharma S, Bhattacharya S, Singh S, Patwa AK, Rungta S, Mishra AK, Chandra S, Goel A.","doi":"10.1016/j.jceh.2025.103198","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41244602/","journal":"Journal of clinical and experimental hepatology"},{"pmid":"41268458","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-arm rat experiment","population":"36 male diabetic rats","comparison":"No fasting versus fasting two, three or six days weekly","protocol":"28 days","findings":"Fasting reduced glucose; the most frequent schedule changed oxidative/inflammatory markers most, while glucose improvement plateaued.","limitations":"Drug-induced rodent diabetes, not human efficacy; more fasting is not shown to be universally better or safe.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"EFFECT OF DIURNAL INTERMITTENT FASTING (DIF) ON ANTIOXIDANT AND PRO INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS ACTIVITY IN MALE RAT MODEL OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.","year":"2025","authors":"Ginting S, Ginting CN, Yulizal O, Siahaan JM.","doi":"10.21010/ajidv19i2s.7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41268458/","journal":"African journal of infectious diseases"},{"pmid":"41309556","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-arm trial","population":"104 middle-aged women with overweight/obesity; 26 per arm, all in intention-to-treat analysis","comparison":"Flexible 8-hour eating, aerobic exercise, both, or control","protocol":"12 weeks","findings":"Combined intervention reduced fat 2.85 kg more than control and significantly more than either component alone; reported adherence 83–87%.","limitations":"Short study in one population; exact energy intake, lean-mass effects and adverse-event collection require full text. No long-term disease outcomes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Flexible time-restricted eating combined with exercise in a free-living setting for middle-aged women with overweight/obesity: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Dai Z, Miyashita M, Poon ET, Tian XY, Yu AP, Sit CH, Wong SH.","doi":"10.1038/s41467-025-65678-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41309556/","journal":"Nature communications"},{"pmid":"41318035","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective paired glucose-sensor cohort","population":"32 adults with type 2 diabetes and compensated cirrhosis","comparison":"Before/during Ramadan","protocol":"14-day sensor periods","findings":"Overall glucose variability did not worsen; higher-risk patients had greater high-glucose exposure.","limitations":"No non-fasting control, small selected compensated-cirrhosis sample; cannot generalize to decompensated disease or overall nutritional/liver safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glycemic variability before and during Ramadan fasting among adults with type 2 diabetes and hepatic cirrhosis: a prospective paired cohort using real‑time CGM.","year":"2026","authors":"Firdausa S, Hasan I, Tahapary DL, Prasetya IB, Soebardi S, Rumende CM, Shatri H, Irawan C, Wisnu W.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112955","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41318035/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"41342185","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective single-arm medication cohort","population":"109 adults with type 2 diabetes","comparison":"Before/after tirzepatide during fasting; no control","protocol":"Pre/post-Ramadan","findings":"HbA1c fell 1.1 percentage points and weight 5.3 kg; mild gastrointestinal events occurred in about 12%, no reported hypoglycemia.","limitations":"Potent drug co-intervention and selection prevent attributing benefit to fasting; short observational sample cannot rule out uncommon harms.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Safety and effectiveness of tirzepatide during Ramadan fasting: Real-world evidence from patients with type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh.","year":"2026","authors":"Rahman MH, Selim S, Afsana F, Hoque MA, Saifuddin M, Alam MS, Sharifuzzaman M, Hannan MA, Hasan MN, Kamrul-Hasan ABM, Mustari M, Ahammed A.","doi":"10.1111/dom.70343","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41342185/","journal":"Diabetes, obesity & metabolism"},{"pmid":"41375220","disposition":"context","design":"Bladder-cancer cell and chick-membrane experiments","population":"T24/HT1376 cells and chick chorioallantoic membrane model; counts absent","comparison":"Ketone doses versus controls under different nutrients","protocol":"Growth, migration and angiogenesis assays","findings":"Ketones inhibited malignant behavior in these models; lactate responses differed by cell line and did not follow the proposed GPR81 pathway.","limitations":"Chick embryo model is not a mouse or human trial; no patient efficacy. Cell-specific dual fuel/signaling effects require context.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Functional and Mechanistic Insights of 3-Hydroxybutyrate (3-OBA) in Bladder Cancer.","year":"2025","authors":"Silva A, Félix AM, Gonçalves CS, Longatto-Filho A, Baltazar F, Afonso J.","doi":"10.3390/molecules30234624","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41375220/","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"pmid":"41381023","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-arm trial","population":"61 women with excess weight; 15 early+activity, 15 late+activity, 15 late alone, 16 controls","comparison":"Timing/exercise combinations versus control","protocol":"Duration absent from abstract","findings":"Exercise-containing groups improved some cognitive measures; early timing plus activity favored several outcomes.","limitations":"Title emphasizes late timing but results/conclusion favor early timing; no exercise-only or early-only arm to isolate effects. Multiple endpoints and small groups.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The combination of physical activity and late-time-restricted eating improves eating behavior, cognitive performance and cardiovascular parameters in women living with excess body weight.","year":"2026","authors":"Miladi S, Hammouda O, Miladi Trabelsi SJ, Miladi SC, Ameur R, Driss T.","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115200","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41381023/","journal":"Physiology & behavior"},{"pmid":"41405605","disposition":"context","design":"Long-term post-hoc KETOCOMP cohort analysis","population":"81 patients: 35 ketogenic, 46 standard diet; rectal/head-neck cohorts","comparison":"Nonrandomized diet groups during radio/chemotherapy","protocol":"Median follow-up about 71 months rectal and 77 months head/neck","findings":"No significant overall, progression-free or locoregional recurrence-free survival benefit in either cancer cohort, including exploratory matched analyses.","limitations":"Important longer follow-up of existing KETOCOMP participants, not a new randomized trial. Borderline recurrence/skin-toxicity trends cannot establish efficacy or broad safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Survival outcomes of rectal and head and neck cancer patients receiving radio(chemo)therapy with a ketogenic diet. A post-hoc analysis from the KETOCOMP trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Klement RJ, Sweeney RA.","doi":"10.1007/s00066-025-02499-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41405605/","journal":"Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al]"},{"pmid":"41409569","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled prospective hunger cohort","population":"122 adults aged 20–25","comparison":"Before and three points during Ramadan","protocol":"One month","findings":"Food-reward hunger rose initially then returned to baseline; average weight fell 0.6 kg.","limitations":"No non-fasting control; modest transient changes, self-report and no long-term adherence/weight outcome.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effect of intermittent fasting on hedonic hunger: a pilot prospective cohort study based on Ramadan intermittent fasting.","year":"2025","authors":"Selen H.","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2025.1718105","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41409569/","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition"},{"pmid":"41454305","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective nonrandomized medication comparison","population":"Adults with type 2 diabetes; count absent from abstract","comparison":"Empagliflozin versus sulfonylurea during Ramadan","protocol":"March–June 2022","findings":"Reported low-glucose events were 26.5% versus 31%; HbA1c reductions were similar at about 0.5 percentage points.","limitations":"Baseline differences and missing denominator/effect interval limit comparison; symptom versus hospitalization definition needs checking. Not fasting efficacy.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effectiveness of empagliflozin in reducing hypoglycemic events as compared to sulfonylurea in type 2 diabetes patients during fasting in Ramadan: a single-center study.","year":"2025","authors":"Kiran Z, Fatima N, Baloch AA, Shaikh KUS, Hasan SM, Khan MU.","doi":"10.1186/s12902-025-02134-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41454305/","journal":"BMC endocrine disorders"},{"pmid":"41485450","disposition":"context","design":"Single-center body-composition substudy of EARLY randomized trial","population":"85 adults with early type 2 diabetes; 28 metformin, 28 empagliflozin, 29 meal-replacement fasting","comparison":"Two medication comparators versus 5:2 meal-replacement program","protocol":"16 weeks","findings":"Meal-replacement fasting produced larger reductions in several body-fat/waist measures.","limitations":"Subset of the existing EARLY trial; meal replacements and calorie reduction are bundled with timing. No long-term complication or medication-replacement safety conclusion.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of 5:2 intermittent fasting meal replacement on body composition and abdominal fat distribution in overweight and obese adults with early type 2 diabetes.","year":"2026","authors":"Yu D, Zou M, Cheng B, Yang P, Huang D, Pan Q, Guo L.","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2025.11.025","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41485450/","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)"},{"pmid":"41492277","disposition":"context","design":"Longitudinal nonrandomized religious-diet comparison","population":"People with type 2 diabetes and healthy participants; counts absent","comparison":"Fasting/non-fasting within diabetes-status groups","protocol":"Ethiopian Orthodox diet combining timing, calorie and animal-food restrictions","findings":"Several appetite hormones and calculated insulin measures differed favorably with fasting patterns.","limitations":"Cannot isolate timing from vegetarian diet/energy restriction; no diabetes-incidence/remission endpoint. HOMA-IR is not itself a direct beta-cell function measure.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Association of Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Christian fasting on appetite hormones and insulin sensitivity in type-II diabetes and healthy subjects in Ethiopia.","year":"2026","authors":"Michael A, Baye K.","doi":"10.1016/j.obpill.2025.100226","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41492277/","journal":"Obesity pillars"},{"pmid":"41501473","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm diet trial","population":"99 adults with type 2 diabetes; 48 combined, 51 calorie restriction","comparison":"12-hour overnight fasting plus calorie restriction versus restriction alone","protocol":"3 months","findings":"Weight fell 6.51% versus 4.41%; median HbA1c decline 0.50 versus 0.20 percentage points favored combined approach.","limitations":"Short single-center study; actual calories, medication reductions, adherence and registration timing need full text before asserting a timing-specific effect.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The impact of intermittent fasting during weight reduction in people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized clinical trial.","year":"2026","authors":"M Abdel Fattah S, M Abbassi M, Abd Elshafy S, A Hegazy M, F Farid S.","doi":"10.1038/s41430-025-01693-z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41501473/","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition"},{"pmid":"41508774","disposition":"context","design":"Genetic/pharmacological mouse study with human tissue associations","population":"Wild-type/cytokine-receptor knockout mice; 53 bariatric-surgery tissue samples","comparison":"24–48-hour fasting, receptor loss and TNF inhibition controls","protocol":"Adipose lipolysis mechanisms","findings":"TNF/TNFR1 was needed for fasting-related fat loss in male mice; human expression correlated with lipolysis genes but not later weight loss.","limitations":"Human tissue association is not a fasting trial. Inflammatory signaling can be adaptive in this context; reduced inflammation is not a universal mechanistic explanation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"TNF/TNFR1 is a Key Regulator of Prolonged Fasting-Induced Decrease in Adipose Tissue.","year":"2026","authors":"de Oliveira ACC, Babêtto AM, Silva ML, de Souza Barbosa Lacerda L, de Souza Rodrigues T, de Oliveira MC, Rouault C, Gautier EL, Oliveira AG, Clément K, Teixeira MM, Marcelin G, Ferreira AVM.","doi":"10.1096/fj.202501928rr","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41508774/","journal":"FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology"},{"pmid":"41527226","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary analysis of randomized trial","population":"46 randomized: 22 fasting, 24 control; two fasting participants withdrew; questionnaire samples varied","comparison":"Fasting versus no dietary restriction, with equal staff contact","protocol":"INTERFAST-2, twelve weeks, three nonconsecutive restricted days weekly; DRKS00018070","findings":"Self-regulatory competence score improved by an adjusted 17.8 points (P=.023), while sleepiness and overall sleep-quality scores did not differ.","limitations":"Same parent cohort as PMID 36508320; self-reported unblinded secondary outcomes with multiple comparisons. Support and successful weight loss may contribute.","access":"Full article text checked, including methods and reported results; independent duplicate review and all supplements not completed.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Impact of intermittent fasting on self-regulatory behaviour and sleep in participants with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: A secondary analysis of the INTERFAST-2 randomised controlled trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Ramirez-Obermayer A, Tripolt NJ, Pferschy PN, Kojzar H, Azhar K, Aziz F, Müller A, Sourij C, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Žukauskaitė K, Horvath A, Stadlbauer V, Vajda C, Fazekas C, Leal Garcia S, Wagner-Skacel J, Sourij H.","doi":"10.1111/dom.70469","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41527226/","journal":"Diabetes, obesity & metabolism"},{"pmid":"41532393","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized crossover PCOS feasibility trial","population":"70 eligible, 15 recruited, 11 completed","comparison":"18-hour fasting/6-hour eating versus unrestricted timing","protocol":"12 weeks each","findings":"Adherence among completers was high and exploratory HbA1c/weight measures improved; recruitment and retention were difficult.","limitations":"Tiny selected completer sample, not powered efficacy or fertility study; no serious event does not establish broad safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-Restricted Eating to Improve Metabolic Abnormalities in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (TimeMAP).","year":"2026","authors":"Floyd R, Dyer A, Gibney J, Alawami F, Owens L, Phelan N, Rakovac A, Swan P, LeRoux CW, Behan LA, Duggan SN.","doi":"10.1111/cen.70094","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41532393/","journal":"Clinical endocrinology"},{"pmid":"41540572","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized five-arm rat experiment","population":"50 healthy male Wistar rats","comparison":"Control, calorie restriction, timed feeding, alternate-day fasting, modified alternate-day fasting","protocol":"Duration absent from abstract","findings":"Alternate-day schedules produced larger changes in some glucose, weight, HDL and tissue measures.","limitations":"Healthy rodent physiology and small groups; not proof of optimal human regimen. Exact energy matching and tissue-analysis units require full text.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Evaluation of the effect of different intermittent fasting regimens on metabolic parameters in healthy male Wistar rats.","year":"2026","authors":"Soares NL, Andrade ADDS, Dutra MLDV, Dutra LMG, Lima MDC, Cordeiro AMTM, Bandeira AAES, Alves AF, Lima MDS, Batista KS, Aquino JS.","doi":"10.1017/s0007114525106120","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41540572/","journal":"The British journal of nutrition"},{"pmid":"41553367","disposition":"context","design":"Observational religious-fasting diabetes-device study","population":"80 young people; 109 fasting days, not 109 independent patients","comparison":"Fast day versus week before/after","protocol":"25-hour Jewish religious fast with automated insulin delivery","findings":"71.5% completed without complications; low-glucose readings commonly caused interruption. No severe hypoglycemia/ketoacidosis reported.","limitations":"Many changed device settings; repeated days and selected users limit generalization. Completion rate implies substantial interruption, not universal safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Automated Insulin Delivery Systems Are Safe During Prolonged Religious Jewish Fasting Among Adolescents and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes.","year":"2026","authors":"Heifetz EM, Auerbach A, Avnon-Ziv C, Koolyk Fialkoff R, Levy-Khademi F.","doi":"10.1177/19322968251411965","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41553367/","journal":"Journal of diabetes science and technology"},{"pmid":"41586225","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm sequential diet/hormone experiment","population":"10 lean premenopausal women already ketogenic for average 3.9 years","comparison":"Ketosis baseline, suppression, then restoration; no randomized control","protocol":"Three 21-day phases","findings":"SHBG decreased when ketosis was suppressed and correlated with several metabolic markers.","limitations":"Selected long-term ketogenic users, menstrual-cycle effects and multiple correlations; no cancer incidence/treatment or aging outcome despite title. Low ketones alone are not established disease.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ketosis suppression and ageing (KetoSAge): the effect of suppressing ketosis on SHBG and sex hormone profiles in healthy premenopausal women, and its implications for cancer risk and therapy.","year":"2025","authors":"Cooper ID, Petagine L, Soto-Mota A, Duraj T, Seyfried TN, Lee DC, Cooper N, Kyriakidou Y.","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2025.1731915","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41586225/","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition"},{"pmid":"41587446","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm pilot","population":"57 adults randomized 28/29; 52 followed up","comparison":"Weekly 407-kcal meal replacements plus online support versus healthy-lifestyle messages","protocol":"12 weeks","findings":"Adjusted weight difference favored fasting by 1.6 kg, but fat loss was nonsignificant and measured muscle mass fell about 1.3 kg more.","limitations":"Multicomponent program; weight benefit largely accompanied by muscle loss. Small short study cannot establish broad safety or metabolic benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A Brief Web-Based and Mobile Intervention of Intermittent Fasting With Meal Support for Weight Loss Among Adults With Overweight and Obesity in Japan: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Noda T, Shimamoto T, Kiyohara K, Imanaka M, Nishioka N, Tateyama Y, Iwami T.","doi":"10.2196/58930","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41587446/","journal":"JMIR mHealth and uHealth"},{"pmid":"41599851","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm pilot","population":"30 adults with obesity; 10 per arm, all completed","comparison":"Hypocaloric ketogenic, 16:8 eating, or 5:2 restriction","protocol":"12 months","findings":"Ketogenic diet showed larger sustained changes in several metabolic measures; timing arms had different orexin trajectories.","limitations":"Very small groups; no ordinary balanced-diet control, exploratory hormone mediation and terminology ADF5:2 is nonstandard. Hormone association is not mechanism proof.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity.","year":"2026","authors":"Monda A, Casillo M, Allocca S, Moscatelli F, La Marra M, Monda V, Di Maio G, Vasco P, Monda M, Polito R, Messina G, Messina A.","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41599851/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"41726214","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm resistance-training trial","population":"20 young men with obesity","comparison":"4:3 fasting versus regular diet; all resistance training","protocol":"8 weeks","findings":"Fasting group lost more weight/fat; strength and testosterone improvements were similar between groups.","limitations":"Small short trial; exact calorie/protein intake and body-composition measurement need checking. No detected strength loss is not comprehensive muscle safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Intermittent Fasting May Enhance Resistance Training Effects on the Body Composition of Obese Males, Without Affecting Muscular Strength and Anabolic Index.","year":"2026","authors":"Farahmand Khoshkebijari A, Ebrahimi M, Jorbonian A.","doi":"10.1155/jobe/6409069","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41726214/","journal":"Journal of obesity"},{"pmid":"41736129","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm lifestyle trial","population":"120 adults with type 2 diabetes; 40 per arm","comparison":"Calorie/carbohydrate restriction with/without 8-hour eating, versus control","protocol":"24 weeks; both active arms received exercise/behavior support","findings":"Both active programs improved eating-related symptoms and diabetes distress; adding time restriction did not significantly outperform restriction alone.","limitations":"Bundled treatment and selected population; adjusted distress effects attenuated. Indexed correction PMID 42260648 requires review.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","notices":[{"type":"Erratum in","reference":"Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2026 Jun 8;18(1):126. doi: 10.1186/s13098-026-02199-9.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42260648/"}],"integrityNote":"Original correction checked: institutional affiliations were corrected; the notice does not report changed outcomes.","title":"Effects of intensive lifestyle modification incorporating calorie-carbohydrate restriction with or without time-restricted feeding on eating disorder psychopathology and diabetes-related distress in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Mohammadpour S, Hadaegh F, Zayeri F, Hosseinpour-Niazi S, Badrooj N, Shab-Bidar S, Mirmiran P.","doi":"10.1186/s13098-026-02107-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41736129/","journal":"Diabetology & metabolic syndrome"},{"pmid":"41780645","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective multicenter diabetes-device cohort","population":"278 people with type 1 diabetes: 114 automated, 4 predictive-suspend, 24 unintegrated pump, 136 injections/sensor","comparison":"Four existing treatment modalities","protocol":"Ramadan","findings":"Automated users had better fasting/glucose targets; other groups, especially injections, showed poorer glucose profiles.","limitations":"Nonrandomized, extremely small one-device group and baseline differences; possible overlap with prior device cohorts. Not fasting efficacy.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Insulin delivery modality and Ramadan fasting interruption, glycemic control, and fear of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes: a prospective, multicenter study from Saudi Arabia.","year":"2026","authors":"Al-Sofiani ME, Alharthi SK, Alsuhaibani M, Alhashem A, Almurashi A, Almigbal TH, Alamoudi RM, Zarif H, Alzaman N, Almehthel M, Mohammed S, Kalyani RR, Klonoff DC.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113196","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41780645/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"41783821","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm sleep-apnea trial","population":"68 adults randomized, 60 completed","comparison":"10 am–6 pm eating versus standard care","protocol":"12 weeks","findings":"Between-group BMI change was null; selected sleep questionnaire components and quality of life favored timing.","limitations":"Weight-loss efficacy claim exceeds null between-group BMI result; no stated improvement in objectively measured apnea severity, multiple subscales and short follow-up.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of time-restricted eating on weight loss, sleep, and quality of life in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patients with obesity: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Wen Y, Yang X, Chen J, Xie S, Zhou J, Zhang X.","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1739995","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41783821/","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition"},{"pmid":"41794025","disposition":"context","design":"Preclinical CAR-T experiments plus healthy-volunteer metabolic cohort","population":"Cancer models and healthy volunteers; counts absent from abstract","comparison":"Ketogenic diet/ketone supplementation versus model controls","protocol":"CAR-T function and cellular energy assays","findings":"Ketones fueled T-cell energy production and improved tumor control in models; healthy-volunteer T-cell bioenergetics improved.","limitations":"Healthy volunteers were not cancer patients receiving effective treatment. Mechanism fuels immune cells, not universal starvation of cancer; patient efficacy still unestablished.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"β-hydroxybutyrate enhances the metabolic fitness of CAR T cells in cancer.","year":"2026","authors":"Liu S, Guruprasad P, Ramasubramanian R, Madhu B, Paruzzo L, Han K, Kelly A, Shestov A, Xu HN, Carturan A, Zhou C, Amses KR, Afriat A, Litichevskiy L, Lin J, Dubowitz E, Tangal N, Zhang J, McSween A, Tan M, Stella F, Lee A, Nason S, Hua X, Schneider M, Sleeman M, Zhang Y, Gabrielli G, Yang Z, Pajarillo R, Patel R, Ghilardi G, Patel V, Joshi A, Jiang S, Jiang Y, Porazzi P, Tchou JC, Keith B, Li M, Chong E, Schuster SJ, Milone M, Rabinowitz J, O'Connor RS, Thaiss CA, Levy M, Ruella M.","doi":"10.1016/j.cell.2026.02.004","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41794025/","journal":"Cell"},{"pmid":"41796223","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective cirrhosis cohort","population":"156 adults, 35.9% decompensated; 52 glucose-sensor subgroup","comparison":"Ramadan versus non-fasting periods","protocol":"Prospective clinical follow-up","findings":"Hospitalization 12.2% versus 3.2%, upper-GI bleeding 10.9% versus 1.3%, and hypoglycemia 13.5% versus 0% were higher during fasting.","limitations":"Observational period comparison, but clinically important harms; stable average liver scores do not negate increased admissions/bleeding. Possible overlap with compensated-cirrhosis glucose report needs checking.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ramadan fasting and adverse outcomes in cirrhosis: primary risk estimates with associated independent predictors.","year":"2026","authors":"Prasetya IB, Hasan I, Pribadi RR, Tahapary DL, Nababan SHH, Shatri H, Subekti I, Firdausa S.","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-43599-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41796223/","journal":"Scientific reports"},{"pmid":"41806970","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-arm trial","population":"56 adults, 14 per arm; 47 analyzed (11/11/11/14)","comparison":"Exercise, time restriction, both, or control","protocol":"8 weeks; mean age 57.6","findings":"Some vascular/autonomic measures improved; timing arms also reduced lean mass and calorie intake, with lower adherence to the combination.","limitations":"Eight weeks is not long term despite framing. Surrogate cardiovascular outcomes, small groups and lean-mass loss require balanced interpretation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding and Exercise on Cardiometabolic Health in Sedentary Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Peng L, Chen L, Xia J, Zhou J, Shi N, Cheng R, Shu L, Huang J, Hu M, Liao J.","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003962","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41806970/","journal":"Medicine and science in sports and exercise"},{"pmid":"41814085","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary hormone/energy analysis of randomized crossover trial","population":"39 adults with type 2 diabetes","comparison":"4-hour eating window versus standard lifestyle","protocol":"6 weeks per condition, 4-week washout; same cohort as PMID 39193706","findings":"Participants reported about 384 fewer kcal/day; leptin fell and fasting ghrelin rose, while several post-glucose hormone responses did not differ.","limitations":"Fasting did not eliminate compensatory appetite physiology after weight loss; same parent trial, not independent efficacy evidence. Leptin units require full-text verification.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effects of time-restricted eating on energy balance regulation in adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes.","year":"2026","authors":"Kramer CK, Zinman B, Feig DS, Retnakaran R.","doi":"10.1038/s41366-026-02042-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41814085/","journal":"International journal of obesity (2005)"},{"pmid":"41824520","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized counterbalanced crossover nutrition trial","population":"24 male combat-sport athletes","comparison":"Non-fasting reference, fasting with carbohydrate placebo, whey, or casein","protocol":"Acute performance 11–13 hours after predawn meal","findings":"Fasting reduced some sprint/upper-body measures; casein partly mitigated declines but did not fully restore non-fasting performance.","limitations":"Tests meal composition during fasting, not health benefit; narrow athletic sample and meal-timing differences.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of protein sources at sahur on anaerobic power and strength during Ramadan in combat sport athletes: A single blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced crossover study design.","year":"2026","authors":"Demirli A, Ulupınar S, Işım AT, Kesler A, Terzi M, Gençoğlu C, Özbay S, Ionel M, Ouergui I, Ardigò LP.","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0340961","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41824520/","journal":"PloS one"},{"pmid":"41832653","disposition":"context","design":"Nonrandomized controlled diet trial","population":"100 women with obesity; 45 timing, 55 continuous restriction","comparison":"Both prescribed 25% calorie reduction","protocol":"3 months","findings":"Timing group lost 7.38 versus 5.41 kg and improved selected markers more; early-window subgroup appeared favorable.","limitations":"Baseline BMI substantially differed and allocation was not random; cannot isolate timing from selection/adherence or infer causal subgroup superiority.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Comparative Effects of 16:8 Intermittent Fasting and Continuous Caloric Restriction on Metabolic Syndrome Components in obese Women: A Non-randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.","year":"2025","authors":"Dhieb N, Ben Othman R, Karmous I, Mizouri R, Nouira M, Gamoudi A, Kacem A, Douiri W, Ben Mansour N, Jamoussi H.","doi":"10.62438/tunismed.v103i8.5777","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41832653/","journal":"La Tunisie medicale"},{"pmid":"41834498","disposition":"context","design":"Human tumor associations with cell/animal validation","population":"Breast-cancer tissue/serum and experimental models; counts absent","comparison":"PAK5/HMGCS2 mutations, ketones/ketogenic diet and controls","protocol":"Tumor growth and lymph-node metastasis experiments","findings":"Low ketone synthesis associated with aggressive disease; ketones/diet countered PAK5-driven progression in models through a specific signaling pathway.","limitations":"Positive preclinical finding, not a patient diet-treatment trial. Mechanism concerns phosphorylation/protein regulation, not universal glycogen starvation; likely resolves an existing 2026 breast-cancer lead.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"PAK5-Mediated Suppression of β-Hydroxybutyrate Production Promotes Breast Cancer Metastasis and Can Be Overcome with Ketogenic Diet.","year":"2026","authors":"Xing Y, Tan Y, Hu B, Zhang H, Li Y, Zuo J, Liu Y, Han F, Sun SL, Wang X, Li Y, Li F.","doi":"10.1158/0008-5472.can-25-2174","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41834498/","journal":"Cancer research"},{"pmid":"41873677","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized mouse drug/ketone experiment","population":"12 obese mice in two treatment arms of six; additional obese/chow controls described ambiguously","comparison":"Dapagliflozin or ketone precursor with obese and chow controls","protocol":"Kidney autophagy/injury assays","findings":"Both interventions improved autophagic-flux and kidney-injury measures in mice.","limitations":"Drug/precursor exposure rather than fasting; total control structure needs full-text verification. No human kidney-protection or fasting-timing result.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Dapagliflozin regulates autophagy in nephropathy associated with non-diabetic obesity via elevated plasma β-hydroxybutyrate levels.","year":"2026","authors":"Kong Y, Peng X, Fan W, Zhang L, Wu Y, Zheng M, Shan C.","doi":"10.1042/bcj20240504","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41873677/","journal":"The Biochemical journal"},{"pmid":"41884295","disposition":"context","design":"Case report of undernutrition-related neurological injury","population":"One 26-year-old woman","comparison":"No control","protocol":"Three months poor intake due to apparent functional swallowing difficulty","findings":"Developed thiamine-deficiency Wernicke’s encephalopathy and improved with vitamin replacement.","limitations":"Not elective fasting; relevant to prolonged inadequate intake, but cannot estimate risk from defined fasting protocols.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Case Report: Wernicke's encephalopathy induced by prolonged fasting due to apparent psychogenic dysphagia.","year":"2026","authors":"Mills L, Zou H, Alnounou A, Smeltzer M, Kravchenko T, Gomes T.","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2026.1780775","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41884295/","journal":"Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience"},{"pmid":"41896647","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm PCOS trial","population":"76 women","comparison":"1 pm–7 pm eating, 25% daily calorie restriction, or no dietary intervention","protocol":"6 months","findings":"Weight fell 4.32% with time restriction and 4.66% with calorie restriction versus controls; active diets did not differ (difference 0.34%, CI −2.15 to 2.83).","limitations":"Supports a weight-management alternative, not superiority or established fertility benefit; exact attrition/safety details need full text.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-restricted eating for body weight management in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Corapi S, Runchey MC, Lyons J, Alonso de Leon M, Pavlou V, Lin S, Ezpeleta M, Gabel K, Tussing-Humphreys L, Oddo VM, Alexandria SJ, Sanchez J, Vidmar AP, Varady KA, Cienfuegos S.","doi":"10.1038/s41591-026-04316-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41896647/","journal":"Nature medicine"},{"pmid":"41928294","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized crossover protein-substitute trial","population":"16 eligible, 13 children with classical phenylketonuria completed","comparison":"Prolonged-release evening amino acids versus usual substitute","protocol":"Two 7-day periods with 2-week washout","findings":"Prolonged-release formulation improved early-morning phenylalanine control after overnight fasting.","limitations":"Tests disease-specific nutrition support, not fasting benefit; indexed correction PMID 42538557 and abstract sign/units need checking.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","notices":[{"type":"Erratum in","reference":"Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2026 Jul 31;21(1):261. doi: 10.1186/s13023-026-04386-3.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42538557/"}],"integrityNote":"Original correction checked: Table 8 concerns the phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio, not blood tyrosine alone.","title":"Randomized investigation to evaluate phenylalanine fluctuation after overnight fasting in PKU patients treated with prolonged-release versus standard amino acid protein substitute.","year":"2026","authors":"Daly A, Ilgaz F, Evans S, Ashmore C, Pinto A, MacDonald A.","doi":"10.1186/s13023-026-04264-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41928294/","journal":"Orphanet journal of rare diseases"},{"pmid":"41928885","disposition":"context","design":"Nonrandomized three-group PCOS study","population":"90 women with obesity","comparison":"5:2 with meal replacement, fasting without replacement, or no intervention","protocol":"12 weeks; propensity matching","findings":"Meal-replacement group lost weight and improved insulin measures; reproductive hormones did not significantly change, while menstrual/ovulation reports improved.","limitations":"Abstract inconsistently calls a three-group study single-arm; no randomization, bundled replacement/energy changes and no live-birth endpoint.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of a 5:2 intermittent fasting diet on obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.","year":"2026","authors":"An W, Chen F, Wang B, Zhou S, Jiang L, An B, Cui Z, Ou X, Huang W, Yan H.","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2026.1758805","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41928885/","journal":"Frontiers in endocrinology"},{"pmid":"41936947","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective pediatric diabetes fasting cohort","population":"46 children/adolescents; 1,380 possible fasting days","comparison":"Risk-score categories; no non-fasting control","protocol":"Ramadan 2025 after education","findings":"Median 23.5 completed days; 136 days interrupted/not fasted for diabetes-related reasons; later predawn meal correlated with completion.","limitations":"Small observational sample; aggregate days are not independent patients and completion does not establish absence of hypoglycemia or other harm.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A prospective evaluation of attitudes, behaviors, and clinical outcomes among Jordanian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes who fasted during Ramadan: a comparison of the 2021 and 2026 IDF-DAR risk scores.","year":"2026","authors":"Odeh R, Murad H, Hani FB, Gharaibeh L, Bdeir L, Sarhan D, Sarhan Z, Alkhalaileh S, Alassaf A.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113242","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41936947/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"41964777","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized four-arm postoperative weight-regain trial","population":"56 patients, 14 per arm","comparison":"Conversion surgery, very-low-calorie ketogenic diet, time restriction, or control","protocol":"6 weeks","findings":"All active strategies improved weight/metabolic measures; surgery and very-low-calorie diet produced larger weight reductions than time restriction.","limitations":"Very short and small with interventions of very different intensity; cannot establish long-term surgical equivalence or nutritional safety.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Conversion Bariatric Surgery, Ketogenic Diet, and Intermittent Fasting in Bariatric Surgery Patients with Recurrent Weight Gain: a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Şen S, Erdem NZ, Durak D.","doi":"10.1007/s11695-026-08654-w","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41964777/","journal":"Obesity surgery"},{"pmid":"41964971","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized three-arm DIREM trial","population":"120 adults with type 2 diabetes; 40 per arm","comparison":"Calorie/carbohydrate restriction with/without time restriction, versus usual care","protocol":"12-week intervention plus 12-week maintenance","findings":"Reported remission: 9/40 restriction, 12/40 combined, 1/40 control. Adding fasting was not significantly better than restriction alone (OR 1.5, CI 0.6–4.3).","limitations":"Remission definition and medication-free duration need verification. Similar cohort/protocol to PMID 41736129 but different registration: resolve overlap before treating as independent.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The Effect of Integrated Lifestyle Intervention Incorporating Calorie-Carbohydrate Restriction With or Without Time-Restricted Feeding for Remission of Type 2 Diabetes (DIREM): A Single Blind Randomised Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Badrooj N, Esteghamati A, Djafarian K, Yekaninejad MS, Mohammadpour S, Dankoob V, Reyhan SK, Abbaszade M, Emamgholipour S, Shab-Bidar S.","doi":"10.1002/edm2.70209","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41964971/","journal":"Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism"},{"pmid":"41973605","disposition":"context","design":"Thyroid-cancer cell and mouse experiment","population":"Two thyroid-cancer cell lines, generally three experimental replicates. Mouse methods report ten nude mice allocated five per diet; two tumor-line models are displayed, so the total across models is not unambiguously reconciled.","comparison":"Acetoacetate dose series with/without chloroquine; ketogenic versus standard diet in mice.","protocol":"Cell treatments 2.5–12.5 mM acetoacetate, with 50 μM chloroquine in combination groups; mouse tumors followed four weeks.","findings":"Acetoacetate slowed proliferation and arrested the cell cycle without a clear increase in apoptosis. Ketogenic diet reduced mouse tumor growth. Autophagy markers changed and chloroquine weakened the cell effects.","limitations":"Marker/inhibitor evidence supports a pathway hypothesis but is not proof of complete autophagic cancer-cell clearance. No human trial; drug off-target effects, doses and ambiguous total animal count limit inference.","access":"Original methods, results and figure captions checked; supplementary materials and independent review not completed.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Preliminary study on ketone body metabolism in anaplastic thyroid cancer.","year":"2026","authors":"Wang J, Mao Y, Xuan Z, Li Z, Tang X, Yang K, Xing M, Zhu X.","doi":"10.1530/etj-25-0305","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41973605/","journal":"European thyroid journal"},{"pmid":"41978216","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm prostate-cancer feasibility pilot","population":"40 men on androgen-deprivation therapy; 27 coaching, 13 control","comparison":"Nightly fasting plus coaching versus healthy-eating messages","protocol":"3 months","findings":"Intervention was acceptable, but no outcome change significantly differed between groups; fasting-window adherence was 69%.","limitations":"Endpoint weights differed but baseline-adjusted change comparisons were null; no progression/survival endpoint. Combined coaching prevents isolation of timing.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A Prolonged Nightly Fasting Plus Telehealth Coaching Intervention (PNF+) for Men on Androgen Deprivation Therapy for PCa: A Pilot Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Wen KY, Freedman J, Zarrabi KK, Slamon R, Smith R, Liang J, Mille P, Tester WJ, Kelly W.","doi":"10.3390/nu18071166","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41978216/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"41991563","disposition":"context","design":"Lung-cancer cell metabolomics study","population":"A549 cells; replicate counts absent","comparison":"Different glucose conditions with/without beta-hydroxybutyrate","protocol":"Conditioned-medium metabolite assays","findings":"Ketones/glucose restriction changed extracellular amino-acid and acylcarnitine patterns.","limitations":"Measures outside cells do not directly establish intracellular flux, cancer-cell death or clinical benefit; functional validation explicitly remains needed.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Adaptation to glucose restriction and β-hydroxybutyrate supplementation is associated with metabolic flexibility in lung cancer cells.","year":"2026","authors":"Shirian FI, Safari-Alighiarloo N, Mohebbi A, Tabatabaei SM, Karami A, Vaezi MA, Bahar A, Salimi V, Tavakoli-Yaraki M.","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-48209-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41991563/","journal":"Scientific reports"},{"pmid":"41998348","disposition":"context","design":"Single-patient prolonged-fast/drug case report","population":"One 44-year-old man with severe obesity and multiple illnesses","comparison":"No control","protocol":"27-day inpatient program including 21-day water fast, tirzepatide and refeeding before surgery","findings":"Authors report 125-pound weight loss and functional/metabolic improvements, with mild liver-enzyme elevation.","limitations":"Extreme case with multiple interventions and likely major fluid shifts; no partitioned fat-loss estimate or general safety inference. Does not justify longer unsupervised fasting.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Combination of prolonged water fasting and GLP-1 for refractory morbid obesity: Case report.","year":"2026","authors":"Palmisano T, Roeschenthaler P, Passerini H, Shin T, Guarraia D.","doi":"10.1038/s41430-026-01749-8","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41998348/","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition"},{"pmid":"42018499","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled prospective student cohort","population":"150 adults aged 18–40","comparison":"Before/after Ramadan-related measurements","protocol":"Timing described inconsistently as one week after one week of fasting","findings":"Authors report changes in weight/waist and stress, with altered sleep/meal patterns.","limitations":"Abstract reverses weight values and contradicts itself on sleep direction; unreliable quantitative summary until full text is reconciled. No causal comparison.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Changes in anthropometric indices, lifestyle patterns, and mental stress with ramadan intermittent fasting among healthy students: A prospective cohort study.","year":"2026","authors":"Al-Dalaeen A, Alhasan E, Saleh E, Atawneh S, Barakat T.","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0345940","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42018499/","journal":"PloS one"},{"pmid":"42025926","disposition":"context","design":"Exploratory glucose substudy of RESET randomized trial","population":"46 adults with prediabetes; 20 timing, 26 controls","comparison":"10-hour eating versus habitual control","protocol":"6-week and 3-month assessments","findings":"No fasting-glucose/HbA1c advantage; nighttime glucose benefit at 6 weeks (−0.3 mmol/L) was not sustained at 3 months.","limitations":"Subset of PMID 38588687 parent trial; transient secondary finding, not independent evidence of durable diabetes prevention.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of time-restricted eating on glycemic control and variability in individuals with overweight/obesity and prediabetes: A secondary analysis of the RESET randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Kloura C, Jensen MM, Ekblond TS, Pedersen HE, Raben A, Clemmensen KKB, Færch K, Blond MB, Quist JS.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113276","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42025926/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"42045759","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized two-arm postoperative trial","population":"62 randomized, 48 completed; 25 combined, 23 calorie restriction","comparison":"8-hour eating plus calorie restriction versus restriction alone","protocol":"12 weeks after sleeve-surgery weight regain","findings":"No added weight/body-composition/metabolic advantage; timing arm had within-group lean-mass loss and increased fasting glucose.","limitations":"Substantial attrition, small sample and within-arm findings; does not support superiority and raises nutritional questions requiring longer follow-up.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Time-Restricted Eating With Calorie Restriction Versus Calorie Restriction on Health Outcomes in Patients With Weight Regain Post-Sleeve Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Ghoreishy SM, Alemrajabi M, Razeghi Jahromi S, Mohammadzadeh M, Noormohammadi M, Shidfar F.","doi":"10.1007/s11695-026-08707-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42045759/","journal":"Obesity surgery"},{"pmid":"42056740","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled animal experiments","population":"Young male rats; group sizes absent from abstract","comparison":"Prolonged fasting and two intermittent prolonged-fasting schedules","protocol":"Repeated four- or six-day fasts with six-day refeeding periods","findings":"An initial four-day fast improved recovery during later fasting cycles compared with the alternative schedule. Prolonged fasting caused severe weight loss.","limitations":"Rat tolerance does not establish safe human fasting durations; group sizes, survival counts and allocation require full text.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Physiological safety and Multi-Tissue metabolic adaptation under a novel intermittent prolonged fasting regimen.","year":"2026","authors":"Sui X, Guo Y, Wu F, Wang H, Yang C, Zhang H, Jiang S, Dai Z.","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2026.01.009","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42056740/","journal":"Life sciences in space research"},{"pmid":"42058454","disposition":"context","design":"Genetic and pharmacological animal experiments","population":"Liver-specific Ddah1 knockout and control mice; numbers absent from abstract","comparison":"Knockout versus control, with protein overexpression and pathway-inhibitor experiments","protocol":"Fasting with manipulation of DDAH1, FABP1 and AMPK signaling","findings":"Deleting Ddah1 increased reported autophagic flux and reduced liver fat during fasting; rescue experiments supported the proposed pathway.","limitations":"This tests a genetically altered mouse liver, not an autophagy start time or a cancer treatment in humans.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Hepatocyte-specific DDAH1 regulates fasting-induced hepatic lipid metabolism via modulating FABP1 expression and AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy.","year":"2026","authors":"Luo K, Shen X, Wang S, Li F, Jianggewaer Y, Sun W, Lu Z.","doi":"10.1093/lifemeta/loaf042","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42058454/","journal":"Life metabolism"},{"pmid":"42059326","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective cross-sectional comparison","population":"231 adults: 117 fasting and 114 not fasting","comparison":"Two self-selected groups, also classified by hypertension","protocol":"Twenty-four-hour blood-pressure monitoring during Ramadan in 2021–2023","findings":"Overall and daytime blood pressure did not differ significantly; nighttime pressure was lower in the fasting group.","limitations":"More diabetes and kidney disease in the nonfasting group; selection and confounding limit causal and safety conclusions.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring during Ramadan Fasting: A Three-Year Cross-Sectional Study From a Tertiary Medical Center in Turkey.","year":"2026","authors":"Celik M, Kaleli MF, Gezer M, Moloshova N, Kan MU, Feyzullahoglu E, Kesriklioglu S.","doi":"10.1111/jch.70265","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42059326/","journal":"Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.)"},{"pmid":"42060951","disposition":"context","design":"Single-arm feasibility pilot","population":"10 adults with metastatic lung cancer, clinically stable on treatment","comparison":"No control group","protocol":"One four-day fasting-mimicking diet; NCT03700437","findings":"Nine completed the diet, seven met calorie requirements and no grade 3–4 adverse events occurred. Mild nausea, abdominal pain, fatigue and headache occurred.","limitations":"Selected patients, one cycle and no comparator; no tumor-response or survival benefit was established.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Brief Report: A Pilot Study Evaluating the Feasibility, Safety, and Compliance With a Fasting-Mimicking Diet in Patients With Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.","year":"2026","authors":"Ghaddar F, Ahmed S, Kirsch B, Jennewein L, Uhrich MM, Althouse SK, Longo V, Jalal S.","doi":"10.1016/j.cllc.2026.03.017","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42060951/","journal":"Clinical lung cancer"},{"pmid":"42076661","disposition":"context","design":"Observational prediction-model study","population":"33 adults with type 1 diabetes; 1,164 participant-days after quality control","comparison":"Models and Ramadan versus subsequent-month data; no randomized clinical comparator","protocol":"Glucose-monitor and wearable data during Ramadan 2023","findings":"The best model predicted next-hour low glucose with ROC AUC 0.867, but precision was 0.14 at the sensitivity-focused threshold.","limitations":"Prediction accuracy is not evidence that fasting improves diabetes or that the model prevents complications; external prospective validation is needed.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Temporal and Behaviour-Aware Multimodal Modelling for Hour-Ahead Hypoglycaemia Prediction During Ramadan Fasting in Type 1 Diabetes.","year":"2026","authors":"Alkhateeb M, AlSaad R, Brahim Belhaouari S, Aziz S, Ahmed A, Ali H, Al-Mohanadi D, Mohamud K, Al-Naimi N, Alsaud A, Al-Sharshani H, Sheikh JI, Baagar K, Abd-Alrazaq A.","doi":"10.3390/s26082552","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42076661/","journal":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"pmid":"42081078","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized animal experiment","population":"29 female mice: fasting 9, refeeding 10, control 10","comparison":"Three groups including one usual-feeding control","protocol":"Weekly three-day calorie-restricted fasting-mimicking cycles followed by four days of feeding","findings":"Fasting changed pancreatic cell markers and insulin granules; glucose tolerance worsened in the fasting group and recovered after refeeding.","limitations":"Cell-marker changes do not establish regeneration of functional beta cells in people or diabetes remission.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Intermittent Fasting-Mimicking Diet on Pancreatic Islet Plasticity: Immunohistochemical, Ultrastructural, and Metabolic Profiles.","year":"2026","authors":"Harer CM, Boulgaropoulos B, Ehall B, Bogensperger L, Bounab K, Pernitsch D, Franz J, Herbsthofer L, Kotzbeck P, Krstic J, Prokesch A, Prietl B, Kolb D, Pieber TR.","doi":"10.1096/fj.202504830rr","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42081078/","journal":"FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology"},{"pmid":"42092517","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized noninferiority feasibility trial","population":"20 adults with weight regain after bariatric surgery; arm sizes absent from abstract","comparison":"5:2 fasting versus daily calorie restriction","protocol":"Twelve weeks; 75% restriction on two days versus 25% daily restriction","findings":"Between-group weight difference was −0.13 kg (95% CI −2.90 to 2.62), within the prespecified 4-kg noninferiority margin; no body-composition advantage emerged.","limitations":"Small, short pilot and a broad noninferiority margin; a significant within-group change is not evidence that fasting was superior.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effectiveness of 5:2 intermittent fasting compared with continuous caloric restriction in the treatment of recurrent weight gain after metabolic bariatric surgery: A non-inferiority, short-term, pilot feasibility study.","year":"2026","authors":"Henao-Carrillo DC, Forero AM, Gómez AM, Robledo S, Pinzón F, Mikler R, Yepes C, Muñoz-Velandia O.","doi":"10.1016/j.clnesp.2026.103316","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42092517/","journal":"Clinical nutrition ESPEN"},{"pmid":"42101451","disposition":"context","design":"Nonrandomized controlled study","population":"30 adults with type 2 diabetes, 10 per arm","comparison":"Three groups: fasting plus ketogenic diet, calorie restriction, and control","protocol":"Twelve weeks of 16:8 eating plus ketogenic diet or individualized calorie restriction","findings":"Both active diets were associated with lower HbA1c and weight-related measurements.","limitations":"Nonrandom allocation, combined interventions and no clear between-group effect estimates in the abstract prevent attribution to fasting alone.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of intermittent fasting combined with a ketogenic diet versus a hypocaloric diet on metabolic outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A controlled clinical study.","year":"2026","authors":"Barrionuevo-Burgos E, García-García RM, Muñoz L, Arreguín-Coronado A.","doi":"10.1177/02601060261446178","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42101451/","journal":"Nutrition and health"},{"pmid":"42153914","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized diet experiment in cancer-prone mice, with organoid work","population":"Male genetically engineered pancreatic-cancer mice; numbers absent from abstract","comparison":"Obese and nonobese backgrounds, continued diets or ketogenic/matched control diets","protocol":"Fifteen weeks of obesity induction followed by six weeks of experimental diets","findings":"Ketogenic feeding delayed cancer progression in obese mice, independently of weight loss, but not in nonobese mice. Metabolism shifted toward nonglucose fuel pathways.","limitations":"Prevention/progression in selected mouse models is not treatment efficacy in patients; the result does not demonstrate universal inability of tumors to use ketones.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ketogenic Diet Prevents Obesity-Associated Pancreatic Cancer Independent of Weight Loss and Induces Pancreatic Metabolic Reprogramming.","year":"2026","authors":"Vélez-Bonet E, Gumpper-Fedus K, Chasser KM, Hurst ZA, Torres-Rosado A, Hsueh HY, Pita-Grisanti V, Liette A, Vulic G, Choueiry F, Zhang H, Gold A, Zhu J, Knoblaugh SE, Culp S, Volek JS, Cruz-Monserrate Z.","doi":"10.1158/0008-5472.can-25-2379","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42153914/","journal":"Cancer research"},{"pmid":"42158253","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective observational comparison","population":"282 healthy adults; group sizes absent from abstract","comparison":"Fasting and nonfasting participants, four repeated time points","protocol":"Before, during and two weeks after Ramadan","findings":"Weight and energy intake fell then rebounded. Fasting participants became sleepier and less active during Ramadan; similar trends in nonfasting people suggested shared environmental effects.","limitations":"Self-selection and simultaneous lifestyle changes limit causal attribution; transient changes are not established durable health benefits.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Nutritional, sleep, physical activity, and quality-of-life changes during Ramadan fasting: a prospective comparative study.","year":"2026","authors":"Geçgil Demir E, Öner Sayar C, Karaağaç RM, Erdem NZ, Tarakçı Filiz NG, Bayraktaroğlu E, Samancı RA, Mızrak E.","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1809040","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42158253/","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition"},{"pmid":"42162048","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective observational cohort","population":"81 adults with type 1 diabetes","comparison":"Within-person comparison; no nonfasting control","protocol":"Before and during Ramadan 2025, using continuous glucose monitoring","findings":"Median time in target glucose range fell from 51.5% before Ramadan to 45.0% early and 47.0% later in Ramadan. Deterioration was greater with higher baseline HbA1c.","limitations":"Observational and selected fasting participants; treatment changes and behavior may contribute. The findings do not support a general glucose-control benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Glycaemic control during Ramadan in adults with type 1 diabetes using continuous glucose monitoring in Saudi Arabia.","year":"2026","authors":"Surrati AMQ, Alfadhli E, Almuarshi A, Aljohani A, Alanzi M, Aljohany S, Alanize NF.","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-49117-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42162048/","journal":"Scientific reports"},{"pmid":"42162440","disposition":"context","design":"Mechanistic mouse tumor and immune-cell experiments","population":"Multiple mouse tumor models and CD8 T cells; numbers absent from abstract","comparison":"Beta-hydroxybutyrate versus acetoacetate/control, with receptor and signaling knockdown","protocol":"Ketone treatment and manipulation of Hcar2 and Tcf7 pathways","findings":"Beta-hydroxybutyrate improved tumor-infiltrating T-cell survival and function and suppressed mouse tumors; disrupting the pathway removed the immune effect.","limitations":"This supports a context-specific immune mechanism, not starvation of every cancer cell or clinical efficacy of fasting.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"β-hydroxybutyrate potentiates anti-tumor immunity by modulating cytotoxic CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T cell responses.","year":"2026","authors":"Bai Y, Xue H, Bao Y, Pan Y, Tang J, Wang M, Wang Y, Xu J, Huang J.","doi":"10.1007/s00262-026-04420-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42162440/","journal":"Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII"},{"pmid":"42182822","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized partial-crossover trial, exploratory molecular report","population":"50 adults with overweight; 28 intermittent fasting, 22 usual diet","comparison":"Fasting versus usual-diet control","protocol":"6 months; NCT01964118","findings":"Despite about 8% weight loss, primary CRP and multiple inflammatory markers did not improve; insulin-sensitivity changes were small and described as clinically unimportant.","limitations":"Exploratory colon/transcriptomic aging pathways do not prove longer life. Publication year/indexing discrepancy needs metadata verification before timeline placement.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"When a Calorie Is Not a Calorie: Metabolic and Molecular Effects of Intermittent Fasting in Humans; Exploratory Outcomes of a Randomized Clinical Trial.","year":"2023","authors":"Tosti V, Barve RA, Bertozzi B, Veronese N, Spelta F, Cava E, Mattson MP, Piccio L, Early DS, Head RD, Fontana L.","doi":"10.59368/agingbio.20230013","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42182822/","journal":"Aging biology"},{"pmid":"42184893","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective quasi-experimental pilot","population":"61 young people enrolled; 47 analyzed: 29 control and 18 intervention","comparison":"Usual pump settings versus intensified mealtime insulin ratio","protocol":"Ramadan 2025 in advanced hybrid closed-loop users","findings":"Adjusted nonfasting time in glucose range was 10.4 percentage points higher with intensification (95% CI 5.2–15.5); low-glucose time was similar.","limitations":"Nonrandom allocation and attrition; this tests insulin management during fasting, not the health benefit of fasting itself.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio intensification during Ramadan in young people using advanced hybrid closed-loop therapy: A prospective quasi-experimental pilot study.","year":"2026","authors":"Deeb A, Yaqoob N, Beck RH, Suliman S.","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113337","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42184893/","journal":"Diabetes research and clinical practice"},{"pmid":"42192131","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized feasibility trial","population":"775 screened, 19 randomized 2:1; 15 completed: 9 ketogenic and 6 standard diet. RNA analysis used 5 versus 3; immune-cell histology used 7 versus 17, including additional nonrandomized controls.","comparison":"Two randomized diets with weekly counseling; twelve extra standard-diet tissue cases were added for histology.","protocol":"Three to four weeks before surgery; provided ketogenic meals intended to meet energy needs, standard-diet arm not provided meals. NCT03285152.","findings":"Diet adherence was high and no grade 3–4 adverse events were reported. Weight, glucose and insulin fell, LDL rose, and exploratory tumor immune-cell markers changed.","limitations":"Feasibility, not tumor-response or survival trial. Small sample, attrition, short duration, tissue-sampling differences and added nonrandomized histology controls limit immune findings.","access":"Original full text, participant flow in prose, diet methods and Figures 1–3 checked; supplement-level allocation counts not fully reconciled.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in treatment-naïve women with endometrial cancer and overweight: a randomized feasibility study.","year":"2026","authors":"Dantas E, Hootman KC, Moyer J, Tomberlin M, Curran K, Ramesh B, Price H, Kim J, McPherson AC, Hurd MA, Zhu YS, Plodkowski AJ, Nagase E, Tsomides A, Cuevas BM, Martin ML, Nguyen J, Bennetti G, Rodriguez GB, Chang K, Mezzancello M, Gardner GJ, Broach V, Mueller JJ, Sonoda Y, Zivanovic O, Leitao MM, Iasonos A, Soldan K, Carthew K, Hom V, Villamater FN, Chaari RR, Gorski K, Sigouros M, Aghajanian C, Elemento O, Cantley LC, Hopkins BD, Weigelt B, Ellenson LH, Hacker K, Abu-Rustum NR, Makker V, Goncalves MD.","doi":"10.1038/s41467-026-73519-w","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42192131/","journal":"Nature communications"},{"pmid":"42208206","disposition":"context","design":"Exploratory analysis of a randomized trial","population":"209 adults with obesity","comparison":"Three groups allocated 2:2:1: intermittent restriction plus early eating, daily restriction, standard care","protocol":"Six-month intervention with follow-up to 18 months; NCT03689608","findings":"Both active groups lost more weight than standard care during intervention. Daily restriction produced larger changes in several eating-behavior measures.","limitations":"Secondary analysis of an existing trial, not a new independent cohort; unequal support relative to standard care and exploratory mediation limit mechanism claims.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Exploring the impact of intermittent fasting plus time-restricted eating versus calorie restriction on eating behavior, mood, sleep, quality of life in adults with obesity.","year":"2026","authors":"Teong XT, Liu K, Vincent AD, Liu B, Wittert GA, Hutchison AT, Heilbronn LK.","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2026.106686","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42208206/","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)"},{"pmid":"42224680","disposition":"context","design":"Public-dataset analysis and cancer-cell experiments","population":"Lung cancer datasets and A549 cells; patient and replicate counts absent from abstract","comparison":"SLC2A1 overexpression/knockdown with and without beta-hydroxybutyrate","protocol":"Prognostic modeling and cell metabolism assays","findings":"Beta-hydroxybutyrate partly restored energy production after SLC2A1 knockdown, consistent with ketones serving as an alternative fuel in this setting.","limitations":"No fasting intervention or patient treatment comparison; a prognostic signature is not demonstrated immunotherapy benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"SLC2A1-Dependent Ketone Metabolism Regulates Tumor Progression and Immunotherapy Efficacy in Lung Adenocarcinoma.","year":"2026","authors":"Feng X, Gao L, Xue Y, Zhang Y, Cao H, Wange T.","doi":"10.1615/critrevimmunol.2026062879","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42224680/","journal":"Critical reviews in immunology"},{"pmid":"42227869","disposition":"context","design":"Pilot randomized controlled trial","population":"10 women with type 2 diabetes, five per group","comparison":"Lacto-vegetarian diet with ten-hour eating window versus usual diet","protocol":"Twelve weeks","findings":"Within the intervention group, HbA1c, insulin and weight fell; mild hypoglycemia, fatigue and constipation occurred.","limitations":"Very small ongoing-trial pilot, combined diet changes and primarily within-group results; no reliable superiority estimate. The abstract contains a malformed weight percentage.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Feasibility and preliminary evaluation of a lacto-vegetarian diet combined with intermittent fasting in women with type 2 diabetes: A pilot randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Mahajan A, Muley A.","doi":"10.1177/02601060261450439","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42227869/","journal":"Nutrition and health"},{"pmid":"42237513","disposition":"context","design":"Uncontrolled case series","population":"Three patients with colorectal cancer and lung metastases","comparison":"No control group","protocol":"Ketogenic diet plus low-dose S-1 chemotherapy, metformin, vitamin D, EPA and other therapies","findings":"The report describes long survival and preserved quality of life during a multicomponent treatment.","limitations":"Three selected cases cannot isolate the diet effect or establish that ketones starved cancer; standard cancer treatment and multiple other interventions confound attribution.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"[Long-Term Survival in Three Cases with Pulmonary Metastases from Colorectal Cancer Given Low-Dose S-1 Under a Regimen Combining a Carbohydrate-Restricted Ketogenic Diet, Metformin, Vitamin D, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, and Other Complementary Therapies].","year":"2026","authors":"Yamazaki F, Saegusa Y, Kobayashi M, Murata N, Moriya T, Miyazaki M.","doi":"","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42237513/","journal":"Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer & chemotherapy"},{"pmid":"42242847","disposition":"excluded-after-source-check","reason":"Meta-analysis of 14 trials, not a new original participant cohort. Useful secondary context, but its 899 participants must not be added to the underlying trial counts.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Efficacy of intermittent fasting on blood glucose and weight in type 2 diabetes and prediabetes: A comparison with ad libitum and continuous energy restriction diets.","year":"2026","authors":"Chen J, Liu P, Wang M, Yan X, Li J, Guo J.","doi":"10.6133/apjcn.202606_35(3).0003","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42242847/","journal":"Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition"},{"pmid":"42243328","disposition":"context","design":"Human biomarker cohorts with cell and mouse experiments","population":"1,257 participants across discovery/validation cohorts; independent validation set 400; animal numbers absent","comparison":"Observational human comparisons; control/high-fat mouse diets and metabolite/pathway manipulations","protocol":"Metabolomics followed by experimental testing of carnitine, acetylcarnitine and beta-hydroxybutyrate","findings":"Beta-hydroxybutyrate countered tumor-promoting signaling in the experimental colorectal-cancer models.","limitations":"The human component tested diagnostic biomarkers, not ketogenic or fasting treatment; prevention claims remain preclinical.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"High-fat diet promotes colorectal cancer via carnitine/acetylcarnitine-driven CPT1A metabolic reprogramming and the intervention of β-hydroxybutyrate.","year":"2026","authors":"Su F, Zhou S, Gao Q, Lai M, Li J.","doi":"10.1038/s41388-026-03835-4","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42243328/","journal":"Oncogene"},{"pmid":"42272904","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary analysis of randomized crossover trial","population":"31 women with overweight/obesity","comparison":"Early versus late eight-hour eating windows, each participant receiving both","protocol":"Two weeks each, separated by two-week washout; NCT04351672","findings":"There were no significant between-intervention differences in measured sleep changes. Selected actigraphy measures improved from baseline only during early eating; subjective sleep did not improve.","limitations":"The favorable title relies on within-arm changes, which do not establish early eating was superior; short secondary analysis with multiple outcomes.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Early but not late time-restricted eating improves an actigraphy-estimated sleep quality in women with overweight or obesity: secondary analysis of the crossover ChronoFast trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Peters B, Jokisch J, Schwarz J, Schuppelius B, Pfeiffer AFH, Michalsen A, Kramer A, Pivovarova-Ramich O.","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1823259","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42272904/","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition"},{"pmid":"42277575","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized feeding/weight-loss experiment","population":"100 adults with severe obesity; abstract specifies 42 in daily-restriction arm but not the other analysis count","comparison":"Daily calorie restriction versus restriction plus eight-hour eating","protocol":"One week at 60% of estimated energy expenditure","findings":"Adjusted resting metabolic rate did not differ significantly. Calculated adaptive thermogenesis was modestly smaller with time restriction; hormones showed no differential change.","limitations":"One-week physiology cannot establish durable weight-loss advantage; randomized and analyzed arm counts need clarification.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of Time-Restricted Eating on Metabolic Adaptation in Adults With Severe Obesity During Early Phase of Weight Loss.","year":"2026","authors":"de Moraes Campos TA, Brasil RLF, Bezerra FF.","doi":"10.1111/jhn.70293","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42277575/","journal":"Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association"},{"pmid":"42277712","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective risk-model cohort","population":"220 people with chronic kidney disease","comparison":"Observational comparison of fasting completion and adverse events by risk score","protocol":"Records and interviews before/after Ramadan 2024","findings":"Thirty-nine adverse significant events were recorded; higher risk scores predicted events and lower fasting completion.","limitations":"A model-development/validation cohort is not a randomized safety comparison. Event counts are not necessarily numbers of affected people; external validation is needed.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ramadan and Kidney Disease (RaK) risk assessment tool. Potential risk calculator for evaluating the risk of Ramadan fasting in chronic kidney disease patients.","year":"2026","authors":"Boobes Y, Nagelkerke N, Alkindi F, Afandi B, Abdelbaki H, Mahmoud EA, Almeqbaali FY, Alyahyaei MI, Sahyouni JE, Al-Kuwaiti AA, Abukhater A, Albloushi AG, Alshehyari AM, Shukri SFA, Alketbi RM, Alaryani MS, Alketbi FA, Al Ahbabi AM, Fahmawee TAR, Alantall WM, Yahya NA, Baynouna AlKetbi LM.","doi":"10.1186/s12882-026-05091-w","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42277712/","journal":"BMC nephrology"},{"pmid":"42278628","disposition":"context","design":"Cell culture and chick-embryo tumor experiments","population":"Two lung-cancer cell lines, endothelial cells and chick embryo grafts; sample sizes absent","comparison":"Beta-hydroxybutyrate, gemcitabine, combination and controls","protocol":"Cell growth, migration, blood-vessel formation and chick tumor assays","findings":"Beta-hydroxybutyrate reduced cancer-cell growth and enhanced gemcitabine activity; the combination further reduced graft weight.","limitations":"Preclinical, dose-dependent results; chick embryos are not human patients, and no fasting regimen or survival benefit was tested.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"β-Hydroxybutyrate Inhibits Angiogenesis, Suppresses Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Growth, and Enhances Gemcitabine Antitumor Activity.","year":"2026","authors":"Labanie Y, Arafat K, Sulaiman S, Al-Azawi AM, Attoub S.","doi":"10.3390/ijms27115103","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42278628/","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences"},{"pmid":"42280467","disposition":"context","design":"Observational secondary analysis within randomized trial","population":"Adults with obesity; analysis count absent from abstract","comparison":"Underlying three arms: eight-hour eating, 15% calorie restriction, usual eating","protocol":"Twelve weeks with sleep and glucose monitoring","findings":"Longer intervals between waking and breakfast, and between dinner and sleep, correlated with lower overnight glucose; delayed breakfast also correlated with more time below 70 mg/dL.","limitations":"Meal-sleep intervals were not independently randomized. Association and lower glucose do not automatically indicate clinical benefit; overlaps the parent trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Relationship Between Sleep and Meal Timing with Glycemia Parameters in Individuals with Obesity Participating in a Randomized Time-Restricted Eating Study.","year":"2026","authors":"Reutrakul S, Simon SL, Wang Q, Manoogian ENC, Panda S, Ryu S, Gao Z, Griffiths C, Helgeson E, Mashek DG, Oldenburg N, Chow LS.","doi":"10.3390/nu18111824","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42280467/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"42285824","disposition":"context","design":"Qualitative substudy of randomized fatigue trial","population":"24 cancer survivors interviewed: 11 time-restricted eating, 13 control","comparison":"Both groups received nutrition counseling; one also used a ten-hour eating window","protocol":"Interviews after twelve weeks in the Fatigue REDuction After cancer trial","findings":"Participants in both groups valued help with dietary habits; some found fasting improved routine while others found it difficult to fit work or daily life.","limitations":"Experiences do not establish fatigue efficacy or cancer control; this is the same trial as the quantitative fatigue report, not an independent efficacy cohort.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A Qualitative Analysis of Cancer Survivors' Experience in a Time-Restricted Eating vs Control Clinical Trial to Address Cancer-Related Fatigue.","year":"2026","authors":"Kerner JR, Clingan CL, Palesh O, Emadi A, Duckworth AL, Kleckner AS.","doi":"10.1016/j.soncn.2026.152261","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42285824/","journal":"Seminars in oncology nursing"},{"pmid":"42302513","disposition":"context","design":"Long-term follow-up of randomized trial","population":"99 participants: usual care 25, early eating 25, late 27, self-selected 22","comparison":"Four groups, all receiving Mediterranean-diet education","protocol":"Twelve-week intervention and twelve-month follow-up; NCT05310721","findings":"Early and late groups retained greater weight loss than usual care; some fat-free-mass reduction also persisted. Only 26% reported continued time restriction.","limitations":"Selected follow-up sample from the trial family; attrition and reduced adherence limit durability claims. Body composition used bioimpedance.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of an early, late, and self-selected time-restricted eating intervention on weight loss maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity: A 12-month follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Camacho-Cardenosa A, Merchán-Ramírez E, Clavero-Jimeno A, De-la-O A, Romero-Noguera JM, Martín-Rodríguez JL, Muñoz-Torres M, Labayen I, Ruiz JR, Dote-Montero M.","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2026.106706","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42302513/","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)"},{"pmid":"42354625","disposition":"context","design":"Four-arm randomized trial","population":"68 young women with normal-weight excess body fat; per-arm analyzed counts absent","comparison":"Control, time-restricted eating, walking and combined intervention","protocol":"Eight weeks","findings":"No significant between-group differences emerged in fat or lean tissue measures. Within the eating-window group, weight and total lean mass fell.","limitations":"Small sample, attrition and retrospective registration; within-group changes cannot establish superiority or a definite causal muscle-loss effect.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of an 8-Week Time-Restricted Eating and Walking Exercise on Regional Fat Distribution and Lean Mass in Women with Hidden Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Chen S, Kortas J, Ren Y, Zhou H, Liu H.","doi":"10.3390/healthcare14121768","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42354625/","journal":"Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"pmid":"42371138","disposition":"context","design":"Three-arm randomized trial","population":"75 women with polycystic ovary syndrome","comparison":"Early ten-hour eating, later ten-hour eating, unrestricted-eating control","protocol":"Six weeks; IRCT20221122056575N1","findings":"Both time-restricted groups improved fasting insulin, glucose, insulin-resistance estimates, weight and waist compared with control; early eating also improved selected lipids.","limitations":"Short trial with no clinical reproductive outcomes or long-term complications; absence of an effect in one arm does not itself prove early-versus-late superiority.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effect of two types of time-restricted eating on glycemic, lipid indices, and weight in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Aminian M, Hajshafiha M, Heidari M, Daneghian S.","doi":"10.1007/s00394-026-04034-3","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42371138/","journal":"European journal of nutrition"},{"pmid":"42413768","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary outcomes of four-arm randomized trial","population":"197 adults: usual care 49, early eating 49, late 52, self-selected 47","comparison":"Three eight-hour eating schedules plus Mediterranean-diet education versus education alone","protocol":"Twelve weeks; NCT05310721","findings":"MRI liver fat decreased within eating-window groups, but none was significantly better than usual care; liver markers and microbiota also showed no between-group benefit.","limitations":"Secondary outcomes were not separately powered. This shares participants with other reports from the same trial and should not be counted as a separate trial.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-restricted eating, liver health, and fecal microbiota in adults with overweight or obesity: A randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Dote-Montero M, Clavero-Jimeno A, Cortés-Martín A, Lopez-Pascual A, Merchán-Ramírez E, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Concepción M, Osés M, López-Vázquez A, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Martin-Olmedo JJ, Jurado-Fasoli L, De-la-O A, García Pérez PV, Gálvez J, Rodriguez-Nogales A, Garcia F, Habimana CM, Vázquez MJ, Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Avila MA, Martín-Rodríguez JL, Cabeza R, Muñoz-Torres M, Labayen I, Ruiz JR.","doi":"10.1016/j.jhepr.2026.101956","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42413768/","journal":"JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology"},{"pmid":"42431239","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary outcomes of randomized lifestyle trial","population":"120 adults with type 2 diabetes, 40 per group","comparison":"Calorie/carbohydrate restriction, restriction plus timed eating, and control","protocol":"Twenty-four weeks, with exercise and behavioral support in active groups","findings":"Both active programs improved appetite compared with control. Adding time restriction provided no significant advantage, and binge-eating measures did not differ.","limitations":"Multicomponent intervention; no evidence that fasting alone caused the changes. Trial-family overlap should be retained when counting participants.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of intensive lifestyle interventions with calorie-carbohydrate-restricted diet versus time-restricted eating on appetite and binge eating in type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Mohammadpour S, Hadaegh F, Zayeri F, Hosseinpour-Niazi S, Badrooj N, Dankoob V, Shab-Bidar S, Mirmiran P.","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2026.108718","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42431239/","journal":"Appetite"},{"pmid":"42442697","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized exercise/nutrition trial","population":"23 resistance-trained adults; arm sizes absent from abstract","comparison":"Eight-hour eating versus control, both prescribed a calorie surplus and resistance exercise","protocol":"Twelve weeks of training three times weekly","findings":"Strength and estimated muscle gains were similar. The time-restricted group ate less than prescribed and gained less fat.","limitations":"Unequal achieved calorie intake prevents attribution to timing alone; small trial and bioimpedance body-composition measurements.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-Restricted Eating during a Bulking Phase Is Associated with Reduced Fat Accumulation, while Muscle and Strength Gains Are Maintained: A 12-Wk Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Gavanda S, Arnet L, Löffler D, Dissemond J, Havers T, Wiewelhove T, Geisler S, Held S, Brinkmann C, Isenmann E.","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101722","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42442697/","journal":"The Journal of nutrition"},{"pmid":"42508996","disposition":"context","design":"Post hoc analysis of randomized controlled feeding trial","population":"39 analyzed: 19 time-restricted eating, 20 usual eating","comparison":"Ten-hour versus sixteen-hour eating, matched supplied calories","protocol":"Twelve weeks; TRIM, NCT03527368","findings":"Weight loss was similar, and eating behavior, appetite hormones and inflammation did not differ significantly between groups.","limitations":"Secondary analysis of the parent trial, not an independent cohort; small sample cannot rule out modest effects.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-Restricted Eating on Appetite and Inflammation in Adults With Obesity and Prediabetes: A Randomized Feeding Study.","year":"2026","authors":"Duan D, Carnell S, Pilla SJ, Chung ST, Clark JM, Maruthur NM.","doi":"10.1002/oby.70270","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42508996/","journal":"Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)"},{"pmid":"42530457","disposition":"context","design":"Secondary cardiac-MRI analysis of randomized trial","population":"82 participants with type 2 diabetes; per-arm counts absent from abstract","comparison":"Monthly fasting-mimicking diet versus usual care","protocol":"Five days monthly for one year; FIT, NCT03811587","findings":"Left-ventricular mass was lower at six months but not twelve months. Selected filling measures improved at twelve months; most measures did not differ.","limitations":"Same FIT cohort as other reports; surrogate imaging outcomes do not establish fewer heart attacks or heart-failure events. One reported confidence interval crosses zero despite P=.04, requiring full-text clarification.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of a Fasting-mimicking Diet on MRI-assessed Cardiac Structure and Function in Participants with Type 2 Diabetes.","year":"2026","authors":"Chen R, Westenberg JJM, van den Burg EL, Schoonakker MP, le Cessie S, van Peet PG, Pijl H, Lamb HJ.","doi":"10.1148/ryct.250547","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42530457/","journal":"Radiology. Cardiothoracic imaging"},{"pmid":"42532322","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled animal experiment with autophagy-flux inhibition","population":"Male and female mice; group sizes absent from abstract","comparison":"Sedentary, fasting, exercise and combined groups; brain chloroquine versus vehicle","protocol":"Acute intervention followed by brain sampling four hours after injection","findings":"Combined fasting and exercise increased LC3-II only when degradation was blocked, supporting increased flux. Mitochondrial responses differed by sex.","limitations":"A brain-specific mouse flux experiment does not set a whole-body human fasting clock or demonstrate cancer-cell removal; exact fasting duration and group sizes need full text.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A combined stimulus of acute fasting and exercise modulates hippocampal mitochondrial quality control in healthy mice.","year":"2026","authors":"Csikos V, Hauger B, Strope T, Lysaker C, Smith K, Allen J, McCoin CS, Thyfault JP, Wilkins HM.","doi":"10.1016/j.cellsig.2026.112774","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42532322/","journal":"Cellular signalling"},{"pmid":"42554102","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective observational monitoring study","population":"People with congestive heart failure; participant count absent from abstract","comparison":"Within-person months before, during and after Ramadan; no randomized nonfasting control","protocol":"Home blood-pressure and weight monitoring during 2025–2026","findings":"Group averages for blood pressure and weight did not differ significantly across periods, although individuals varied.","limitations":"The conclusion about no health effects exceeds these two measurements. Unknown sample size, clinical selection and no hospitalization or mortality comparison limit safety claims.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Telehealth Monitoring to Determine the Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Blood Pressure in Congestive Heart Failure Patients.","year":"2026","authors":"Clarke M, Gokalp H, Gedikli O.","doi":"10.1177/15305627261476425","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42554102/","journal":"Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association"},{"pmid":"42587291","disposition":"context","design":"Mouse metastasis and cell-signaling experiments","population":"Two mouse lung-metastasis models; public cancer datasets; experimental numbers absent","comparison":"Acetoacetate versus controls, receptor disruption and cytokine rescue","protocol":"Testing acetoacetate–GPR43 signaling in tumor-associated immune cells","findings":"Acetoacetate limited metastases and tumor-associated macrophage accumulation through a signaling and gene-regulation pathway.","limitations":"No human dietary treatment trial; immune signaling is a different mechanism from depriving cancer cells of glycogen.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Acetoacetate-GPR43 axis epigenetically silences IL-6/CSF1 to restrict TAMs-driven metastatic lung cancer.","year":"2026","authors":"Yuan S, Xiao B, Ni S, Liu W, Hou M, Jiang Y, Jia L.","doi":"10.1186/s12967-026-08742-6","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42587291/","journal":"Journal of translational medicine"},{"pmid":"42588093","disposition":"context","design":"Three-arm randomized lifestyle trial","population":"100 postmenopausal women: 36 walking/protein/timed eating, 33 walking/timed eating, 31 control; 96 analyzed","comparison":"Two intervention packages and one control","protocol":"Twelve weeks","findings":"Both active packages improved grip strength; the high-protein package had a more favorable muscle-related pattern.","limitations":"No walking-only, protein-only or fasting-only arm, so the contribution of fasting cannot be isolated; short follow-up.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Nordic Walking Combined with High-Protein Intake and Time-Restricted Eating on Muscle-Related Outcomes in Postmenopausal Women: A Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Yang Y, Zhu Y, Ossowski Z.","doi":"10.3390/nu18152470","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42588093/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"42588098","disposition":"context","design":"Quasi-experimental controlled study","population":"35 adolescent male soccer players: 17 fasting, 18 control","comparison":"Self-selected/allocated fasting versus nonfasting group","protocol":"Three consecutive days of about fourteen hours without food or fluid","findings":"No significant differential changes in memory, attention or vigilance were found. A nominal sleep signal did not survive correction for multiple comparisons.","limitations":"Small nonrandomized study; no significant impairment is not proof of safety or equivalence, particularly in adolescents.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Three Consecutive Days of Diurnal Intermittent Fasting on Cognitive Function, Psychomotor Vigilance, and Sleep Quality in Adolescent Male Soccer Players: A Quasi-Experimental Parallel-Group Study.","year":"2026","authors":"Baati H, Ouni S, Ayachi F, Amor F, Yıldız M, Ceylan Hİ, Muntean RI, Chrif O, Faris ME, Dhahbi W.","doi":"10.3390/nu18152475","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42588098/","journal":"Nutrients"},{"pmid":"42588234","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized comparative pilot","population":"34 women with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, 17 per group","comparison":"Mediterranean diet versus 16:8 eating; both prescribed weight-maintaining diets","protocol":"Twelve weeks","findings":"Both groups changed body measurements; neither showed a clear advantage for sleep or appetite hormones. Lipid signals did not survive multiple-testing correction.","limitations":"Small short trial with no untreated arm or demonstrated improvement in MS activity/disability; weight fell despite intended maintenance.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Mediterranean Diet vs. Time-Restricted Eating: Effects on Circadian Rhythm and Appetite Markers in Female Patients with Multiple Sclerosis-A Pilot Study.","year":"2026","authors":"İnbaşı EG, Çakır Biçer N, İşcan D, Bayram E, Türker PF.","doi":"10.3390/healthcare14152266","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42588234/","journal":"Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"pmid":"42589710","disposition":"context","design":"Computational analysis of public tumor datasets","population":"TCGA: 195 basal-like breast tumors and 113 normal samples; METABRIC: 209 tumors and 148 normal samples","comparison":"Tumor versus normal gene-expression patterns across two datasets","protocol":"Network analysis of proteins associated with beta-hydroxybutyrylation","findings":"The analysis nominated FOXM1/CENPA-linked growth pathways as possible connections between ketone-associated modifications and cancer biology.","limitations":"No ketone or dietary intervention was performed; the proposed tumor-promoting effect remains a hypothesis rather than demonstrated treatment harm.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A β-Hydroxybutyrylation-FOXM1/CENPA Axis Links Ketone-Body Metabolism to Mitotic Transcription in Basal-like Breast Cancer.","year":"2026","authors":"Tovar H, Hernández-Lemus E.","doi":"10.3390/ijms27157059","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42589710/","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences"},{"pmid":"42606524","disposition":"context","design":"Three-arm randomized controlled trial","population":"32 adults with type 1 diabetes and overweight/obesity; arm sizes absent","comparison":"Eight-hour eating, 25% daily calorie restriction and no-intervention control","protocol":"Six months","findings":"Reported weight comparisons were not significant. HbA1c was 0.46 percentage points lower with timed eating than calorie restriction (95% CI −0.80 to −0.12); serious glucose events did not increase in this small sample.","limitations":"Underpowered for rare safety events. The abstract gives a weight confidence interval inconsistent with its stated nonsignificance; exact weight estimates need full-text verification.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Time-Restricted Eating in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Runchey MC, Corapi S, Pavlou V, Cienfuegos S, Lin S, Ezpeleta M, Gabel K, Tussing-Humphreys L, Oddo VM, Alexandria SJ, Sanchez J, Unterman T, Chow LS, Vidmar AP, Reutrakul S, Varady KA.","doi":"10.2337/dc26-1093","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42606524/","journal":"Diabetes care"},{"pmid":"42617287","disposition":"context","design":"Controlled cell-transformation experiment","population":"BALB/c cell model; replicate counts absent","comparison":"Butyrate, 4-phenylbutyrate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and controls","protocol":"Dose- and time-dependent cell-treatment assays","findings":"Butyrate and 4-phenylbutyrate affected cell-cycle/apoptosis measures; beta-hydroxybutyrate produced no measurable effect on the tested outcomes.","limitations":"A non-colon cell model cannot establish clinical cancer-treatment efficacy; the compounds should not be treated as interchangeable.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"A direct comparison of butyrate, 4-phenylbutyrate, and β-hydroxybutyrate in an in vitro tumor therapy model.","year":"2026","authors":"Katsika H, Purps D, Montag C, Ludwig F, Marx C, Schwenkschuster I, Glei M, Meyer FB, Thierbach R.","doi":"10.1016/j.ctarc.2026.101366","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42617287/","journal":"Cancer treatment and research communications"},{"pmid":"42672002","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective observational neurophysiology study","population":"30 fasting adults and 11 nonfasting controls","comparison":"Both groups before/during Ramadan; only fasting group after Ramadan","protocol":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation, sleep and metabolic measurements","findings":"Fasting was associated with increased cortical excitability alongside less sleep and lower glucose.","limitations":"Excitability is not a demonstrated cognitive benefit. Sleep/circadian changes were inseparable, and no post-Ramadan control measurements tested persistence.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Longitudinal changes in intracortical excitability during Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting: A paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation study.","year":"2026","authors":"Kim M, Mostafa IM, Al-Sharman A, Saad N, Khalil H, Hadoush H.","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0349740","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42672002/","journal":"PloS one"},{"pmid":"42754908","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized waitlist-controlled trial with prediction analyses","population":"38 healthy adults, initially 19 immediate fasting and 19 waitlist; all later underwent the intervention. External prediction datasets reuse previously published cohorts.","comparison":"Randomized waitlist control; no active calorie-restriction comparator.","protocol":"Five days with 200–250 kcal/day from vegetable juice/broth, then refeeding; twelve-week follow-up. LEANER, NCT04452916.","findings":"Resting energy expenditure fell about 62 kcal/day during fasting. Some weight/fat reduction remained at twelve weeks, while many metabolic changes reverted. Eighty-three percent reported mild transient adverse events.","limitations":"Small exploratory trial with no predetermined power calculation; post-fast diet was incompletely documented. It does not establish superiority to ordinary calorie restriction or validate a clinical prediction service.","access":"Original methods, results and Figure 1 checked; all supplements and independent review not completed.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Machine learning identifies microbiome and clinical predictors of sustained weight loss following prolonged fasting.","year":"2026","authors":"Kaufhold G, Bartolomaeus TUP, Schütte K, Schütte T, Kamboj S, Löber U, Rahn G, McParland V, Braun L, Markó L, Mammadli M, Krannich A, Bahr LS, Gutmann F, Paul F, Ducarmon QR, Zeller G, Mesnage R, Wilck N, Zernecke A, Oefner PJ, Gronwald W, Müller DN, Forslund-Startceva SK, Bähring S, Bartolomaeus H, Siebert N.","doi":"10.1186/s13073-026-01765-0","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42754908/","journal":"Genome medicine"},{"pmid":"42760922","disposition":"context","design":"Computer simulation","population":"30 virtual patients, 29 in complete-case analysis; no human participants","comparison":"Five simulated insulin basal-rate policies in the same virtual patients","protocol":"Thirty simulated Ramadan days","findings":"Greater insulin reductions traded less low glucose for more high glucose; a tailored rule improved one safety target while reducing time in range.","limitations":"No actual clinical trial or patient outcome; simulation cannot establish a safe insulin adjustment or fasting benefit.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Pre-Ramadan time-below-range stratifies the simulated pump basal-rate dose-response during Ramadan fasting: a five-policy paired virtual-patient study.","year":"2026","authors":"Banjar A.","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2026.1922149","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42760922/","journal":"Frontiers in endocrinology"},{"pmid":"42783395","disposition":"context","design":"Prospective multicenter observational cohort","population":"153 adults with diabetes on hemodialysis: 73 nonfasting, 44 partial fasting, 36 full fasting","comparison":"Three self-selected fasting categories","protocol":"Ramadan 2024 with glucose-containing dialysate and standardized medication adjustments","findings":"One intradialytic low-glucose episode occurred in the partial-fasting group and none in the other groups; monitored dialysis measures were broadly similar.","limitations":"Highly supervised, selected population and nonrandom allocation; cannot generalize to unsupervised fasting or rule out uncommon serious harm.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Intradialytic Hypoglycemia and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Diabetes on Maintenance Hemodialysis: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study in Southern Thailand.","year":"2026","authors":"Saman A, Patumanond J, Chatatikun M, Phongphithakchai A.","doi":"10.3390/medsci14050522","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42783395/","journal":"Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"pmid":"42788200","disposition":"context","design":"Prespecified secondary analysis of factorial randomized trial","population":"131 women with overweight/obesity","comparison":"Four arms: timed eating, interval exercise, both, control","protocol":"Seven weeks; NCT04019860","findings":"No interaction showed that combining the interventions produced extra benefit. Timed eating reduced weight and fat but also estimated muscle mass and HDL cholesterol.","limitations":"Short trial; secondary report from the same cohort as other nutrition/follow-up papers. Favorable per-protocol exercise findings are more vulnerable to attrition bias.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Interaction between time-restricted eating and high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic outcomes in women with overweight or obesity: a 2 × 2 factorial randomised controlled trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Duc TQ, Nguyen Di K, Quy PN.","doi":"10.1017/s0007114526108484","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42788200/","journal":"The British journal of nutrition"},{"pmid":"42819508","disposition":"context","design":"Exploratory analysis of randomized crossover trial","population":"39 adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes","comparison":"Timed eating versus standard lifestyle in the same participants","protocol":"Six weeks per intervention","findings":"Weight fell more during timed eating, but measured thyroid hormones and their ratios did not differ significantly.","limitations":"Same crossover cohort as prior metabolic/hormone reports; not a separate trial and not evidence for treating thyroid disease.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"The effect of time-restricted eating accompanied by weight loss on thyroid function in adults with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2026","authors":"Jeyakumar Y, Retnakaran R, Feig DS, Zinman B, Kramer CK.","doi":"10.1210/jendso/bvag216","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42819508/","journal":"Journal of the Endocrine Society"},{"pmid":"42824572","disposition":"context","design":"Crossover clinical study","population":"30 people with primary adrenal insufficiency","comparison":"Within-person Ramadan and non-Ramadan comparison","protocol":"NCT06299020, retrospectively registered","findings":"Complications occurred in 67% during Ramadan versus 23% outside Ramadan; overall sleep and quality-of-life scores did not clearly worsen.","limitations":"Small sample with very imprecise risk-factor estimates. Likely overlapping cohort with PMID 41108503; do not count as independent evidence without registry/method confirmation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Ramadan fasting in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency: evaluation of the risk of complications, quality of life and sleep, and associated factors.","year":"2026","authors":"Sta J, Chihaoui M, Mabrouk M, Kamoun E, Belhadjsliman C, Khessairi N, Oueslati I, Yazidi M, Chaker F.","doi":"10.1007/s40200-026-02088-y","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42824572/","journal":"Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders"},{"pmid":"42847405","disposition":"context","design":"Two-arm randomized feasibility trial","population":"34 older adults with prediabetes/obesity: 19 aerobic, 15 resistance exercise","comparison":"Both groups used eight-hour eating; exercise type differed","protocol":"Twelve weeks; NCT05290233","findings":"Completion was 73% and 80%, and eating-window adherence about 75%; no clear feasibility difference between arms.","limitations":"No nonfasting comparator, so it cannot estimate the added benefit of timed eating; clinical outcomes were exploratory.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Feasibility and acceptability of 8-h time-restricted eating combined with aerobic or resistance training in older adults with prediabetes and obesity.","year":"2026","authors":"Sanchez Perez J, Czyzewski O, Hamm A, Fought-Boudaia A, Cares K, Motl RW, Gabel K.","doi":"10.1093/abm/kaag060","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42847405/","journal":"Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine"},{"pmid":"42868613","disposition":"context","design":"Four-arm randomized trial","population":"68 young adults, 17 per arm; 59 completed","comparison":"Control, timed ketogenic diet, diet plus sprint exercise, diet plus continuous exercise","protocol":"Four weeks","findings":"Ketogenic groups lost weight but reported worse overall sleep; exercise groups improved relative fitness.","limitations":"Diet composition, timing, weight loss and exercise are bundled; very short follow-up, attrition and relative fitness measures limit attribution and durability.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time-Restricted Ketogenic Diet Combined with Exercise Improves Cardiorespiratory Fitness but Compromises Sleep Quality in Overweight and Obese Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Wu Z, Kong Z, Hu M, Shi Q, Nie J.","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2026-0138","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42868613/","journal":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme"},{"pmid":"42891564","disposition":"context","design":"Multicenter randomized insulin-timing trial","population":"185 analyzed with type 1 diabetes: 91 early-evening, 94 bedtime insulin","comparison":"Two insulin-timing schedules; both groups intended to fast","protocol":"Ramadan; GLARIF, NCT04383990","findings":"About 76% in each group interrupted fasting, usually because of low glucose. Severe hypoglycemia affected two versus five people, and each group had one ketoacidosis admission. Glucose profiles were broadly similar.","limitations":"Tests insulin timing, not fasting versus nonfasting. Serious events and frequent interruption argue against reading a null between-group result as proof that fasting was safe.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Timing of Insulin Glargine Administration During Intermittent Ramadan Fasting in patients With Type1 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial (GLARIF).","year":"2026","authors":"Alamoudi R, Alqarni A, Alsubaiee M, Khogeer G, Saleh Y, Aljawharji A, Zarif H, Alaidarous S, Khashwayn S, Hassanein M.","doi":"10.1177/19322968261493574","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42891564/","journal":"Journal of diabetes science and technology"},{"pmid":"42906553","disposition":"context","design":"Randomized controlled-feeding trial with sequential fasting phase","population":"53 adults with metabolic risk factors","comparison":"Provided Mediterranean versus habitual western diet, followed by twice-weekly fasting phase","protocol":"Eight weeks diet alone, then eight weeks with fasting; NCT02148458","findings":"The primary inflammation marker did not change during diet alone; later improvement in the Mediterranean group accompanied greater weight loss.","limitations":"The sequential phase does not isolate fasting from elapsed time and energy deficit; results do not establish that Mediterranean diet quality never affects inflammation.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Weight loss during intermittent fasting, not Mediterranean diet quality alone, is associated with lower inflammation: A randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","authors":"Warmbrunn MV, Tosti V, Biswas RK, Bertozzi B, Cagigas ML, Veronese N, Spelta F, Piccio L, Head RD, Rodrigues RR, Early DS, Zhou Y, Trinchieri G, Fiorito G, Fontana L.","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2026.09.017","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42906553/","journal":"Cell metabolism"},{"pmid":"42911093","disposition":"context","design":"Feasibility report from an intervention trial","population":"33 older adults with mild cognitive impairment and metabolic risk; target was 40","comparison":"Comparator/allocation not stated in abstract","protocol":"Sixteen- to eighteen-hour fasts two or three days weekly for twelve weeks; TEMPO","findings":"All enrolled participants reportedly completed sessions and assessments, and acceptability was high.","limitations":"The report presents recruitment/adherence outcomes, not cognitive improvement or prevention of dementia; planned sample size is not actual enrollment.","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified.","checked":"2026-10-24","title":"Time restricted eating through self-regulatory behaviors for metabolic and cognitive health in mild cognitive impairment: Feasibility and acceptability findings from the TEMPO trial. 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