{"version":"2026.10.24.3","counts":{"retrieved":1970,"included":77,"excluded":1014,"eligible":0,"assessed":827,"unavailable":52,"unresolved":0,"pending":0,"supplementary":32},"note":"Every retrieved record has a disposition. The 928 retained candidates have source-specific assessments or explicit access limitations in record-assessments.json. Abstract assessment is not full-text verification. Included records are featured publications, not independent trials. No independent duplicate screening is claimed; supplementary discoveries are counted separately.","records":[{"id":"MED:1022122","pmid":"1022122","doi":"","title":"Lipid mobilizing activity in the blood of obese patients during prolonged fasting.","year":"1976","author":"Paluszak J, Graczykowska-Koczorowska A, Zietek J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1022122/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Biochemical changes without randomized allocation or clinical outcomes; no quantified health benefit.","assessmentId":"1022122","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:10373664","pmid":"10373664","doi":"10.3892/or.6.4.827","title":"Activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta is down-regulated during transient differentiation of human colon cancer HT-29 cells.","year":"1999","author":"Tuhackova Z, Sloncova E, Hlavacek J, Sovova V, Velek J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10373664/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:10374690","pmid":"10374690","doi":"","title":"Carcinogenesis of intestinal-type gastric cancer and colorectal cancer is commonly accompanied by expression of brain (fetal)-type glycogen phosphorylase.","year":"1999","author":"Shimada S, Tashima S, Yamaguchi K, Matsuzaki H, Ogawa M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10374690/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Enzyme expression may be a marker; it does not prove glycogen is indispensable. Specimen counts are not necessarily independent participants.","assessmentId":"10374690","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:10452680","pmid":"10452680","doi":"10.1007/s005350050299","title":"Estimation of glycogen levels in human colorectal cancer tissue: relationship with cell cycle and tumor outgrowth.","year":"1999","author":"Takahashi S, Satomi A, Yano K, Kawase H, Tanimizu T, Tuji Y, Murakami S, Hirayama R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10452680/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No experimental glycogen depletion; the proposed growth-inhibition strategy was speculative, not a tested treatment.","assessmentId":"10452680","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:10469284","pmid":"10469284","doi":"10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.9.1557","title":"A dose-finding study of zoledronate in hypercalcemic cancer patients.","year":"1999","author":"Body JJ, Lortholary A, Romieu G, Vigneron AM, Ford J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469284/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:10547214","pmid":"10547214","doi":"10.1046/j.1464-5491.1999.00164.x","title":"Insulin lispro (Lys(B28), Pro(B29) in the treatment of diabetes during the fasting month of Ramadan. Ramadan Study Group.","year":"1999","author":"Akram J, De Verga V.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10547214/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tests insulin choice during fasting, not benefits of fasting versus eating; self-report and open-label design limit certainty.","assessmentId":"10547214","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:1062556","pmid":"1062556","doi":"10.1902/jop.1976.47.2.98","title":"Gingival status during prolonged fasting for weight loss.","year":"1976","author":"Squire CF, Costley JM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1062556/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small selected sample and widely varying duration; no causal or general safety estimate.","assessmentId":"1062556","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:10626178","pmid":"10626178","doi":"","title":"Insulin resistance and tissue glycogen content in the tumor-bearing state.","year":"1999","author":"Marat D, Noguchi Y, Yoshikawa T, Tsuburaya A, Ito T, Kondo J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10626178/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Observational host metabolism, not tumor fuel dependence; the authors raised nutritional support rather than fasting as a possible need.","assessmentId":"10626178","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:10772776","pmid":"10772776","doi":"10.1006/cbir.1999.0469","title":"Effect of the serine protease inhibitor N-tosyl-l-phenylalanine-chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) on MCF-7 mammary tumour cells growth and differentiation.","year":"2000","author":"Horman S, Del Bino G, Fokan D, Mosselmans R, Galand P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10772776/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:10802291","pmid":"10802291","doi":"10.1016/s0165-2427(00)00175-6","title":"The influence of ketone bodies and glucose on interferon, tumor necrosis factor production and NO release in bovine aorta endothelial cells.","year":"2000","author":"Zdzisińska B, Filar J, Paduch R, Kaczor J, Lokaj I, Kandefer-Szerszeń M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10802291/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"tnf-word-match","reason":"Bovine endothelial-cell inflammatory mediator experiment; tumor necrosis factor is a protein name, not a cancer model or fasting intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:10971235","pmid":"10971235","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00826.x","title":"The effect of unfiltered coffee on potential biomarkers for colonic cancer risk in healthy volunteers: a randomized trial.","year":"2000","author":"Grubben MJ, Van Den Braak CC, Broekhuizen R, De Jong R, Van Rijt L, De Ruijter E, Peters WH, Katan MB, Nagengast FM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10971235/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:11079810","pmid":"11079810","doi":"10.1053/meta.2000.9513","title":"Effects of prolonged administration of ultralente insulin on fasting and postbreakfast beta-cell function in normal adults.","year":"2000","author":"Coutant R, Carel JC, Aubry V, Lahlou N, Krokowski M, Boitard C, Bougnères PF.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11079810/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:11104593","pmid":"11104593","doi":"10.1054/clnu.2000.0162","title":"Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester supplementation in cachectic cancer patients and healthy subjects: effects on lipolysis and lipid oxidation.","year":"2000","author":"Zuijdgeest-Van Leeuwen SD, Dagnelie PC, Wattimena JL, Van den Berg JW, Van der Gaast A, Swart GR, Wilson JH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11104593/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:11226995","pmid":"11226995","doi":"10.1053/jpsu.2001.21614","title":"Benefits of oral administration of an electrolyte solution interrupting a prolonged preoperatory fasting period in pediatric patients.","year":"2001","author":"Moyao-García D, Corrales-Fernández MA, Blanco-Rodríguez G, Sánchez-Hernández E, Nava-Ocampo AA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11226995/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Preprocedure, imaging or diagnostic fasting rather than voluntary fasting for health outcomes or a direct cancer/autophagy mechanism.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:11416824","pmid":"11416824","doi":"10.1067/mmt.2001.115263","title":"Medically supervised water-only fasting in the treatment of hypertension.","year":"2001","author":"Goldhamer A, Lisle D, Parpia B, Anderson SV, Campbell TC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11416824/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"goldhamer","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:11547222","pmid":"11547222","doi":"","title":"Treatment of type 1 diabetes with insulin lispro during Ramadan.","year":"2001","author":"Kadiri A, Al-Nakhi A, El-Ghazali S, Jabbar A, Al Arouj M, Akram J, Wyatt J, Assem A, Ristic S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11547222/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Medication comparison in people choosing to fast; does not establish that fasting is safe or beneficial for type 1 diabetes.","assessmentId":"11547222","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:11551001","pmid":"11551001","doi":"10.1177/174182670100800407","title":"Impaired fasting glucose, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk factors are associated with prolonged QTc duration. Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.","year":"2001","author":"Brown DW, Giles WH, Greenlund KJ, Valdez R, Croft JB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11551001/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:11552710","pmid":"11552710","doi":"10.1023/a:1011277600059","title":"Molecular epidemiologic studies within the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT).","year":"2001","author":"Hoque A, Albanes D, Lippman SM, Spitz MR, Taylor PR, Klein EA, Thompson IM, Goodman P, Stanford JL, Crowley JJ, Coltman CA, Santella RM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11552710/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:11600611","pmid":"11600611","doi":"10.1200/jco.2001.19.20.4081","title":"Phase I clinical and pharmacogenetic trial of irinotecan and raltitrexed administered every 21 days to patients with cancer.","year":"2001","author":"Stevenson JP, Redlinger M, Kluijtmans LA, Sun W, Algazy K, Giantonio B, Haller DG, Hardy C, Whitehead AS, O'Dwyer PJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11600611/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:1164435","pmid":"1164435","doi":"10.1016/s0006-291x(75)80293-2","title":"Synthesis of lipids, cholesterol precursors and cholesterol in glycogen-free and glycogen-synthesizing sublines of the Ehrlich ascites tumor.","year":"1975","author":"Granzow C, Weber J, Werner D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1164435/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"1164435","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:11840185","pmid":"11840185","doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601285","title":"Appetite sensations and eating behaviors to complete fasting in obese and non-obese individuals.","year":"2002","author":"Oh SY, Kim BS, Choue R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11840185/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short-term scale weight is not all fat; small groups, no randomized comparator and a broader clinic program limit causal attribution.","assessmentId":"11840185","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:11883528","pmid":"11883528","doi":"10.1016/s0065-230x(02)84007-6","title":"Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in cancer: regulation by Wnts and other signaling pathways.","year":"2002","author":"Manoukian AS, Woodgett JR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11883528/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:11937315","pmid":"11937315","doi":"10.1016/s0959-8049(02)00022-9","title":"Clinical phase II study and pharmacological evaluation of rubitecan in non-pretreated patients with metastatic colorectal cancer-significant effect of food intake on the bioavailability of the oral camptothecin analogue.","year":"2002","author":"Schöffski P, Herr A, Vermorken JB, Van den Brande J, Beijnen JH, Rosing H, Volk J, Ganser A, Adank S, Botma HJ, Wanders J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11937315/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:11995970","pmid":"11995970","doi":"10.18388/abp.2001_3869","title":"Activity of glycogen depolymerizing enzymes in extracts from brain tumor tissue (anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme).","year":"2001","author":"Kotoński B, Wilczek J, Madej J, Zarzycki A, Hutny J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11995970/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Different breakdown pathways can behave differently; enzyme assays alone do not show that fasting kills these tumors.","assessmentId":"11995970","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:12022502","pmid":"12022502","doi":"10.1080/02652040110105355","title":"Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) nanocapsules as enzyme carriers for cancer therapy: an in vitro study.","year":"2002","author":"Baran ET, Ozer N, Hasirci V.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12022502/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Hydroxybutyrate names a polymer drug carrier, not metabolic ketone use.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:12039649","pmid":"12039649","doi":"10.1016/s0928-4680(02)00003-2","title":"Glucose and glycogen catabolism in perfused livers of Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats and the response to hormones.","year":"2002","author":"Vicentino C, Constantin J, Aparecido Stecanella L, Bracht A, Yamamoto NS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12039649/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Cancer-related host metabolism and reduced intake, not an intervention showing tumor starvation.","assessmentId":"12039649","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:1206104","pmid":"1206104","doi":"10.1210/jcem-41-6-1178","title":"Normalization of fasting hyperglucagonemia and excessive glucagon responses to intravenous arginine in human diabetes mellitus by prolonged infusion of insulin.","year":"1975","author":"Gerich JE, Tsalikian E, Lorenzi M, Schneider V, Bohannon NV, Gustafson G, Karam JH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1206104/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:12111750","pmid":"12111750","doi":"10.1002/med.10011","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) inhibitors as new promising drugs for diabetes, neurodegeneration, cancer, and inflammation.","year":"2002","author":"Martinez A, Castro A, Dorronsoro I, Alonso M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12111750/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:12161056","pmid":"12161056","doi":"10.1016/s0168-8227(02)00104-3","title":"Repaglinide versus glibenclamide treatment of Type 2 diabetes during Ramadan fasting.","year":"2002","author":"Mafauzy M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12161056/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tests medication management, not fasting versus nonfasting; the reported event threshold of 4.5 mmol/L differs from common modern hypoglycemia definitions.","assessmentId":"12161056","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:12162411","pmid":"12162411","doi":"10.1007/s005350200082","title":"Severe catabolic state after prolonged fasting in cirrhotic patients: effect of oral branched-chain amino-acid-enriched nutrient mixture.","year":"2002","author":"Nakaya Y, Harada N, Kakui S, Okada K, Takahashi A, Inoi J, Ito S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12162411/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small overlapping subgroups and surrogate outcomes; supports avoiding nutritional depletion in cirrhosis, not a fasting benefit.","assessmentId":"12162411","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:12470446","pmid":"12470446","doi":"10.1089/107555302320825165","title":"Medically supervised water-only fasting in the treatment of borderline hypertension.","year":"2002","author":"Goldhamer AC, Lisle DJ, Sultana P, Anderson SV, Parpia B, Hughes B, Campbell TC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12470446/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Cannot separate fasting from salt restriction, weight change, refeeding or regression to the mean. No long-term cardiovascular outcomes or controlled safety estimate.","assessmentId":"12470446","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:12560163","pmid":"12560163","doi":"10.1016/s0168-8227(02)00202-4","title":"A comparison of insulin lispro Mix25 and human insulin 30/70 in the treatment of type 2 diabetes during Ramadan.","year":"2003","author":"Mattoo V, Milicevic Z, Malone JK, Schwarzenhofer M, Ekangaki A, Levitt LK, Liong LH, Rais N, Tounsi H, Ramadan Study Group.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12560163/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A medication comparison, not evidence that Ramadan fasting improves diabetes; open-label self-measurement and short duration.","assessmentId":"12560163","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:12586801","pmid":"12586801","doi":"10.1200/jco.2003.01.009","title":"Phase II trial of temozolomide in patients with progressive low-grade glioma.","year":"2003","author":"Quinn JA, Reardon DA, Friedman AH, Rich JN, Sampson JH, Provenzale JM, McLendon RE, Gururangan S, Bigner DD, Herndon JE, Avgeropoulos N, Finlay J, Tourt-Uhlig S, Affronti ML, Evans B, Stafford-Fox V, Zaknoen S, Friedman HS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12586801/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:1263845","pmid":"1263845","doi":"10.1016/0026-0495(76)90009-3","title":"Renal excretion of uric acid during prolonged fasting.","year":"1976","author":"Fox IH, Halperin ML, Goldstein MB, Marliss ER.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1263845/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No nonfasting randomized group; renal and biochemical signals are not demonstrated net health benefits.","assessmentId":"1263845","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:12642383","pmid":"12642383","doi":"10.1038/sj.bjp.0705089","title":"Identification of the di-pyridyl ketone isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PKIH) analogues as potent iron chelators and anti-tumour agents.","year":"2003","author":"Becker EM, Lovejoy DB, Greer JM, Watts R, Richardson DR, Richardson DR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12642383/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:126518","pmid":"126518","doi":"10.1007/bf02889254","title":"Glycogen synthesis by two Ehrlich ascites tumour cell strains in vitro.","year":"1975","author":"Granzow C, Granzow V.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/126518/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Shows synthesis, not dependence, fasting effects or cancer treatment.","assessmentId":"126518","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:1266118","pmid":"1266118","doi":"","title":"[Glycogen level in endometrial cancer].","year":"1976","author":"Prianishnikov VA, Bokhman IaV, Chepik OF.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1266118/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Descriptive older tissue study, not a direct survival-dependency experiment; sampling and assay limits unresolved.","assessmentId":"1266118","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:12676749","pmid":"12676749","doi":"10.1152/ajpregu.00644.2002","title":"Prolonged fasting and cortisol reduce myostatin mRNA levels in tilapia larvae; short-term fasting elevates.","year":"2003","author":"Rodgers BD, Weber GM, Kelley KM, Levine MA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12676749/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"nonhuman-other","reason":"Fish or livestock developmental physiology outside the defined human-benefit and cancer/autophagy mechanism questions.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:12917202","pmid":"12917202","doi":"","title":"Effects of exercise training on fasting insulin, insulin resistance, insulin-like growth factors, and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2003","author":"Fairey AS, Courneya KS, Field CJ, Bell GJ, Jones LW, Mackey JR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12917202/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:1299450","pmid":"1299450","doi":"","title":"[Evoked potentials of the human brain during prolonged fasting].","year":"1992","author":"Gorozhanin VS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1299450/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No demonstrated improvement in thinking, memory or clinical health; small-study methods and participant count unavailable in abstract.","assessmentId":"1299450","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:13115224","pmid":"13115224","doi":"","title":"[Glycogen content in whole blood and in leukocytes in cancer].","year":"1953","author":"KASAB'IAN SS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13115224/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"13115224","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:13220791","pmid":"13220791","doi":"","title":"[On the influence of the urine extract of patients with malignant tumor on liver glycogen, liver fat and adrenal fat].","year":"1954","author":"SAITO T, ITO Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13220791/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"13220791","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:13276375","pmid":"13276375","doi":"10.1016/0006-3002(55)90068-8","title":"Factors influencing the oxidation of di-beta-hydroxybutyrate by tumour mitochondria.","year":"1955","author":"EMMELOT P, BOS CJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13276375/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"13276375","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:13315329","pmid":"13315329","doi":"10.1016/0006-3002(56)90492-9","title":"Enzymic activities of tumour mitochondria as evidenced by their inhibitory effect on the oxidation of DL-, D- and L-beta-hydroxybutyrate by liver mitochondria.","year":"1956","author":"EMMELOT P, BOS CJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13315329/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"13315329","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:13339539","pmid":"13339539","doi":"","title":"[Glycogen-cell cancer of the uterine cervix].","year":"1956","author":"PICARD E, NYIRJESY I.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13339539/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"13339539","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:13401074","pmid":"13401074","doi":"","title":"[Behavior of blood glucose in fasting, of insulin-induced hypoglycemia and the glycemic curve in glucose load in patients in prednisone therapy with special reference to prolonged treatment].","year":"1956","author":"D'ORIA R, EINAUDI G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13401074/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:13403966","pmid":"13403966","doi":"","title":"[Effect of glycine on liver glycogen content in normal and tumor-bearing mice following administration of medinal].","year":"1956","author":"GRUZDEVA KN.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13403966/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"13403966","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:13437967","pmid":"13437967","doi":"","title":"Fatty acid oxidation in normal and neoplastic tissues; the oxidation of beta-hydroxybutyrate and pyruvate by tumour mitochondria.","year":"1957","author":"EMMELOT P, BOS CJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13437967/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"13437967","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:13524521","pmid":"13524521","doi":"","title":"Mechanism of polysaccharide synthesis and biological significance of glycogen in tumor cells.","year":"1957","author":"TAKEUCHI T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13524521/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"13524521","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:13609996","pmid":"13609996","doi":"","title":"[Behavior of creatine metabolism in decompensated heart patients subjected to prolonged fasting treatment].","year":"1958","author":"FERUGLIO G, TOSO M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13609996/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"13609996","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:13619986","pmid":"13619986","doi":"","title":"Changes in glycogen, RNA and DNA contents in livers of tumor-bearing rats.","year":"1958","author":"HORI SH, TAKAYAMA S, MATSUMOTO T, MAKINO S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13619986/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"13619986","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:13793866","pmid":"13793866","doi":"","title":"[Behavior of the blood protein picture in cardiac patients with congestive decompensation after treatment with prolonged fasting].","year":"1959","author":"ANTONACI BL, DEL GIOVANE L, MACAGNINO G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13793866/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"13793866","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:13793871","pmid":"13793871","doi":"","title":"[Behavior of the blood protein picture in heart patients in congestive failure, after treatment with prolonged fasting].","year":"1959","author":"ANTONACI BL, MACAGNINO G, DEL GIOVANE L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13793871/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"13793871","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:13938592","pmid":"13938592","doi":"10.1038/196478a0","title":"Regulatory mechanisms of glycogen deposition in liver of normal and tumour-bearing rat, and in Novikoff ascites hepatoma.","year":"1962","author":"NIGAM VN.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13938592/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"13938592","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:14074646","pmid":"14074646","doi":"10.1038/200084b0","title":"ACTION OF TUMOR GROWTH AND TISSUE PRODUCTS ON THE ZONAL DISTRIBUTION OF LIVER GLYCOGEN IN RATS AND MICE.","year":"1963","author":"GUIMARAES JP, MOTTA MC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14074646/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"14074646","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:14149591","pmid":"14149591","doi":"","title":"[THE URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE GLUCOSE SYSTEM AND GLYCOGEN TRANSFORMATION IN ASCITES TUMOR CELLS].","year":"1964","author":"KHARCHENKO MF, SEITS IF.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14149591/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"14149591","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:14207052","pmid":"14207052","doi":"10.1677/joe.0.0300269","title":"THE EFFECT OF COMPLETE FASTING ON THE PLASMA AND URINARY IODIDE IN HYPOTHYROID PATIENTS.","year":"1964","author":"HARDEN RM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14207052/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"14207052","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:14266517","pmid":"14266517","doi":"","title":"[HISTOCHEMICAL AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF GLYCOGEN METABOLISM IN TUMOR CELLS].","year":"1964","author":"HIRATA Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14266517/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"14266517","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:14266518","pmid":"14266518","doi":"","title":"[HISTOCHEMICAL AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF GLYCOGEN METABOLISM IN TUMOR CELLS. II. ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF PHOSPHORYLASE IN YOSHIDA ABDOMINAL ASCITES TUMOR].","year":"1964","author":"HIRATA Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14266518/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"14266518","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:14275568","pmid":"14275568","doi":"","title":"SYSTEM OF URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE GLUCOSE AND OF GLYCOGEN TRANSFORMATION IN ASCITES CANCER CELLS.","year":"1965","author":"KHARCHENKO MF, SEITZ IF.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14275568/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"14275568","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:14307748","pmid":"14307748","doi":"","title":"PORPHYRIN, PORFOBILINOGEN AND AMINO KETONE LEVELS IN TUMOUR TISSUE.","year":"1965","author":"RASETTI L, RUBINO GF, PETTINATI L, DRAGO GW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14307748/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:14480504","pmid":"14480504","doi":"","title":"[Glycogen of tumor cells. I Experimental studies on the Yoshida sarcoma cells].","year":"1961","author":"NOUCHI F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14480504/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"14480504","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:14520474","pmid":"14520474","doi":"10.1038/sj.bjc.6601269","title":"Role of glucose and ketone bodies in the metabolic control of experimental brain cancer.","year":"2003","author":"Seyfried TN, Sanderson TM, El-Abbadi MM, McGowan R, Mukherjee P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14520474/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"One mouse tumor model; dietary calories and host weight matter. Does not establish that ketones alone starve human brain cancers.","assessmentId":"14520474","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:14572428","pmid":"14572428","doi":"10.1016/s0091-7435(03)00164-6","title":"A population-based dietary intervention trial in a high-risk area for stomach cancer and stroke: changes in intakes and related biomarkers.","year":"2003","author":"Takashashi Y, Sasaki S, Takahashi M, Okubo S, Hayashi M, Tsugane S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14572428/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:14617795","pmid":"14617795","doi":"","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta suppression eliminates tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand resistance in prostate cancer.","year":"2003","author":"Liao X, Zhang L, Thrasher JB, Du J, Li B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14617795/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:14905791","pmid":"14905791","doi":"","title":"[Histochemical study of glycogen and nucleic acids in the early diagnosis of cancer of the uterine cervix].","year":"1951","author":"MORICARD R, GOTHIE S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14905791/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"14905791","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:14988390","pmid":"14988390","doi":"10.1210/en.2003-1519","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta activity is required for androgen-stimulated gene expression in prostate cancer.","year":"2004","author":"Liao X, Thrasher JB, Holzbeierlein J, Stanley S, Li B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14988390/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:15026145","pmid":"15026145","doi":"10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.01.003","title":"Modulation of insulin effects on phosphorylation of protein kinase B and glycogen synthesis by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in HepG2 cells.","year":"2004","author":"Gupta D, Khandelwal RL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15026145/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"HepG2 cells were used to study cytokine-induced insulin resistance. No cancer growth/death endpoint, fasting regimen or glycogen-dependence experiment was reported; tumor necrosis factor is a cytokine name.","assessmentId":"15026145","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:15081640","pmid":"15081640","doi":"10.1016/j.placenta.2003.11.005","title":"Placental glycogen metabolism changes during walker tumour growth.","year":"2004","author":"Toledo MT, Gomes Marcondes MC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15081640/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Cancer effects on maternal-fetal nutrition, not evidence for therapeutic fasting; no fasting arm or human pregnancy outcome.","assessmentId":"15081640","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:15150404","pmid":"15150404","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0402770101","title":"The Fbw7 tumor suppressor regulates glycogen synthase kinase 3 phosphorylation-dependent c-Myc protein degradation.","year":"2004","author":"Welcker M, Orian A, Jin J, Grim JE, Harper JW, Eisenman RN, Clurman BE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15150404/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:15239730","pmid":"15239730","doi":"10.1111/j.1742-6723.2004.00583.x","title":"Prolonged pre-procedure fasting time is unnecessary when using titrated intravenous ketamine for paediatric procedural sedation.","year":"2004","author":"Treston G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15239730/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Preprocedure, imaging or diagnostic fasting rather than voluntary fasting for health outcomes or a direct cancer/autophagy mechanism.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:15252041","pmid":"15252041","doi":"10.1074/jbc.m403449200","title":"Genetic deletion of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta abrogates activation of IkappaBalpha kinase, JNK, Akt, and p44/p42 MAPK but potentiates apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor.","year":"2004","author":"Takada Y, Fang X, Jamaluddin MS, Boyd DD, Aggarwal BB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15252041/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:15330163","pmid":"15330163","doi":"","title":"Growth-inhibitory effects of the ketone body, monoacetoacetin, on human gastric cancer cells with succinyl-CoA: 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase (SCOT) deficiency.","year":"2004","author":"Sawai M, Yashiro M, Nishiguchi Y, Ohira M, Hirakawa K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15330163/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Supports differences between cancer types, not universal ketone intolerance; artificial culture conditions and no patient trial.","assessmentId":"15330163","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:15361837","pmid":"15361837","doi":"10.1038/sj.onc.1208068","title":"Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 represses androgen receptor activity and prostate cancer cell growth.","year":"2004","author":"Mazor M, Kawano Y, Zhu H, Waxman J, Kypta RM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15361837/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:15432362","pmid":"15432362","doi":"10.1093/ajcp/20.7.644","title":"Cytochemical study of glycogen in the diagnosis of cervical cancer.","year":"1950","author":"AYRE WB, AYRE JE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15432362/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"15432362","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:15464084","pmid":"15464084","doi":"10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.048","title":"Antitumor activities of a novel indolin-2-ketone compound, Z24: more potent inhibition on bFGF-induced angiogenesis and bcl-2 over-expressing cancer cells.","year":"2004","author":"Wang LL, Li JJ, Zheng ZB, Liu HY, Du GJ, Li S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15464084/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:15486816","pmid":"15486816","doi":"10.1055/s-2004-825928","title":"Muscle type dependent increase in intramyocellular lipids during prolonged fasting of human subjects: a proton MRS study.","year":"2004","author":"Wietek BM, Machann J, Mader I, Thamer C, Häring HU, Claussen CD, Stumvoll M, Schick F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15486816/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Four people and a surrogate tissue measurement; no demonstrated benefit or lasting clinical harm, and no direct autophagy measurement.","assessmentId":"15486816","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:15502416","pmid":"15502416","doi":"10.1620/tjem.204.179","title":"The effect of fasting month of Ramadan on the abdominal fat distribution: assessment by computed tomography.","year":"2004","author":"Yucel A, Degirmenci B, Acar M, Albayrak R, Haktanir A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15502416/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small exploratory subgroups and no concurrent control; subgroup results do not establish a general fat-loss effect.","assessmentId":"15502416","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:15564673","pmid":"15564673","doi":"10.1271/bbb.68.2332","title":"Anti-tumor activity of an enzymatically synthesized alpha-1,6 branched alpha-1,4-glucan, glycogen.","year":"2004","author":"Ryoyama K, Kidachi Y, Yamaguchi H, Kajiura H, Takata H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15564673/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Giving a glycogen-derived compound is different from depleting tumor glycogen; no clinical fasting or cancer-treatment evidence.","assessmentId":"15564673","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:15599384","pmid":"15599384","doi":"10.1038/sj.bjc.6602243","title":"Metabolic sensitivity of pancreatic tumour cell apoptosis to glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor treatment.","year":"2004","author":"Lee WN, Guo P, Lim S, Bassilian S, Lee ST, Boren J, Cascante M, Go VL, Boros LG.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15599384/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Drug action in culture is not dietary glycogen removal; slower fibroblast growth and possible off-target drug effects limit selectivity claims.","assessmentId":"15599384","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:15644452","pmid":"15644452","doi":"10.1152/ajpendo.00551.2004","title":"Anabolic effects of insulin and IGF-I in the ovine fetus are reduced by prolonged maternal fasting.","year":"2005","author":"Shen W, Wisniowski P, Denne SC, Boyle DW, Liechty EA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15644452/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"nonhuman-other","reason":"Fish or livestock developmental physiology outside the defined human-benefit and cancer/autophagy mechanism questions.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:15781615","pmid":"15781615","doi":"10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3642","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta participates in nuclear factor kappaB-mediated gene transcription and cell survival in pancreatic cancer cells.","year":"2005","author":"Ougolkov AV, Fernandez-Zapico ME, Savoy DN, Urrutia RA, Billadeau DD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15781615/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:15790394","pmid":"15790394","doi":"10.1186/1471-2490-5-6","title":"Glycogen synthesis correlates with androgen-dependent growth arrest in prostate cancer.","year":"2005","author":"Schnier JB, Nishi K, Gumerlock PH, Gorin FA, Bradbury EM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15790394/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Shows that stored glycogen amount and usable fuel are different. No fasting arm, animal efficacy or patient recurrence evidence.","assessmentId":"15790394","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:15791843","pmid":"15791843","doi":"10.1007/bf02911357","title":"Effect of N-tosyl-L-phenylalanylchloromethyl ketone on tumor necrosis factor-alpha -induced NF-kappaB activation and apoptosis in U937 cell line.","year":"2004","author":"Chen W, Chen Y, Cui G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15791843/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:15958644","pmid":"15958644","doi":"10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2624","title":"Activation of p53-dependent apoptosis by acute ablation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in colorectal cancer cells.","year":"2005","author":"Ghosh JC, Altieri DC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15958644/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:16030100","pmid":"16030100","doi":"10.1158/1055-9965.epi-04-0736","title":"Safety and efficacy of weight training in recent breast cancer survivors to alter body composition, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor axis proteins.","year":"2005","author":"Schmitz KH, Ahmed RL, Hannan PJ, Yee D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16030100/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:16107342","pmid":"16107342","doi":"10.1074/jbc.m503045200","title":"Cooperative phosphorylation of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) by casein kinases and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta.","year":"2005","author":"Al-Khouri AM, Ma Y, Togo SH, Williams S, Mustelin T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16107342/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:16129813","pmid":"16129813","doi":"10.1161/circulationaha.105.564112","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3 mediates endothelial cell activation by tumor necrosis factor-alpha.","year":"2005","author":"Eto M, Kouroedov A, Cosentino F, Lüscher TF.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16129813/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:16170333","pmid":"16170333","doi":"10.1038/labinvest.3700355","title":"Glycolytic glioma cells with active glycogen synthase are sensitive to PTEN and inhibitors of PI3K and gluconeogenesis.","year":"2005","author":"Beckner ME, Gobbel GT, Abounader R, Burovic F, Agostino NR, Laterra J, Pollack IF.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16170333/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Glycogen-related signaling was implicated, but direct dietary depletion and clinical tumor control were not tested.","assessmentId":"16170333","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:16204075","pmid":"16204075","doi":"10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1226","title":"Pharmacologic modulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta promotes p53-dependent apoptosis through a direct Bax-mediated mitochondrial pathway in colorectal cancer cells.","year":"2005","author":"Tan J, Zhuang L, Leong HS, Iyer NG, Liu ET, Yu Q.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16204075/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:16322264","pmid":"16322264","doi":"10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0599","title":"Cancer cells become susceptible to natural killer cell killing after exposure to histone deacetylase inhibitors due to glycogen synthase kinase-3-dependent expression of MHC class I-related chain A and B.","year":"2005","author":"Skov S, Pedersen MT, Andresen L, Straten PT, Woetmann A, Odum N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16322264/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:16371352","pmid":"16371352","doi":"10.1074/jbc.m512722200","title":"Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 is regulated by glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in gastric cancer cells.","year":"2006","author":"Thiel A, Heinonen M, Rintahaka J, Hallikainen T, Hemmes A, Dixon DA, Haglund C, Ristimäki A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16371352/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:16410","pmid":"16410","doi":"10.1007/bf00305366","title":"NAD(P)H utilization in the reduction of pyruvate to lactate in a glycogen-containing subline of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells.","year":"1977","author":"Eboli ML, Galeotti T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16410/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No patient trial or demonstration that dietary fasting removes the relevant tumor fuel.","assessmentId":"16410","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:164857","pmid":"164857","doi":"10.1016/s0006-291x(75)80039-8","title":"Glycogen synthesis by a strain of Ehrlich ascites tumor.","year":"1975","author":"Katz J, Golden S, Rubinstein D, Van de Velde RL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/164857/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Historical cell experiment with no fasting treatment or patient outcomes; it does not establish which cancers depend on glycogen in living patients.","assessmentId":"164857","access":"Original publisher summary checked at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X75800398; full methods not verified."},{"id":"MED:16601113","pmid":"16601113","doi":"10.1074/jbc.m602446200","title":"Novel anti-inflammatory role for glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in the inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha- and interleukin-1beta-induced inflammatory gene expression.","year":"2006","author":"Vines A, Cahoon S, Goldberg I, Saxena U, Pillarisetti S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16601113/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:16775175","pmid":"16775175","doi":"10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0898","title":"Effects of raloxifene on circulating prolactin and estradiol levels in premenopausal women at high risk for developing breast cancer.","year":"2006","author":"Faupel-Badger JM, Prindiville SA, Venzon D, Vonderhaar BK, Zujewski JA, Eng-Wong J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16775175/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:16788573","pmid":"16788573","doi":"10.1038/sj.cr.7310078","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta positively regulates the proliferation of human ovarian cancer cells.","year":"2006","author":"Cao Q, Lu X, Feng YJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16788573/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:16847331","pmid":"16847331","doi":"10.1128/mcb.00232-06","title":"Priming-dependent phosphorylation and regulation of the tumor suppressor pVHL by glycogen synthase kinase 3.","year":"2006","author":"Hergovich A, Lisztwan J, Thoma CR, Wirbelauer C, Barry RE, Krek W.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16847331/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:16951223","pmid":"16951223","doi":"10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0196","title":"Aberrant nuclear accumulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in human pancreatic cancer: association with kinase activity and tumor dedifferentiation.","year":"2006","author":"Ougolkov AV, Fernandez-Zapico ME, Bilim VN, Smyrk TC, Chari ST, Billadeau DD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16951223/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:17003090","pmid":"17003090","doi":"10.1210/jc.2006-1430","title":"Insulinomas may present with normoglycemia after prolonged fasting but glucose-stimulated hypoglycemia.","year":"2006","author":"Kar P, Price P, Sawers S, Bhattacharya S, Reznek RH, Grossman AB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17003090/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Preprocedure, imaging or diagnostic fasting rather than voluntary fasting for health outcomes or a direct cancer/autophagy mechanism.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:17018141","pmid":"17018141","doi":"10.1186/1476-4598-5-40","title":"Role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3beta) in mediating the cytotoxic effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.","year":"2006","author":"Alao JP, Stavropoulou AV, Lam EW, Coombes RC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17018141/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Drug-induced breast-cancer cell death through GSK3 signaling. The abstract does not test fasting, ketone use, glycogen fuel dependence or autophagy as a fasting response; the kinase name alone does not establish relevance.","assessmentId":"17018141","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:17237295","pmid":"17237295","doi":"10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0266","title":"Prodigiosin induces the proapoptotic gene NAG-1 via glycogen synthase kinase-3beta activity in human breast cancer cells.","year":"2007","author":"Soto-Cerrato V, Viñals F, Lambert JR, Kelly JA, Pérez-Tomás R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17237295/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:17241872","pmid":"17241872","doi":"10.1053/j.gastro.2006.10.031","title":"Reciprocal targeting of Hath1 and beta-catenin by Wnt glycogen synthase kinase 3beta in human colon cancer.","year":"2007","author":"Tsuchiya K, Nakamura T, Okamoto R, Kanai T, Watanabe M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17241872/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:17253562","pmid":"17253562","doi":"10.1002/14651858.cd005552.pub2","title":"Insulin-sensitising drugs versus the combined oral contraceptive pill for hirsutism, acne and risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and endometrial cancer in polycystic ovary syndrome.","year":"2007","author":"Costello M, Shrestha B, Eden J, Sjoblom P, Johnson N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17253562/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:17263085","pmid":"17263085","doi":"10.1080/10284150600929656","title":"Prolonged fasting in patients with chronic pain syndromes leads to late mood-enhancement not related to weight loss and fasting-induced leptin depletion.","year":"2006","author":"Michalsen A, Kuhlmann MK, Lüdtke R, Bäcker M, Langhorst J, Dobos GJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17263085/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Unblinded, nonrandomized, small and mostly female; subjective mood is not a proven treatment effect for depression or chronic pain.","assessmentId":"17263085","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:17319860","pmid":"17319860","doi":"10.1111/j.1524-4741.2007.00397.x","title":"Baseline leptin levels predict change in leptin levels during weight loss in obese breast cancer survivors.","year":"2007","author":"Sen A, Jen KL, Djuric Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17319860/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:17363508","pmid":"17363508","doi":"10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0665","title":"Inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta, a downstream target of the raf-1 pathway, is associated with growth suppression in medullary thyroid cancer cells.","year":"2007","author":"Kunnimalaiyaan M, Vaccaro AM, Ndiaye MA, Chen H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17363508/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:17367310","pmid":"17367310","doi":"10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02098.x","title":"Type 1 diabetes and prolonged fasting.","year":"2007","author":"Reiter J, Wexler ID, Shehadeh N, Tzur A, Zangen D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17367310/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Completion depended on monitoring and stopping when unsafe; this selected small cohort cannot establish universal safety or benefit.","assessmentId":"17367310","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:1737255","pmid":"1737255","doi":"10.1111/j.1464-410x.1992.tb15461.x","title":"Disodium pamidronate identifies differential osteoclastic bone resorption in metastatic prostate cancer.","year":"1992","author":"Clarke NW, McClure J, George NJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1737255/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:17374948","pmid":"17374948","doi":"10.1159/000100954","title":"Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and biochemical parameters during prolonged intermittent fasting.","year":"2007","author":"Aksungar FB, Topkaya AE, Akyildiz M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17374948/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Biomarker outcomes, not heart attacks; meal composition, sleep and participant selection may account for differences.","assessmentId":"17374948","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:17387146","pmid":"17387146","doi":"10.1128/mcb.00620-06","title":"Degradation of Mcl-1 by beta-TrCP mediates glycogen synthase kinase 3-induced tumor suppression and chemosensitization.","year":"2007","author":"Ding Q, He X, Hsu JM, Xia W, Chen CT, Li LY, Lee DF, Liu JC, Zhong Q, Wang X, Hung MC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17387146/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:17415999","pmid":"17415999","doi":"","title":"[Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) promotes proliferation of ovarian cancer cells in vitro].","year":"2006","author":"Cao Q, Feng YJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17415999/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:17426442","pmid":"17426442","doi":"10.4161/cbt.6.5.4232","title":"A new putative target for antisense gene therapy of glioma: glycogen synthase.","year":"2007","author":"Ardourel M, Blin M, Moret JL, Dufour T, Duc HT, Trojan J, Cloix JF.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17426442/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Genetic manipulation is not fasting; protein effects beyond glycogen storage and model-specific effects remain possible.","assessmentId":"17426442","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:17465862","pmid":"17465862","doi":"10.1089/thy.2006.0084","title":"Effects of either LT4 monotherapy or LT4/LT3 combined therapy in patients totally thyroidectomized for thyroid cancer.","year":"2007","author":"Regalbuto C, Maiorana R, Alagona C, Paola RD, Cianci M, Alagona G, Sapienza S, Squatrito S, Pezzino V.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17465862/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:17495324","pmid":"17495324","doi":"10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1788","title":"Myeloid cell leukemia-1 inversely correlates with glycogen synthase kinase-3beta activity and associates with poor prognosis in human breast cancer.","year":"2007","author":"Ding Q, He X, Xia W, Hsu JM, Chen CT, Li LY, Lee DF, Yang JY, Xie X, Liu JC, Hung MC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17495324/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:17504118","pmid":"17504118","doi":"10.2174/156800907780618266","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta; a new target in pancreatic cancer?","year":"2007","author":"Garcea G, Manson MM, Neal CP, Pattenden CJ, Sutton CD, Dennison AR, Berry DP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17504118/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:17595317","pmid":"17595317","doi":"10.1210/me.2007-0143","title":"Glucocorticoid-induced degradation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 protein is triggered by serum- and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase and Akt signaling and controls beta-catenin dynamics and tight junction formation in mammary epithelial tumor cells.","year":"2007","author":"Failor KL, Desyatnikov Y, Finger LA, Firestone GL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17595317/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:17652946","pmid":"17652946","doi":"10.1159/000106429","title":"Detection of active fraction of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta in cancer cells by nonradioisotopic in vitro kinase assay.","year":"2006","author":"Mai W, Miyashita K, Shakoori A, Zhang B, Yu ZW, Takahashi Y, Motoo Y, Kawakami K, Minamoto T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17652946/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:17656593","pmid":"17656593","doi":"10.1530/eje-06-0740","title":"Metabolic and hormonal changes during the refeeding period of prolonged fasting.","year":"2007","author":"Korbonits M, Blaine D, Elia M, Powell-Tuck J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17656593/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A single extreme fast cannot estimate frequency, but documents serious refeeding risks; reference subjects were not randomized controls.","assessmentId":"17656593","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:17671694","pmid":"17671694","doi":"10.3892/ijo.31.3.657","title":"Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta at serine 9 confers cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells.","year":"2007","author":"Cai G, Wang J, Xin X, Ke Z, Luo J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17671694/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:17679744","pmid":"17679744","doi":"","title":"Fasting the month of Ramadan by Muslims: could it be injurious to their kidneys?","year":"2007","author":"El-Wakil HS, Desoky I, Lotfy N, Adam AG.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17679744/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small sample, variable changes and surrogate injury marker; cannot quantify long-term kidney damage or establish safety.","assessmentId":"17679744","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:18027881","pmid":"18027881","doi":"10.1002/jcb.21629","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta suppresses tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in cardiomyocytes during lipopolysaccharide stimulation.","year":"2008","author":"Shen E, Fan J, Peng T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18027881/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:18056775","pmid":"18056775","doi":"10.1210/jc.2006-2491","title":"Prolonged fasting induces peripheral insulin resistance, which is not ameliorated by high-dose salicylate.","year":"2008","author":"van der Crabben SN, Allick G, Ackermans MT, Endert E, Romijn JA, Sauerwein HP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18056775/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Acute fasting adaptation is not the same as chronic diabetes. Small male-only study; no clinical benefit or long-term disease endpoint.","assessmentId":"18056775","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:18058576","pmid":"18058576","doi":"","title":"Eribulin, a simplified ketone analog of the tubulin inhibitor halichondrin B, for the potential treatment of cancer.","year":"2007","author":"Newman S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18058576/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:18084742","pmid":"18084742","doi":"10.1007/s00210-007-0218-y","title":"Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) inhibits the growth of B16-BL6 mouse melanoma cells through the stimulation of adenosine A3 receptor followed by glycogen synthase kinase-3beta activation and cyclin D1 suppression.","year":"2008","author":"Yoshikawa N, Yamada S, Takeuchi C, Kagota S, Shinozuka K, Kunitomo M, Nakamura K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18084742/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:18135753","pmid":"18135753","doi":"","title":"The action of prolonged fasting on the hydro-saline balance of decompensated heart patients.","year":"1949","author":"DAGNINI G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18135753/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"18135753","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:18182992","pmid":"18182992","doi":"10.1038/sj.bjc.6604148","title":"Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of intravenous ghrelin for cancer-related anorexia/cachexia: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, double-crossover study.","year":"2008","author":"Strasser F, Lutz TA, Maeder MT, Thuerlimann B, Bueche D, Tschöp M, Kaufmann K, Holst B, Brändle M, von Moos R, Demmer R, Cerny T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18182992/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:18391982","pmid":"18391982","doi":"10.1038/onc.2008.89","title":"Cancer-specific enhancement of cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity with triptolide through an interaction of inactivated glycogen synthase kinase-3beta with p53.","year":"2008","author":"Matsui Y, Watanabe J, Ikegawa M, Kamoto T, Ogawa O, Nishiyama H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18391982/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:18408738","pmid":"18408738","doi":"10.1038/cdd.2008.2","title":"p27 Kip1 nuclear localization and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory activity are regulated by glycogen synthase kinase-3 in human colon cancer cells.","year":"2008","author":"Wang Q, Zhou Y, Wang X, Evers BM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18408738/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:18437053","pmid":"18437053","doi":"10.4161/auto.6141","title":"Diurnal rhythms of autophagy: implications for cell biology and human disease.","year":"2008","author":"Sachdeva UM, Thompson CB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18437053/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:18516299","pmid":"18516299","doi":"10.1593/neo.08248","title":"Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in androgen-responsive prostate cancer cell lines: are GSK inhibitors therapeutically useful?","year":"2008","author":"Rinnab L, Schütz SV, Diesch J, Schmid E, Küfer R, Hautmann RE, Spindler KD, Cronauer MV.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18516299/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:18606491","pmid":"18606491","doi":"10.1016/j.canlet.2008.05.045","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) in tumorigenesis and cancer chemotherapy.","year":"2009","author":"Luo J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18606491/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:18651605","pmid":"18651605","doi":"10.1002/bmc.1034","title":"Development of a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of 1,2-[bis(1,2-benzisoselenazolone-3(2H)-ketone)]-ethane (BBSKE), a novel anti-cancer agent in rat plasma.","year":"2008","author":"Zhou HY, Dou GF, Meng ZY, Lou YQ, Zhang GL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18651605/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:18680716","pmid":"18680716","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2008.06.014","title":"The circulating metabolic regulator FGF21 is induced by prolonged fasting and PPARalpha activation in man.","year":"2008","author":"Gälman C, Lundåsen T, Kharitonenkov A, Bina HA, Eriksson M, Hafström I, Dahlin M, Amark P, Angelin B, Rudling M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18680716/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Human and rodent timing differed; a hormone concentration does not measure autophagy, cancer clearance or health benefit.","assessmentId":"18680716","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:18701211","pmid":"18701211","doi":"10.1016/j.canlet.2008.06.032","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta induces apoptosis in cancer cells through increase of survivin nuclear localization.","year":"2008","author":"Li J, Xing M, Zhu M, Wang X, Wang M, Zhou S, Li N, Wu R, Zhou M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18701211/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:18701488","pmid":"18701488","doi":"10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0850","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition induces glioma cell death through c-MYC, nuclear factor-kappaB, and glucose regulation.","year":"2008","author":"Kotliarova S, Pastorino S, Kovell LC, Kotliarov Y, Song H, Zhang W, Bailey R, Maric D, Zenklusen JC, Lee J, Fine HA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18701488/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Glioma drug-target study of GSK3 signaling and mitochondrial glucose regulation. It does not test fasting, ketone fuel use or glycogen storage/depletion; kinase naming alone is not evidence about glycogen dependence.","assessmentId":"18701488","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:18715951","pmid":"18715951","doi":"10.1215/15228517-2008-041","title":"Lithium inhibits invasion of glioma cells; possible involvement of glycogen synthase kinase-3.","year":"2008","author":"Nowicki MO, Dmitrieva N, Stein AM, Cutter JL, Godlewski J, Saeki Y, Nita M, Berens ME, Sander LM, Newton HB, Chiocca EA, Lawler S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18715951/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:18805103","pmid":"18805103","doi":"10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.05.021","title":"Usefulness of routine periodic fasting to lower risk of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography.","year":"2008","author":"Horne BD, May HT, Anderson JL, Kfoury AG, Bailey BM, McClure BS, Renlund DG, Lappé DL, Carlquist JF, Fisher PW, Pearson RR, Bair TL, Adams TD, Muhlestein JB, Intermountain Heart Collaborative Study.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18805103/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Association, not randomization or proof of prevention; selection for angiography, self-report and correlated lifestyle factors can confound results.","assessmentId":"18805103","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:18825302","pmid":"18825302","doi":"10.1007/s00592-008-0062-7","title":"Repaglinide plus single-dose insulin glargine: a safe regimen for low-risk type 2 diabetic patients who insist on fasting in Ramadan.","year":"2009","author":"Bakiner O, Ertorer ME, Bozkirli E, Tutuncu NB, Demirag NG.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18825302/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Very small selected low-risk population and attrition, particularly in fasters; absence of events does not establish general safety.","assessmentId":"18825302","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:18829575","pmid":"18829575","doi":"10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1061","title":"Maintenance of constitutive IkappaB kinase activity by glycogen synthase kinase-3alpha/beta in pancreatic cancer.","year":"2008","author":"Wilson W, Baldwin AS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18829575/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:18839326","pmid":"18839326","doi":"10.1007/s11255-008-9476-y","title":"Ramadan fasting in kidney transplant recipients with normal renal function and with mild-to-moderate renal dysfunction.","year":"2009","author":"Einollahi B, Einollahi B, Lessan-Pezeshki M, Pourfarziani V, Aghdam B, Rouzbeh J, Ghadiani MH, Nemati E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18839326/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Selection of stable patients and short follow-up limit generalization to recent transplants, unstable grafts or more severe disease.","assessmentId":"18839326","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:18977324","pmid":"18977324","doi":"10.1016/j.ccr.2008.10.013","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3 and cancer: good cop, bad cop?","year":"2008","author":"Patel S, Woodgett J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18977324/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:18997106","pmid":"18997106","doi":"10.3181/0806-rm-193","title":"Immunological, hematological, and glycemia effects of dietary supplementation with Agaricus sylvaticus on patients' colorectal cancer.","year":"2009","author":"Fortes RC, Novaes MR, Recôva VL, Melo AL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18997106/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:19010927","pmid":"19010927","doi":"10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0553","title":"Effect of fenretinide and low-dose tamoxifen on insulin sensitivity in premenopausal women at high risk for breast cancer.","year":"2008","author":"Johansson H, Gandini S, Guerrieri-Gonzaga A, Iodice S, Ruscica M, Bonanni B, Gulisano M, Magni P, Formelli F, Decensi A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19010927/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:19022564","pmid":"19022564","doi":"10.1016/j.canlet.2008.10.006","title":"Apical membrane localization of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta protein in normal colon epithelium and aberrant distribution in colorectal cancer.","year":"2009","author":"Hirakawa H, Nakayama T, Shibata K, Mihara Y, Taba M, Nagayasu T, Sekine I.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19022564/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:19073504","pmid":"19073504","doi":"10.3816/cbc.2008.n.060","title":"Insulin-lowering effects of metformin in women with early breast cancer.","year":"2008","author":"Goodwin PJ, Pritchard KI, Ennis M, Clemons M, Graham M, Fantus IG.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19073504/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:19084375","pmid":"19084375","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2008.10.017","title":"Alternate-day fasting reduces global cell proliferation rates independently of dietary fat content in mice.","year":"2009","author":"Varady KA, Roohk DJ, Bruss M, Hellerstein MK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19084375/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Reduced normal-tissue proliferation is a surrogate, not demonstrated cancer prevention or human longevity; possible shared experiment with related metabolic report.","assessmentId":"19084375","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:19106250","pmid":"19106250","doi":"10.1152/ajpendo.90613.2008","title":"Effects of prolonged fasting and sustained lipolysis on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in normal subjects.","year":"2009","author":"Salgin B, Marcovecchio ML, Humphreys SM, Hill N, Chassin LJ, Lunn DJ, Hovorka R, Dunger DB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19106250/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short-term fuel adaptation does not establish lasting diabetes risk or benefit; small healthy sample.","assessmentId":"19106250","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:19124513","pmid":"19124513","doi":"10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0531","title":"Randomized controlled trial of aerobic exercise on insulin and insulin-like growth factors in breast cancer survivors: the Yale Exercise and Survivorship study.","year":"2009","author":"Irwin ML, Varma K, Alvarez-Reeves M, Cadmus L, Wiley A, Chung GG, Dipietro L, Mayne ST, Yu H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19124513/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:19127293","pmid":"19127293","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0004146","title":"Gonadal transcriptome alterations in response to dietary energy intake: sensing the reproductive environment.","year":"2009","author":"Martin B, Pearson M, Brenneman R, Golden E, Wood W, Prabhu V, Becker KG, Mattson MP, Maudsley S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19127293/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Gene-expression patterns do not establish improved fertility. Human reproductive safety or benefit cannot be inferred.","assessmentId":"19127293","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:19132268","pmid":"19132268","doi":"","title":"Effects of dietary supplementation with medicinal fungus in fasting glycemia levels of patients with colorectal cancer: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study.","year":"2008","author":"Fortes RC, Recôva VL, Melo AL, Novaes MR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19132268/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:19176964","pmid":"19176964","doi":"10.1159/000197108","title":"Short-term effects of prolonged fasting on multiple sclerosis.","year":"2009","author":"Saadatnia M, Etemadifar M, Fatehi F, Ashtari F, Shaygannejad V, Shaygannejad V, Chitsaz A, Maghzi AH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19176964/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Indexed abstract is incomplete around eligibility/results; detailed effect estimates and follow-up duration cannot be verified from it. Selected mild disease and nonrandom allocation limit inference.","assessmentId":"19176964","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:19190323","pmid":"19190323","doi":"10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4153","title":"Galectin-3 mediates nuclear beta-catenin accumulation and Wnt signaling in human colon cancer cells by regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta activity.","year":"2009","author":"Song S, Mazurek N, Liu C, Sun Y, Ding QQ, Liu K, Hung MC, Bresalier RS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19190323/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:19195863","pmid":"19195863","doi":"10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.11.001","title":"Improvements in body fat distribution and circulating adiponectin by alternate-day fasting versus calorie restriction.","year":"2010","author":"Varady KA, Allister CA, Roohk DJ, Hellerstein MK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19195863/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Mouse tissue and hormone surrogates, not proven human cardiovascular protection; alternate-day groups may have differed in total intake.","assessmentId":"19195863","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:19237803","pmid":"19237803","doi":"","title":"Fasting Ramadan in kidney transplant patients is safe.","year":"2009","author":"Boobes Y, Bernieh B, Al Hakim MR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19237803/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small selected stable cohort cannot establish safety for unstable grafts or estimate rare complications.","assessmentId":"19237803","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:19338355","pmid":"19338355","doi":"10.1021/jm801317h","title":"From a natural product lead to the identification of potent and selective benzofuran-3-yl-(indol-3-yl)maleimides as glycogen synthase kinase 3beta inhibitors that suppress proliferation and survival of pancreatic cancer cells.","year":"2009","author":"Gaisina IN, Gallier F, Ougolkov AV, Kim KH, Kurome T, Guo S, Holzle D, Luchini DN, Blond SY, Billadeau DD, Kozikowski AP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19338355/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:19372564","pmid":"19372564","doi":"10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0712","title":"Tautomycetin and tautomycin suppress the growth of medullary thyroid cancer cells via inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta.","year":"2009","author":"Adler JT, Cook M, Luo Y, Pitt SC, Ju J, Li W, Shen B, Kunnimalaiyaan M, Chen H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19372564/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:19374538","pmid":"19374538","doi":"10.2217/fon.09.2","title":"Metformin, insulin, breast cancer and more...","year":"2009","author":"Berstein LM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19374538/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Metformin commentary rather than an original fasting outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:19375762","pmid":"19375762","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2009.01.018","title":"Modified alternate-day fasting and cardioprotection: relation to adipose tissue dynamics and dietary fat intake.","year":"2009","author":"Varady KA, Hudak CS, Hellerstein MK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19375762/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Surrogate mouse outcomes, not heart-attack prevention; regimen and laboratory overlap with the related cell-proliferation report may represent shared animals.","assessmentId":"19375762","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:19401497","pmid":"19401497","doi":"10.1124/jpet.108.149765","title":"Mechanisms of growth inhibition in human papillomavirus positive and negative cervical cancer cells by the chloromethyl ketone protease inhibitor, succinyl-alanine-alanine-proline-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone.","year":"2009","author":"Duncan KJ, Eckert KA, Clawson GA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19401497/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:19405981","pmid":"19405981","doi":"10.1186/1471-2407-9-132","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition disrupts nuclear factor-kappaB activity in pancreatic cancer, but fails to sensitize to gemcitabine chemotherapy.","year":"2009","author":"Mamaghani S, Patel S, Hedley DW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19405981/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:19434504","pmid":"19434504","doi":"10.1007/s10552-009-9358-3","title":"Impact of a mixed strength and endurance exercise intervention on levels of adiponectin, high molecular weight adiponectin and leptin in breast cancer survivors.","year":"2009","author":"Ligibel JA, Giobbie-Hurder A, Olenczuk D, Campbell N, Salinardi T, Winer EP, Mantzoros CS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19434504/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:19480693","pmid":"19480693","doi":"10.1186/1475-2867-9-14","title":"Acetoacetate reduces growth and ATP concentration in cancer cell lines which over-express uncoupling protein 2.","year":"2009","author":"Fine EJ, Miller A, Quadros EV, Sequeira JM, Feinman RD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19480693/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"High-concentration culture exposure, not fasting or a patient treatment; proposed UCP2 mechanism and effects in other cancers require separate testing.","assessmentId":"19480693","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:19505811","pmid":"19505811","doi":"10.1016/j.etp.2009.04.003","title":"Involvement of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta signaling and aberrant nucleocytoplasmic localization of retinoblastoma protein in tumor promotion in a rat two-stage thyroid carcinogenesis model.","year":"2010","author":"Ago K, Saegusa Y, Nishimura J, Dewa Y, Kemmochi S, Kawai M, Harada T, Mitsumori K, Shibutani M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19505811/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:19528467","pmid":"19528467","doi":"","title":"Cytoplasmic accumulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta is associated with aggressive clinicopathological features in human prostate cancer.","year":"2009","author":"Li R, Erdamar S, Dai H, Sayeeduddin M, Frolov A, Wheeler TM, Ayala GE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19528467/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:19548047","pmid":"19548047","doi":"10.1007/s12350-009-9110-0","title":"Effectiveness of prolonged fasting 18f-FDG PET-CT in the detection of cardiac sarcoidosis.","year":"2009","author":"Langah R, Spicer K, Gebregziabher M, Gordon L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19548047/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Preprocedure, imaging or diagnostic fasting rather than voluntary fasting for health outcomes or a direct cancer/autophagy mechanism.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:19588485","pmid":"19588485","doi":"10.1002/ijc.24609","title":"Repeated measures of serum glucose and insulin in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer.","year":"2009","author":"Kabat GC, Kim M, Caan BJ, Chlebowski RT, Gunter MJ, Ho GY, Rodriguez BL, Shikany JM, Strickler HD, Vitolins MZ, Rohan TE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19588485/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:19639192","pmid":"19639192","doi":"10.3892/or_00000460","title":"Association of cellular localization of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta in the digestive tract with cancer development.","year":"2009","author":"Hirakawa H, Nakayama T, Shibata K, Sekine I.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19639192/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:19687521","pmid":"19687521","doi":"","title":"Evaluation of endocrine tests. D: the prolonged fasting test for insulinoma.","year":"2009","author":"van Bon AC, Benhadi N, Endert E, Fliers E, Wiersinga WM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19687521/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Preprocedure, imaging or diagnostic fasting rather than voluntary fasting for health outcomes or a direct cancer/autophagy mechanism.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:19787180","pmid":"19787180","doi":"","title":"The interaction between physical activity and fasting on the serum lipid profile during Ramadan.","year":"2009","author":"Haghdoost AA, Poorranjbar M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19787180/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Randomization tested exercise timing, not fasting versus no fasting; diet and sleep changes remain possible explanations.","assessmentId":"19787180","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:19805911","pmid":"19805911","doi":"10.1172/jci38674","title":"Impaired autophagic flux mediates acinar cell vacuole formation and trypsinogen activation in rodent models of acute pancreatitis.","year":"2009","author":"Mareninova OA, Hermann K, French SW, O'Konski MS, Pandol SJ, Webster P, Erickson AH, Katunuma N, Gorelick FS, Gukovsky I, Gukovskaya AS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19805911/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"More autophagic structures do not necessarily mean more effective autophagy; no human fasting duration or cancer-treatment result.","assessmentId":"19805911","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:19833729","pmid":"19833729","doi":"10.1074/jbc.m109.026351","title":"O-GlcNAc protein modification in cancer cells increases in response to glucose deprivation through glycogen degradation.","year":"2009","author":"Kang JG, Park SY, Ji S, Jang I, Park S, Kim HS, Kim SM, Yook JI, Park YI, Roth J, Cho JW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19833729/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Suggests a stress-adaptation pathway rather than showing glycogen supplies all cancer energy; no human fasting or tumor-clearance experiment.","assessmentId":"19833729","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:19882709","pmid":"19882709","doi":"10.1002/ijc.25020","title":"Glycogen synthase kinases-3beta controls differentiation of malignant glioma cells.","year":"2010","author":"Li Y, Lu H, Huang Y, Xiao R, Cai X, He S, Yan G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19882709/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:19889807","pmid":"19889807","doi":"10.3945/jn.109.114249","title":"Consumption of a legume-enriched, low-glycemic index diet is associated with biomarkers of insulin resistance and inflammation among men at risk for colorectal cancer.","year":"2010","author":"Hartman TJ, Albert PS, Zhang Z, Bagshaw D, Kris-Etherton PM, Ulbrecht J, Miller CK, Bobe G, Colburn NH, Lanza E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19889807/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:19914662","pmid":"19914662","doi":"10.1016/j.juro.2009.08.104","title":"Growth inhibitory effect of low fat diet on prostate cancer cells: results of a prospective, randomized dietary intervention trial in men with prostate cancer.","year":"2010","author":"Aronson WJ, Barnard RJ, Freedland SJ, Henning S, Elashoff D, Jardack PM, Cohen P, Heber D, Kobayashi N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19914662/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:19925395","pmid":"19925395","doi":"10.2174/187152009789734982","title":"An emerging strategy for cancer treatment targeting aberrant glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta.","year":"2009","author":"Miyashita K, Nakada M, Shakoori A, Ishigaki Y, Shimasaki T, Motoo Y, Kawakami K, Minamoto T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19925395/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:20002478","pmid":"20002478","doi":"10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02836.x","title":"Efficacy and safety of insulin glargine and glimepiride in subjects with Type 2 diabetes before, during and after the period of fasting in Ramadan.","year":"2009","author":"Salti I, Diabetes and Ramadan Study Group.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20002478/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Event counts are not numbers of affected people. Medication adjustment and self-selection prevent attributing all changes to fasting alone.","assessmentId":"20002478","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:20127713","pmid":"20127713","doi":"10.1002/jcb.22500","title":"Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta promotes nuclear export of the androgen receptor through a CRM1-dependent mechanism in prostate cancer cell lines.","year":"2010","author":"Schütz SV, Cronauer MV, Rinnab L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20127713/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:20157582","pmid":"20157582","doi":"10.18632/aging.100114","title":"Fasting and cancer treatment in humans: A case series report.","year":"2009","author":"Safdie FM, Dorff T, Quinn D, Fontana L, Wei M, Lee C, Cohen P, Longo VD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20157582/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Selected self-reports across different treatments cannot establish safety, improved survival or tumor starvation; cancer response remained attributable to chemotherapy.","assessmentId":"20157582","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:20166128","pmid":"20166128","doi":"10.1002/pros.21136","title":"Effect of intermittent fasting with or without caloric restriction on prostate cancer growth and survival in SCID mice.","year":"2010","author":"Buschemeyer WC, Klink JC, Mavropoulos JC, Poulton SH, Demark-Wahnefried W, Hursting SD, Cohen P, Hwang D, Johnson TL, Freedland SJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20166128/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Exploratory small arms and multiple comparisons; endpoint was a tumor-volume euthanasia threshold, not spontaneous human cancer survival.","assessmentId":"20166128","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:20335550","pmid":"20335550","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.2009.29036","title":"Omega-3 fatty acid supplements in women at high risk of breast cancer have dose-dependent effects on breast adipose tissue fatty acid composition.","year":"2010","author":"Yee LD, Lester JL, Cole RM, Richardson JR, Hsu JC, Li Y, Lehman A, Belury MA, Clinton SK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20335550/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:20425196","pmid":"20425196","doi":"10.1007/s11916-010-0104-z","title":"Prolonged fasting as a method of mood enhancement in chronic pain syndromes: a review of clinical evidence and mechanisms.","year":"2010","author":"Michalsen A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20425196/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:20460386","pmid":"20460386","doi":"10.1124/jpet.110.168930","title":"Estrogen receptor beta signaling through phosphatase and tensin homolog/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase 3 down-regulates blood-brain barrier breast cancer resistance protein.","year":"2010","author":"Hartz AM, Madole EK, Miller DS, Bauer B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20460386/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:20537194","pmid":"20537194","doi":"10.1186/1476-4598-9-144","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta: can it be a target for oral cancer.","year":"2010","author":"Mishra R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20537194/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:20573749","pmid":"20573749","doi":"10.2337/db10-0519","title":"Prolonged fasting identifies skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction as consequence rather than cause of human insulin resistance.","year":"2010","author":"Hoeks J, van Herpen NA, Mensink M, Moonen-Kornips E, van Beurden D, Hesselink MK, Schrauwen P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20573749/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Acute adaptation in healthy men does not establish chronic mitochondrial harm or clinical benefit; no cancer or autophagy-clearance endpoint.","assessmentId":"20573749","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:20595783","pmid":"20595783","doi":"10.1254/jphs.10031fp","title":"Noradrenaline induces clock gene Per1 mRNA expression in C6 glioma cells through beta(2)-adrenergic receptor coupled with protein kinase A - cAMP response element binding protein (PKA-CREB) and Src-tyrosine kinase - glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (Src-GSK-3beta).","year":"2010","author":"Morioka N, Sugimoto T, Tokuhara M, Dohi T, Nakata Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20595783/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:20637111","pmid":"20637111","doi":"10.1186/1750-2187-5-9","title":"Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3beta regulates Snail and beta-catenin during gastrin-induced migration of gastric cancer cells.","year":"2010","author":"Mishra P, Senthivinayagam S, Rana A, Rana B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20637111/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:20646550","pmid":"20646550","doi":"10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-5815.2010.09.009","title":"[Impact of previous abdominal operations on the outcome of laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery: a non-randomized cohort study].","year":"2010","author":"Wu QH, Zhang T, Zang L, Mao ZH, Li JW, Lu AG, Wang ML, Zheng MH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20646550/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated intervention or association concerns another drug, supplement, exercise or dietary approach; fasting is a measurement/administration context rather than the intervention under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:20657169","pmid":"20657169","doi":"10.4161/auto.6.7.12785","title":"Quantitation of \"autophagic flux\" in mature skeletal muscle.","year":"2010","author":"Ju JS, Varadhachary AS, Miller SE, Weihl CC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20657169/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A mouse assay, not a human timing rule; a single LC3 measurement cannot establish when autophagy starts or peaks.","assessmentId":"20657169","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:20704706","pmid":"20704706","doi":"10.1186/1471-230x-10-91","title":"Constitutive activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta correlates with better prognosis and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in human gastric cancer.","year":"2010","author":"Cho YJ, Kim JH, Yoon J, Cho SJ, Ko YS, Park JW, Lee HS, Lee HE, Kim WH, Lee BL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20704706/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:20716631","pmid":"20716631","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0071","title":"Low-carbohydrate diets and prostate cancer: how low is \"low enough\"?","year":"2010","author":"Masko EM, Thomas JA, Antonelli JA, Lloyd JC, Phillips TE, Poulton SH, Dewhirst MW, Pizzo SV, Freedland SJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20716631/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No concurrent tumor-bearing usual-diet arm for testing low carbohydrate versus standard feeding; animal endpoint and feeding-reference mice must not be confused with patient controls.","assessmentId":"20716631","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:20733612","pmid":"20733612","doi":"10.1038/pcan.2010.24","title":"Effect of intermittent fasting on prostate cancer tumor growth in a mouse model.","year":"2010","author":"Thomas JA, Antonelli JA, Lloyd JC, Masko EM, Poulton SH, Phillips TE, Pollak M, Freedland SJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20733612/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A larger follow-up to an earlier pilot; demonstrates lack of benefit in this model, not an answer for every tumor or fasting schedule.","assessmentId":"20733612","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:20854473","pmid":"20854473","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02659.x","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3β does not correlate with the expression and activity of β-catenin in gastric cancer.","year":"2010","author":"Cho YJ, Yoon J, Ko YS, Kim SY, Cho SJ, Kim WH, Park JW, Youn HD, Kim JH, Lee BL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20854473/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:20861672","pmid":"20861672","doi":"10.4161/cc.9.17.12721","title":"The autophagic tumor stroma model of cancer: Role of oxidative stress and ketone production in fueling tumor cell metabolism.","year":"2010","author":"Pavlides S, Tsirigos A, Migneco G, Whitaker-Menezes D, Chiavarina B, Flomenberg N, Frank PG, Casimiro MC, Wang C, Pestell RG, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Howell A, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20861672/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Profiling supports a model, not a direct trial that fasting worsens cancer. Proposed circulating biomarkers and causal nutrient transfer require separate validation.","assessmentId":"20861672","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:20889919","pmid":"20889919","doi":"10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-0275","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta: a prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target in human bladder cancer.","year":"2010","author":"Naito S, Bilim V, Yuuki K, Ugolkov A, Motoyama T, Nagaoka A, Kato T, Tomita Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20889919/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:20931766","pmid":"20931766","doi":"","title":"[LC-MSn analysis of metabolites of 1,2-[bis (1,2-benzisoselenazolone-3(2H)-ketone)]-ethane, a novel anti-cancer agent in rat].","year":"2010","author":"Zhou HY, Meng ZY, Dou GF, Ma JL, Lou YQ, Zhang GL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20931766/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:20980650","pmid":"20980650","doi":"10.3945/jn.110.127688","title":"Rye whole grain and bran intake compared with refined wheat decreases urinary C-peptide, plasma insulin, and prostate specific antigen in men with prostate cancer.","year":"2010","author":"Landberg R, Andersson SO, Zhang JX, Johansson JE, Stenman UH, Adlercreutz H, Kamal-Eldin A, Aman P, Hallmans G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20980650/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:21159037","pmid":"21159037","doi":"10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01330.x","title":"Safety and tolerability of once or twice daily neutral protamine hagedorn insulin in fasting pregnant women with diabetes during Ramadan.","year":"2011","author":"Nor Azlin MI, Adam R, Sufian SS, Wahab NA, Mustafa N, Kamaruddin NA, Jamil MA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21159037/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small selected sample and no control cannot establish fetal or maternal safety; absence of fetal deaths does not exclude other pregnancy risks.","assessmentId":"21159037","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:21194439","pmid":"21194439","doi":"10.1186/1742-2094-7-99","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3β inactivation inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α production in microglia by modulating nuclear factor κB and MLK3/JNK signaling cascades.","year":"2010","author":"Wang MJ, Huang HY, Chen WF, Chang HF, Kuo JS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21194439/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:21308713","pmid":"21308713","doi":"10.1002/pros.21346","title":"Increased cancer cell proliferation in prostate cancer patients with high levels of serum folate.","year":"2011","author":"Tomaszewski JJ, Cummings JL, Parwani AV, Parwani AV, Dhir R, Mason JB, Nelson JB, Bacich DJ, O'Keefe DS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21308713/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:21406604","pmid":"21406604","doi":"10.1124/mol.110.069591","title":"Galangin suppresses the proliferation of β-catenin response transcription-positive cancer cells by promoting adenomatous polyposis coli/Axin/glycogen synthase kinase-3β-independent β-catenin degradation.","year":"2011","author":"Gwak J, Oh J, Cho M, Bae SK, Song IS, Liu KH, Jeong Y, Kim DE, Chung YH, Oh S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21406604/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:21439087","pmid":"21439087","doi":"10.1186/1471-2407-11-109","title":"P27(Kip1), regulated by glycogen synthase kinase-3β, results in HMBA-induced differentiation of human gastric cancer cells.","year":"2011","author":"Wei M, Wang Z, Yao H, Yang Z, Zhang Q, Liu B, Yu Y, Su L, Zhu Z, Gu Q.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21439087/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:21456066","pmid":"21456066","doi":"10.1002/pros.21300","title":"Suppression of glycogen synthase kinase 3 activity reduces tumor growth of prostate cancer in vivo.","year":"2011","author":"Zhu Q, Yang J, Han S, Liu J, Holzbeierlein J, Thrasher JB, Li B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21456066/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:21472727","pmid":"21472727","doi":"10.1002/ijc.25949","title":"Anticancer efficacy of deguelin in human prostate cancer cells targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3 β/β-catenin pathway.","year":"2011","author":"Thamilselvan V, Menon M, Thamilselvan S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21472727/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:21506631","pmid":"21506631","doi":"10.1185/03007995.2011.578245","title":"Hypoglycaemia in sulphonylurea-treated subjects with type 2 diabetes undergoing Ramadan fasting: a five-country observational study.","year":"2011","author":"Aravind SR, Al Tayeb K, Ismail SB, Shehadeh N, Kaddaha G, Liu R, Balshaw R, Lesnikova N, Heisel O, Girman CJ, Musser BJ, Davies MJ, Katzeff HL, Engel SS, Radican L, 2009 Ramadan Study Group.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21506631/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Symptoms were not always glucose-confirmed; treatment selection and differing participants confound drug comparisons. Stronger evidence for a real safety concern than for fasting efficacy.","assessmentId":"21506631","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:21519745","pmid":"21519745","doi":"","title":"The effects of Agaricus sylvaticus fungi dietary supplementation on the metabolism and blood pressure of patients with colorectal cancer during post surgical phase.","year":"2011","author":"Costa Fortes R, Carvalho Garbi Novaes MR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21519745/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:21568833","pmid":"21568833","doi":"10.1185/03007995.2011.579951","title":"Comparison of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor vildagliptin and the sulphonylurea gliclazide in combination with metformin, in Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus fasting during Ramadan: results of the VECTOR study.","year":"2011","author":"Hassanein M, Hanif W, Malik W, Kamal A, Geransar P, Lister N, Andrews C, Barnett A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21568833/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small nonrandomized groups, substantial attrition and missing diet/activity data; tests medication choice, not fasting benefits.","assessmentId":"21568833","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:21628472","pmid":"21628472","doi":"10.1074/jbc.m111.237297","title":"Neural cell adhesion molecule potentiates the growth of murine melanoma via β-catenin signaling by association with fibroblast growth factor receptor and glycogen synthase kinase-3β.","year":"2011","author":"Liu R, Shi Y, Yang HJ, Wang L, Zhang S, Xia YY, Wong JL, Feng ZW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21628472/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:21660227","pmid":"21660227","doi":"10.4061/2011/216086","title":"Morphological analysis of CDC2 and glycogen synthase kinase 3β phosphorylation as markers of g2 → m transition in glioma.","year":"2011","author":"Otero JJ, Tihan T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21660227/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:21718286","pmid":"21718286","doi":"10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01305.x","title":"A derivative of 2-aminothiazole inhibits melanogenesis in B16 mouse melanoma cells via glycogen synthase kinase 3β phosphorylation.","year":"2011","author":"Kim SY, Hahn HG, Nam KD, Park KC, Yun HY, Baek KJ, Kwon NS, Kim DS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21718286/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:21736545","pmid":"21736545","doi":"10.2174/138161211797052484","title":"The possible involvement of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) in diabetes, cancer and central nervous system diseases.","year":"2011","author":"Amar S, Belmaker RH, Agam G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21736545/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:21736666","pmid":"21736666","doi":"10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01419.x","title":"Effect of Ramadan fasting on maternal oxidative stress during the second trimester: a preliminary study.","year":"2011","author":"Ozturk E, Balat O, Ugur MG, Yazıcıoglu C, Pence S, Erel Ö, Kul S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21736666/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small selected uncomplicated pregnancies, multiple subgroup comparisons and no randomization; a null result cannot establish safety for all pregnancies.","assessmentId":"21736666","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:21767400","pmid":"21767400","doi":"10.1186/1476-511x-10-119","title":"Comparison of effects of diet versus exercise weight loss regimens on LDL and HDL particle size in obese adults.","year":"2011","author":"Varady KA, Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21767400/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:21784952","pmid":"21784952","doi":"10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0403","title":"Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and prostate cancer risk in a large nested case-control study.","year":"2011","author":"Albanes D, Mondul AM, Yu K, Parisi D, Horst RL, Virtamo J, Weinstein SJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21784952/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:21791085","pmid":"21791085","doi":"10.1186/1471-2407-11-315","title":"Differential utilization of ketone bodies by neurons and glioma cell lines: a rationale for ketogenic diet as experimental glioma therapy.","year":"2011","author":"Maurer GD, Brucker DP, Bähr O, Harter PN, Hattingen E, Walenta S, Mueller-Klieser W, Steinbach JP, Rieger J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21791085/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Cell-culture vulnerability did not translate into dietary benefit in this model; cannot generalize metabolic behavior to all gliomas.","assessmentId":"21791085","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:21794124","pmid":"21794124","doi":"10.1186/1743-7075-8-54","title":"Effects of a ketogenic diet on the quality of life in 16 patients with advanced cancer: A pilot trial.","year":"2011","author":"Schmidt M, Pfetzer N, Schwab M, Strauss I, Kämmerer U.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21794124/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"High attrition and selected completer reports; no evidence of tumor starvation or survival benefit, and no controlled estimate of safety.","assessmentId":"21794124","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:21878813","pmid":"21878813","doi":"10.1097/cad.0b013e32834ac8fc","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitors induce apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells and inhibit in-vivo tumor growth.","year":"2011","author":"Hilliard TS, Gaisina IN, Muehlbauer AG, Gaisin AM, Gallier F, Burdette JE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21878813/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:21884788","pmid":"21884788","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2011.08.013","title":"Preparation and characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHX) based nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy.","year":"2011","author":"Kılıçay E, Demirbilek M, Türk M, Güven E, Hazer B, Denkbas EB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21884788/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Hydroxybutyrate names a polymer nanoparticle carrier, not a nutritional ketone intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:21980429","pmid":"21980429","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0025341","title":"Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β counteracts ligand-independent activity of the androgen receptor in castration resistant prostate cancer.","year":"2011","author":"Schütz SV, Schrader AJ, Zengerling F, Genze F, Cronauer MV, Schrader M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21980429/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:21986487","pmid":"21986487","doi":"10.3275/8015","title":"Effect of Ramadan fasting on glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes.","year":"2012","author":"Norouzy A, Mohajeri SM, Shakeri S, Yari F, Sabery M, Philippou E, Varasteh AR, Nematy M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21986487/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Medication and diet differences may confound results; demonstrates mixed outcomes, not a consistent glucose-control benefit.","assessmentId":"21986487","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:2199681","pmid":"2199681","doi":"10.1093/jnci/82.16.1327","title":"Effects of tamoxifen therapy on lipid and lipoprotein levels in postmenopausal patients with node-negative breast cancer.","year":"1990","author":"Love RR, Newcomb PA, Wiebe DA, Surawicz TS, Jordan VC, Carbone PP, DeMets DL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2199681/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:22013201","pmid":"22013201","doi":"10.3945/jn.111.148239","title":"Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics enable detection of the effects of a whole grain rye and rye bran diet on the metabolic profile of plasma in prostate cancer patients.","year":"2011","author":"Moazzami AA, Zhang JX, Kamal-Eldin A, Aman P, Hallmans G, Johansson JE, Andersson SO.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22013201/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:2202174","pmid":"2202174","doi":"10.1530/acta.0.1230030","title":"Effect of prolonged overnight fasting on energy metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetic and non-diabetic subjects.","year":"1990","author":"Groop LC, Bonadonna R, DelPrato S, Ratheiser K, DeFronzo RA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2202174/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Acute physiology, not evidence of lasting diabetes control; small sample and no fed intervention control.","assessmentId":"2202174","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:22041920","pmid":"22041920","doi":"10.1007/s00535-011-0484-9","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibition sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine.","year":"2012","author":"Shimasaki T, Ishigaki Y, Nakamura Y, Takata T, Nakaya N, Nakajima H, Sato I, Zhao X, Kitano A, Kawakami K, Tanaka T, Takegami T, Tomosugi N, Minamoto T, Motoo Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22041920/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:22057852","pmid":"22057852","doi":"10.1007/s00280-011-1758-x","title":"The effect of food on the bioavailability of panobinostat, an orally active pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor, in patients with advanced cancer.","year":"2012","author":"Shapiro GI, Frank R, Dandamudi UB, Hengelage T, Zhao L, Gazi L, Porro MG, Woo MM, Lewis LD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22057852/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:22080051","pmid":"22080051","doi":"10.1016/j.intimp.2011.10.017","title":"The effect of orally administered glycogen on anti-tumor activity and natural killer cell activity in mice.","year":"2012","author":"Kakutani R, Adachi Y, Kajiura H, Takata H, Kuriki T, Ohno N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22080051/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A glycogen preparation acting as an immune stimulus is different from fasting or tumor glycogen deprivation; no clinical cancer trial.","assessmentId":"22080051","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:22100174","pmid":"22100174","doi":"10.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.033","title":"ShRNA silencing glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer.","year":"2012","author":"Zhou W, Wang L, Gou SM, Wang TL, Zhang M, Liu T, Wang CY.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22100174/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:22158071","pmid":"22158071","doi":"10.1097/mpa.0b013e318236f022","title":"Inhibition of glycogen phosphorylation induces changes in cellular proteome and signaling pathways in MIA pancreatic cancer cells.","year":"2012","author":"Ma D, Wang J, Zhao Y, Lee WN, Xiao J, Go VL, Wang Q, Recker RR, Xiao GG.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22158071/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Explains a drug response in one cell model; no dietary intervention, animal survival or human cancer benefit demonstrated.","assessmentId":"22158071","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:22201186","pmid":"22201186","doi":"10.1093/carcin/bgr309","title":"Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 activity triggers an apoptotic response in pancreatic cancer cells through JNK-dependent mechanisms.","year":"2012","author":"Marchand B, Tremblay I, Cagnol S, Boucher MJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22201186/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:22225711","pmid":"22225711","doi":"10.1186/bcr3082","title":"Effect of dietary patterns differing in carbohydrate and fat content on blood lipid and glucose profiles based on weight-loss success of breast-cancer survivors.","year":"2012","author":"Thompson HJ, Sedlacek SM, Paul D, Wolfe P, McGinley JN, Playdon MC, Daeninck EA, Bartels SN, Wisthoff MR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22225711/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:22253197","pmid":"22253197","doi":"10.1002/emmm.201100193","title":"Rab25 increases cellular ATP and glycogen stores protecting cancer cells from bioenergetic stress.","year":"2012","author":"Cheng KW, Agarwal R, Mitra S, Lee JS, Carey M, Gray JW, Mills GB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22253197/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Supports one adaptation mechanism, not a universal fuel requirement. Patient association does not demonstrate benefit from fasting or targeted treatment.","assessmentId":"22253197","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:22328534","pmid":"22328534","doi":"10.1002/ijc.27490","title":"Regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by thymosin beta-4 is associated with gastric cancer cell migration.","year":"2012","author":"Ryu YK, Lee YS, Lee GH, Song KS, Kim YS, Moon EY.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22328534/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:22362582","pmid":"22362582","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwr350","title":"The influence of health and lifestyle characteristics on the relation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with risk of colorectal and breast cancer in postmenopausal women.","year":"2012","author":"Neuhouser ML, Manson JE, Millen A, Pettinger M, Margolis K, Jacobs ET, Shikany JM, Vitolins M, Adams-Campbell L, Liu S, LeBlanc E, Johnson KC, Wactawski-Wende J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22362582/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:22375235","pmid":"22375235","doi":"10.5812/asjsm.34754","title":"Effect of ramadan fasting on body composition and physical performance in female athletes.","year":"2011","author":"Memari AH, Kordi R, Panahi N, Nikookar LR, Abdollahi M, Abdollahi M, Akbarnejad A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22375235/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small sample, repeated testing and no concurrent control; the broad conclusion of unchanged performance should not erase the reported agility finding.","assessmentId":"22375235","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:22386777","pmid":"22386777","doi":"10.1016/j.ghir.2012.02.003","title":"The effect of prolonged fasting on levels of growth hormone-binding protein and free growth hormone.","year":"2012","author":"Salgin B, Marcovecchio ML, Hill N, Dunger DB, Frystyk J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22386777/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Hormone elevation is not evidence of muscle growth, rejuvenation or cancer prevention; small acute study with no clinical endpoints.","assessmentId":"22386777","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:22394625","pmid":"22394625","doi":"10.1111/j.1464-410x.2012.10971.x","title":"Carbohydrate restriction and lactate transporter inhibition in a mouse xenograft model of human prostate cancer.","year":"2012","author":"Kim HS, Masko EM, Poulton SL, Kennedy KM, Pizzo SV, Dewhirst MW, Freedland SJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22394625/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Multiple analytical comparisons and one mouse model; no demonstrated synergy or human survival benefit.","assessmentId":"22394625","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:22415479","pmid":"22415479","doi":"10.1007/s10549-012-2012-x","title":"25-Hydroxy vitamin-D, obesity, and associated variables as predictors of breast cancer risk and tamoxifen benefit in NSABP-P1.","year":"2012","author":"Amir E, Cecchini RS, Ganz PA, Costantino JP, Beddows S, Hood N, Goodwin PJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22415479/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:22425331","pmid":"22425331","doi":"10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.01.379","title":"Relation of routine, periodic fasting to risk of diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography.","year":"2012","author":"Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, May HT, Carlquist JF, Lappé DL, Bair TL, Anderson JL, Intermountain Heart Collaborative Study Group.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22425331/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Not randomized and largely prevalence-based; healthier behavior or reverse causation may explain associations. The earlier 448 participants are reused, not an independent new cohort.","assessmentId":"22425331","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:22493441","pmid":"22493441","doi":"10.1074/jbc.m111.324798","title":"Mechanism of β-catenin-mediated transcriptional regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in glycogen synthase kinase 3 β-inactivated prostate cancer cells.","year":"2012","author":"Guturi KK, Mandal T, Chatterjee A, Sarkar M, Bhattacharya S, Chatterjee U, Ghosh MK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22493441/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:22504222","pmid":"22504222","doi":"10.1016/j.cct.2012.03.017","title":"Recruiting underrepresented groups into the Carbohydrates and Related Biomarkers (CARB) cancer prevention feeding study.","year":"2012","author":"Coronado GD, Ondelacy S, Schwarz Y, Duggan C, Lampe JW, Neuhouser ML.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22504222/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:22564993","pmid":"22564993","doi":"10.1200/jco.2011.39.3769","title":"Dual effect of metformin on breast cancer proliferation in a randomized presurgical trial.","year":"2012","author":"Bonanni B, Puntoni M, Cazzaniga M, Pruneri G, Serrano D, Guerrieri-Gonzaga A, Gennari A, Trabacca MS, Galimberti V, Veronesi P, Johansson H, Aristarco V, Bassi F, Luini A, Lazzeroni M, Varricchio C, Viale G, Bruzzi P, Decensi A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22564993/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:22587405","pmid":"22587405","doi":"10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03563.x","title":"Ramadan Prospective Diabetes Study: the role of drug dosage and timing alteration, active glucose monitoring and patient education.","year":"2012","author":"Ahmedani MY, Haque MS, Basit A, Fawwad A, Alvi SF.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22587405/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Monitoring readings are not independent participants. A combined care program and no comparator prevent estimating fasting benefit or the program’s causal safety effect.","assessmentId":"22587405","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:22638647","pmid":"22638647","doi":"10.1007/s11010-012-1337-4","title":"Decreased response to cAMP in the glucose and glycogen catabolism in perfused livers of Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats.","year":"2012","author":"de Morais H, Cassola P, Moreira CC, Bôas SK, Borba-Murad GR, Bazotte RB, de Souza HM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22638647/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Important intake control separates reduced eating from some tumor effects; studies host liver metabolism rather than fasting treatment of cancer.","assessmentId":"22638647","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:22648843","pmid":"22648843","doi":"","title":"[Application of microbiological and immunological enteral nutrition in patients with gastrointestinal cancer complicated with diabetes mellitus].","year":"2012","author":"Shao F, Yang CG, Liu X, Yang DG.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22648843/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:22649778","pmid":"22649778","doi":"10.3389/fonc.2012.00018","title":"Glycogen Synthesis is Induced in Hypoxia by the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor and Promotes Cancer Cell Survival.","year":"2012","author":"Pelletier J, Bellot G, Gounon P, Lacas-Gervais S, Pouysségur J, Mazure NM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22649778/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Supports glycogen as a reserve in studied conditions; laboratory glucose removal is not equivalent to human fasting, which maintains circulating glucose.","assessmentId":"22649778","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:22679108","pmid":"22679108","doi":"10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0387","title":"GSK-3 promotes cell survival, growth, and PAX3 levels in human melanoma cells.","year":"2012","author":"Kubic JD, Mascarenhas JB, Iizuka T, Wolfgeher D, Lang D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22679108/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:22679180","pmid":"22679180","doi":"10.1373/clinchem.2012.186866","title":"Circulating human hepcidin-25 concentrations display a diurnal rhythm, increase with prolonged fasting, and are reduced by growth hormone administration.","year":"2012","author":"Troutt JS, Rudling M, Persson L, Ståhle L, Angelin B, Butterfield AM, Schade AE, Cao G, Konrad RJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22679180/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A regulatory hormone response, not proof of improved iron health; time of day matters and clinical anemia outcomes were not measured.","assessmentId":"22679180","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:22683955","pmid":"22683955","doi":"10.5754/hge10556","title":"Influence of preoperative oral feeding on stress response after resection for colon cancer.","year":"2012","author":"Zelić M, Stimac D, Stimac D, Mendrila D, Tokmadžić VS, Fišić E, Uravić M, Sustić A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22683955/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Perioperative care, imaging preparation or procedural fasting rather than the voluntary fasting or direct mechanism questions under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:22684298","pmid":"22684298","doi":"10.4161/cc.20718","title":"Autophagy and senescence in cancer-associated fibroblasts metabolically supports tumor growth and metastasis via glycolysis and ketone production.","year":"2012","author":"Capparelli C, Guido C, Whitaker-Menezes D, Bonuccelli G, Balliet R, Pestell TG, Goldberg AF, Pestell RG, Howell A, Sneddon S, Birbe R, Tsirigos A, Martinez-Outschoorn U, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22684298/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Genetic overexpression is not fasting. The large metastasis effect is model-specific and does not establish a patient dietary outcome or a universal role of autophagy.","assessmentId":"22684298","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:22736124","pmid":"22736124","doi":"","title":"[Clinical study on risk factor associated with gut flora change in patients with rectal cancer during perioperative period].","year":"2012","author":"Wang S, Wang ML, Li Y, Zhou YB, Wang DS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22736124/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:22738801","pmid":"22738801","doi":"10.1185/03007995.2012.707119","title":"Hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes from India and Malaysia treated with sitagliptin or a sulfonylurea during Ramadan: a randomized, pragmatic study.","year":"2012","author":"Aravind SR, Ismail SB, Balamurugan R, Gupta JB, Wadhwa T, Loh SM, Suryawanshi S, Davies MJ, Girman CJ, Katzeff HL, Radican L, Engel SS, Wolthers T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22738801/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Symptoms did not require glucose confirmation; no HbA1c or weight comparison. Tests medication choice during fasting, not fasting efficacy.","assessmentId":"22738801","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:22791147","pmid":"22791147","doi":"10.1248/bpb.b110660","title":"Ursolic acid from Oldenlandia diffusa induces apoptosis via activation of caspases and phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta in SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells.","year":"2012","author":"Song YH, Jeong SJ, Kwon HY, Kim B, Kim SH, Yoo DY.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22791147/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:22806415","pmid":"22806415","doi":"10.1007/s10120-012-0168-z","title":"Influence of patient-controlled epidural analgesia versus patient-controlled intravenous analgesia on postoperative pain control and recovery after gastrectomy for gastric cancer: a prospective randomized trial.","year":"2013","author":"Zhu Z, Wang C, Xu C, Cai Q.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22806415/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:22827507","pmid":"22827507","doi":"10.1089/dia.2012.0061","title":"Ramadan fasting in diabetes patients on insulin pump therapy augmented by continuous glucose monitoring: an observational real-life study.","year":"2012","author":"Khalil AB, Beshyah SA, Abu Awad SM, Benbarka MM, Haddad M, Al-Hassan D, Kahwatih M, Nagelkerke N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22827507/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small selected cohort with active monitoring cannot establish general safety or prove device superiority.","assessmentId":"22827507","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:22829912","pmid":"22829912","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0041102","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis.","year":"2012","author":"Mamaghani S, Simpson CD, Cao PM, Cheung M, Chow S, Bandarchi B, Schimmer AD, Hedley DW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22829912/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:22889512","pmid":"22889512","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2012.07.002","title":"Alternate day fasting (ADF) with a high-fat diet produces similar weight loss and cardio-protection as ADF with a low-fat diet.","year":"2013","author":"Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22889512/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tests dietary fat during fasting, not fasting versus equivalent daily restriction. Short-term markers do not prove cardioprotection; likely linked to companion lipid/vascular reports.","assessmentId":"22889512","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:22903617","pmid":"22903617","doi":"10.1210/en.2011-2101","title":"Comprehensive modulation of tumor progression and regression with periodic fasting and refeeding circles via boosting IGFBP-3 loops and NK responses.","year":"2012","author":"Chen X, Lin X, Li M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22903617/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Striking preclinical results require model, allocation and denominator checks and independent replication; percentages must not be converted into invented sample sizes. No human efficacy evidence.","assessmentId":"22903617","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:22904096","pmid":"22904096","doi":"10.1093/gerona/gls170","title":"Life-span extension by caloric restriction is determined by type and level of food reduction and by reproductive mode in Brachionus manjavacas (Rotifera).","year":"2013","author":"Gribble KE, Welch DB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22904096/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A microscopic invertebrate result does not estimate human lifespan extension; genetically related groups still responded differently.","assessmentId":"22904096","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:22911714","pmid":"22911714","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0040879","title":"Mitochondrial DNA maintenance is regulated in human hepatoma cells by glycogen synthase kinase 3β and p53 in response to tumor necrosis factor α.","year":"2012","author":"Vadrot N, Ghanem S, Braut F, Gavrilescu L, Pilard N, Mansouri A, Moreau R, Reyl-Desmars F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22911714/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:22931620","pmid":"22931620","doi":"","title":"[Effect of perioperative intestinal probiotics on intestinal flora and immune function in patients with colorectal cancer].","year":"2012","author":"Zhu D, Chen X, Wu J, Ju Y, Feng J, Lu G, Ouyang M, Ren B, Li Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22931620/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:22941233","pmid":"22941233","doi":"10.1007/s00268-012-1741-7","title":"Safety and efficacy of fast-track surgery in laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer: a randomized clinical trial.","year":"2012","author":"Kim JW, Kim WS, Cheong JH, Hyung WJ, Choi SH, Noh SH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22941233/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:22963582","pmid":"22963582","doi":"10.1186/1475-2891-11-69","title":"Effects of Ramadan fasting on cardiovascular risk factors: a prospective observational study.","year":"2012","author":"Nematy M, Alinezhad-Namaghi M, Rashed MM, Mozhdehifard M, Sajjadi SS, Akhlaghi S, Sabery M, Mohajeri SA, Shalaey N, Moohebati M, Norouzy A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22963582/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A calculated prediction is not observed prevention of heart attacks; no randomization, long-term follow-up or control for concurrent lifestyle changes.","assessmentId":"22963582","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:2297483","pmid":"2297483","doi":"10.1038/bjc.1990.25","title":"Reduction in calcium excretion in women with breast cancer and bone metastases using the oral bisphosphonate pamidronate.","year":"1990","author":"Dodwell DJ, Howell A, Ford J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2297483/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23038057","pmid":"23038057","doi":"10.1002/pros.22586","title":"The effect of carbohydrate restriction on prostate cancer tumor growth in a castrate mouse xenograft model.","year":"2013","author":"Caso J, Masko EM, Ii JA, Poulton SH, Dewhirst M, Pizzo SV, Freedland SJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23038057/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tumor-size endpoint, selected hormone subset and mouse model; evidence does not show that maximal carbohydrate removal is best.","assessmentId":"23038057","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:23047605","pmid":"23047605","doi":"10.4161/cc.22316","title":"Downregulation of stromal BRCA1 drives breast cancer tumor growth via upregulation of HIF-1α, autophagy and ketone body production.","year":"2012","author":"Salem AF, Howell A, Sartini M, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23047605/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"BRCA1 manipulation changes several pathways; does not isolate a fasting effect or establish that dietary ketosis worsens patient outcomes.","assessmentId":"23047605","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:23082721","pmid":"23082721","doi":"10.4161/cc.22136","title":"Ketone bodies and two-compartment tumor metabolism: stromal ketone production fuels mitochondrial biogenesis in epithelial cancer cells.","year":"2012","author":"Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Lin Z, Whitaker-Menezes D, Howell A, Lisanti MP, Sotgia F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23082721/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Mitochondrial markers and tissue expression do not by themselves establish clinical growth or dietary harm; no fasting trial.","assessmentId":"23082721","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:23082722","pmid":"23082722","doi":"10.4161/cc.22137","title":"Ketone body utilization drives tumor growth and metastasis.","year":"2012","author":"Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Lin Z, Whitaker-Menezes D, Howell A, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23082722/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Artificial overexpression demonstrates possible metabolic support, not universal behavior or an outcome of fasting in patients.","assessmentId":"23082722","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:23083119","pmid":"23083119","doi":"10.1021/jm3008536","title":"Novel tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]isoindolone derivatives (valmerins): potent cyclin-dependent kinase/glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitors with antiproliferative activities and antitumor effects in human tumor xenografts.","year":"2012","author":"Boulahjar R, Ouach A, Matteo C, Bourg S, Ravache M, le Guével R, Marionneau S, Oullier T, Lozach O, Meijer L, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Lazar S, Akssira M, Troin Y, Guillaumet G, Routier S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23083119/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23171320","pmid":"23171320","doi":"10.1186/1475-2891-11-98","title":"Intermittent fasting combined with calorie restriction is effective for weight loss and cardio-protection in obese women.","year":"2012","author":"Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Bhutani S, Trepanowski JF, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23171320/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No fasting-free calorie-matched control, so fasting’s added effect cannot be isolated; short-term risk markers are not demonstrated heart-disease prevention.","assessmentId":"23171320","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:23177934","pmid":"23177934","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2012.10.017","title":"Glucose utilization via glycogen phosphorylase sustains proliferation and prevents premature senescence in cancer cells.","year":"2012","author":"Favaro E, Bensaad K, Chong MG, Tennant DA, Ferguson DJ, Snell C, Steers G, Turley H, Li JL, Günther UL, Buffa FM, McIntyre A, Harris AL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23177934/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Targets access to stored glycogen, not simply its absence; genetic manipulation is not dietary fasting, and effects may depend on p53 and tumor type.","assessmentId":"23177934","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:23217251","pmid":"23217251","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2012.11.010","title":"Linking glycogen and senescence in cancer cells.","year":"2012","author":"Ros S, Schulze A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23217251/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Commentary on Favaro and colleagues’ primary glycogen-phosphorylase study (PMID 23177934); no new experiment or independent participant cohort.","assessmentId":"23217251","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:23220077","pmid":"23220077","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2012.09.007","title":"Randomized cross-over trial of short-term water-only fasting: metabolic and cardiovascular consequences.","year":"2013","author":"Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Lappé DL, May HT, Carlquist JF, Galenko O, Brunisholz KD, Anderson JL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23220077/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Transient biomarkers cannot establish disease prevention or longevity; rapid weight change is not necessarily fat loss.","assessmentId":"23220077","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:23222000","pmid":"23222000","doi":"10.1530/erc-12-0229","title":"Obesity-related hormones and endometrial cancer among postmenopausal women: a nested case-control study within the B~FIT cohort.","year":"2013","author":"Dallal CM, Brinton LA, Bauer DC, Buist DS, Cauley JA, Hue TF, Lacroix A, Tice JA, Chia VM, Falk R, Pfeiffer R, Pollak M, Veenstra TD, Xu X, Lacey JV, B~FIT Research Group.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23222000/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23230392","pmid":"23230392","doi":"10.4103/1477-3163.100866","title":"Aberrant glycogen synthase kinase 3β in the development of pancreatic cancer.","year":"2012","author":"Shimasaki T, Kitano A, Motoo Y, Minamoto T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23230392/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23295942","pmid":"23295942","doi":"10.1097/igc.0b013e31827cfecb","title":"Lithium chloride and inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β as a potential therapy for serous ovarian cancer.","year":"2013","author":"Novetsky AP, Thompson DM, Zighelboim I, Thaker PH, Powell MA, Mutch DG, Goodfellow PJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23295942/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23325562","pmid":"23325562","doi":"10.1002/ptr.4925","title":"Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase and phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase3 β mediate ursolic acid induced apoptosis in HepG2 liver cancer cells.","year":"2013","author":"Son HS, Kwon HY, Sohn EJ, Lee JH, Woo HJ, Yun M, Kim SH, Kim YC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23325562/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23359767","pmid":"23359767","doi":"10.1007/s11670-012-0116-9","title":"Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Inhibitor (2'Z,3'E)-6-Bromo-indirubin- 3'-Oxime Enhances Drug Resistance to 5-Fluorouracil Chemotherapy in Colon Cancer Cells.","year":"2012","author":"Liu KP, Luo F, Xie SM, Tang LJ, Chen MX, Wu XF, Zhong XY, Zhao T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23359767/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23389968","pmid":"23389968","doi":"10.1002/ijc.28074","title":"Nuclear expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3β and lack of membranous β-catenin is correlated with poor survival in colon cancer.","year":"2013","author":"Salim T, Sjölander A, Sand-Dejmek J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23389968/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23408502","pmid":"23408502","doi":"10.1002/oby.20353","title":"Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans.","year":"2013","author":"Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23408502/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small groups and short-term markers; no calorie-matched daily restriction arm or clinical cardiovascular endpoint.","assessmentId":"23408502","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:23408967","pmid":"23408967","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0055289","title":"Aberrant glycogen synthase kinase 3β is involved in pancreatic cancer cell invasion and resistance to therapy.","year":"2013","author":"Kitano A, Shimasaki T, Chikano Y, Nakada M, Hirose M, Higashi T, Ishigaki Y, Endo Y, Takino T, Sato H, Sai Y, Miyamoto K, Motoo Y, Kawakami K, Minamoto T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23408967/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23417336","pmid":"23417336","doi":"10.1007/s10549-013-2446-9","title":"A proof of principle clinical trial to determine whether conjugated linoleic acid modulates the lipogenic pathway in human breast cancer tissue.","year":"2013","author":"McGowan MM, Eisenberg BL, Lewis LD, Froehlich HM, Wells WA, Eastman A, Kuemmerle NB, Rosenkrantz KM, Barth RJ, Schwartz GN, Li Z, Tosteson TD, Beaulieu BB, Kinlaw WB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23417336/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23430010","pmid":"23430010","doi":"10.1007/s00520-013-1743-5","title":"The effect of aerobic exercise on metabolic and inflammatory markers in breast cancer survivors--a pilot study.","year":"2013","author":"Guinan E, Hussey J, Broderick JM, Lithander FE, O'Donnell D, Kennedy MJ, Connolly EM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23430010/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23448808","pmid":"23448808","doi":"10.18632/oncotarget.841","title":"Targeting glycogen metabolism: a novel strategy to inhibit cancer cell growth?","year":"2013","author":"Favaro E, Harris AL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23448808/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-abstract-and-publication-type","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Editorial, news or commentary on research reported elsewhere. Retain for reference tracing; do not count as an independent original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23465742","pmid":"23465742","doi":"10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70025-1","title":"Cardiovascular outcomes in patients with locally advanced and metastatic prostate cancer treated with luteinising-hormone-releasing-hormone agonists or transdermal oestrogen: the randomised, phase 2 MRC PATCH trial (PR09).","year":"2013","author":"Langley RE, Cafferty FH, Alhasso AA, Rosen SD, Sundaram SK, Freeman SC, Pollock P, Jinks RC, Godsland IF, Kockelbergh R, Clarke NW, Kynaston HG, Parmar MK, Abel PD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23465742/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23489776","pmid":"23489776","doi":"10.1111/1753-0407.12041","title":"Selenium supplementation has no effect on serum glucose levels in men at high risk of prostate cancer.","year":"2013","author":"Algotar AM, Hsu CH, Singh P, Stratton SP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23489776/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:2350775","pmid":"2350775","doi":"","title":"[A low-energy protein diet and complete fasting in obese patients. Effect on energy metabolism].","year":"1990","author":"Kábrt J, Masek Z, Svacina S, Koubková H, Sonka J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2350775/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short-term weight includes water and other tissues; no long-term outcomes, allocation details or exact arm sizes in abstract.","assessmentId":"2350775","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:23520669","pmid":"23520669","doi":"","title":"The effect of honey on mucositis induced by chemoradiation in head and neck cancer.","year":"2012","author":"Maiti PK, Ray A, Mitra TN, Jana U, Bhattacharya J, Ganguly S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23520669/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23565238","pmid":"23565238","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0060383","title":"CG0009, a novel glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitor, induces cell death through cyclin D1 depletion in breast cancer cells.","year":"2013","author":"Kim HM, Kim CS, Lee JH, Jang SJ, Hwang JJ, Ro S, Choi J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23565238/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:2356851","pmid":"2356851","doi":"10.1097/00000441-199006000-00005","title":"Effect of prolonged modified fasting in obese persons on in vitro markers of immunity: lymphocyte function and serum effects on normal neutrophils.","year":"1990","author":"McMurray RW, Bradsher RW, Steele RW, Pilkington NS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2356851/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Laboratory immune tests do not establish clinical infection risk or immune rejuvenation; weight loss and diet components cannot be separated.","assessmentId":"2356851","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:23582741","pmid":"23582741","doi":"10.1016/j.ejca.2013.03.014","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta regulates Snail and β-catenin expression during Fas-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastrointestinal cancer.","year":"2013","author":"Zheng H, Li W, Wang Y, Liu Z, Cai Y, Xie T, Shi M, Wang Z, Jiang B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23582741/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23612508","pmid":"23612508","doi":"10.1038/ejcn.2013.83","title":"Alternate day fasting increases LDL particle size independently of dietary fat content in obese humans.","year":"2013","author":"Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23612508/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Likely shares participants with weight and vascular reports; enrollment versus analyzed denominators need full-text reconciliation. Lipoprotein changes do not establish fewer heart attacks.","assessmentId":"23612508","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:23679071","pmid":"23679071","doi":"10.1111/jhn.12042","title":"Effect of fasting in Ramadan on body composition and nutritional intake: a prospective study.","year":"2013","author":"Norouzy A, Salehi M, Philippou E, Arabi H, Shiva F, Mehrnoosh S, Mohajeri SM, Mohajeri SA, Motaghedi Larijani A, Nematy M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23679071/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Impedance is sensitive to hydration. A fall in fat-free mass is not necessarily all muscle loss; no randomized comparison or long-term maintenance assessment.","assessmentId":"23679071","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:23712283","pmid":"23712283","doi":"10.1038/nutd.2013.14","title":"Benefit of a low-fat over high-fat diet on vascular health during alternate day fasting.","year":"2013","author":"Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Norkeviciute E, Goslawski M, Phillips SA, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23712283/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Likely shares participants with companion weight/lipid reports; vascular dilation is a surrogate, and favorable weight changes did not imply identical vascular responses.","assessmentId":"23712283","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:23759267","pmid":"23759267","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2013.02.003","title":"Shrinking preoperative fast time with maltodextrin and protein hydrolysate in gastrointestinal resections due to cancer.","year":"2013","author":"Pexe-Machado PA, de Oliveira BD, Dock-Nascimento DB, de Aguilar-Nascimento JE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23759267/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Perioperative care, imaging preparation or procedural fasting rather than the voluntary fasting or direct mechanism questions under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23785924","pmid":"23785924","doi":"","title":"Lipid profile in breast cancer patients from rural India.","year":"2012","author":"Asegaonkar S, Chaudhari SC, Bardapurkar JS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23785924/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23788187","pmid":"23788187","doi":"","title":"[Autophagic flux of cardiomyocytes from 20-week transverse abdominal aortic constriction rats].","year":"2013","author":"Cui LB, Sheng JJ, Wang YY, Yu ZB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23788187/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Static marker combinations are less definitive than degradation-blockade flux assays; rat timing does not establish a human autophagy threshold or cardiac benefit.","assessmentId":"23788187","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:23803886","pmid":"23803886","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.113.062778","title":"Metabolomic profile of response to supplementation with β-carotene in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study.","year":"2013","author":"Mondul AM, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Weinstein SJ, Evans AM, Karoly ED, Virtamo J, Albanes D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23803886/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23846217","pmid":"23846217","doi":"10.1038/cddis.2013.222","title":"ER stress-mediated apoptosis induced by celastrol in cancer cells and important role of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in the signal network.","year":"2013","author":"Feng L, Zhang D, Fan C, Ma C, Yang W, Meng Y, Wu W, Guan S, Jiang B, Yang M, Liu X, Guo D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23846217/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23871662","pmid":"23871662","doi":"10.1016/j.apnr.2013.05.003","title":"No stone left unturned: challenges encountered during recruitment of women with advanced ovarian cancer for a phase I study.","year":"2013","author":"Albrecht TA, Taylor AG.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23871662/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23938374","pmid":"23938374","doi":"10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.08.004","title":"Clinical and toxicity predictors of response and progression to temsirolimus in women with recurrent or metastatic endometrial cancer.","year":"2013","author":"Goodwin RA, Jamal R, Tu D, Walsh W, Dancey J, Oza AM, Elit L, Eisenhauer EA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23938374/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23941783","pmid":"23941783","doi":"10.3390/ijms140816617","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibition as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of endometrial cancer.","year":"2013","author":"Yin Y, Kizer NT, Thaker PH, Chiappinelli KB, Trinkaus KM, Goodfellow PJ, Ma L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23941783/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23980739","pmid":"23980739","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2012-0337","title":"[Not Available].","year":"2013","author":"Traoré M, Galibois I, Lemieux S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23980739/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small sample and self-reported intake; indexed title is unavailable, so bibliographic identification needs the PMID source link rather than an invented paper title.","assessmentId":"23980739","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:23983127","pmid":"23983127","doi":"10.1074/jbc.m113.450106","title":"Succinate dehydrogenase 5 (SDH5) regulates glycogen synthase kinase 3β-β-catenin-mediated lung cancer metastasis.","year":"2013","author":"Liu J, Gao L, Zhang H, Wang D, Wang M, Zhu J, Pang C, Wang C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23983127/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23990403","pmid":"23990403","doi":"10.2478/s11658-013-0102-3","title":"The role of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in glioma cell apoptosis induced by remifentanil.","year":"2013","author":"Xu J, Xu P, Li Z, Xiao L, Yang Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23990403/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:23996548","pmid":"23996548","doi":"10.1007/s13300-013-0038-7","title":"Experience with Vildagliptin in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Fasting During Ramadan in France: Insights from the VERDI Study.","year":"2013","author":"Halimi S, Levy M, Huet D, Quéré S, Dejager S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23996548/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Treatment selection, different planned dose adjustments and retrospective event recall limit causal drug comparisons and do not test fasting benefit.","assessmentId":"23996548","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:24034838","pmid":"24034838","doi":"10.1111/pcmr.12156","title":"Identification of glycogen synthase kinase 3α as a therapeutic target in melanoma.","year":"2013","author":"Madhunapantula SV, Sharma A, Gowda R, Robertson GP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24034838/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:24044618","pmid":"24044618","doi":"10.3109/13685538.2013.832191","title":"Improvement of metabolic parameters in healthy older adult men following a fasting calorie restriction intervention.","year":"2013","author":"Teng NI, Shahar S, Rajab NF, Manaf ZA, Johari MH, Ngah WZ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24044618/","searches":["glucose","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Cannot separate meal timing from lower calories; DNA assay changes are not proof of cancer prevention, slower aging or longer life.","assessmentId":"24044618","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:24060277","pmid":"24060277","doi":"10.1186/1475-2891-12-101","title":"Effects of legume kernel fibres and citrus fibre on putative risk factors for colorectal cancer: a randomised, double-blind, crossover human intervention trial.","year":"2013","author":"Fechner A, Fenske K, Jahreis G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24060277/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:24068549","pmid":"24068549","doi":"10.1007/s00520-013-1979-0","title":"Fast-track surgery improves postoperative clinical recovery and reduces postoperative insulin resistance after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.","year":"2014","author":"Zhao G, Cao S, Cui J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24068549/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Perioperative care, imaging preparation or procedural fasting rather than the voluntary fasting or direct mechanism questions under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:24088787","pmid":"24088787","doi":"10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0332-t","title":"Activation of the Wnt pathway through AR79, a GSK3β inhibitor, promotes prostate cancer growth in soft tissue and bone.","year":"2013","author":"Jiang Y, Dai J, Zhang H, Sottnik JL, Keller JM, Escott KJ, Sanganee HJ, Yao Z, McCauley LK, Keller ET.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24088787/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:24089232","pmid":"24089232","doi":"","title":"The effects of long term fasting in Ramadan on glucose regulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus.","year":"2013","author":"Karatoprak C, Yolbas S, Cakirca M, Cinar A, Zorlu M, Kiskac M, Cikrikcioglu MA, Erkoc R, Tasan E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24089232/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Abstract calls the design randomized but also retrospective and observational; no described randomized fasting assignment. Selected complete clinic records cannot establish broad safety.","assessmentId":"24089232","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:24160237","pmid":"24160237","doi":"10.3305/nh.2013.28.5.6693","title":"Prolonged fasting with fluid therapy is related to poorer outcomes in medical patients.","year":"2013","author":"Kyriakos G, Calleja-Fernández A, Ávila-Turcios D, Cano-Rodríguez I, Ballesteros Pomar MD, Vidal-Casariego A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24160237/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Illness-driven fasting is different from elective fasting; confounding by disease severity remains, and mortality association was with malnutrition rather than fasting alone.","assessmentId":"24160237","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:24189081","pmid":"24189081","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003556","title":"At cancer diagnosis: a 'window of opportunity' for behavioural change towards physical activity. A randomised feasibility study in patients with colon and breast cancer.","year":"2013","author":"Møller T, Lillelund C, Andersen C, Ejlertsen B, Nørgaard L, Christensen KB, Vadstrup E, Diderichsen F, Hendriksen C, Bloomquist K, Adamsen L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24189081/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:24215592","pmid":"24215592","doi":"10.1186/1475-2891-12-146","title":"Alternate day fasting for weight loss in normal weight and overweight subjects: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2013","author":"Varady KA, Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Haus JM, Hoddy KK, Calvo Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24215592/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small short trial without an equally calorie-restricted daily-diet arm; biomarker changes are not demonstrated cardiovascular-event prevention.","assessmentId":"24215592","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:24276788","pmid":"24276788","doi":"10.1007/s00005-013-0263-9","title":"The role of glycogen synthase kinase 3-β in immunity and cell cycle: implications in esophageal cancer.","year":"2014","author":"Gao S, Brown J, Wang H, Feng X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24276788/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:24292700","pmid":"24292700","doi":"10.1007/s00280-013-2358-8","title":"Increased sensitivity to glucose starvation correlates with downregulation of glycogen phosphorylase isoform PYGB in tumor cell lines resistant to 2-deoxy-D-glucose.","year":"2014","author":"Philips KB, Kurtoglu M, Leung HJ, Liu H, Gao N, Lehrman MA, Murray TG, Lampidis TJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24292700/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Drug exposure and glucose withdrawal had different effects. Artificial deprivation and selected cell lines do not establish a dietary cancer treatment.","assessmentId":"24292700","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:24312592","pmid":"24312592","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0081814","title":"Polarized regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β is important for glioma cell invasion.","year":"2013","author":"Zou Q, Hou Y, Shen F, Wang Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24312592/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:24335145","pmid":"24335145","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkt1275","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta inhibits microRNA-183-96-182 cluster via the β-Catenin/TCF/LEF-1 pathway in gastric cancer cells.","year":"2014","author":"Tang X, Zheng D, Hu P, Zeng Z, Li M, Tucker L, Monahan R, Resnick MB, Liu M, Ramratnam B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24335145/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:24336400","pmid":"24336400","doi":"10.1177/0884533613514277","title":"Prolonged preoperative fasting in elective surgical patients: why should we reduce it?","year":"2014","author":"Pimenta GP, de Aguilar-Nascimento JE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24336400/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:24373063","pmid":"24373063","doi":"10.1111/dom.12249","title":"A randomized controlled trial comparing the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide to a sulphonylurea as add on to metformin in patients with established type 2 diabetes during Ramadan: the Treat 4 Ramadan Trial.","year":"2014","author":"Brady EM, Davies MJ, Gray LJ, Saeed MA, Smith D, Hanif W, Khunti K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24373063/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Medication comparison, not fasting efficacy; small sample and borderline HbA1c result should not be reported as a clear primary-outcome success.","assessmentId":"24373063","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:24398687","pmid":"24398687","doi":"10.1074/jbc.m113.508549","title":"A colon cancer-derived mutant of Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) is resistant to degradation by glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and the E3 ubiquitin ligase F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 7α (FBW7α).","year":"2014","author":"Bialkowska AB, Liu Y, Nandan MO, Yang VW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24398687/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:24457089","pmid":"24457089","doi":"10.1016/j.bmc.2013.12.065","title":"3-Ketone-4,6-diene ceramide analogs exclusively induce apoptosis in chemo-resistant cancer cells.","year":"2014","author":"Ponnapakam AP, Liu J, Bhinge KN, Drew BA, Wang TL, Antoon JW, Nguyen TT, Dupart PS, Wang Y, Zhao M, Liu YY, Foroozesh M, Beckman BS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24457089/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:24522324","pmid":"24522324","doi":"10.1007/s00431-014-2276-8","title":"Intermittent fasting during Ramadan causes a transient increase in total, LDL, and HDL cholesterols and hs-CRP in ethnic obese adolescents.","year":"2014","author":"Radhakishun N, Blokhuis C, van Vliet M, von Rosenstiel I, Weijer O, Heymans M, Beijnen J, Brandjes D, Diamant M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24522324/","searches":["populations","religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small observational sample cannot establish either general safety or benefit; temporary changes and hydration-sensitive body composition require caution.","assessmentId":"24522324","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:24559109","pmid":"24559109","doi":"10.1186/2251-6581-13-37","title":"Implementation of Ramadan-specific diabetes management recommendations: a multi-centered prospective study from Pakistan.","year":"2014","author":"Ahmedani MY, Alvi SF, Haque MS, Fawwad A, Basit A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24559109/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Self-reported implementation and selected specialist care; no controlled evidence that the program or fasting prevented complications.","assessmentId":"24559109","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:24609919","pmid":"24609919","doi":"10.1136/bmj.g1823","title":"The impact of a bodyweight and physical activity intervention (BeWEL) initiated through a national colorectal cancer screening programme: randomised controlled trial.","year":"2014","author":"Anderson AS, Craigie AM, Caswell S, Treweek S, Stead M, Macleod M, Daly F, Belch J, Rodger J, Kirk A, Ludbrook A, Rauchhaus P, Norwood P, Thompson J, Wardle J, Steele RJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24609919/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:24615175","pmid":"24615175","doi":"10.1002/ijc.28809","title":"Ketone supplementation decreases tumor cell viability and prolongs survival of mice with metastatic cancer.","year":"2014","author":"Poff AM, Ari C, Arnold P, Seyfried TN, D'Agostino DP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24615175/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"One metastatic model and exogenous supplements, not fasting. Does not show universal inability of tumors to use ketones or establish a human survival benefit.","assessmentId":"24615175","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:24615354","pmid":"24615354","doi":"10.1007/s10995-014-1464-5","title":"Physical activity during pregnancy: predictors of change, perceived support and barriers among women at increased risk of gestational diabetes.","year":"2014","author":"Leppänen M, Aittasalo M, Raitanen J, Kinnunen TI, Kujala UM, Luoto R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24615354/","searches":["glucose","muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:24626091","pmid":"24626091","doi":"10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2946","title":"Maintaining glycogen synthase kinase-3 activity is critical for mTOR kinase inhibitors to inhibit cancer cell growth.","year":"2014","author":"Koo J, Yue P, Gal AA, Khuri FR, Sun SY.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24626091/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:24634935","pmid":"24634935","doi":"","title":"Octreotide stimulates somatostatin receptor-induced apoptosis of SW480 colon cancer cells by activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β, A Wnt/β-catenin pathway modulator.","year":"2013","author":"Wang S, Bao Z, Liang QM, Long JW, Xiao ZS, Jiang ZJ, Liu B, Yang J, Long ZX.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24634935/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:24696775","pmid":"24696775","doi":"10.1177/2042018814529062","title":"Glycemic effects of vildagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes before, during and after the period of fasting in Ramadan.","year":"2014","author":"Malha LP, Taan G, Zantout MS, Azar ST.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24696775/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small open-label study with differential attrition; not evidence of fasting benefit or a statistically established hypoglycemia reduction.","assessmentId":"24696775","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:24700805","pmid":"24700805","doi":"10.1093/jnci/dju062","title":"Role in tumor growth of a glycogen debranching enzyme lost in glycogen storage disease.","year":"2014","author":"Guin S, Pollard C, Ru Y, Ritterson Lew C, Duex JE, Dancik G, Owens C, Spencer A, Knight S, Holemon H, Gupta S, Hansel D, Hellerstein M, Lorkiewicz P, Lane AN, Fan TW, Theodorescu D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24700805/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A glycogen-associated protein can act through other functions. No fasting trial; clinical association does not prove a treatment effect.","assessmentId":"24700805","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:24701429","pmid":"24701429","doi":"10.4103/2230-8210.126530","title":"Fasting during Ramadan in adolescents with diabetes.","year":"2014","author":"Zabeen B, Tayyeb S, Benarjee B, Baki A, Nahar J, Mohsin F, Nahar N, Azad K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24701429/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small selected monitored cohort; roughly two-fifths did not complete, and null biomarker differences do not establish pediatric fasting safety.","assessmentId":"24701429","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:24783068","pmid":"24783068","doi":"10.7860/jcdr/2014/8108.4092","title":"Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Body Weight, (BP) and Biochemical Parameters in Middle Aged Hypertensive Subjects: An Observational Trial.","year":"2014","author":"M S, Ah SA, Sr S, Km B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24783068/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Very small study without control for medication adherence, diet, weight or regression to the mean; no cardiovascular-event outcome.","assessmentId":"24783068","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:24794890","pmid":"24794890","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2014.04.004","title":"Alteration in fasting glucose after prolonged treatment with a thiazide diuretic.","year":"2014","author":"Karnes JH, Gong Y, Arwood MJ, Gums JG, Hall KL, Limacher MC, Johnson JA, Cooper-DeHoff RM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24794890/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:24810552","pmid":"24810552","doi":"10.1515/jpm-2013-0289","title":"Ramadan fasting and pregnancy: implications for fetal development in summer season.","year":"2015","author":"Sakar MN, Gultekin H, Demir B, Bakir VL, Balsak D, Vuruskan E, Acar H, Yucel O, Yayla M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24810552/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Conflicting sample counts and incomplete between-group results prevent a reliable numerical conclusion without full-text verification; no randomized assignment.","assessmentId":"24810552","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:24905167","pmid":"24905167","doi":"10.1016/j.stem.2014.04.014","title":"Prolonged fasting reduces IGF-1/PKA to promote hematopoietic-stem-cell-based regeneration and reverse immunosuppression.","year":"2014","author":"Cheng CW, Adams GB, Perin L, Wei M, Zhou X, Lam BS, Da Sacco S, Mirisola M, Quinn DI, Dorff TB, Kopchick JJ, Longo VD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24905167/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"cheng","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:24920915","pmid":"24920915","doi":"10.2147/vhrm.s64038","title":"A double-blind, randomized trial, including frequent patient-physician contacts and Ramadan-focused advice, assessing vildagliptin and gliclazide in patients with type 2 diabetes fasting during Ramadan: the STEADFAST study.","year":"2014","author":"Hassanein M, Abdallah K, Schweizer A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24920915/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Medication comparison in closely supported patients; significance depends on stated one-sided testing. No fasting-versus-nonfasting causal comparison.","assessmentId":"24920915","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:24944842","pmid":"24944842","doi":"10.4172/2157-2518.1000147","title":"Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β in Pancreatic Cancer and its Implications in Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy.","year":"2013","author":"Zhang Q, Bhojani MS, Ben-Josef E, Spalding AC, Kuick R, Sun Y, Morgan MA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24944842/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:24972190","pmid":"24972190","doi":"10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.06.014","title":"Anti-diabetic doses of metformin decrease proliferation markers in tumors of patients with endometrial cancer.","year":"2014","author":"Laskov I, Drudi L, Beauchamp MC, Yasmeen A, Ferenczy A, Pollak M, Gotlieb WH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24972190/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25001139","pmid":"25001139","doi":"","title":"Kidney function and metabolic profile of chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis patients during Ramadan fasting.","year":"2014","author":"Al Wakeel JS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25001139/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No hospital admission does not mean no adverse effects. Small selected cohorts and adjusted care limit general safety conclusions.","assessmentId":"25001139","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:25006223","pmid":"25006223","doi":"10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2491","title":"Molecular pathways: epigenetic modulation of Wnt-glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling to target human cancer stem cells.","year":"2014","author":"Benoit YD, Guezguez B, Boyd AL, Bhatia M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25006223/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25020061","pmid":"25020061","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0102031","title":"Fasting increases human skeletal muscle net phenylalanine release and this is associated with decreased mTOR signaling.","year":"2014","author":"Vendelbo MH, Møller AB, Christensen B, Nellemann B, Clasen BF, Nair KS, Jørgensen JO, Jessen N, Møller N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25020061/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"vendelbo","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:25028561","pmid":"25028561","doi":"10.2147/ott.s62158","title":"Clinicopathological and biological significance of aberrant activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in ovarian cancer.","year":"2014","author":"Fu Y, Wang X, Cheng X, Ye F, Xie X, Lu W.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25028561/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25040034","pmid":"25040034","doi":"10.1111/pedi.12173","title":"The basal insulin dose; a lesson from prolonged fasting in young individuals with type 1 diabetes.","year":"2015","author":"Strich D, Teomim R, Gillis D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25040034/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Repeated fasts are not independent people; observational dose associations should not become universal dosing instructions or proof of safety.","assessmentId":"25040034","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:25041791","pmid":"25041791","doi":"10.1002/cncr.28744","title":"Dual blockade of epidermal growth factor receptor and insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 signaling in metastatic pancreatic cancer: phase Ib and randomized phase II trial of gemcitabine, erlotinib, and cixutumumab versus gemcitabine plus erlotinib (SWOG S0727).","year":"2014","author":"Philip PA, Goldman B, Ramanathan RK, Lenz HJ, Lowy AM, Whitehead RP, Wakatsuki T, Iqbal S, Gaur R, Benedetti JK, Blanke CD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25041791/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25045347","pmid":"25045347","doi":"10.3402/fnr.v58.25145","title":"Effect of the amount and type of dietary fat on cardiometabolic risk factors and risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer: a systematic review.","year":"2014","author":"Schwab U, Lauritzen L, Tholstrup T, Haldorssoni T, Riserus U, Uusitupa M, Becker W.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25045347/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25050898","pmid":"25050898","doi":"10.1210/jc.2013-4495","title":"Resistance training does not protect against increases in plasma cytokine levels among germ cell cancer patients during and after chemotherapy.","year":"2014","author":"Christensen JF, Tolver A, Andersen JL, Rørth M, Daugaard G, Hojman P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25050898/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25051373","pmid":"25051373","doi":"10.18632/oncotarget.2220","title":"KIAA1199 interacts with glycogen phosphorylase kinase β-subunit (PHKB) to promote glycogen breakdown and cancer cell survival.","year":"2014","author":"Terashima M, Fujita Y, Togashi Y, Sakai K, De Velasco MA, Tomida S, Nishio K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25051373/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Identifies a possible drug target, not proof that every cancer requires glycogen or that fasting disables this pathway in patients.","assessmentId":"25051373","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:25087629","pmid":"25087629","doi":"10.1248/cpb.c14-00109","title":"Methyl vinyl ketone, a toxic ingredient in cigarette smoke extract, modifies glutathione in mouse melanoma cells.","year":"2014","author":"Horiyama S, Takahashi Y, Hatai M, Honda C, Suwa K, Ichikawa A, Yoshikawa N, Nakamura K, Kunitomo M, Date S, Masujima T, Takayama M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25087629/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25132681","pmid":"25132681","doi":"10.1002/cam4.319","title":"Serum phytanic and pristanic acid levels and prostate cancer risk in Finnish smokers.","year":"2014","author":"Wright ME, Albanes D, Moser AB, Weinstein SJ, Snyder K, Männistö S, Gann PH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25132681/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25156718","pmid":"25156718","doi":"10.1002/ijc.29162","title":"Hyperpolarized [1,3-13C2 ]ethyl acetoacetate is a novel diagnostic metabolic marker of liver cancer.","year":"2015","author":"Jensen PR, Serra SC, Miragoli L, Karlsson M, Cabella C, Poggi L, Venturi L, Tedoldi F, Lerche MH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25156718/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Diagnostic imaging development using labeled ethyl acetoacetate and esterase conversion in rat liver tumors. No fasting, ketone-fuel dependency or therapeutic tumor-starvation outcome was tested.","assessmentId":"25156718","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:25164513","pmid":"25164513","doi":"10.1007/s11764-014-0395-x","title":"Blood pressure, salivary cortisol, and inflammatory cytokine outcomes in senior female cancer survivors enrolled in a tai chi chih randomized controlled trial.","year":"2015","author":"Campo RA, Light KC, O'Connor K, Nakamura Y, Lipschitz D, LaStayo PC, Pappas LM, Boucher KM, Irwin MR, Hill HR, Martins TB, Agarwal N, Kinney AY.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25164513/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25219323","pmid":"25219323","doi":"10.1016/j.bcp.2014.09.001","title":"Glycogen metabolism in cancer.","year":"2014","author":"Zois CE, Favaro E, Harris AL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25219323/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25228990","pmid":"25228990","doi":"10.1186/2049-3002-2-18","title":"Metabolic reprogramming induced by ketone bodies diminishes pancreatic cancer cachexia.","year":"2014","author":"Shukla SK, Gebregiworgis T, Purohit V, Chaika NV, Gunda V, Radhakrishnan P, Mehla K, Pipinos II, Powers R, Yu F, Singh PK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25228990/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Preclinical context-specific benefit; later pancreatic models may differ. Does not establish patient efficacy or a universal cancer fuel rule.","assessmentId":"25228990","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:25231606","pmid":"25231606","doi":"10.1017/s0007114514002219","title":"Ramadan fasting and newborn's birth weight in pregnant Muslim women in The Netherlands.","year":"2014","author":"Savitri AI, Yadegari N, Bakker J, van Ewijk RJ, Grobbee DE, Painter RC, Uiterwaal CS, Roseboom TJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25231606/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Nonrandom exposure, modest sample and imprecise subgroup estimates; neither definite harm nor safety is established.","assessmentId":"25231606","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:25246272","pmid":"25246272","doi":"10.1016/j.neo.2014.07.012","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase 3 regulates cell death and survival signaling in tumor cells under redox stress.","year":"2014","author":"Venè R, Cardinali B, Arena G, Ferrari N, Benelli R, Minghelli S, Poggi A, Noonan DM, Albini A, Tosetti F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25246272/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25251676","pmid":"25251676","doi":"10.1002/oby.20909","title":"Meal timing during alternate day fasting: Impact on body weight and cardiovascular disease risk in obese adults.","year":"2014","author":"Hoddy KK, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Barnosky A, Bhutani S, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25251676/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No nonfasting or daily-restriction control; similar short-term outcomes do not prove equal long-term adherence or cardioprotection.","assessmentId":"25251676","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:25261183","pmid":"25261183","doi":"10.1186/1471-2393-14-335","title":"Experiences and outcomes of maternal Ramadan fasting during pregnancy: results from a sub-cohort of the Born in Bradford birth cohort study.","year":"2014","author":"Petherick ES, Tuffnell D, Wright J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25261183/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Selection/confounding and limited sample; live-birth cohort cannot establish all pregnancy risks, and null findings do not prove safety.","assessmentId":"25261183","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:25273659","pmid":"25273659","doi":"","title":"[Feasibility of \"no tube no fasting\" therapy in thoracolaparoscopic oesophagectomy for patients with oesophageal cancer].","year":"2014","author":"Sun H, Li Y, Liu X, Wang Z, Zhang R, Qin J, Wei X, Leng C, Zhu J, Chen X, Wu Z, Yu Y, Li H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25273659/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Perioperative care, imaging preparation or procedural fasting rather than the voluntary fasting or direct mechanism questions under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25327559","pmid":"25327559","doi":"10.18632/oncotarget.2303","title":"A screen for transcription factor targets of glycogen synthase kinase-3 highlights an inverse correlation of NFκB and androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer.","year":"2014","author":"Campa VM, Baltziskueta E, Bengoa-Vergniory N, Gorroño-Etxebarria I, Wesołowski R, Waxman J, Kypta RM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25327559/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25332205","pmid":"25332205","doi":"10.1161/circresaha.116.303356","title":"Endogenous Drp1 mediates mitochondrial autophagy and protects the heart against energy stress.","year":"2015","author":"Ikeda Y, Shirakabe A, Maejima Y, Zhai P, Sciarretta S, Toli J, Nomura M, Mihara K, Egashira K, Ohishi M, Abdellatif M, Sadoshima J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25332205/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Demonstrates protective cellular quality control in this model, not that longer fasting benefits the human heart or clears cancer.","assessmentId":"25332205","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:25335682","pmid":"25335682","doi":"10.3305/nh.2014.30.4.7528","title":"Is duration of postoperative fasting associated with infection and prolonged length of stay in surgical patients?","year":"2014","author":"de Assis MC, Silveira CR, Beghetto MG, de Mello D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25335682/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Perioperative care, imaging preparation or procedural fasting rather than the voluntary fasting or direct mechanism questions under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25341903","pmid":"25341903","doi":"","title":"[A randomized control study of early oral enteral nutrition after colorectal cancer operation].","year":"2014","author":"Wang D, Zhong B, Zhao P, Liu X, Zhou Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25341903/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Perioperative care, imaging preparation or procedural fasting rather than the voluntary fasting or direct mechanism questions under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25344861","pmid":"25344861","doi":"10.18632/oncotarget.1510","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibition depletes the population of prostate cancer stem/progenitor-like cells and attenuates metastatic growth.","year":"2014","author":"Kroon J, in 't Veld LS, Buijs JT, Cheung H, van der Horst G, van der Pluijm G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25344861/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25364469","pmid":"25364469","doi":"10.3892/ol.2014.2599","title":"Gastric cancer following a liver transplantation for glycogen storage disease type Ia (von Gierke disease): A case report.","year":"2014","author":"Xiao H, Bian J, Zhang L, Wang Z, Ding A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25364469/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"disease-case-outside-scope","reason":"Gastric cancer after transplantation for a glycogen-storage disorder; no fasting or direct cancer-fuel intervention in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25486534","pmid":"25486534","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0114725","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase 3 protein kinase activity is frequently elevated in human non-small cell lung carcinoma and supports tumour cell proliferation.","year":"2014","author":"Vincent EE, Elder DJ, O'Flaherty L, Pardo OE, Dzien P, Phillips L, Morgan C, Pawade J, May MT, Sohail M, Hetzel MR, Seckl MJ, Tavaré JM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25486534/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25524882","pmid":"25524882","doi":"10.1177/0884533614561793","title":"Malnutrition-induced Wernicke's encephalopathy following a water-only fasting diet.","year":"2015","author":"Hutcheon DA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25524882/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A severe documented complication, not an incidence estimate. Narrative background is not an additional trial; treatment doses are case details, not fasting guidance.","assessmentId":"25524882","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:25532422","pmid":"25532422","doi":"10.1111/aji.12346","title":"Clinical significance of inactivated glycogen synthase kinase 3β in HPV-associated cervical cancer: Relationship with Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation.","year":"2015","author":"Rath G, Jawanjal P, Salhan S, Nalliah M, Dhawan I.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25532422/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25546434","pmid":"25546434","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0114262","title":"The effects of intermittent fasting during the month of Ramadan in chronic haemodialysis patients in a tropical climate country.","year":"2014","author":"Wan Md Adnan WA, Zaharan NL, Wong MH, Lim SK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25546434/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Fluid shifts can affect weight and laboratory concentrations; no randomized comparator or reliable estimate of rare serious complications.","assessmentId":"25546434","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:25557754","pmid":"25557754","doi":"10.1038/srep07561","title":"Effects of weight loss via high fat vs. low fat alternate day fasting diets on free fatty acid profiles.","year":"2015","author":"Varady KA, Dam VT, Klempel MC, Horne M, Cruz R, Kroeger CM, Santosa S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25557754/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Likely subset of the earlier high-/low-fat fasting cohort; do not count as an independent trial. No clinical cardiovascular outcomes.","assessmentId":"25557754","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:25561726","pmid":"25561726","doi":"10.1074/jbc.m114.616714","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) inhibition induces prosurvival autophagic signals in human pancreatic cancer cells.","year":"2015","author":"Marchand B, Arsenault D, Raymond-Fleury A, Boisvert FM, Boucher MJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25561726/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Relevant to autophagy’s protective role for established cancer cells, but no fasting or dietary cancer treatment was tested.","assessmentId":"25561726","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:25578926","pmid":"25578926","doi":"10.1016/j.jand.2014.11.002","title":"¡Cocinar Para Su Salud!: Randomized Controlled Trial of a Culturally Based Dietary Intervention among Hispanic Breast Cancer Survivors.","year":"2015","author":"Greenlee H, Gaffney AO, Aycinena AC, Koch P, Contento I, Karmally W, Richardson JM, Lim E, Tsai WY, Crew K, Maurer M, Kalinsky K, Hershman DL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25578926/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25595382","pmid":"25595382","doi":"10.1007/s11695-014-1373-0","title":"Obesity surgery and Ramadan: a prospective analysis of nutritional intake, hunger and satiety and adaptive behaviours during fasting.","year":"2015","author":"Al-Ozairi E, Al Kandari J, AlHaqqan D, AlHarbi O, Masters Y, Syed AA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25595382/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Recall and day-to-day variation limit accuracy; reduced protein intake is a nutritional concern, and absence of symptom differences does not establish long-term safety.","assessmentId":"25595382","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:25678702","pmid":"25678702","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.01116.2014","title":"Physical exercise increases autophagic signaling through ULK1 in human skeletal muscle.","year":"2015","author":"Møller AB, Vendelbo MH, Christensen B, Clasen BF, Bak AM, Jørgensen JO, Møller N, Jessen N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25678702/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Signaling and static protein measures do not establish whole-body flux, exact onset, duration or cancer clearance.","assessmentId":"25678702","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:25777247","pmid":"25777247","doi":"10.1111/dom.12462","title":"Safety and effectiveness of non-insulin glucose-lowering agents in the treatment of people with type 2 diabetes who observe Ramadan: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2015","author":"Gray LJ, Dales J, Brady EM, Khunti K, Hanif W, Davies MJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25777247/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25798181","pmid":"25798181","doi":"10.1186/s12986-015-0009-2","title":"The glucose ketone index calculator: a simple tool to monitor therapeutic efficacy for metabolic management of brain cancer.","year":"2015","author":"Meidenbauer JJ, Mukherjee P, Seyfried TN.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25798181/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A proposed monitoring ratio is not a validated surrogate for cancer killing or a proven treatment target; reuses earlier evidence and mixes animal and human data.","assessmentId":"25798181","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:25806103","pmid":"25806103","doi":"10.1186/s40170-015-0129-1","title":"Treatment of glioma patients with ketogenic diets: report of two cases treated with an IRB-approved energy-restricted ketogenic diet protocol and review of the literature.","year":"2015","author":"Schwartz K, Chang HT, Nikolai M, Pernicone J, Rhee S, Olson K, Kurniali PC, Hord NG, Noel M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25806103/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Two cases cannot determine efficacy or safety, and reviewed patients are not additional new trial participants. Enzyme expression alone does not quantify actual ketone use.","assessmentId":"25806103","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:25814664","pmid":"25814664","doi":"10.1074/jbc.m114.628578","title":"Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β (GSK-3β) Inhibition Enhances Dendritic Cell-based Cancer Vaccine Potency via Suppression of Interferon-γ-induced Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Expression.","year":"2015","author":"Noh KT, Son KH, Jung ID, Kang TH, Choi CH, Park YM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25814664/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25827820","pmid":"25827820","doi":"10.1002/cncr.29363","title":"Phase 2 study of MK-2206, an allosteric inhibitor of AKT, as second-line therapy for advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer: A SWOG cooperative group trial (S1005).","year":"2015","author":"Ramanathan RK, McDonough SL, Kennecke HF, Iqbal S, Baranda JC, Seery TE, Lim HJ, Hezel AF, Vaccaro GM, Blanke CD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25827820/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25833209","pmid":"25833209","doi":"10.1007/s10549-015-3355-x","title":"Prognostic associations of 25 hydroxy vitamin D in NCIC CTG MA.21, a phase III adjuvant randomized clinical trial of three chemotherapy regimens in high-risk breast cancer.","year":"2015","author":"Lohmann AE, Chapman JA, Burnell MJ, Levine MN, Tsvetkova E, Pritchard KI, Gelmon KA, O'Brien P, Han L, Rugo HS, Albain KS, Perez EA, Vandenberg TA, Chalchal HI, Sawhney RP, Shepherd LE, Goodwin PJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25833209/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25843750","pmid":"25843750","doi":"10.1016/j.joen.2015.02.020","title":"Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Stimulates Proliferation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells via Akt/Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β/Cyclin D1 Signaling Pathway.","year":"2015","author":"Qin Z, Li Y, Li Y, Liu G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25843750/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25846563","pmid":"25846563","doi":"10.1111/apm.12370","title":"Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3-induced metastatic potential in gastric cancer cells is enhanced by glycogen synthase kinase-3β.","year":"2015","author":"Yoon J, Ko YS, Cho SJ, Park J, Choi YS, Choi Y, Pyo JS, Ye SK, Youn HD, Lee JS, Chang MS, Kim MA, Lee BL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25846563/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25849721","pmid":"25849721","doi":"10.1186/s13058-015-0540-0","title":"Changes in insulin receptor signaling underlie neoadjuvant metformin administration in breast cancer: a prospective window of opportunity neoadjuvant study.","year":"2015","author":"Dowling RJ, Niraula S, Chang MC, Done SJ, Ennis M, McCready DR, Leong WL, Escallon JM, Reedijk M, Goodwin PJ, Stambolic V.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25849721/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25896523","pmid":"25896523","doi":"10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-1292","title":"Prolonged Nightly Fasting and Breast Cancer Risk: Findings from NHANES (2009-2010).","year":"2015","author":"Marinac CR, Natarajan L, Sears DD, Gallo LC, Hartman SJ, Arredondo E, Patterson RE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25896523/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No breast-cancer incidence or treatment outcome was measured. Recall, confounding and cross-sectional timing prevent causal claims about cancer prevention.","assessmentId":"25896523","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:25911520","pmid":"25911520","doi":"10.1016/j.jand.2015.02.027","title":"¡Cocinar Para Su Salud!: Randomized Controlled Trial of a Culturally Based Dietary Intervention among Hispanic Breast Cancer Survivors.","year":"2015","author":"Greenlee H, Gaffney AO, Aycinena AC, Koch P, Contento I, Karmally W, Richardson JM, Lim E, Tsai WY, Crew K, Maurer M, Kalinsky K, Hershman DL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25911520/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25915038","pmid":"25915038","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0125028","title":"Activating the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway for the Treatment of Melanoma--Application of LY2090314, a Novel Selective Inhibitor of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3.","year":"2015","author":"Atkinson JM, Rank KB, Zeng Y, Capen A, Yadav V, Manro JR, Engler TA, Chedid M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25915038/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:25948777","pmid":"25948777","doi":"10.18632/oncotarget.3675","title":"PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway plays a major pathogenetic role in glycogen accumulation and tumor development in renal distal tubules of rats and men.","year":"2015","author":"Ribback S, Cigliano A, Kroeger N, Pilo MG, Terracciano L, Burchardt M, Bannasch P, Calvisi DF, Dombrowski F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25948777/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Pathway drugs affect many functions; human tissue similarity is not proof that fasting prevents or treats kidney cancer.","assessmentId":"25948777","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:25957282","pmid":"25957282","doi":"10.1096/fj.14-267187","title":"Activation of autophagy in human skeletal muscle is dependent on exercise intensity and AMPK activation.","year":"2015","author":"Schwalm C, Jamart C, Benoit N, Naslain D, Prémont C, Prévet J, Van Thienen R, Deldicque L, Francaux M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25957282/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Authors infer flux from changing markers without a direct in-vivo degradation-blockade assay; muscle findings do not define a universal fasting clock or cancer effect.","assessmentId":"25957282","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:25994853","pmid":"25994853","doi":"10.1007/s00280-015-2778-8","title":"Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of erlotinib administered in complete fasting and 2 h after a meal in patients with lung cancer.","year":"2015","author":"Katsuya Y, Fujiwara Y, Sunami K, Utsumi H, Goto Y, Kanda S, Horinouchi H, Nokihara H, Yamamoto N, Takashima Y, Osawa S, Ohe Y, Tamura T, Hamada A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25994853/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26003888","pmid":"26003888","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2015.04.030","title":"Incidence of hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with gliclazide versus DPP-4 inhibitors during Ramadan: A meta-analytical approach.","year":"2015","author":"Mbanya JC, Al-Sifri S, Abdel-Rahim A, Satman I.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26003888/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26013783","pmid":"26013783","doi":"","title":"Oral anti-diabetics in Ramadan.","year":"2015","author":"Islam N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26013783/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Narrative review of diabetes medication management during Ramadan; no new primary trial or participant cohort.","assessmentId":"26013783","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:26032551","pmid":"26032551","doi":"10.1038/nrurol.2015.111","title":"Targeting glycogen metabolism in bladder cancer.","year":"2015","author":"Ritterson Lew C, Guin S, Theodorescu D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26032551/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26051358","pmid":"26051358","doi":"10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.05.006","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3: a potential preventive target for prostate cancer management.","year":"2015","author":"Li B, Thrasher JB, Terranova P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26051358/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26061868","pmid":"26061868","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0127407","title":"Non-Toxic Metabolic Management of Metastatic Cancer in VM Mice: Novel Combination of Ketogenic Diet, Ketone Supplementation, and Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy.","year":"2015","author":"Poff AM, Ward N, Seyfried TN, Arnold P, D'Agostino DP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26061868/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A multi-component animal treatment cannot isolate fasting or ketone effects; title’s toxicity claim does not establish human safety or efficacy.","assessmentId":"26061868","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:26075440","pmid":"26075440","doi":"10.2217/fon.15.68","title":"Lenvatinib: a new option for the treatment of advanced iodine refractory differentiated thyroid cancer?","year":"2015","author":"Lorusso L, Newbold K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26075440/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Review of lenvatinib drug trials for thyroid cancer. Fasting appears only in drug-absorption conditions, not as an anticancer intervention.","assessmentId":"26075440","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:26096139","pmid":"26096139","doi":"10.1002/jcph.564","title":"Food effects on abiraterone pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects and patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.","year":"2015","author":"Chi KN, Spratlin J, Kollmannsberger C, North S, Pankras C, Gonzalez M, Bernard A, Stieltjes H, Peng L, Jiao J, Acharya M, Kheoh T, Griffin TW, Yu MK, Chien C, Tran NP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26096139/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26113217","pmid":"26113217","doi":"10.1007/s12010-015-1696-x","title":"A Novel Approach for Overcoming Drug Resistance in Breast Cancer Chemotherapy by Targeting new Synthetic Curcumin Analogues Against Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1A1) and Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 β (GSK-3β).","year":"2015","author":"Kesharwani RK, Srivastava V, Singh P, Rizvi SI, Adeppa K, Misra K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26113217/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26113983","pmid":"26113983","doi":"10.1136/bmjdrc-2015-000108","title":"Recommendations for management of diabetes during Ramadan: update 2015.","year":"2015","author":"Ibrahim M, Abu Al Magd M, Annabi FA, Assaad-Khalil S, Ba-Essa EM, Fahdil I, Karadeniz S, Meriden T, Misha'l AA, Pozzilli P, Shera S, Thomas A, Bahijri S, Tuomilehto J, Yilmaz T, Umpierrez GE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26113983/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Clinical recommendations/review for Ramadan diabetes care, not an original intervention or new observational dataset; historical dosing advice should not be presented as current individual guidance.","assessmentId":"26113983","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:26147011","pmid":"26147011","doi":"10.1111/hpb.12442","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor AR-A014418 suppresses pancreatic cancer cell growth via inhibition of GSK-3-mediated Notch1 expression.","year":"2015","author":"Kunnimalaiyaan S, Gamblin TC, Kunnimalaiyaan M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26147011/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26167075","pmid":"26167075","doi":"10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7754","title":"Ezetimibe improves hepatic steatosis in relation to autophagy in obese and diabetic rats.","year":"2015","author":"Chang E, Kim L, Park SE, Rhee EJ, Lee WY, Oh KW, Park SW, Park CY.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26167075/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Ezetimibe drug study of fatty liver and autophagy. Overnight fasting was sample preparation; no comparison tested fasting as the intervention and no cancer outcome was studied.","assessmentId":"26167075","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:26176044","pmid":"26176044","doi":"","title":"Effects of Delayed Enteral Nutrition on Inflammatory Responses and Immune Function Competence in Critically Ill Patients with Prolonged Fasting.","year":"2014","author":"Xi F, Li N, Geng Y, Gao T, Zhang J, Jun T, Lin Z, Li W, Zhu W, Yu W, Li J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26176044/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tests route after fasting, not whether fasting helps critical illness or whether delayed feeding is better than early feeding; small surrogate-focused trial.","assessmentId":"26176044","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:26185016","pmid":"26185016","doi":"10.1002/hep.27996","title":"RBMY, a novel inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3β, increases tumor stemness and predicts poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.","year":"2015","author":"Chua HH, Tsuei DJ, Lee PH, Jeng YM, Lu J, Wu JF, Su DS, Chen YH, Chien CS, Kao PC, Lee CN, Hu RH, Ni YH, Chang MH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26185016/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26206423","pmid":"26206423","doi":"10.1007/s10552-015-0632-2","title":"The Minnesota Green Tea Trial (MGTT), a randomized controlled trial of the efficacy of green tea extract on biomarkers of breast cancer risk: study rationale, design, methods, and participant characteristics.","year":"2015","author":"Samavat H, Dostal AM, Wang R, Bedell S, Emory TH, Ursin G, Torkelson CJ, Gross MD, Le CT, Yu MC, Yang CS, Yee D, Wu AH, Yuan JM, Kurzer MS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26206423/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study rationale/design without fasting outcome results; not an original result supporting fasting benefit.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26234442","pmid":"26234442","doi":"10.1111/ijcp.12695","title":"Effect of a new insulin treatment regimen on glycaemic control and quality of life of Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus during Ramadan fast - an open label, controlled, multicentre, cluster randomised study.","year":"2015","author":"Shehadeh N, Maor Y, Ramadan Study Group.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26234442/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Clinic clustering and the noninferiority margin require full-text assessment; nonsignificant superiority testing alone does not prove noninferiority. Not a fasting-benefit trial.","assessmentId":"26234442","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:26246283","pmid":"26246283","doi":"10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.1.102","title":"Enhancement of paclitaxel-induced breast cancer cell death via the glycogen synthase kinase-3β-mediated B-cell lymphoma 2 regulation.","year":"2016","author":"Noh KT, Cha GS, Kang TH, Cho J, Jung ID, Kim KY, Ahn SC, You JC, Park YM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26246283/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26292722","pmid":"26292722","doi":"10.1038/srep13249","title":"Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta induces apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe by disrupting centrosome regulation in cancer cells.","year":"2015","author":"Yoshino Y, Ishioka C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26292722/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26293146","pmid":"26293146","doi":"10.1007/s10549-015-3519-8","title":"Metformin intervention in obese non-diabetic patients with breast cancer: phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","year":"2015","author":"Ko KP, Ma SH, Yang JJ, Hwang Y, Ahn C, Cho YM, Noh DY, Park BJ, Han W, Park SK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26293146/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26305095","pmid":"26305095","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0136240","title":"Frequency and Circadian Timing of Eating May Influence Biomarkers of Inflammation and Insulin Resistance Associated with Breast Cancer Risk.","year":"2015","author":"Marinac CR, Sears DD, Natarajan L, Gallo LC, Breen CI, Patterson RE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26305095/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No cancer outcomes measured; shares survey population with the related glycemic paper. Confounding and dietary recall limit causal interpretation.","assessmentId":"26305095","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:26315788","pmid":"26315788","doi":"10.3892/ijo.2015.3135","title":"miRNA-99b-3p functions as a potential tumor suppressor by targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3β in oral squamous cell carcinoma Tca-8113 cells.","year":"2015","author":"He K, Tong D, Zhang S, Cai D, Wang L, Yang Y, Gao L, Chang S, Guo B, Song T, Li A, Huang C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26315788/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26320464","pmid":"26320464","doi":"10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.14.5863","title":"Effects of Physalis peruviana L on Toxicity and Lung Cancer Induction by Nicotine Derived Nitrosamine Ketone in Rats.","year":"2015","author":"El-Kenawy Ael-M, Elshama SS, Osman HE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26320464/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26339041","pmid":"26339041","doi":"10.1177/0284185115600916","title":"Administration of unfractionated heparin with prolonged fasting could reduce physiological 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the heart.","year":"2016","author":"Masuda A, Naya M, Manabe O, Magota K, Yoshinaga K, Tsutsui H, Tamaki N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26339041/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Perioperative care, imaging preparation or procedural fasting rather than the voluntary fasting or direct mechanism questions under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26352871","pmid":"26352871","doi":"10.3892/mmr.2015.4290","title":"Upregulation of C-C chemokine receptor type 7 expression by membrane-associated prostaglandin E synthase-1/prostaglandin E2 requires glycogen synthase kinase 3β-mediated signal transduction in colon cancer cells.","year":"2015","author":"Yu S, Hou Q, Sun H, Liu J, Li J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26352871/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26398893","pmid":"26398893","doi":"10.3892/ijmm.2015.2348","title":"A novel adamantyl benzylbenzamide derivative, AP736, inhibits melanogenesis in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells via glycogen synthase kinase 3β phosphorylation.","year":"2015","author":"Shin HJ, Oh CT, Kwon TR, Beak HS, Joo YH, Kim JH, Lee CS, Lee JH, Kim BJ, Shin SS, Park ES.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26398893/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26420510","pmid":"26420510","doi":"10.1111/hdi.12369","title":"Changes in biochemical, hemodynamic, and dialysis adherence parameters in hemodialysis patients during Ramadan.","year":"2016","author":"Alshamsi S, Binsaleh F, Hejaili F, Karkar A, Moussa D, Raza H, Parbat P, Al Suwida A, Alobaili S, AlSehli R, Al Sayyari A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26420510/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Self-selection and baseline differences; missed treatment is clinically relevant even when average laboratory results appear similar.","assessmentId":"26420510","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:26427563","pmid":"26427563","doi":"10.1016/j.cct.2015.09.021","title":"Impact of increasing physical activity on cognitive functioning in breast cancer survivors: Rationale and study design of Memory & Motion.","year":"2015","author":"Hartman SJ, Natarajan L, Palmer BW, Parker B, Patterson RE, Sears DD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26427563/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study rationale/design without fasting outcome results; not an original result supporting fasting benefit.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26429049","pmid":"26429049","doi":"10.1097/sle.0000000000000186","title":"Laparoscopy Combined With Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery for Rectal Cancer: A Prospective, Single-blinded, Randomized Clinical Trial.","year":"2015","author":"Chen Y, Guo R, Xie J, Liu Z, Shi P, Ming Q.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26429049/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26438237","pmid":"26438237","doi":"10.1186/s12885-015-1663-5","title":"The effects of short-term fasting on tolerance to (neo) adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-negative breast cancer patients: a randomized pilot study.","year":"2015","author":"de Groot S, Vreeswijk MP, Welters MJ, Gravesteijn G, Boei JJ, Jochems A, Houtsma D, Putter H, van der Hoeven JJ, Nortier JW, Pijl H, Kroep JR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26438237/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"degroot2015","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:26456876","pmid":"26456876","doi":"10.1016/j.amepre.2015.07.039","title":"Cardiovascular Health and Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: The Women's Health Initiative.","year":"2016","author":"Foraker RE, Abdel-Rasoul M, Kuller LH, Jackson RD, Van Horn L, Seguin RA, Safford MM, Wallace RB, Kucharska-Newton AM, Robinson JG, Martin LW, Agha G, Hou L, Allen NB, Tindle HA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26456876/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26463708","pmid":"26463708","doi":"10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1213","title":"Association of Variants in Candidate Genes with Lipid Profiles in Women with Early Breast Cancer on Adjuvant Aromatase Inhibitor Therapy.","year":"2016","author":"Santa-Maria CA, Blackford A, Nguyen AT, Skaar TC, Philips S, Oesterreich S, Rae JM, Desta Z, Robarge J, Henry NL, Storniolo AM, Hayes DF, Blumenthal RS, Ouyang P, Post WS, Flockhart DA, Stearns V, Consortium on Breast Cancer Pharmacogenomics (COBRA).","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26463708/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26467047","pmid":"26467047","doi":"10.3109/01443615.2015.1086989","title":"The effect of Ramadan fasting and maternal hypoalbuminaemia on neonatal anthropometric parameters and placental weight.","year":"2016","author":"Sakar MN, Balsak D, Verit FF, Zebitay AG, Buyuk A, Akay E, Turfan M, Demir S, Yayla M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26467047/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Does not show whether heavier placenta is beneficial or harmful; observational association, no clear causal pathway or long-term infant outcomes.","assessmentId":"26467047","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:26475862","pmid":"26475862","doi":"10.1074/jbc.m115.669309","title":"Tumor Suppressor Lzap Suppresses Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling to Promote Zebrafish Embryonic Ventral Cell Fates via the Suppression of Inhibitory Phosphorylation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3.","year":"2015","author":"Lin KY, Kao SH, Lai CM, Chen CT, Wu CY, Hsu HJ, Wang WD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26475862/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26490312","pmid":"26490312","doi":"10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1706","title":"Loss of Glycogen Debranching Enzyme AGL Drives Bladder Tumor Growth via Induction of Hyaluronic Acid Synthesis.","year":"2016","author":"Guin S, Ru Y, Agarwal N, Lew CR, Owens C, Comi GP, Theodorescu D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26490312/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Glycogen-debranching protein’s tumor effects may involve other pathways. No fasting or dietary glycogen-depletion trial; clinical associations are not treatment outcomes.","assessmentId":"26490312","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:26526990","pmid":"26526990","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0123","title":"A Presurgical Study of Oral Silybin-Phosphatidylcholine in Patients with Early Breast Cancer.","year":"2016","author":"Lazzeroni M, Guerrieri-Gonzaga A, Gandini S, Johansson H, Serrano D, Cazzaniga M, Aristarco V, Puccio A, Mora S, Caldarella P, Pagani G, Pruneri G, Riva A, Petrangolini G, Morazzoni P, DeCensi A, Bonanni B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26526990/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26573844","pmid":"26573844","doi":"10.1007/s10552-015-0694-1","title":"Effect of a 2-year home-based endurance training intervention on physiological function and PSA doubling time in prostate cancer patients.","year":"2016","author":"Hvid T, Lindegaard B, Winding K, Iversen P, Brasso K, Solomon TP, Pedersen BK, Hojman P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26573844/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26600003","pmid":"26600003","doi":"10.1002/iub.1454","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase 3 in Wnt signaling pathway and cancer.","year":"2015","author":"Tejeda-Muñoz N, Robles-Flores M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26600003/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26673596","pmid":"26673596","doi":"10.1177/0310057x1604400116","title":"Prolonged fasting of children before anaesthesia is common in private practice.","year":"2016","author":"Buller Y, Sims C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26673596/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Perioperative care, imaging preparation or procedural fasting rather than the voluntary fasting or direct mechanism questions under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26759187","pmid":"26759187","doi":"10.3109/01443615.2015.1103716","title":"The effects of prolonged fasting on the levels of adiponectin, leptin, apelin, and omentin in pregnant women.","year":"2016","author":"Kiyak Caglayan E, Engin-Ustun Y, Sari N, Gocmen AY, Polat MF.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26759187/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Hormones alone do not establish clinically important insulin resistance or fetal effects; small groups and nonrandom selection.","assessmentId":"26759187","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:26788169","pmid":"26788169","doi":"10.3892/ol.2015.3803","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3β regulates tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis via the NF-κB pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma.","year":"2015","author":"Fu K, Pan H, Liu S, Lv J, Wan Z, Li J, Sun Q, Liang J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26788169/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26789012","pmid":"26789012","doi":"10.1002/dmrr.2781","title":"Effectiveness of the low-glucose suspend feature of insulin pump during fasting during Ramadan in type 1 diabetes mellitus.","year":"2016","author":"Elbarbary NS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26789012/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Not described as randomized; multiple alerts per person are not independent participants. Tests device settings, not general fasting safety in adolescents.","assessmentId":"26789012","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:26847458","pmid":"26847458","doi":"10.1007/s00109-016-1385-4","title":"Emerging evidence for beneficial macrophage functions in atherosclerosis and obesity-induced insulin resistance.","year":"2016","author":"Fitzgibbons TP, Czech MP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26847458/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26869992","pmid":"26869992","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2016.00005","title":"Fenofibrate Induces Ketone Body Production in Melanoma and Glioblastoma Cells.","year":"2016","author":"Grabacka MM, Wilk A, Antonczyk A, Banks P, Walczyk-Tytko E, Dean M, Pierzchalska M, Reiss K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26869992/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A drug can change many pathways; accompanying ketone production does not prove ketones caused death. No fasting or patient-treatment trial.","assessmentId":"26869992","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:26869995","pmid":"26869995","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2016.00009","title":"The Role of Steroid Hormones in the Modulation of Neuroinflammation by Dietary Interventions.","year":"2016","author":"Vasconcelos AR, Cabral-Costa JV, Mazucanti CH, Scavone C, Kawamoto EM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26869995/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26870085","pmid":"26870085","doi":"10.12669/pjms.316.8562","title":"The effect of Ramadan fasting on fetal development.","year":"2015","author":"Karateke A, Kaplanoglu M, Avci F, Kurt RK, Baloglu A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26870085/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Abstract wording initially calls all participants fasting despite the stated group structure. Small trimester groups and surrogate outcomes cannot establish comprehensive pregnancy safety.","assessmentId":"26870085","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:26871944","pmid":"26871944","doi":"10.18632/oncotarget.7296","title":"Hyperinsulinemia enhances interleukin-17-induced inflammation to promote prostate cancer development in obese mice through inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3-mediated phosphorylation and degradation of interleukin-17 receptor.","year":"2016","author":"Liu S, Zhang Q, Chen C, Ge D, Qu Y, Chen R, Fan YM, Li N, Tang WW, Zhang W, Zhang K, Wang AR, Rowan BG, Hill SM, Sartor O, Abdel-Mageed AB, Myers L, Lin Q, You Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26871944/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26882899","pmid":"26882899","doi":"10.1007/s00109-015-1377-9","title":"Glycogen metabolism has a key role in the cancer microenvironment and provides new targets for cancer therapy.","year":"2016","author":"Zois CE, Harris AL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26882899/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:26889911","pmid":"26889911","doi":"10.1111/dom.12649","title":"Switching from sulphonylurea to a sodium-glucose cotransporter2 inhibitor in the fasting month of Ramadan is associated with a reduction in hypoglycaemia.","year":"2016","author":"Wan Seman WJ, Kori N, Rajoo S, Othman H, Mohd Noor N, Wahab NA, Sukor N, Mustafa N, Kamaruddin NA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26889911/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small short trial cannot exclude uncommon harms; all participants fasted, so this does not test fasting’s benefits or broad safety.","assessmentId":"26889911","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:26994616","pmid":"26994616","doi":"10.1007/s10072-016-2518-9","title":"Effects of prolonged fasting on fatigue and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis.","year":"2016","author":"Etemadifar M, Sayahi F, Alroughani R, Toghianifar N, Akbari M, Nasr Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26994616/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Subjective outcomes can reflect religious/social experiences and timing; no evidence of altered MS disease activity or a fasting-specific causal benefit.","assessmentId":"26994616","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:27032109","pmid":"27032109","doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.0164","title":"Prolonged Nightly Fasting and Breast Cancer Prognosis.","year":"2016","author":"Marinac CR, Nelson SH, Breen CI, Hartman SJ, Natarajan L, Pierce JP, Flatt SW, Sears DD, Patterson RE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27032109/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Fasting duration was not randomized; recall and lifestyle confounding remain. Does not show glycogen starvation, cancer-cell killing or a validated 13-hour biological threshold.","assessmentId":"27032109","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:27051274","pmid":"27051274","doi":"10.2147/dddt.s102506","title":"Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor AZD1080 in ovarian cancer.","year":"2016","author":"Chen S, Sun KX, Feng MX, Sang XB, Liu BL, Zhao Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27051274/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27091198","pmid":"27091198","doi":"10.1007/s13300-016-0168-9","title":"Filling the Knowledge Gap in Diabetes Management During Ramadan: the Evolving Role of Trial Evidence.","year":"2016","author":"Al Sifri S, Rizvi K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27091198/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27137896","pmid":"27137896","doi":"10.1097/mco.0000000000000291","title":"Impact of intermittent fasting on glucose homeostasis.","year":"2016","author":"Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27137896/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27142056","pmid":"27142056","doi":"10.1093/neuonc/now088","title":"A ketogenic diet increases transport and oxidation of ketone bodies in RG2 and 9L gliomas without affecting tumor growth.","year":"2016","author":"De Feyter HM, Behar KL, Rao JU, Madden-Hennessey K, Ip KL, Hyder F, Drewes LR, Geschwind JF, de Graaf RA, Rothman DL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27142056/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"defeyter","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:27151179","pmid":"27151179","doi":"10.1016/j.jhep.2016.04.017","title":"Severe respiratory complex III defect prevents liver adaptation to prolonged fasting.","year":"2016","author":"Kremer LS, L'hermitte-Stead C, Lesimple P, Gilleron M, Filaut S, Jardel C, Haack TB, Strom TM, Meitinger T, Azzouz H, Tebib N, Ogier de Baulny H, Touati G, Prokisch H, Lombès A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27151179/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Rare inherited disease case, not a population risk estimate; demonstrates why fasting responses cannot be assumed universal.","assessmentId":"27151179","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:27199111","pmid":"27199111","doi":"10.1152/ajpheart.00041.2016","title":"Discordant signaling and autophagy response to fasting in hearts of obese mice: Implications for ischemia tolerance.","year":"2016","author":"Andres AM, Kooren JA, Parker SJ, Tucker KC, Ravindran N, Ito BR, Huang C, Venkatraman V, Van Eyk JE, Gottlieb RA, Mentzer RM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27199111/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Signaling activation is not equivalent to effective flux; mouse heart findings do not provide a human fasting timetable or prove a clinical treatment.","assessmentId":"27199111","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:27265181","pmid":"27265181","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2016.05.004","title":"Anabolic effects of leucine-rich whey protein, carbohydrate, and soy protein with and without β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) during fasting-induced catabolism: A human randomized crossover trial.","year":"2017","author":"Rittig N, Bach E, Thomsen HH, Møller AB, Hansen J, Johannsen M, Jensen E, Serena A, Jørgensen JO, Richelsen B, Richelsen B, Jessen N, Møller N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27265181/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Refeeding study, not proof fasting builds muscle. HMB is not the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate; LC3 ratios alone are not direct autophagic-flux measurement.","assessmentId":"27265181","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:27282289","pmid":"27282289","doi":"10.1186/s12885-016-2370-6","title":"Safety and feasibility of fasting in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy.","year":"2016","author":"Dorff TB, Groshen S, Garcia A, Shah M, Tsao-Wei D, Pham H, Cheng CW, Brandhorst S, Cohen P, Wei M, Longo V, Quinn DI.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27282289/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"dorff","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:27321043","pmid":"27321043","doi":"10.1016/j.bcp.2016.06.009","title":"Xanthatin anti-tumor cytotoxicity is mediated via glycogen synthase kinase-3β and β-catenin.","year":"2016","author":"Tao L, Sheng X, Zhang L, Li W, Wei Z, Zhu P, Zhang F, Wang A, Woodgett JR, Lu Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27321043/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27339624","pmid":"27339624","doi":"10.1007/s00345-016-1878-3","title":"Vitamins, metabolomics, and prostate cancer.","year":"2017","author":"Mondul AM, Weinstein SJ, Albanes D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27339624/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27352956","pmid":"27352956","doi":"10.1177/1534735416656915","title":"Consumption of Fresh Yellow Onion Ameliorates Hyperglycemia and Insulin Resistance in Breast Cancer Patients During Doxorubicin-Based Chemotherapy: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.","year":"2017","author":"Jafarpour-Sadegh F, Montazeri V, Adili A, Esfehani A, Rashidi MR, Pirouzpanah S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27352956/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27365055","pmid":"27365055","doi":"10.1111/apm.12569","title":"Hypoxic inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β promotes gastric tumor growth and angiogenesis by facilitating hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signaling.","year":"2016","author":"Ko YS, Cho SJ, Park J, Choi Y, Lee JS, Youn HD, Kim WH, Kim MA, Park JW, Lee BL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27365055/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27376711","pmid":"27376711","doi":"10.1111/dom.12733","title":"Efficacy and safety of liraglutide compared to sulphonylurea during Ramadan in patients with type 2 diabetes (LIRA-Ramadan): a randomized trial.","year":"2016","author":"Azar ST, Echtay A, Wan Bebakar WM, Al Araj S, Berrah A, Omar M, Mutha A, Tornøe K, Kaltoft MS, Shehadeh N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27376711/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Do not infer arm sizes from rounded event percentages. Medication trial, not fasting efficacy; baseline levels differed after pre-Ramadan treatment.","assessmentId":"27376711","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:2739816","pmid":"2739816","doi":"","title":"Gastric cancer with special references to WHO and Laurén's classifications: glycogen and triacylglycerol concentrations in the tumor.","year":"1989","author":"Namiot Z, Stasiewicz J, Szałaj W, Skwarski L, Jodczyk J, Górski J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2739816/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tissue association does not establish glycogen dependence or show that fasting depletes tumor glycogen.","assessmentId":"2739816","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:27461049","pmid":"27461049","doi":"10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-1334","title":"Long-term Diet and Biomarker Changes after a Short-term Intervention among Hispanic Breast Cancer Survivors: The ¡Cocinar Para Su Salud! Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2016","author":"Greenlee H, Ogden Gaffney A, Aycinena AC, Koch P, Contento I, Karmally W, Richardson JM, Shi Z, Lim E, Tsai WY, Santella RM, Blaner WS, Clugston RD, Cremers S, Pollak S, Sirosh I, Crew KD, Maurer M, Kalinsky K, Hershman DL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27461049/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27486911","pmid":"27486911","doi":"10.1111/cas.13028","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3β is a pivotal mediator of cancer invasion and resistance to therapy.","year":"2016","author":"Domoto T, Pyko IV, Furuta T, Miyashita K, Uehara M, Shimasaki T, Nakada M, Minamoto T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27486911/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27550549","pmid":"27550549","doi":"10.1007/s13300-016-0190-y","title":"Effect of Vildagliptin Versus Sulfonylurea in Muslim Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Fasting During Ramadan in Egypt: Results from VIRTUE Study.","year":"2016","author":"Khattab M, Mahmoud K, Shaltout I.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27550549/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Nonrandom treatment and manufacturer funding; regional analysis may overlap the wider VIRTUE cohort and is not an independent trial of fasting.","assessmentId":"27550549","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:27550719","pmid":"27550719","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2016.1223173","title":"Time-restricted feeding in young men performing resistance training: A randomized controlled trial.","year":"2017","author":"Tinsley GM, Forsse JS, Butler NK, Paoli A, Bane AA, La Bounty PM, Morgan GB, Grandjean PW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27550719/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small short study with calorie-intake differences; effect-size comparisons are not proof of between-group superiority, and long-term muscle outcomes remain uncertain.","assessmentId":"27550719","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:27555791","pmid":"27555791","doi":"10.2147/dmso.s103692","title":"Effects of vildagliptin relative to sulfonylureas in Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes fasting during Ramadan: influence of age and treatment with/without metformin in the VIRTUE study.","year":"2016","author":"Hassoun AA, Pathan MF, Medlej RC, Alarouj M, Shaltout I, Chawla MS, Knap D, Vaz JA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27555791/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Post-hoc, nonrandomized and multiple subgroups; reuses VIRTUE participants, so must not be added as a separate clinical cohort.","assessmentId":"27555791","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:27556671","pmid":"27556671","doi":"10.1177/107327481602300314","title":"Feasibility, Preliminary Efficacy, and Lessons Learned From a Garden-Based Lifestyle Intervention for Cancer Survivors.","year":"2016","author":"Spees CK, Hill EB, Grainger EM, Buell JL, White SE, Kleinhenz MD, Clinton SK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27556671/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27566263","pmid":"27566263","doi":"10.1111/cas.13066","title":"Pharmacologic study (JP28927) of alectinib in Japanese patients with ALK+ non-small-cell lung cancer with or without prior crizotinib therapy.","year":"2016","author":"Hida T, Nakagawa K, Seto T, Satouchi M, Nishio M, Hotta K, Takahashi T, Ohe Y, Takeda K, Tatsuno M, Asakawa T, Shimada T, Tanaka T, Tamura T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27566263/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27569118","pmid":"27569118","doi":"10.1002/oby.21581","title":"A randomized pilot study comparing zero-calorie alternate-day fasting to daily caloric restriction in adults with obesity.","year":"2016","author":"Catenacci VA, Pan Z, Ostendorf D, Brannon S, Gozansky WS, Mattson MP, Martin B, MacLean PS, Melanson EL, Troy Donahoo W.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27569118/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small pilot with unequal achieved calorie deficits; exploratory later body-composition findings do not establish overall superiority or rare-event safety.","assessmentId":"27569118","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:27586251","pmid":"27586251","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.08.027","title":"Restricting feeding to the active phase in middle-aged mice attenuates adverse metabolic effects of a high-fat diet.","year":"2016","author":"Duncan MJ, Smith JT, Narbaiza J, Mueez F, Bustle LB, Qureshi S, Fieseler C, Legan SJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27586251/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Early calorie intake differed and explained much of the initial weight gap. A mouse result cannot be labeled a calorie-independent human benefit.","assessmentId":"27586251","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:27595989","pmid":"27595989","doi":"10.1186/s12885-016-2756-5","title":"CD44 and RHAMM are essential for rapid growth of bladder cancer driven by loss of Glycogen Debranching Enzyme (AGL).","year":"2016","author":"Oldenburg D, Ru Y, Weinhaus B, Cash S, Theodorescu D, Guin S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27595989/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Glycogen-enzyme-associated signaling study, not dietary deprivation. Patient expression associations are not evidence that targeted treatment improves survival.","assessmentId":"27595989","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:27602497","pmid":"27602497","doi":"10.18632/oncotarget.11834","title":"Modulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β following TRAIL combinatorial treatment in cancer cells.","year":"2016","author":"Santha S, Davaakhuu G, Basu A, Ke R, Das S, Rana A, Rana B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27602497/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27660420","pmid":"27660420","doi":"10.2147/ppa.s113324","title":"Impact of Ramadan focused education program on hypoglycemic risk and metabolic control for patients with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2016","author":"Tourkmani AM, Hassali MA, Alharbi TJ, Alkhashan HI, Alobikan AH, Bakhiet AH, Alqahtani HB, Alrasheedy AA, Alawwad AD, Mishriky AM, Aljadhey H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27660420/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Education and medication effects are combined; nonrandom allocation and questionnaire risk scores limit causal interpretation. Not a test of fasting versus eating.","assessmentId":"27660420","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:27684440","pmid":"27684440","doi":"10.1159/000448691","title":"An Open-Label Pilot Study of Metformin as a Concomitant Therapy on Patients with Prostate Cancer Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Treatment.","year":"2017","author":"Zhu W, Xu H, Ma J, Guo J, Xue W, Gu B, Sheng L, Yao X, Sun F, Gong J, Qiu W, Ding Q, Jiang H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27684440/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27684469","pmid":"27684469","doi":"10.1080/03007995.2016.1243093","title":"The effect of vildagliptin relative to sulfonylurea as dual therapy with metformin (or as monotherapy) in Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes fasting during Ramadan in the Middle East: the VIRTUE study.","year":"2017","author":"Hassoun AA, Al-Arouj M, Ibrahim M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27684469/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Nonrandom therapy and not all events glucose-confirmed. Regional/overall VIRTUE papers overlap; enrollment and analyzed denominators must remain distinct.","assessmentId":"27684469","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:27689688","pmid":"27689688","doi":"10.1080/01635581.2016.1224370","title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial to Increase Navy Bean or Rice Bran Consumption in Colorectal Cancer Survivors.","year":"2016","author":"Borresen EC, Brown DG, Harbison G, Taylor L, Fairbanks A, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Rao S, Bailey SM, Wdowik M, Weir TL, Brown RJ, Ryan EP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27689688/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27693581","pmid":"27693581","doi":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.149","title":"Fasting boosts sensitivity of human skin melanoma to cisplatin-induced cell death.","year":"2017","author":"Antunes F, Corazzari M, Pereira G, Fimia GM, Piacentini M, Smaili S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27693581/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Human-derived cells are not human participants. Culture-medium deprivation does not demonstrate that fasting improves melanoma treatment in patients.","assessmentId":"27693581","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:27696293","pmid":"27696293","doi":"10.1007/s13277-016-5362-x","title":"Reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs and its regulation by glycogen synthase kinase 3 signaling in oral cancer.","year":"2016","author":"Pramanik KK, Singh AK, Alam M, Kashyap T, Mishra P, Panda AK, Dey RK, Rana A, Nagini S, Mishra R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27696293/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27708846","pmid":"27708846","doi":"10.1002/osp4.52","title":"Alternate-day versus daily energy restriction diets: which is more effective for weight loss? A systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2016","author":"Alhamdan BA, Garcia-Alvarez A, Alzahrnai AH, Karanxha J, Stretchberry DR, Contrera KJ, Utria AF, Cheskin LJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27708846/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27737447","pmid":"27737447","doi":"10.1001/jamaoto.2016.2981","title":"Optimal Perioperative Care in Major Head and Neck Cancer Surgery With Free Flap Reconstruction: A Consensus Review and Recommendations From the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Society.","year":"2017","author":"Dort JC, Farwell DG, Findlay M, Huber GF, Kerr P, Shea-Budgell MA, Simon C, Uppington J, Zygun D, Ljungqvist O, Harris J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27737447/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27742668","pmid":"27742668","doi":"10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0602","title":"Effects of Exercise on Insulin, IGF Axis, Adipocytokines, and Inflammatory Markers in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","year":"2017","author":"Kang DW, Lee J, Suh SH, Ligibel J, Courneya KS, Jeon JY.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27742668/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27752740","pmid":"27752740","doi":"10.1007/s00204-016-1870-0","title":"Cytoplasmic aryl hydrocarbon receptor regulates glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, accelerates vimentin degradation, and suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer cells.","year":"2017","author":"Li CH, Liu CW, Tsai CH, Peng YJ, Yang YH, Liao PL, Lee CC, Cheng YW, Kang JJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27752740/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27802437","pmid":"27802437","doi":"10.1159/000447912","title":"Valproic Acid Promotes Human Glioma U87 Cells Apoptosis and Inhibits Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Through ERK/Akt Signaling.","year":"2016","author":"Zhang C, Liu S, Yuan X, Hu Z, Li H, Wu M, Yuan J, Zhao Z, Su J, Wang X, Liao Y, Liu Q.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27802437/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27846126","pmid":"27846126","doi":"10.11124/jbisrir-2016-003171","title":"Implementation of the American Society of Anesthesiology's guidelines to reduce prolonged fasting times in pediatric preoperative patients: a best practice implementation project.","year":"2016","author":"Costello CM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27846126/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Procedural, diagnostic or perioperative fasting rather than the voluntary fasting or direct mechanism questions under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27881670","pmid":"27881670","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00846.2016","title":"The effect of alternate-day caloric restriction on the metabolic consequences of 8 days of bed rest in healthy lean men: a randomized trial.","year":"2017","author":"Harder-Lauridsen NM, Nielsen ST, Mann SP, Lyngbæk MP, Benatti FB, Langkilde AR, Law I, Wedell-Neergaard AS, Thomsen C, Møller K, Karstoft K, Pedersen BK, Krogh-Madsen R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27881670/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short inactivity model, but a useful calorie-matched null result; cannot generalize to longer fasting with weight loss or active adults.","assessmentId":"27881670","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:27882110","pmid":"27882110","doi":"10.3892/etm.2016.3852","title":"Intermittent fasting is neuroprotective in focal cerebral ischemia by minimizing autophagic flux disturbance and inhibiting apoptosis.","year":"2016","author":"Jeong JH, Yu KS, Bak DH, Lee JH, Lee NS, Jeong YG, Kim DK, Kim JJ, Han SY.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27882110/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Preventive preconditioning before experimental stroke is not treatment for human stroke; marker-based mechanism does not define a universal fasting duration.","assessmentId":"27882110","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:27893938","pmid":"27893938","doi":"10.1002/cncr.30456","title":"Effect of the LIVESTRONG at the YMCA exercise program on physical activity, fitness, quality of life, and fatigue in cancer survivors.","year":"2017","author":"Irwin ML, Cartmel B, Harrigan M, Li F, Sanft T, Shockro L, O'Connor K, Campbell N, Tolaney SM, Mayer EL, Yung R, Freedman RA, Partridge AH, Ligibel JA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27893938/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27896219","pmid":"27896219","doi":"10.3389/fonc.2016.00242","title":"Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy in Cancer Patients by Short-term Fasting: The Autophagy Connection.","year":"2016","author":"van Niekerk G, Hattingh SM, Engelbrecht AM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27896219/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27899882","pmid":"27899882","doi":"10.3389/fnmol.2016.00122","title":"Tumor Metabolism, the Ketogenic Diet and β-Hydroxybutyrate: Novel Approaches to Adjuvant Brain Tumor Therapy.","year":"2016","author":"Woolf EC, Syed N, Scheck AC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27899882/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27900199","pmid":"27900199","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000171","title":"Effects of exercise on markers of oxidative stress: an Ancillary analysis of the Alberta Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Prevention Trial.","year":"2016","author":"Friedenreich CM, Pialoux V, Wang Q, Shaw E, Brenner DR, Waltz X, Conroy SM, Johnson R, Woolcott CG, Poulin MJ, Courneya KS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27900199/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27925359","pmid":"27925359","doi":"10.1111/ecc.12617","title":"Effect of aerobic exercise intervention on markers of insulin resistance in breast cancer women.","year":"2018","author":"Bruno E, Roveda E, Vitale J, Montaruli A, Berrino F, Villarini A, Venturelli E, Gargano G, Galasso L, Caumo A, Carandente F, Pasanisi P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27925359/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:27931220","pmid":"27931220","doi":"10.1186/s12906-016-1493-2","title":"Native musk and synthetic musk ketone strongly induced the growth repression and the apoptosis of cancer cells.","year":"2016","author":"Xu L, Cao Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27931220/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28027907","pmid":"28027907","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.030","title":"Effect of Ramadan fasting on fatigue, mood, sleepiness, and health-related quality of life of healthy young men in summer time in Germany: A prospective controlled study.","year":"2017","author":"Nugraha B, Ghashang SK, Hamdan I, Gutenbrunner C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28027907/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Within-group recovery is not evidence of superiority to controls; small nonrandom groups and hydration-sensitive body measures.","assessmentId":"28027907","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:28053024","pmid":"28053024","doi":"10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2240","title":"Molecular Pathways: Revisiting Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β as a Target for the Treatment of Cancer.","year":"2017","author":"Walz A, Ugolkov A, Chandra S, Kozikowski A, Carneiro BA, O'Halloran TV, Giles FJ, Billadeau DD, Mazar AP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28053024/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28059587","pmid":"28059587","doi":"10.1080/15548627.2016.1271513","title":"Metabolic effects of fasting on human and mouse blood in vivo.","year":"2017","author":"Pietrocola F, Demont Y, Castoldi F, Enot D, Durand S, Semeraro M, Baracco EE, Pol J, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Bordenave C, Levesque S, Humeau J, Chery A, Métivier D, Madeo F, Maiuri MC, Kroemer G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28059587/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"pietrocolablood","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually.","assessmentId":"28059587"},{"id":"MED:28106818","pmid":"28106818","doi":"10.3390/bs7010004","title":"Potential Benefits and Harms of Intermittent Energy Restriction and Intermittent Fasting Amongst Obese, Overweight and Normal Weight Subjects-A Narrative Review of Human and Animal Evidence.","year":"2017","author":"Harvie M, Howell A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28106818/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28122260","pmid":"28122260","doi":"10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.01.005","title":"Out of Warburg effect: An effective cancer treatment targeting the tumor specific metabolism and dysregulated pH.","year":"2017","author":"Schwartz L, Seyfried T, Alfarouk KO, Da Veiga Moreira J, Fais S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28122260/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28160263","pmid":"28160263","doi":"10.1007/s12350-017-0800-8","title":"Effect of prolonged fasting and low molecular weight heparin or warfarin therapies on 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose PET cardiac uptake.","year":"2018","author":"Giorgetti A, Marras G, Genovesi D, Filidei E, Bottoni A, Mangione M, Emdin M, Marzullo P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28160263/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Procedural, diagnostic or perioperative fasting rather than the voluntary fasting or direct mechanism questions under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28163734","pmid":"28163734","doi":"10.4103/1735-1995.192504","title":"Efficacy of olanzapine in symptom relief and quality of life in gastric cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.","year":"2016","author":"Nikbakhsh N, Sadeghi MV, Ramzani E, Moudi S, Bijani A, Yousefi R, Moudi M, Gholinia H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28163734/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28202779","pmid":"28202779","doi":"10.1126/scitranslmed.aai8700","title":"Fasting-mimicking diet and markers/risk factors for aging, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.","year":"2017","author":"Wei M, Brandhorst S, Shelehchi M, Mirzaei H, Cheng CW, Budniak J, Groshen S, Mack WJ, Guen E, Di Biase S, Cohen P, Morgan TE, Dorff T, Hong K, Michalsen A, Laviano A, Longo VD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28202779/","searches":["glucose","cancer"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"wei","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:28225054","pmid":"28225054","doi":"10.1038/ejcn.2016.268","title":"Nutritional adequacy of diets for adolescents with overweight and obesity: considerations for dietetic practice.","year":"2017","author":"Lister NB, Gow ML, Chisholm K, Grunseit A, Garnett SP, Baur LA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28225054/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Menu adequacy is not demonstrated real-world adherence, weight loss or safety in growing adolescents.","assessmentId":"28225054","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:28225086","pmid":"28225086","doi":"10.1038/srep43251","title":"UVRAG Deficiency Exacerbates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity.","year":"2017","author":"An L, Hu XW, Zhang S, Hu X, Song Z, Naz A, Zi Z, Wu J, Li C, Zou Y, He L, Zhu H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28225086/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Preclinical cardiotoxicity protection, not proof of cancer killing or safe chemotherapy fasting in people; genetic and fasting effects require separate interpretation.","assessmentId":"28225086","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:28270713","pmid":"28270713","doi":"10.2337/ds15-0058","title":"Empowerment-Based Diabetes Self-Management Education to Maintain Glycemic Targets During Ramadan Fasting in People With Diabetes Who Are on Conventional Insulin: A Feasibility Study.","year":"2017","author":"Eid YM, Sahmoud SI, Abdelsalam MM, Eichorst B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28270713/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"One-third did not complete; small selected completer sample and combined education/medication management prevent a general safety or causal-benefit claim.","assessmentId":"28270713","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:28342988","pmid":"28342988","doi":"10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.009","title":"An anti-inflammatory dietary intervention to reduce breast cancer recurrence risk: Study design and baseline data.","year":"2017","author":"Ramirez AG, Parma DL, Muñoz E, Mendoza KD, Harb C, Holden AEC, Wargovich M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28342988/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Design and baseline report of a different dietary intervention; no fasting outcome comparison.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28362077","pmid":"28362077","doi":"10.1021/acsami.7b02676","title":"Lactosylated Glycogen Nanoparticles for Targeting Prostate Cancer Cells.","year":"2017","author":"Besford QA, Wojnilowicz M, Suma T, Bertleff-Zieschang N, Caruso F, Cavalieri F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28362077/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Glycogen or hydroxybutyrate is used as a material or drug carrier; this does not test tumor fuel dependence or dietary fasting.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28367174","pmid":"28367174","doi":"10.12669/pjms.331.11532","title":"Does obesity cause chronic inflammation? The association between complete blood parameters with body mass index and fasting glucose.","year":"2017","author":"Koca TT.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28367174/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:2838198","pmid":"2838198","doi":"10.1093/carcin/9.7.1289","title":"Alterations induced by phenobarbital, a liver tumor promoter, in hepatocyte receptors for insulin and glucagon and glycogen metabolism.","year":"1988","author":"Betschart JM, Virji MA, Gupta C, Shinozuka H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2838198/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A chemical tumor-promotion model, not fasting or tumor fuel deprivation; duration and allocation not specified.","assessmentId":"2838198","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:28397338","pmid":"28397338","doi":"10.1002/pros.23351","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors suppress the AR-V7-mediated transcription and selectively inhibit cell growth in AR-V7-positive prostate cancer cells.","year":"2017","author":"Nakata D, Koyama R, Nakayama K, Kitazawa S, Watanabe T, Hara T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28397338/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28397942","pmid":"28397942","doi":"10.15537/smj.2017.4.18750","title":"Flash glucose monitoring system may benefit children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes during fasting at Ramadan.","year":"2017","author":"Al-Agha AE, Kafi SE, Zain Aldeen AM, Khadwardi RH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28397942/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No comparator establishes device benefit, and no observed severe event does not mean no risk. Day-level and episode counts must not be mistaken for participant counts.","assessmentId":"28397942","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:28407662","pmid":"28407662","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-101700","title":"Effects of A One-week Fasting Therapy in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome - A Randomized Controlled Explorative Study.","year":"2017","author":"Li C, Sadraie B, Steckhan N, Kessler C, Stange R, Jeitler M, Michalsen A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28407662/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"High attrition and completer analysis in a small pilot; no evidence of diabetes remission or reliable rare-event safety.","assessmentId":"28407662","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:28437190","pmid":"28437190","doi":"10.1667/rr14668.1","title":"Consuming a Ketogenic Diet while Receiving Radiation and Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Lung Cancer and Pancreatic Cancer: The University of Iowa Experience of Two Phase 1 Clinical Trials.","year":"2017","author":"Zahra A, Fath MA, Opat E, Mapuskar KA, Bhatia SK, Ma DC, Rodman SN, Snyders TP, Chenard CA, Eichenberger-Gilmore JM, Bodeker KL, Ahmann L, Smith BJ, Vollstedt SA, Brown HA, Hejleh TA, Clamon GH, Berg DJ, Szweda LI, Spitz DR, Buatti JM, Allen BG.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28437190/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Human feasibility was poor despite positive animal results; nine patients cannot establish tumor efficacy or survival benefit.","assessmentId":"28437190","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:28447237","pmid":"28447237","doi":"10.1007/s10549-017-4265-x","title":"Effects of metformin versus placebo on vitamin B12 metabolism in non-diabetic breast cancer patients in CCTG MA.32.","year":"2017","author":"Lohmann AE, Liebman MF, Brien W, Parulekar WR, Gelmon KA, Shepherd LE, Ligibel JA, Hershman DL, Rastogi P, Mayer IA, Hobday TJ, Lemieux J, Thompson AM, Pritchard KI, Whelan TJ, Mukherjee SD, Chalchal HI, Bernstein V, Stambolic V, Chen BE, Goodwin PJ, From the CCTG, Alliance, SWOG, ECOG, NSABP Cooperative Groups.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28447237/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28459931","pmid":"28459931","doi":"10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0936","title":"Effect of Alternate-Day Fasting on Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Cardioprotection Among Metabolically Healthy Obese Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","year":"2017","author":"Trepanowski JF, Kroeger CM, Barnosky A, Klempel MC, Bhutani S, Hoddy KK, Gabel K, Freels S, Rigdon J, Rood J, Ravussin E, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28459931/","searches":["weight"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"trepanowski","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:28460311","pmid":"28460311","doi":"10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.039","title":"The discovery of novel benzothiazinones as highly selective non-ATP competitive glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitors for the treatment of ovarian cancer.","year":"2017","author":"Gao Y, Ye DY, Zhou WC, Chu Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28460311/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28584055","pmid":"28584055","doi":"10.1074/jbc.m117.791715","title":"Prolonged fasting suppresses mitochondrial NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation via SIRT3-mediated activation of superoxide dismutase 2.","year":"2017","author":"Traba J, Geiger SS, Kwarteng-Siaw M, Han K, Ra OH, Siegel RM, Gius D, Sack MN.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28584055/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"The referenced 24-hour human result is background, not a new human trial here. Mechanistic anti-inflammatory effects do not establish clinical disease prevention.","assessmentId":"28584055","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:28584628","pmid":"28584628","doi":"10.3892/br.2017.907","title":"Involvement of glycogen debranching enzyme in bladder cancer.","year":"2017","author":"Weinhaus B, Guin S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28584628/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Review of the authors’ earlier AGL bladder-cancer findings, not a new original experiment; primary reports are assessed separately.","assessmentId":"28584628","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:28627683","pmid":"28627683","doi":"10.3892/mmr.2017.6782","title":"Regulatory role of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 in breast cancer by activating the protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase 3β signaling pathway.","year":"2017","author":"Shen H, Li L, Yang S, Wang D, Zhou S, Chen X, Tang J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28627683/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28657936","pmid":"28657936","doi":"10.1097/mbp.0000000000000272","title":"Trend of blood pressure in hypertensive and normotensive volunteers during Ramadan fasting.","year":"2017","author":"Norouzy A, Hasanzade Daloee M, Khoshnasab AH, Khoshnasab A, Farrokhi J, Nematy M, Safarian M, Nezafati P, Alinezhad-Namaghi M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28657936/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Very small sample with no nonfasting group; abstract contains contradictory significance wording for some trends. Cannot establish broad safety or blood-pressure benefit.","assessmentId":"28657936","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:28684065","pmid":"28684065","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2017.07.003","title":"The role of OXCT1 in the pathogenesis of cancer as a rate-limiting enzyme of ketone body metabolism.","year":"2017","author":"Zhang S, Xie C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28684065/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28685515","pmid":"28685515","doi":"10.3803/enm.2017.32.2.265","title":"Predetermined Anti-Diabetic Drug Regimen Adjustments during Ramadan Fasting: An Observational Study of Safety.","year":"2017","author":"Beano AM, Zmaili MA, Gheith ZH, Naser AM, Momani MS, Yousef AMF, Zayed AA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28685515/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No concurrent control, combined care changes and unresolved one-person denominator discrepancy; not a universal dosing protocol or proof fasting is safe.","assessmentId":"28685515","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:28693220","pmid":"28693220","doi":"10.3892/ol.2017.6195","title":"Remodeling of energy metabolism by a ketone body and medium-chain fatty acid suppressed the proliferation of CT26 mouse colon cancer cells.","year":"2017","author":"Kadochi Y, Mori S, Fujiwara-Tani R, Luo Y, Nishiguchi Y, Kishi S, Fujii K, Ohmori H, Kuniyasu H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28693220/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"indexed retraction notice","reasonCode":"retracted","reason":"Retracted original report; linked retraction PMID 42798803. Must not support efficacy conclusions. Preserve the relationship in the audit.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28727129","pmid":"28727129","doi":"10.5603/gp.a2017.0064","title":"Potentialization of N-a-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) cytotoxic activity by 2-(1-adamantylamino)-6-methylpyridine (AdAMP) in human ovarian cancer cells.","year":"2017","author":"Sieńko J, Lasek W, Teliga-Czajkowska J, Smolarczyk R, Czajkowski K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28727129/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28801852","pmid":"28801852","doi":"10.1007/s00280-017-3417-3","title":"Phase 1 study of darolutamide (ODM-201): a new-generation androgen receptor antagonist, in Japanese patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.","year":"2017","author":"Matsubara N, Mukai H, Hosono A, Onomura M, Sasaki M, Yajima Y, Hashizume K, Yasuda M, Uemura M, Zurth C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28801852/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28803443","pmid":"28803443","doi":"10.1111/cas.13354","title":"Solasodine inhibits human colorectal cancer cells through suppression of the AKT/glycogen synthase kinase-3β/β-catenin pathway.","year":"2017","author":"Zhuang YW, Wu CE, Zhou JY, Chen X, Wu J, Jiang S, Peng HY, Zou X, Liu JY, Wu DP, Gong T, Qi MH, Xue T, Liu SL, Cai H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28803443/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28803675","pmid":"28803675","doi":"10.1016/j.hrtlng.2017.06.001","title":"The Yale Fitness Intervention Trial in female cancer survivors: Cardiovascular and physiological outcomes.","year":"2017","author":"Knobf MT, Jeon S, Smith B, Harris L, Thompson S, Stacy MR, Insogna K, Sinusas AJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28803675/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28811776","pmid":"28811776","doi":"10.12669/pjms.333.12345","title":"Role of Ramadan specific diabetes education (RSDE); A prospective study.","year":"2017","author":"Ahmedani MY, Ahsan S, Haque MSU.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28811776/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Self-selection, retrospective assembly of the comparison group and self-report; behavioral adherence is not a clinical fasting benefit.","assessmentId":"28811776","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:28824432","pmid":"28824432","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2017.00508","title":"Poly(HydroxyButyrate-co-HydroxyValerate) (PHBHV) Nanocarriers for Silymarin Release as Adjuvant Therapy in Colo-rectal Cancer.","year":"2017","author":"Radu IC, Hudita A, Zaharia C, Stanescu PO, Vasile E, Iovu H, Stan M, Ginghina O, Galateanu B, Costache M, Langguth P, Tsatsakis A, Velonia K, Negrei C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28824432/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Glycogen or hydroxybutyrate is used as a material or drug carrier; this does not test tumor fuel dependence or dietary fasting.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28847527","pmid":"28847527","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2017.08.011","title":"The safety and pharmacokinetics of high dose intravenous ascorbic acid synergy with modulated electrohyperthermia in Chinese patients with stage III-IV non-small cell lung cancer.","year":"2017","author":"Ou J, Zhu X, Lu Y, Zhao C, Zhang H, Wang X, Gui X, Wang J, Zhang X, Zhang T, Pang CLK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28847527/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28851109","pmid":"28851109","doi":"10.1111/ijcp.12991","title":"Tolerability of canagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus fasting during Ramadan: Results of the Canagliflozin in Ramadan Tolerance Observational Study (CRATOS).","year":"2017","author":"Hassanein M, Echtay A, Hassoun A, Alarouj M, Afandi B, Poladian R, Bennakhi A, Nazar M, Bergmans P, Keim S, Hamilton G, Azar ST.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28851109/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Treatment selection and incompletely confirmed symptoms limit inference; lower hypoglycemia does not mean lower risk on every outcome.","assessmentId":"28851109","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:28853981","pmid":"28853981","doi":"10.1080/15548627.2017.1368596","title":"Intermittent fasting preserves beta-cell mass in obesity-induced diabetes via the autophagy-lysosome pathway.","year":"2017","author":"Liu H, Javaheri A, Godar RJ, Murphy J, Ma X, Rohatgi N, Mahadevan J, Hyrc K, Saftig P, Marshall C, McDaniel ML, Remedi MS, Razani B, Urano F, Diwan A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28853981/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Mouse regeneration markers do not prove human beta-cell regeneration or diabetes reversal; shows dependence on functioning cellular clearance.","assessmentId":"28853981","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:28860546","pmid":"28860546","doi":"10.1038/s41598-017-10564-y","title":"Telemonitoring in fasting individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus during Ramadan: A prospective, randomised controlled study.","year":"2017","author":"Lee JY, Wong CP, Tan CSS, Nasir NH, Lee SWH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28860546/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tests care support during fasting, not fasting itself; cluster structure, small sample and imprecise event estimates matter.","assessmentId":"28860546","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:2886716","pmid":"2886716","doi":"10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90828-2","title":"Effect of hydrazine sulphate on whole-body protein breakdown measured by 14C-lysine metabolism in lung cancer patients.","year":"1987","author":"Tayek JA, Heber D, Chlebowski RT.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2886716/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28923947","pmid":"28923947","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1705739114","title":"TPC2 polymorphisms associated with a hair pigmentation phenotype in humans result in gain of channel function by independent mechanisms.","year":"2017","author":"Chao YK, Schludi V, Chen CC, Butz E, Nguyen ONP, Müller M, Krüger J, Kammerbauer C, Ben-Johny M, Vollmar AM, Berking C, Biel M, Wahl-Schott CA, Grimm C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28923947/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28936567","pmid":"28936567","doi":"10.1007/s10637-017-0511-7","title":"Metformin as a repurposed therapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): results of a phase II trial.","year":"2017","author":"Parikh AB, Kozuch P, Rohs N, Becker DJ, Levy BP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28936567/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:28987237","pmid":"28987237","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2017.07.005","title":"Effect of home-based exercise intervention on fasting insulin and Adipocytokines in colorectal cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2017","author":"Lee MK, Kim JY, Kim DI, Kang DW, Park JH, Ahn KY, Yang H, Lee DH, Roh YH, Lee JW, Chu SH, Meyerhardt JA, Jones LW, Kim NK, Jeon JY.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28987237/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29018055","pmid":"29018055","doi":"10.1530/erc-17-0377","title":"Dose-response effects of exercise on insulin among colon cancer survivors.","year":"2018","author":"Brown JC, Rickels MR, Troxel AB, Zemel BS, Damjanov N, Ky B, Rhim AD, Rustgi AK, Courneya KS, Schmitz KH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29018055/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29025077","pmid":"29025077","doi":"10.1093/labmed/lmx044","title":"Impact of Fasting on Complete Blood Count Assayed in Capillary Blood Samples.","year":"2017","author":"Koscielniak BK, Charchut A, Wójcik M, Sztefko K, Tomasik PJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29025077/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Sampling conditions affect test results; these shifts are not evidence that fasting makes new blood cells, improves immunity or cures disease.","assessmentId":"29025077","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:29032859","pmid":"29032859","doi":"10.1016/j.plefa.2017.09.013","title":"The effect of maternal DHA supplementation on body fat mass in children at 7 years: follow-up of the DOMInO randomized controlled trial.","year":"2018","author":"Wood K, Mantzioris E, Lingwood B, Couper J, Makrides M, Gibson RA, Muhlhausler BS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29032859/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29035195","pmid":"29035195","doi":"10.5414/cn109102","title":"Effects of fasting during the month of Ramadan on renal function in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
.","year":"2018","author":"Ekinci I, Erkoc R, Gursu M, Dogan EE, Kilic E, Cebeci E, Ozturk S, Kazancioglu R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29035195/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small selected early-stage disease cohort, baseline kidney-function differences and short observation; cannot establish safety in advanced or unstable disease.","assessmentId":"29035195","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:29086496","pmid":"29086496","doi":"10.1002/oby.22065","title":"Flipping the Metabolic Switch: Understanding and Applying the Health Benefits of Fasting.","year":"2018","author":"Anton SD, Moehl K, Donahoo WT, Marosi K, Lee SA, Mainous AG, Leeuwenburgh C, Mattson MP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29086496/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29108233","pmid":"29108233","doi":"10.18632/oncotarget.21259","title":"Mitoketoscins: Novel mitochondrial inhibitors for targeting ketone metabolism in cancer stem cells (CSCs).","year":"2017","author":"Ozsvari B, Sotgia F, Simmons K, Trowbridge R, Foster R, Lisanti MP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29108233/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Predicted binding and phenotypic effects do not prove selective target inhibition or patient efficacy. A drug-discovery study, not a fasting cancer trial.","assessmentId":"29108233","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:29119402","pmid":"29119402","doi":"10.1007/8904_2017_67","title":"A Third Case of Glycogen Storage Disease IB and Giant Cell Tumour of the Mandible: A Disease Association or Iatrogenic Complication of Therapy.","year":"2018","author":"Prasad R, Estrella J, Christodoulou J, McKellar G, Tchan MC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29119402/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Case report of mandibular giant-cell tumor in inherited glycogen-storage disease during G-CSF treatment. It does not test fasting, tumor fuel dependence, ketone use or autophagy-mediated cancer clearance.","assessmentId":"29119402","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:29120752","pmid":"29120752","doi":"10.1016/j.trecan.2017.09.007","title":"The Glycogen Shunt Maintains Glycolytic Homeostasis and the Warburg Effect in Cancer.","year":"2017","author":"Shulman RG, Rothman DL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29120752/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29129244","pmid":"29129244","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2017.07.014","title":"The risk for hypoglycemia during Ramadan fasting in patients with adrenal insufficiency.","year":"2018","author":"Chihaoui M, Grira W, Bettaieb J, Yazidi M, Chaker F, Rejeb O, Oueslati I, Feki M, Kaabachi N, Slimane H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29129244/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small study cannot establish that risk is unchanged; two episodes were asymptomatic and a sex association rests on very few men.","assessmentId":"29129244","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:29168064","pmid":"29168064","doi":"10.1007/s10549-017-4576-y","title":"Adipose tissue inflammation in breast cancer survivors: effects of a 16-week combined aerobic and resistance exercise training intervention.","year":"2018","author":"Dieli-Conwright CM, Parmentier JH, Sami N, Lee K, Spicer D, Mack WJ, Sattler F, Mittelman SD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29168064/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29168341","pmid":"29168341","doi":"10.1111/pan.13282","title":"Introducing the 6-4-0 fasting regimen and the incidence of prolonged preoperative fasting in children.","year":"2018","author":"Andersson H, Hellström PM, Frykholm P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29168341/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Procedural, diagnostic or perioperative fasting rather than the voluntary fasting or direct mechanism questions under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29183844","pmid":"29183844","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2017.11.027","title":"Original paper: Efficacy and safety analysis of insulin degludec/insulin aspart compared with biphasic insulin aspart 30: A phase 3, multicentre, international, open-label, randomised, treat-to-target trial in patients with type 2 diabetes fasting during Ramadan.","year":"2018","author":"Hassanein M, Echtay AS, Malek R, Omar M, Shaikh SS, Ekelund M, Kaplan K, Kamaruddin NA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29183844/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tests insulin strategy, not fasting efficacy; intensive adjustment and monitoring limit generalization, and the pre-iftar glucose comparison was post hoc.","assessmentId":"29183844","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:29216250","pmid":"29216250","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0188904","title":"A randomized controlled trial of Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy vs. gastroduodenostomy with respect to the improvement of type 2 diabetes mellitus after distal gastrectomy in gastric cancer patients.","year":"2017","author":"Choi YY, Noh SH, An JY.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29216250/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29231608","pmid":"29231608","doi":"10.13703/j.0255-2930.2017.05.008","title":"[Influence of electroacupuncture pretreatment on intestinal function in the patients of colorectal cancer surgery].","year":"2017","author":"Mai S, Meng J, Wang W, Lang S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29231608/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29258678","pmid":"29258678","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2017.11.018","title":"Effects of alternate-day fasting or daily calorie restriction on body composition, fat distribution, and circulating adipokines: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2018","author":"Trepanowski JF, Kroeger CM, Barnosky A, Klempel M, Bhutani S, Hoddy KK, Rood J, Ravussin E, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29258678/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Secondary report from NCT00960505, not an independent trial. Lean-mass proportion is not absolute muscle gain; no fasting superiority demonstrated.","assessmentId":"29258678","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:29299329","pmid":"29299329","doi":"10.1136/bmjdrc-2017-000470","title":"Impact of Ramadan fasting on glucose levels in women with gestational diabetes mellitus treated with diet alone or diet plus metformin: a continuous glucose monitoring study.","year":"2017","author":"Afandi BO, Hassanein MM, Majd LM, Nagelkerke NJD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29299329/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small selected groups with different treatment; lower average glucose can coexist with greater hypoglycemia and is not necessarily beneficial.","assessmentId":"29299329","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:29309927","pmid":"29309927","doi":"10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.12.010","title":"Glycogen synthase kinases: Moonlighting proteins with theranostic potential in cancer.","year":"2019","author":"Nagini S, Sophia J, Mishra R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29309927/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29317343","pmid":"29317343","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2017.12.020","title":"Nanoliposomal delivery of cytosolic phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> inhibitor arachidonyl trimethyl ketone for melanoma treatment.","year":"2018","author":"Gowda R, Dinavahi SS, Iyer S, Banerjee S, Neves RI, Pameijer CR, Robertson GP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29317343/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29353535","pmid":"29353535","doi":"10.1177/0260106017753487","title":"Eating behavior traits of successful weight losers during 12 months of alternate-day fasting: An exploratory analysis of a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2018","author":"Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Klempel MC, Barnosky A, Bhutani S, Gabel K, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29353535/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Groups were defined by the outcome, not randomized behaviors; cannot establish what caused success and reuses participants from the parent trial.","assessmentId":"29353535","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:29364063","pmid":"29364063","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2017.1420236","title":"Impact of carbohydrate mouth rinsing on time to exhaustion during Ramadan: A randomized controlled trial in Jordanian men.","year":"2018","author":"Bataineh MF, Al-Nawaiseh AM, Abu Altaieb MH, Bellar DM, Hindawi OS, Judge LW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29364063/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tests mouth rinsing while fasting, not the effect of fasting itself; small acute performance study, not long-term health benefit.","assessmentId":"29364063","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:29385171","pmid":"29385171","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0191373","title":"Sex differences in circadian food anticipatory activity are not altered by individual manipulations of sex hormones or sex chromosome copy number in mice.","year":"2018","author":"Aguayo A, Martin CS, Huddy TF, Ogawa-Okada M, Adkins JL, Steele AD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29385171/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29405359","pmid":"29405359","doi":"10.1111/dme.13595","title":"Intermittent fasting in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of hypoglycaemia: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2018","author":"Corley BT, Carroll RW, Hall RM, Weatherall M, Parry-Strong A, Krebs JD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29405359/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No fasting-free active diet arm; small sample and wide schedule comparison interval. Better average glucose does not erase medication-related low-glucose risk.","assessmentId":"29405359","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:29419624","pmid":"29419624","doi":"10.11124/jbisrir-2016-003248","title":"Intermittent fasting interventions for treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2018","author":"Harris L, Hamilton S, Azevedo LB, Olajide J, De Brún C, Waller G, Whittaker V, Sharp T, Lean M, Hankey C, Ells L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29419624/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29430296","pmid":"29430296","doi":"10.1017/jns.2017.70","title":"Ramadan during pregnancy and birth weight of newborns.","year":"2018","author":"Savitri AI, Amelia D, Painter RC, Baharuddin M, Roseboom TJ, Grobbee DE, Uiterwaal CSPM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29430296/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Calendar overlap is not confirmed fasting, and the direct-exposure subgroup had low power; cannot conclude pregnancy fasting is harmless.","assessmentId":"29430296","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:29443873","pmid":"29443873","doi":"10.3390/nu10020206","title":"A Ketogenic Formula Prevents Tumor Progression and Cancer Cachexia by Attenuating Systemic Inflammation in Colon 26 Tumor-Bearing Mice.","year":"2018","author":"Nakamura K, Tonouchi H, Sasayama A, Ashida K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29443873/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Diet composition and calorie intake differed; a supportive high-energy formula is not fasting, and mouse findings do not prove human benefit.","assessmentId":"29443873","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:29445895","pmid":"29445895","doi":"10.1007/s10616-018-0200-1","title":"On reprogramming of tumor cells metabolism: detection of glycogen in the cell lines of hepatocellular origin with various degrees of dedifferentiation.","year":"2018","author":"Teryukova NP, Malkova VV, Sakhenberg EI, Ivanov VA, Bezborodkina NN, Snopov SA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29445895/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Detection of stores does not test whether they are essential. Proposed roles in survival/metastasis were hypotheses requiring experiments.","assessmentId":"29445895","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:29458369","pmid":"29458369","doi":"10.1186/s12906-018-2136-6","title":"Is fasting safe? A chart review of adverse events during medically supervised, water-only fasting.","year":"2018","author":"Finnell JS, Saul BC, Goldhamer AC, Myers TR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29458369/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"finnell","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:29480987","pmid":"29480987","doi":"10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.2.491","title":"Comparative Study of Serum Lipid Profiles in Nepalese Cancer\nPatients Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital","year":"2018","author":"Pandeya DR, Rajbhandari A, Nepal M, Abdalhabib EK, Bhatta M, Malla SS, Upadhyay L, Saiem Al Dahr MH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29480987/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29483960","pmid":"29483960","doi":"10.7150/jca.22968","title":"Clinical study on the prevalence and comparative analysis of metabolic syndrome and its components among Chinese breast cancer women and control population.","year":"2018","author":"Wu YT, Luo QQ, Li X, Arshad B, Xu Z, Ran L, Zhao CX, Wu H, Shi YL, Chen HR, Li H, Li HY, Wu KN, Kong LQ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29483960/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29485326","pmid":"29485326","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2018.1438520","title":"The effect of 10 days of intermittent fasting on Wingate anaerobic power and prolonged high-intensity time-to-exhaustion cycling performance.","year":"2018","author":"Naharudin MNB, Yusof A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29485326/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Fasting timing is confounded with major calorie restriction. The suggestion that more than ten days ensures adaptation was not tested beyond ten days.","assessmentId":"29485326","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:29518785","pmid":"29518785","doi":"10.1159/000486799","title":"Does Ramadan Fasting Affect Hydration Status and Kidney Function in CKD Patients?","year":"2018","author":"Hassan S, Hassan F, Abbas N, Hassan K, Khatib N, Edgim R, Fadol R, Khazim K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29518785/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small selected cohort, short duration and surrogate measures; null average kidney change does not exclude individual complications or prove broad safety.","assessmentId":"29518785","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:29536011","pmid":"29536011","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2018.00011","title":"Investigating the Ketogenic Diet As Treatment for Primary Aggressive Brain Cancer: Challenges and Lessons Learned.","year":"2018","author":"Schwartz KA, Noel M, Nikolai M, Chang HT.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29536011/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Perspective/preliminary report rather than an adequately powered efficacy trial; may overlap subsequent reporting of the same cohort and must not be double-counted.","assessmentId":"29536011","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:29548916","pmid":"29548916","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.050","title":"Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/polyethylene glycol-NiO nanocomposite for NOR delivery: Antibacterial activity and cytotoxic effect against cancer cell lines.","year":"2018","author":"Abdelwahab M, Salahuddin N, Gaber M, Mousa M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29548916/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Glycogen or hydroxybutyrate is used as a material or drug carrier; this does not test tumor fuel dependence or dietary fasting.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29549104","pmid":"29549104","doi":"10.1530/eje-17-1072","title":"Short-term effects of transdermal estradiol in men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.","year":"2018","author":"Russell N, Hoermann R, Cheung AS, Ching M, Zajac JD, Handelsman DJ, Grossmann M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29549104/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29563633","pmid":"29563633","doi":"10.1038/s41416-018-0055-4","title":"Fasting blood glucose, glycaemic control and prostate cancer risk in the Finnish Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer.","year":"2018","author":"Murtola TJ, Vihervuori VJ, Lahtela J, Talala K, Taari K, Tammela TL, Auvinen A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29563633/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29568361","pmid":"29568361","doi":"10.18632/oncotarget.24344","title":"Colorectal cancer cells require glycogen synthase kinase-3β for sustaining mitosis via translocated promoter region (TPR)-dynein interaction.","year":"2018","author":"Dewi FRP, Domoto T, Hazawa M, Kobayashi A, Douwaki T, Minamoto T, Wong RW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29568361/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29576352","pmid":"29576352","doi":"10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.01.002","title":"Impact of intermittent fasting on the lipid profile: Assessment associated with diet and weight loss.","year":"2018","author":"Santos HO, Macedo RCO.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29576352/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29587682","pmid":"29587682","doi":"10.1186/s12885-018-4272-2","title":"Impact of a behaviorally-based weight loss intervention on parameters of insulin resistance in breast cancer survivors.","year":"2018","author":"Dittus KL, Harvey JR, Bunn JY, Kokinda ND, Wilson KM, Priest J, Pratley RE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29587682/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29590007","pmid":"29590007","doi":"10.1200/jco.2017.76.4381","title":"Prospective International Randomized Phase II Study of Low-Dose Abiraterone With Food Versus Standard Dose Abiraterone In Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.","year":"2018","author":"Szmulewitz RZ, Peer CJ, Ibraheem A, Martinez E, Kozloff MF, Carthon B, Harvey RD, Fishkin P, Yong WP, Chiong E, Nabhan C, Karrison T, Figg WD, Stadler WM, Ratain MJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29590007/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29628506","pmid":"29628506","doi":"10.1038/s41388-018-0225-0","title":"Zinc finger protein 746 promotes colorectal cancer progression via c-Myc stability mediated by glycogen synthase kinase 3β and F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 7.","year":"2018","author":"Jung JH, Jung DB, Kim H, Lee H, Kang SE, Srivastava SK, Yun M, Kim SH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29628506/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29632726","pmid":"29632726","doi":"10.1080/2162402x.2017.1412900","title":"Modulation of CD8<sup>+</sup> memory stem T cell activity and glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibition enhances anti-tumoral immunity in gastric cancer.","year":"2018","author":"Zhang JY, Zhao YL, Lv YP, Cheng P, Chen W, Duan M, Teng YS, Wang TT, Peng LS, Mao FY, Liu YG, Fu XL, Yu PW, Luo P, Zhang WJ, Zou QM, Zhuang Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29632726/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29658259","pmid":"29658259","doi":"","title":"[Glycogen synthase kinase3 and prostate cancer: An update].","year":"2017","author":"Hu QT, Liu CB, Li BY.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29658259/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29682180","pmid":"29682180","doi":"10.18632/oncotarget.24676","title":"Glycogen debranching enzyme (AGL) is a novel regulator of non-small cell lung cancer growth.","year":"2018","author":"Richmond CS, Oldenburg D, Dancik G, Meier DR, Weinhaus B, Theodorescu D, Guin S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29682180/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A glycogen-related protein can have tumor-suppressing functions; no dietary deprivation or fasting treatment tested, and prognostic associations are not therapeutic proof.","assessmentId":"29682180","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:29699509","pmid":"29699509","doi":"10.1186/s12885-018-4353-2","title":"The effects of short-term fasting on quality of life and tolerance to chemotherapy in patients with breast and ovarian cancer: a randomized cross-over pilot study.","year":"2018","author":"Bauersfeld SP, Kessler CS, Wischnewsky M, Jaensch A, Steckhan N, Stange R, Kunz B, Brückner B, Sehouli J, Michalsen A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29699509/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"bauersfeld","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:29729978","pmid":"29729978","doi":"10.1016/j.dsx.2018.04.036","title":"Outcome of focused pre-Ramadan education on metabolic and glycaemic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.","year":"2018","author":"El Toony LF, Hamad DA, Omar OM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29729978/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Allocation not described as randomized; education/management rather than fasting is the intervention, and baseline confounding may contribute.","assessmentId":"29729978","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:29753994","pmid":"29753994","doi":"10.1016/j.msard.2018.05.002","title":"Effect of intermittent vs. daily calorie restriction on changes in weight and patient-reported outcomes in people with multiple sclerosis.","year":"2018","author":"Fitzgerald KC, Vizthum D, Henry-Barron B, Schweitzer A, Cassard SD, Kossoff E, Hartman AL, Kapogiannis D, Sullivan P, Baer DJ, Mattson MP, Appel LJ, Mowry EM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29753994/","searches":["weight","cognition"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small short feasibility trial; no established effect on relapses, disability progression or brain lesions. Shared cohort with later mechanistic reports should be tracked.","assessmentId":"29753994","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:29754952","pmid":"29754952","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.010","title":"Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Blood Pressure, and Oxidative Stress Even without Weight Loss in Men with Prediabetes.","year":"2018","author":"Sutton EF, Beyl R, Early KS, Cefalu WT, Ravussin E, Peterson CM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29754952/","searches":["weight"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"sutton","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:29778565","pmid":"29778565","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2018.03.009","title":"Effect of intermittent versus continuous energy restriction on weight loss, maintenance and cardiometabolic risk: A randomized 1-year trial.","year":"2018","author":"Sundfør TM, Svendsen M, Tonstad S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29778565/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Both groups reduced energy about 26–28%; useful evidence against a clear fasting advantage for these outcomes, but not a cardiovascular-event trial.","assessmentId":"29778565","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:29788487","pmid":"29788487","doi":"10.1093/jnci/djy040","title":"The Effects of Metformin and Weight Loss on Biomarkers Associated With Breast Cancer Outcomes.","year":"2018","author":"Patterson RE, Marinac CR, Sears DD, Kerr J, Hartman SJ, Cadmus-Bertram L, Villaseñor A, Flatt SW, Godbole S, Li H, Laughlin GA, Oratowski-Coleman J, Parker BA, Natarajan L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29788487/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29802956","pmid":"29802956","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2018.05.022","title":"The effect of Ramadan fasting and continuing sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor use on ketonemia, blood pressure and renal function in Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2018","author":"Shao Y, Lim GJ, Chua CL, Wong YF, Yeoh ECK, Low SKM, Sum CF.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29802956/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small selected population cannot rule out rare ketoacidosis or other complications; no nonfasting comparison or proof of benefit.","assessmentId":"29802956","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:29857273","pmid":"29857273","doi":"10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.05.024","title":"Glycogen-nucleic acid constructs for gene silencing in multicellular tumor spheroids.","year":"2018","author":"Wojnilowicz M, Besford QA, Wu YL, Loh XJ, Braunger JA, Glab A, Cortez-Jugo C, Caruso F, Cavalieri F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29857273/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Glycogen or hydroxybutyrate is used as a material or drug carrier; this does not test tumor fuel dependence or dietary fasting.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29863120","pmid":"29863120","doi":"10.1002/ags3.12025","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity plays a key role in the antitumor effect of nafamostat mesilate in pancreatic cancer cells.","year":"2018","author":"Haruki K, Shiba H, Shimada Y, Shirai Y, Iwase R, Fujiwara Y, Uwagawa T, Ohashi T, Yanaga K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29863120/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29877972","pmid":"29877972","doi":"10.1097/cji.0000000000000234","title":"Effects of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Inhibitor TWS119 on Proliferation and Cytokine Production of TILs From Human Lung Cancer.","year":"2018","author":"Tang YY, Sheng SY, Lu CG, Zhang YQ, Zou JY, Lei YY, Gu Y, Hong H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29877972/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29925515","pmid":"29925515","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0098","title":"Change in Inflammatory Biomarkers and Adipose Tissue in &lt;i&gt;BRCA1/2&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; Breast Cancer Survivors Following a Yearlong Lifestyle Modification Program.","year":"2018","author":"Sturgeon KM, Foo W, Heroux M, Schmitz K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29925515/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29942509","pmid":"29942509","doi":"10.1186/s40170-018-0180-9","title":"Beta-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHB) can influence the energetic phenotype of breast cancer cells, but does not impact their proliferation and the response to chemotherapy or radiation.","year":"2018","author":"Bartmann C, Janaki Raman SR, Flöter J, Schulze A, Bahlke K, Willingstorfer J, Strunz M, Wöckel A, Klement RJ, Kapp M, Djuzenova CS, Otto C, Kämmerer U.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29942509/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Clinically plausible ketone concentration, but still culture models; shows metabolic changes need not mean tumor killing or growth stimulation.","assessmentId":"29942509","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:2997016","pmid":"2997016","doi":"10.1016/s0046-8177(85)80175-1","title":"Glycogen-rich, clear cell breast cancer: with comments concerning other clear cell variants.","year":"1985","author":"Fisher ER, Tavares J, Bulatao IS, Sass R, Fisher B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2997016/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"2997016","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:29975403","pmid":"29975403","doi":"10.1002/cncr.31569","title":"Effect of exercise on metabolic syndrome in black women by family history and predicted risk of breast cancer: The FIERCE Study.","year":"2018","author":"Dash C, Taylor TR, Makambi KH, Hicks J, Hagberg JM, Adams-Campbell LL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29975403/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:29996716","pmid":"29996716","doi":"10.1080/15548627.2018.1493044","title":"TFEB-dependent induction of thermogenesis by the hepatocyte SLC2A inhibitor trehalose.","year":"2018","author":"Zhang Y, Higgins CB, Mayer AL, Mysorekar IU, Razani B, Graham MJ, Hruz PW, DeBosch BJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29996716/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A sugar/drug-like intervention is not fasting. Favorable metabolic effects cannot automatically be attributed to increased autophagy or extrapolated to patients.","assessmentId":"29996716","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30001567","pmid":"30001567","doi":"10.1055/a-0648-4629","title":"Effect of Prolonged Fasting Duration on 50 Gram Oral Glucose Challenge Test in the Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.","year":"2018","author":"Hancerliogullari N, Celik HK, Karakaya BK, Tokmak A, Tasci Y, Erkaya S, Engin-Ustun Y, Ozgu-Erdinc AS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30001567/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Procedural, diagnostic or perioperative fasting rather than the voluntary fasting or direct mechanism questions under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30013652","pmid":"30013652","doi":"10.3892/ol.2018.8885","title":"Juglone suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer cells via the protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase-3β/Snail signaling pathway.","year":"2018","author":"Fang F, Chen S, Ma J, Cui J, Li Q, Meng G, Wang L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30013652/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30046988","pmid":"30046988","doi":"10.1007/s12325-018-0746-5","title":"Intermittent Fasting (Alternate Day Fasting) in Healthy, Non-obese Adults: Protocol for a Cohort Trial with an Embedded Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.","year":"2018","author":"Tripolt NJ, Stekovic S, Aberer F, Url J, Pferschy PN, Schröder S, Verheyen N, Schmidt A, Kolesnik E, Narath SH, Riedl R, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Pieber TR, Madeo F, Sourij H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30046988/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30051365","pmid":"30051365","doi":"10.1245/s10434-018-6625-0","title":"Multimodal Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Program is the Optimal Perioperative Care in Patients Undergoing Totally Laparoscopic Distal Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer: A Prospective, Randomized, Clinical Trial.","year":"2018","author":"Kang SH, Lee Y, Min SH, Park YS, Ahn SH, Park DJ, Kim HH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30051365/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Procedural, diagnostic or perioperative fasting rather than the voluntary fasting or direct mechanism questions under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30062572","pmid":"30062572","doi":"10.1007/s10549-018-4895-7","title":"Randomized controlled trial of weight loss versus usual care on telomere length in women with breast cancer: the lifestyle, exercise, and nutrition (LEAN) study.","year":"2018","author":"Sanft T, Usiskin I, Harrigan M, Cartmel B, Lu L, Li FY, Zhou Y, Chagpar A, Ferrucci LM, Pusztai L, Irwin ML.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30062572/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:3008395","pmid":"3008395","doi":"10.3109/01913128609014596","title":"Random glycogen-ER complexes in small cell chest wall tumor.","year":"1986","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3008395/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"3008395","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:30098591","pmid":"30098591","doi":"10.1186/s12937-018-0386-2","title":"Ramadan fasting alters food patterns, dietary diversity and body weight among Ghanaian adolescents.","year":"2018","author":"Ali Z, Abizari AR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30098591/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Temporary weight change and self-reported diet do not establish sustained fat loss, nutritional adequacy or a health benefit during growth.","assessmentId":"30098591","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30112033","pmid":"30112033","doi":"10.3892/etm.2018.6266","title":"Matrine inhibits the proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells through regulation of the protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase-3β signaling pathways.","year":"2018","author":"Xie W, Lu J, Lu Q, Wang X, Long H, Huang J, Guo Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30112033/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30127949","pmid":"30127949","doi":"10.3892/ol.2018.9133","title":"microRNA-761 regulates glycogen synthase kinase 3β expression and promotes the proliferation and cell cycle of human gastric cancer cells.","year":"2018","author":"Sun X, Hou H, Li K, Zheng M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30127949/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30137481","pmid":"30137481","doi":"10.1093/jn/nxy119","title":"A Ketogenic Diet Reduces Central Obesity and Serum Insulin in Women with Ovarian or Endometrial Cancer.","year":"2018","author":"Cohen CW, Fontaine KR, Arend RC, Alvarez RD, Leath CA, Huh WK, Bevis KS, Kim KH, Straughn JM, Gower BA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30137481/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No tumor-response or survival result. The suggestion of an unfavorable environment for cancer is mechanistic interpretation, not observed cancer killing; linked NCT03171506 reports share participants.","assessmentId":"30137481","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30142886","pmid":"30142886","doi":"10.3390/nu10091145","title":"Randomized Trial of a High Protein, Partial Meal Replacement Program with or without Alternate Day Fasting: Similar Effects on Weight Loss, Retention Status, Nutritional, Metabolic, and Behavioral Outcomes.","year":"2018","author":"Bowen J, Brindal E, James-Martin G, Noakes M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30142886/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No added fasting advantage established despite intended greater restriction. Lean mass also fell; some vitamin measures worsened, and follow-up was limited.","assessmentId":"30142886","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30148841","pmid":"30148841","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0201267","title":"Exposure to nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone and arecoline synergistically facilitates tumor aggressiveness via overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor and its downstream signaling in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.","year":"2018","author":"Yang SH, Lee TY, Ho CA, Yang CY, Huang WY, Lin YC, Nieh S, Lin YS, Chen SF, Lin FH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30148841/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30159789","pmid":"30159789","doi":"10.1007/s10549-018-4946-0","title":"Omega-3 fatty acid use for obese breast cancer patients with aromatase inhibitor-related arthralgia (SWOG S0927).","year":"2018","author":"Shen S, Unger JM, Crew KD, Till C, Greenlee H, Gralow J, Dakhil SR, Minasian LM, Wade JL, Fisch MJ, Henry NL, Hershman DL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30159789/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30174305","pmid":"30174305","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2018.08.007","title":"Fibroblasts Mobilize Tumor Cell Glycogen to Promote Proliferation and Metastasis.","year":"2019","author":"Curtis M, Kenny HA, Ashcroft B, Mukherjee A, Johnson A, Zhang Y, Helou Y, Batlle R, Liu X, Gutierrez N, Gao X, Yamada SD, Lastra R, Montag A, Ahsan N, Locasale JW, Salomon AR, Nebreda AR, Lengyel E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30174305/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Supports glycogen as a useful resource for these cells, not an indispensable fuel in every cancer. Fasting was not the tested intervention.","assessmentId":"30174305","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30183308","pmid":"30183308","doi":"10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00239","title":"Palmitate-Induced Insulin Hypersecretion and Later Secretory Decline Associated with Changes in Protein Expression Patterns in Human Pancreatic Islets.","year":"2018","author":"Groebe K, Cen J, Schvartz D, Sargsyan E, Chowdhury A, Roomp K, Schneider R, Alderborn A, Sanchez JC, Bergsten P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30183308/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30183740","pmid":"30183740","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0200817","title":"Prolonged fasting-induced metabolic signatures in human skeletal muscle of lean and obese men.","year":"2018","author":"Bak AM, Vendelbo MH, Christensen B, Viggers R, Bibby BM, Rungby J, Jørgensen JOL, Møller N, Jessen N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30183740/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Fasting-induced insulin resistance is not mechanistically identical to obesity-related resistance; small male-only study, not long-term health efficacy.","assessmentId":"30183740","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30188180","pmid":"30188180","doi":"10.1089/dia.2018.0159","title":"Development of a Collaborative Algorithm for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes during Ramadan: An Anchor on Empowerment.","year":"2018","author":"Lum ZK, See Toh WY, Lim SM, Rusli KDB, Abdul Shakoor SAKK, Tsou KYK, Chew DEK, Dalan R, Kwek SC, Othman N, Lian JX, Lee JY.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30188180/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Abstract emphasizes within-group changes rather than a clear between-group HbA1c estimate. Tests care strategy, not whether fasting improves diabetes.","assessmentId":"30188180","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30188503","pmid":"30188503","doi":"10.1038/s41390-018-0156-z","title":"Time-restricted feeding causes irreversible metabolic disorders and gut microbiota shift in pediatric mice.","year":"2019","author":"Hu D, Mao Y, Xu G, Liao W, Ren J, Yang H, Yang J, Sun L, Chen H, Wang W, Wang Y, Sang X, Lu X, Zhang H, Zhong S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30188503/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Mouse development differs from humans; title’s irreversibility claim exceeds proof of lifelong permanence. Provides developmental caution, not a quantified human-child risk.","assessmentId":"30188503","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30196062","pmid":"30196062","doi":"10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.072","title":"Design, synthesis, and evaluation of chalcone analogues incorporate α,β-Unsaturated ketone functionality as anti-lung cancer agents via evoking ROS to induce pyroptosis.","year":"2018","author":"Zhu M, Wang J, Xie J, Chen L, Wei X, Jiang X, Bao M, Qiu Y, Chen Q, Li W, Jiang C, Zhou X, Jiang L, Qiu P, Wu J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30196062/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30200193","pmid":"30200193","doi":"10.3390/nu10091187","title":"Favorable Effects of a Ketogenic Diet on Physical Function, Perceived Energy, and Food Cravings in Women with Ovarian or Endometrial Cancer: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.","year":"2018","author":"Cohen CW, Fontaine KR, Arend RC, Soleymani T, Gower BA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30200193/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same NCT03171506 cohort as body-composition paper, not another independent trial. Unblinded subjective outcomes and a nonchemotherapy subgroup do not establish anticancer efficacy.","assessmentId":"30200193","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30200572","pmid":"30200572","doi":"10.3390/nu10091245","title":"Dietary Interventions for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in High-Risk Groups: Current State of Evidence and Future Research Needs.","year":"2018","author":"Guess ND.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30200572/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30218403","pmid":"30218403","doi":"10.1007/s10571-018-0617-2","title":"The Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Suppresses the Migration of Glioma Cells by Inhibition of NLRP3 Inflammasome.","year":"2018","author":"Shang S, Wang L, Zhang Y, Lu H, Lu X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30218403/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Migration inhibition is not tumor elimination. Rat cells, stimulation conditions and no patient trial limit translation.","assessmentId":"30218403","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30236569","pmid":"30236569","doi":"10.1016/j.jopan.2017.06.124","title":"Early Rehydration in Surgical Patients With Prolonged Fasting Decreases Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting.","year":"2018","author":"Munsterman C, Strauss P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30236569/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Procedural, diagnostic or perioperative fasting rather than the voluntary fasting or direct mechanism questions under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30238969","pmid":"30238969","doi":"10.1111/aas.13254","title":"Fluid deficits during prolonged overnight fasting in young healthy adults.","year":"2019","author":"Danielsson EJD, Lejbman I, Åkeson J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30238969/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Dry preoperative-style fasting is not water-allowed fasting. Rapid scale loss here is largely fluid, not demonstrated fat loss.","assessmentId":"30238969","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30248424","pmid":"30248424","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.119","title":"Co-delivery of 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin in novel poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate acid)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles for colon cancer therapy.","year":"2019","author":"Handali S, Moghimipour E, Rezaei M, Saremy S, Dorkoosh FA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30248424/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Glycogen or hydroxybutyrate is used as a material or drug carrier; this does not test tumor fuel dependence or dietary fasting.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30250019","pmid":"30250019","doi":"10.1038/s41419-018-1044-5","title":"Rapamycin and fasting sustain autophagy response activated by ischemia/reperfusion injury and promote retinal ganglion cell survival.","year":"2018","author":"Russo R, Varano GP, Adornetto A, Nazio F, Tettamanti G, Girardello R, Cianfanelli V, Cavaliere F, Morrone LA, Corasaniti MT, Cecconi F, Bagetta G, Nucci C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30250019/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"The 24-hour timing is after experimental eye injury, not a universal fasting autophagy peak. No human retinal or cancer outcome.","assessmentId":"30250019","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30256537","pmid":"30256537","doi":"10.1002/cpdd.619","title":"A Phase 1 Assessment of the QT Interval in Healthy Adults Following Exposure to Rolapitant, a Cancer Supportive Care Antiemetic.","year":"2019","author":"Wang X, Zhang ZY, Wang J, Kansra V.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30256537/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30276171","pmid":"30276171","doi":"10.12965/jer.1836298.149","title":"The combined impacts of docosahexaenoic acid, endurance physical exercise, and prolonged fasting on brain function.","year":"2018","author":"Kwak YS, Lim SY.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30276171/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30294552","pmid":"30294552","doi":"10.1016/j.jcte.2018.09.001","title":"Attitudes and habits of patients with type 1 diabetes during fasting Ramadan.","year":"2018","author":"Alamoudi R, Alsubaiee M, Alqarni A, Aljaser S, Saleh Y, Salam A, Eledrisi M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30294552/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Nonrandom device selection and self-report; behavior differences do not establish device superiority or fasting benefit.","assessmentId":"30294552","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30332646","pmid":"30332646","doi":"10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.065","title":"Sarcosine Is Uniquely Modulated by Aging and Dietary Restriction in Rodents and Humans.","year":"2018","author":"Walters RO, Arias E, Diaz A, Burgos ES, Guan F, Tiano S, Mao K, Green CL, Qiu Y, Shah H, Wang D, Hudgins AD, Tabrizian T, Tosti V, Shechter D, Fontana L, Kurland IJ, Barzilai N, Cuervo AM, Promislow DEL, Huffman DM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30332646/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A candidate biomarker/mechanism is not proof of slower human aging. Continuous dietary restriction must not be equated with a particular fasting schedule.","assessmentId":"30332646","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30344980","pmid":"30344980","doi":"10.4081/ejtm.2018.7687","title":"Increasing autophagy does not affect neurogenic muscle atrophy.","year":"2018","author":"Pigna E, Sanna K, Coletti D, Li Z, Parlakian A, Adamo S, Moresi V.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30344980/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Injury-specific null result; eight-hour timing refers to denervation, not fasting onset. Does not establish that more autophagy always improves tissue health.","assessmentId":"30344980","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30356100","pmid":"30356100","doi":"10.1038/s41467-018-06841-7","title":"Nuclear lactate dehydrogenase A senses ROS to produce α-hydroxybutyrate for HPV-induced cervical tumor growth.","year":"2018","author":"Liu Y, Guo JZ, Liu Y, Wang K, Ding W, Wang H, Liu X, Zhou S, Lu XC, Yang HB, Xu C, Gao W, Zhou L, Wang YP, Hu W, Wei Y, Huang C, Lei QY.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30356100/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Cervical-cancer study of alpha-hydroxybutyrate, a different metabolite from the fasting ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate; no fasting, glycogen or relevant ketone-use intervention.","assessmentId":"30356100","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:30359228","pmid":"30359228","doi":"10.1186/s12884-018-2048-y","title":"The effect of Ramadan fasting during pregnancy on perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2018","author":"Glazier JD, Hayes DJL, Hussain S, D'Souza SW, Whitcombe J, Heazell AEP, Ashton N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30359228/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30398017","pmid":"30398017","doi":"10.1002/adhm.201801221","title":"Surfactant Free Delivery of Docetaxel by Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-(R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate]-Based Polymeric Micelles for Effective Melanoma Treatments.","year":"2018","author":"Luo Z, Jiang L, Ding C, Hu B, Loh XJ, Li Z, Wu YL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30398017/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Glycogen or hydroxybutyrate is used as a material or drug carrier; this does not test tumor fuel dependence or dietary fasting.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30405781","pmid":"30405781","doi":"10.3892/ol.2018.9483","title":"Aberrant expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in human breast and head and neck cancer.","year":"2018","author":"Ugolkov AV, Matsangou M, Taxter TJ, O'Halloran TV, Cryns VL, Giles FJ, Mazar AP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30405781/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30417392","pmid":"30417392","doi":"10.1002/jcp.27738","title":"Overexpression of novel lncRNA NLIPMT inhibits metastasis by reducing phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β in breast cancer.","year":"2019","author":"Jiang Y, Lin L, Zhong S, Cai Y, Zhang F, Wang X, Miao R, Zhang B, Gao S, Hu X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30417392/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30449941","pmid":"30449941","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2018.77824","title":"Repeated-sprints exercise in daylight fasting: carbohydrate mouth rinsing does not affect sprint and reaction time performance.","year":"2018","author":"Cherif A, Meeusen R, Ryu J, Taylor L, Farooq A, Kammoun K, Fenneni MA, Aziz AR, Roelands B, Chamari K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30449941/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small acute trial of rinsing, not fasting versus nonfasting; different exercise protocols can yield different results from endurance-rinse studies.","assessmentId":"30449941","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30486639","pmid":"30486639","doi":"10.31557/apjcp.2018.19.11.3287","title":"Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Promotes Proliferation, Migration and Stemness in a Subpopulation of 5FU Treated SW480 Cells: Evidence for Metabolic Plasticity in Colon Cancer","year":"2018","author":"Shakery A, Pourvali K, Ghorbani A, Fereidani SS, Zand H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30486639/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"One cell model and artificial drug selection; does not prove dietary ketosis worsens colorectal cancer, but contradicts universal ketone-starvation claims.","assessmentId":"30486639","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30541365","pmid":"30541365","doi":"10.1177/1557988318816925","title":"The Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Body Composition and Metabolic Syndrome in Apparently Healthy Men.","year":"2019","author":"Al-Barha NS, Aljaloud KS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30541365/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Abstract uses randomized wording for selection, not a described randomized fasting assignment. Small sample and mixed biomarker responses do not prove broad benefit.","assessmentId":"30541365","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30546425","pmid":"30546425","doi":"10.3892/ol.2018.9518","title":"<i>Cordyceps militaris</i> fraction inhibits the invasion and metastasis of lung cancer cells through the protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase 3β/β-catenin signaling pathway.","year":"2018","author":"Zhou Q, Zhang Z, Song L, Huang C, Cheng Q, Bi S, Hu X, Yu R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30546425/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30559662","pmid":"30559662","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2018.01372","title":"Tolerance, Variability and Pharmacokinetics of Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel in Chinese Breast Cancer Patients.","year":"2018","author":"Li Q, Zhang H, Zhu X, Liu C, Wu M, Li C, Li X, Gao L, Ding Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30559662/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30569640","pmid":"30569640","doi":"10.1002/oby.22345","title":"Effects of Intermittent Versus Continuous Energy Intakes on Insulin Sensitivity and Metabolic Risk in Women with Overweight.","year":"2019","author":"Hutchison AT, Liu B, Wood RE, Vincent AD, Thompson CH, O'Callaghan NJ, Wittert GA, Heilbronn LK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30569640/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Prescribed energy is not necessarily identical achieved intake. Acute fasting and fed-state measurements differ; no long-term disease outcome.","assessmentId":"30569640","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30615947","pmid":"30615947","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2019.01.002","title":"Effects of alternate day fasting and exercise on cholesterol metabolism in overweight or obese adults: A pilot randomized controlled trial.","year":"2019","author":"Cho AR, Moon JY, Kim S, An KY, Oh M, Jeon JY, Jung DH, Choi MH, Lee JW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30615947/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small selected completer subset with many biomarkers; not an independent full trial or demonstrated reduction in cardiovascular events.","assessmentId":"30615947","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30617039","pmid":"30617039","doi":"10.1016/j.cllc.2018.12.011","title":"Exploiting FAsting-mimicking Diet and MEtformin to Improve the Efficacy of Platinum-pemetrexed Chemotherapy in Advanced LKB1-inactivated Lung Adenocarcinoma: The FAME Trial.","year":"2019","author":"Vernieri C, Signorelli D, Galli G, Ganzinelli M, Moro M, Fabbri A, Tamborini E, Marabese M, Caiola E, Broggini M, Hollander L, Gallucci R, Vandoni G, Gavazzi C, Triulzi T, Colombo MP, Rizzo AM, Corsetto PA, Pruneri G, de Braud F, Sozzi G, Torri V, Garassino MC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30617039/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-abstract","reasonCode":"protocol-without-results","reason":"FAME trial design describes future randomization and planned endpoints, not completed clinical outcomes.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30637773","pmid":"30637773","doi":"10.1002/jimd.12056","title":"Gene therapy prevents hepatic tumor initiation in murine glycogen storage disease type Ia at the tumor-developing stage.","year":"2019","author":"Cho JH, Lee YM, Starost MF, Mansfield BC, Chou JY.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30637773/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Rare-disease gene therapy is not fasting; prevention and removal of established cancer are distinct, and restoring autophagy did not erase all tumors.","assessmentId":"30637773","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30640702","pmid":"30640702","doi":"10.1136/ijgc-2018-000021","title":"Clinical pathways of recovery after surgery for advanced ovarian/tubal/peritoneal cancer: an NSGO-MaNGO international survey in collaboration with AGO-a focus on surgical aspects.","year":"2019","author":"Piovano E, Ferrero A, Zola P, Marth C, Mirza MR, Lindemann K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30640702/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30641167","pmid":"30641167","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2018.12.013","title":"The role of optimum diabetes care in form of Ramadan focused diabetes education, flash glucose monitoring system and pre-Ramadan dose adjustments in the safety of Ramadan fasting in high risk patients with diabetes.","year":"2019","author":"Hassanein M, Abdelgadir E, Bashier A, Rashid F, Saeed MA, Khalifa A, Eltayb F, Abuelkheir S, Abdellatif M, Sayyah F, Khalifa S, Alawadi F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30641167/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Combined care intervention; abstract omits detailed hypoglycemia and other event counts, so improved HbA1c cannot establish safety. Possible overlap with same-center disease-specific reports.","assessmentId":"30641167","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30651017","pmid":"30651017","doi":"10.1080/13685538.2018.1559805","title":"The prognostic and predictive significance of serum thiols and disulfide levels in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.","year":"2020","author":"Karatas F, Acat M, Sahin S, Inci F, Karatas G, Neselioglu S, Neselioglu S, Haskul I, Erel O.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30651017/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30678028","pmid":"30678028","doi":"10.3390/nu11020246","title":"Pilot Study of Novel Intermittent Fasting Effects on Metabolomic and Trimethylamine <i>N</i>-oxide Changes During 24-hour Water-Only Fasting in the FEELGOOD Trial.","year":"2019","author":"Washburn RL, Cox JE, Muhlestein JB, May HT, Carlquist JF, Le VT, Anderson JL, Horne BD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30678028/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Reuses FEELGOOD participants rather than a new trial. Exploratory multiple biomarkers and transient changes do not establish coronary prevention or longevity.","assessmentId":"30678028","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30679762","pmid":"30679762","doi":"10.1038/s41391-018-0123-0","title":"Blood glucose, glucose balance, and disease-specific survival after prostate cancer diagnosis in the Finnish Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer.","year":"2019","author":"Murtola TJ, Sälli SM, Talala K, Taari K, Tammela TLJ, Auvinen A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30679762/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30683819","pmid":"30683819","doi":"10.26402/jpp.2018.5.02","title":"The role of low-calorie diets and intermittent fasting in the treatment of obesity and type-2 diabetes.","year":"2018","author":"Zubrzycki A, Cierpka-Kmiec K, Kmiec Z, Wronska A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30683819/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30685298","pmid":"30685298","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2019.01.007","title":"Consumption of whole grain/bran rye instead of refined wheat decrease concentrations of TNF-R2, e-selectin, and endostatin in an exploratory study in men with prostate cancer.","year":"2020","author":"Zamaratskaia G, Mhd Omar NA, Brunius C, Hallmans G, Johansson JE, Andersson SO, Larsson A, Åman P, Landberg R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30685298/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30722001","pmid":"30722001","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/nqy324","title":"Attenuation of satiety gut hormones increases appetitive behavior after curative esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.","year":"2019","author":"Elliott JA, Docherty NG, Haag J, Eckhardt HG, Ravi N, Reynolds JV, le Roux CW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30722001/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30760246","pmid":"30760246","doi":"10.1186/s12889-019-6501-2","title":"Protocol for a cross sectional study of cancer risk, environmental exposures and lifestyle behaviors in a diverse community sample: the Community of Mine study.","year":"2019","author":"Jankowska MM, Sears DD, Natarajan L, Martinez E, Anderson CAM, Sallis JF, Matthews SA, Crist K, Dillon L, Johnson E, Barrera-Ng A, Full K, Godbole S, Kerr J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30760246/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30771364","pmid":"30771364","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2019.01.038","title":"Assessment of risk of fasting during Ramadan under optimal diabetes care, in high-risk patients with diabetes and coronary heart disease through the use of FreeStyle Libre flash continuous glucose monitor (FSL-CGMS).","year":"2019","author":"Hassanein M, Rashid F, Elsayed M, Basheir A, Al Saeed M, Abdelgadir E, AbuelKheir S, Khalifa A, Al Sayyah F, Bachet F, Jacob S, Alawadi F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30771364/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Too small to exclude cardiovascular complications. Likely related to the same-center high-risk cohort; lower HbA1c did not mean less hypoglycemia.","assessmentId":"30771364","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30772385","pmid":"30772385","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2019.01.035","title":"Safety of lixisenatide versus sulfonylurea added to basal insulin treatment in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus who elect to fast during Ramadan (LixiRam): An international, randomized, open-label trial.","year":"2019","author":"Hassanein MM, Sahay R, Hafidh K, Djaballah K, Li H, Azar S, Shehadeh N, Hanif W.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30772385/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Primary and secondary results must remain distinct; medication comparison does not test fasting efficacy, and small event counts yield imprecise estimates.","assessmentId":"30772385","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30773991","pmid":"30773991","doi":"10.1161/jaha.118.010866","title":"Transcription Factor EB Activation Rescues Advanced αB-Crystallin Mutation-Induced Cardiomyopathy by Normalizing Desmin Localization.","year":"2019","author":"Ma X, Mani K, Liu H, Kovacs A, Murphy JT, Foroughi L, French BA, Weinheimer CJ, Kraja A, Benjamin IJ, Hill JA, Javaheri A, Diwan A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30773991/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Promising disease-specific animal treatment, not established human therapy or evidence that autophagy removes cancers.","assessmentId":"30773991","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30779972","pmid":"30779972","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2019.02.008","title":"Diabetes and Ramadan: A multicenter study in Algerian population.","year":"2019","author":"Malek R, Hannat S, Nechadi A, Mekideche FZ, Kaabeche M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30779972/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Observational/self-reported behaviors and varying treatment; no controlled fasting benefit. High and low glucose can both become more frequent.","assessmentId":"30779972","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30790152","pmid":"30790152","doi":"10.1007/s10637-019-00732-4","title":"Phase I study of TAS-121, a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer harboring EGFR mutations.","year":"2019","author":"Nishio M, Murakami H, Ohe Y, Hida T, Sakai H, Kasahara K, Imamura F, Baba T, Kubota K, Hosomi Y, Shimokawa T, Hayashi H, Miyadera K, Tamura T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30790152/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"The stated exposure is another drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker association; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30799221","pmid":"30799221","doi":"10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.01.008","title":"Imidazole Ketone Erastin Induces Ferroptosis and Slows Tumor Growth in a Mouse Lymphoma Model.","year":"2019","author":"Zhang Y, Tan H, Daniels JD, Zandkarimi F, Liu H, Brown LM, Uchida K, O'Connor OA, Stockwell BR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30799221/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30822494","pmid":"30822494","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2019.01.036","title":"The value of Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus during Ramadan fasting.","year":"2019","author":"Afandi B, Hassanein M, Roubi S, Nagelkerke N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30822494/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30825560","pmid":"30825560","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2019.02.020","title":"The characteristics and pattern of care for the type 2 diabetes mellitus population in the MENA region during Ramadan: An international prospective study (DAR-MENA T2DM).","year":"2019","author":"Hassanein M, Al Awadi FF, El Hadidy KES, Ali SS, Echtay A, Djaballah K, Dessapt-Baradez C, Khazaal FAK, Abu-Hijleh MO, Al Shaikh A, Gharbi MEH, Shehadeh N, Bennakhi A, Al Arouj M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30825560/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No randomized nonfasting comparator; treatment and lifestyle changed. Average HbA1c improvement does not remove acute fasting risk.","assessmentId":"30825560","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30833594","pmid":"30833594","doi":"10.1038/s41598-019-39677-2","title":"In vivo investigation of hyperpolarized [1,3-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub>]acetoacetate as a metabolic probe in normal brain and in glioma.","year":"2019","author":"Najac C, Radoul M, Le Page LM, Batsios G, Subramani E, Viswanath P, Gillespie AM, Ronen SM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30833594/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Metabolic tracer conversion does not quantify all tumor ketone oxidation or show that diet kills cancer; imaging method, not a treatment trial.","assessmentId":"30833594","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30880094","pmid":"30880094","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2019.03.015","title":"The use of Free Style Libre Continues Glucose Monitoring (FSL-CGM) to monitor the impact of Ramadan fasting on glycemic changes and kidney function in high-risk patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease stage 3 under optimal diabetes care.","year":"2019","author":"Alawadi F, Rashid F, Bashier A, Abdelgadir E, Al Saeed M, Abuelkheir S, Khalifa A, Al Sayyah F, Bachet F, Elsayed M, Abdallah K, Hassanein M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30880094/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small closely supervised cohort cannot establish broad safety; likely related to the same-center 2016 high-risk study, not necessarily independent participants.","assessmentId":"30880094","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30892060","pmid":"30892060","doi":"10.4155/bio-2018-0273","title":"Identification of β-hydroxybutyrate as a potential biomarker for female papillary thyroid cancer.","year":"2019","author":"Chen J, Hou H, Chen H, Luo Y, He Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Liu H, Zhang F, Liu Y, Wang A, Hu Q.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30892060/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No fasting exposure or treatment tested. A biomarker association does not show ketones caused or fueled cancer; external validation and sampling conditions matter.","assessmentId":"30892060","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30892395","pmid":"30892395","doi":"10.1590/s0102-865020190030000009","title":"Unexpectedly prolonged fasting and its consequences on elderly patients undergoing spinal anesthetics. A prospective observational study1.","year":"2019","author":"Yeniay O, Tekgul ZT, Okur O, Koroglu N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30892395/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Procedural, diagnostic or perioperative fasting rather than the voluntary fasting or direct mechanism questions under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30896267","pmid":"30896267","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2019.1582729","title":"Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-CO-3-hydroxyvalerate) PHBHV biocompatible nanocarriers for 5-FU delivery targeting colorectal cancer.","year":"2019","author":"Radu IC, Hudita A, Zaharia C, Galateanu B, Iovu H, Tanasa EV, Georgiana Nitu S, Ginghina O, Negrei C, Tsatsakis A, Velonia K, Shtilman M, Costache M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30896267/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Glycogen or hydroxybutyrate is used as a material or drug carrier; this does not test tumor fuel dependence or dietary fasting.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30925707","pmid":"30925707","doi":"10.3390/nu11040719","title":"The Influence of Meal Frequency and Timing on Health in Humans: The Role of Fasting.","year":"2019","author":"Paoli A, Tinsley G, Bianco A, Moro T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30925707/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30930290","pmid":"30930290","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2019.03.032","title":"Differential effects of gender and patient background diversity on the changes in metabolic and biophysical profiles in people with type-2 diabetes from different ethnicities who fast during Ramadan (H1439); a prospective study from Qatar.","year":"2019","author":"Dabbous Z, Bashir M, Elzouki AN, Ahmed MS, Farouk S, Hassanien M, Malik RA, Abou Samra AB, Elhadd T, PROFAST Study Group.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30930290/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Attrition, multiple subgroups and no concurrent control; abstract/title give inconsistent Ramadan year labels. Mixed outcomes should not be summarized as universal metabolic improvement.","assessmentId":"30930290","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30936838","pmid":"30936838","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2019.00263","title":"The Autophagic Flux Inhibitor Bafilomycine A1 Affects the Expression of Intermediary Metabolism-Related Genes in Trout Hepatocytes.","year":"2019","author":"Séité S, Pioche T, Ory N, Plagnes-Juan E, Panserat S, Seiliez I.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30936838/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"nonhuman-other","reason":"Trout hepatocyte intermediary-metabolism experiment outside human fasting and direct cancer/autophagy-benefit questions.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30941970","pmid":"30941970","doi":"","title":"Effect of early oral feeding on gastrointestinal function recovery in postoperative gastric cancer patients: a prospective study.","year":"2019","author":"Gao L, Zhao Z, Zhang L, Shao G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30941970/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Procedural, diagnostic or perioperative fasting rather than the voluntary fasting or direct mechanism questions under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30946851","pmid":"30946851","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2019.03.031","title":"Attitude and safety of patients with diabetes observing the Ramadan fast.","year":"2019","author":"Ba-Essa EM, Hassanein M, Abdulrhman S, Alkhalifa M, Alsafar Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30946851/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Selected high-risk clinic population and observational treatment differences; findings should not be generalized to all people who fast.","assessmentId":"30946851","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:30952576","pmid":"30952576","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2019.02.004","title":"Dietary patterns and management of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials.","year":"2019","author":"Papamichou D, Panagiotakos DB, Itsiopoulos C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30952576/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30975030","pmid":"30975030","doi":"10.1080/15384047.2019.1595283","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta inhibitors as novel cancer treatments and modulators of antitumor immune responses.","year":"2019","author":"Sahin I, Eturi A, De Souza A, Pamarthy S, Tavora F, Giles FJ, Carneiro BA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30975030/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:30983506","pmid":"30983506","doi":"10.1177/0260106019841452","title":"Beverage intake during alternate-day fasting: Relationship to energy intake and body weight.","year":"2019","author":"Kalam F, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Gabel K, Song JH, Cienfuegos S, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30983506/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Secondary exploratory report sharing the parent cohort; self-reported intake and attrition limit detection of small associations.","assessmentId":"30983506","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31002478","pmid":"31002478","doi":"10.1002/oby.22449","title":"Time-Restricted Feeding Improves Glucose Tolerance in Men at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Trial.","year":"2019","author":"Hutchison AT, Regmi P, Manoogian ENC, Fleischer JG, Wittert GA, Panda S, Heilbronn LK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31002478/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Very small short study without a randomized usual-eating period; different meal-test clock times complicate interpretation. A significant baseline change in one arm does not prove superiority.","assessmentId":"31002478","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31003482","pmid":"31003482","doi":"10.3390/nu11040873","title":"Clinical Management of Intermittent Fasting in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus.","year":"2019","author":"Grajower MM, Horne BD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31003482/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Expert clinical-management review proposing fasting care guidance for diabetes; no new primary trial or patient dataset.","assessmentId":"31003482","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:31006835","pmid":"31006835","doi":"10.1007/s12094-019-02108-9","title":"The effect of metformin on biomarkers associated with breast cancer outcomes: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and dose-response of randomized clinical trials.","year":"2020","author":"Rahmani J, Manzari N, Thompson J, Gudi SK, Chhabra M, Naik G, Mousavi SM, Varkaneh HK, Clark C, Zhang Y, Zhang Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31006835/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31026007","pmid":"31026007","doi":"10.1039/c9fo00009g","title":"β-Thujaplicin inhibits basal-like mammary tumor growth by regulating glycogen synthase kinase-3β/β-catenin signaling.","year":"2019","author":"Chen J, Ko J, Kim JT, Cho JS, Qiu S, Kim GD, Auh JH, Lee HJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31026007/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31027300","pmid":"31027300","doi":"10.3390/nu11040939","title":"Effect of High Fiber Cereal Intake on Satiety and Gastrointestinal Symptoms during Ramadan.","year":"2019","author":"Jarrar AH, Beasley JM, Ohuma EO, Cheikh Ismail L, Qeshta DA, Mohamad MN, Al Dhaheri AS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31027300/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tests food composition during fasting, not fasting itself. Unequal group sizes and subjective outcomes require full methods for bias appraisal.","assessmentId":"31027300","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31033580","pmid":"31033580","doi":"10.1097/mco.0000000000000568","title":"Using trehalose to prevent and treat metabolic function: effectiveness and mechanisms.","year":"2019","author":"Zhang Y, DeBosch BJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31033580/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:3103968","pmid":"3103968","doi":"10.1097/00003072-198703000-00001","title":"The effect of prolonged fasting and total parenteral nutrition on hepatobiliary imaging with technetium-99m DISIDA.","year":"1987","author":"Sippo WC, Moreno AJ, Cabellon S, Turnbull GL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3103968/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Procedural, diagnostic or perioperative fasting rather than the voluntary fasting or direct mechanism questions under review.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31053302","pmid":"31053302","doi":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.154","title":"Time-restricted feeding reduces high-fat diet associated placental inflammation and limits adverse effects on fetal organ development.","year":"2019","author":"Upadhyay A, Anjum B, Godbole NM, Rajak S, Shukla P, Tiwari S, Sinha RA, Godbole MM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31053302/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Rat obesity model, not advice to fast during human pregnancy. Fetuses within a litter are not independent dams; maternal weight differences may mediate effects.","assessmentId":"31053302","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31071331","pmid":"31071331","doi":"10.1016/j.bcp.2019.05.001","title":"Shikonin inhibits triple-negative breast cancer-cell metastasis by reversing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via glycogen synthase kinase 3β-regulated suppression of β-catenin signaling.","year":"2019","author":"Chen Y, Chen ZY, Chen L, Zhang JY, Fu LY, Tao L, Zhang Y, Hu XX, Shen XC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31071331/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31075537","pmid":"31075537","doi":"10.1016/j.ctarc.2019.100149","title":"ASCEND-8 pharmacokinetic, safety, and efficacy data for ceritinib 450 mg with food in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung Cancer: A clinical perspective.","year":"2019","author":"Otoukesh S, Sanchez T, Mirshahidi S, Wallace D, Mirshahidi H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31075537/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31076561","pmid":"31076561","doi":"10.18632/aging.101960","title":"Metformin induces a fasting- and antifolate-mimicking modification of systemic host metabolism in breast cancer patients.","year":"2019","author":"Cuyàs E, Fernández-Arroyo S, Buxó M, Pernas S, Dorca J, Álvarez I, Martínez S, Pérez-Garcia JM, Batista-López N, Rodríguez-Sánchez CA, Amillano K, Domínguez S, Luque M, Morilla I, Stradella A, Viñas G, Cortés J, Verdura S, Brunet J, López-Bonet E, Garcia M, Saidani S, Joven J, Martin-Castillo B, Menendez JA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31076561/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No fasting intervention. Exploratory biomarker associations do not prove ketosis caused tumor response; this is a secondary analysis of drug treatment.","assessmentId":"31076561","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31108138","pmid":"31108138","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2019.05.006","title":"A prospective study of the effect of fasting during the month of Ramadan on depression and diabetes distress in people with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2019","author":"Al-Ozairi E, AlAwadhi MM, Al-Ozairi A, Taghadom E, Ismail K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31108138/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Religious/social changes, regression to the mean and care changes can explain differences. Some subgroup confidence intervals are inconsistent with stated coefficients; not proven treatment of depression by fasting.","assessmentId":"31108138","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31114749","pmid":"31114749","doi":"10.5306/wjco.v10.i4.166","title":"Clinicohistopathological implications of phosphoserine 9 glycogen synthase kinase-3β/ β-catenin in urinary bladder cancer patients.","year":"2019","author":"Maurya N, Singh R, Goel A, Singhai A, Singh UP, Agrawal V, Garg M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31114749/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31151228","pmid":"31151228","doi":"10.3390/nu11061234","title":"Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves 24-Hour Glucose Levels and Affects Markers of the Circadian Clock, Aging, and Autophagy in Humans.","year":"2019","author":"Jamshed H, Beyl RA, Della Manna DL, Yang ES, Ravussin E, Peterson CM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31151228/","searches":["glucose","autophagy"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"jamshed","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:31198025","pmid":"31198025","doi":"10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00505","title":"Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-<i>co</i>-3-hydroxyhexanoate) Biopolyester Based Nanoparticles as NVP-BEZ235 Delivery Vehicle for Tumor Targeting Therapy.","year":"2019","author":"Fan F, Tan D, Shang S, Wu X, Zhao J, Ran G, Lu X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31198025/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Hydroxybutyrate/glycogen used as a polymer delivery vehicle rather than as a metabolic fuel intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31233556","pmid":"31233556","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0218745","title":"The effects of Ramadan fasting on clinical and biochemical markers among hemodialysis patients: A prospective cohort study.","year":"2019","author":"Khazneh E, Qaddumi J, Hamdan Z, Qudaimat F, Sbitany A, Jebrin K, Sawalmeh O, Abuiram Y, Shraim M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31233556/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Fluid and potassium changes matter even without reported major events; self-selection, diet and incomplete adverse-event capture limit safety conclusions.","assessmentId":"31233556","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31234395","pmid":"31234395","doi":"10.3390/nu11061404","title":"Nutritional Interventions to Improve Clinical Outcomes in Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.","year":"2019","author":"Rinninella E, Fagotti A, Cintoni M, Raoul P, Scaletta G, Quagliozzi L, Miggiano GAD, Scambia G, Gasbarrini A, Gasbarrini A, Mele MC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31234395/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31243579","pmid":"31243579","doi":"10.1007/s11657-019-0625-y","title":"Effect of periodic abstinence from dairy products for approximately half of the year on bone health in adults following the Christian Orthodox Church fasting rules for decades.","year":"2019","author":"Rodopaios NE, Mougios V, Konstantinidou A, Iosifidis S, Koulouri AA, Vasara E, Papadopoulou SK, Skepastianos P, Dermitzakis E, Hassapidou M, Kafatos AG.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31243579/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"This form of fasting restricts food types rather than necessarily hours or calories. Nonrandom long-term survivors and confounding limit claims about bone safety.","assessmentId":"31243579","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31255239","pmid":"31255239","doi":"10.1016/j.pharma.2019.04.003","title":"Follow-up of glycemic index before and after Ramadan fasting in type 2 diabetes patients under antidiabetic medications.","year":"2019","author":"Abdessadek M, Khabbal Y, Magoul R, Marmouzi I, Ajdi F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31255239/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Abstract gives inconsistent direction for lactate and no clear hypoglycemia event count; cannot establish low hypoglycemia/lactic-acidosis risk from averages alone.","assessmentId":"31255239","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31268131","pmid":"31268131","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/nqz126","title":"Time-restricted feeding plus resistance training in active females: a randomized trial.","year":"2019","author":"Tinsley GM, Moore ML, Graybeal AJ, Paoli A, Kim Y, Gonzales JU, Harry JR, VanDusseldorp TA, Kennedy DN, Cruz MR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31268131/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Substantial protocol exclusions and short duration; per-protocol findings should not replace the primary randomized comparison. HMB is not the ketone BHB.","assessmentId":"31268131","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31302012","pmid":"31302012","doi":"10.1016/j.orcp.2019.07.001","title":"Markers of adipose tissue inflammation are transiently elevated during intermittent fasting in women who are overweight or obese.","year":"2019","author":"Liu B, Hutchison AT, Thompson CH, Lange K, Heilbronn LK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31302012/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Likely shares the parent controlled-feeding cohort. Timing of sampling changes the result; temporary cell-marker increases are not proof of lasting inflammation or benefit.","assessmentId":"31302012","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31311654","pmid":"31311654","doi":"10.1016/j.trecan.2019.05.003","title":"New Roles for Glycogen in Tumor Progression.","year":"2019","author":"Dauer P, Lengyel E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31311654/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31336501","pmid":"31336501","doi":"10.1016/j.dsx.2019.02.005","title":"A systematic review on efficacy and safety of the current hypoglycemic agents in patients with diabetes during Ramadan fasting.","year":"2019","author":"Rashid F, Abdelgadir E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31336501/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31339000","pmid":"31339000","doi":"10.1002/oby.22518","title":"Early Time-Restricted Feeding Reduces Appetite and Increases Fat Oxidation But Does Not Affect Energy Expenditure in Humans.","year":"2019","author":"Ravussin E, Beyl RA, Poggiogalle E, Hsia DS, Peterson CM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31339000/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Very short study; increased fat oxidation does not by itself demonstrate net body-fat loss or long-term weight benefit. Related same-cohort reports are not independent trials.","assessmentId":"31339000","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31351172","pmid":"31351172","doi":"10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104542","title":"Periodic dietary restriction ameliorates amyloid pathology and cognitive impairment in PDAPP-J20 mice: Potential implication of glial autophagy.","year":"2019","author":"Gregosa A, Vinuesa Á, Todero MF, Pomilio C, Rossi SP, Bentivegna M, Presa J, Wenker S, Saravia F, Beauquis J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31351172/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Familial-disease mouse model and mechanistic assays do not establish prevention or treatment of human Alzheimer disease.","assessmentId":"31351172","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31352797","pmid":"31352797","doi":"10.1080/01635581.2019.1645864","title":"A Ketogenic Diet Is Acceptable in Women with Ovarian and Endometrial Cancer and Has No Adverse Effects on Blood Lipids: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.","year":"2020","author":"Cohen CW, Fontaine KR, Arend RC, Gower BA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31352797/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same parent cohort as body-composition/quality-of-life reports, not independent efficacy evidence. Short-term lipid results do not establish overall cancer safety or benefit.","assessmentId":"31352797","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31373534","pmid":"31373534","doi":"10.1080/15548627.2019.1647944","title":"A fine-tuning mechanism underlying self-control for autophagy: deSUMOylation of BECN1 by SENP3.","year":"2020","author":"Liu K, Guo C, Lao Y, Yang J, Chen F, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Yang J, Yi J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31373534/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Demonstrates ongoing basal autophagy and regulation, not a simple on/off fasting clock or a proven health benefit from maximal activation.","assessmentId":"31373534","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31374976","pmid":"31374976","doi":"10.3390/nu11081781","title":"The Safety and Impact of a Model of Intermittent, Time-Restricted Circadian Fasting (\"Ramadan Fasting\") on Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Insights from a Multicenter, Observational, Cross-Over, Pilot, Exploratory Study.","year":"2019","author":"Damiani G, Mahroum N, Pigatto PDM, Pacifico A, Malagoli P, Tiodorovic D, Conic RR, Amital H, Bragazzi NL, Watad A, Adawi M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31374976/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small numerical change, ongoing treatments and fluctuating disease; title’s crossover wording does not supply a randomized control. Does not establish fasting as effective treatment.","assessmentId":"31374976","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31383718","pmid":"31383718","doi":"10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0523","title":"Long-term Effects of Moderate versus High Durations of Aerobic Exercise on Biomarkers of Breast Cancer Risk: Follow-up to a Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2019","author":"Friedenreich CM, Wang Q, Yasui Y, Stanczyk FZ, Duha A, Brenner DR, Courneya KS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31383718/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31384527","pmid":"31384527","doi":"10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100960","title":"The effect of prescribed exercise volume on biomarkers of chronic stress in postmenopausal women: Results from the Breast Cancer and Exercise Trial in Alberta (BETA).","year":"2019","author":"Friedenreich CM, Wang Q, Shaw E, Heer EV, Zhou R, Brenner DR, Courneya KS, Wynne-Edwards KE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31384527/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31389524","pmid":"31389524","doi":"10.1590/0100-6991e-20192175","title":"Abbreviated preoperative fasting favours postoperative oral intake at lower hospital admission costs for cancer patients.","year":"2019","author":"Reis PGA, Polakowski C, Lopes M, Bussyguin DS, Ferreira RP, Preti VB, Tomasich FDS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31389524/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Procedural or perioperative fasting/feeding comparison rather than the voluntary fasting or direct cancer-mechanism question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31396400","pmid":"31396400","doi":"10.15761/ifnm.1000252","title":"Modulation of plasma and urine metabolome in colorectal cancer survivors consuming rice bran.","year":"2019","author":"Zarei I, Oppel RC, Borresen EC, Brown RJ, Ryan EP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31396400/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31409509","pmid":"31409509","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2019.07.014","title":"Intermittent energy restriction is comparable to continuous energy restriction for cardiometabolic health in adults with central obesity: A randomized controlled trial; the Met-IER study.","year":"2020","author":"Pinto AM, Bordoli C, Buckner LP, Kim C, Kaplan PC, Del Arenal IM, Jeffcock EJ, Hall WL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31409509/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small short trial and indirect sensitivity measure; no clear fasting superiority or clinical event evidence. Same cohort as cognitive secondary report.","assessmentId":"31409509","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31420234","pmid":"31420234","doi":"10.1053/j.jrn.2019.06.003","title":"Investigating Physical and Nutritional Changes During Prolonged Intermittent Fasting in Hemodialysis Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study.","year":"2020","author":"Adanan NIH, Md Ali MS, Lim JH, Zakaria NF, Lim CTS, Yahya R, Abdul Gafor AH, Karupaiah T, Daud Z'M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31420234/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Changes are not uniformly favorable, and dialysis fluid status affects measurements. Selected completers and no control limit safety conclusions.","assessmentId":"31420234","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31425958","pmid":"31425958","doi":"10.1016/j.dsx.2019.07.055","title":"Use of flash glucose monitoring system in assessing safety of the SGLT2 inhibitors during Ramadan fasting in high risk insulin treated patients with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2019","author":"Abdelgadir E, Rashid F, Bashier A, Al Saeed M, Khalifa A, Alawadi F, Hassanein M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31425958/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small selected monitored groups, no fasting-free control and limited adverse-event detail; potential overlap with same-center high-risk cohort must be considered.","assessmentId":"31425958","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31445052","pmid":"31445052","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2019.104411","title":"Diurnal influences of fasted and non-fasted brisk walking on gastric emptying rate, metabolic responses, and appetite in healthy males.","year":"2019","author":"McIver VJ, Mattin LR, Evans GH, Yau AMW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31445052/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Acute substrate use is not demonstrated long-term fat loss. Small male-only study and no sustained weight-management outcome.","assessmentId":"31445052","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31471173","pmid":"31471173","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2019.07.016","title":"Alternate Day Fasting Improves Physiological and Molecular Markers of Aging in Healthy, Non-obese Humans.","year":"2019","author":"Stekovic S, Hofer SJ, Tripolt N, Aon MA, Royer P, Pein L, Stadler JT, Pendl T, Prietl B, Url J, Schroeder S, Tadic J, Eisenberg T, Magnes C, Stumpe M, Zuegner E, Bordag N, Riedl R, Schmidt A, Kolesnik E, Verheyen N, Springer A, Madl T, Sinner F, de Cabo R, Kroemer G, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Dengjel J, Sourij H, Pieber TR, Madeo F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31471173/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Aging-related biomarkers are not human lifespan. Long-term safety observations are not the same as a six-month randomized trial, and large calorie reduction limits fasting-specific attribution.","assessmentId":"31471173","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31482294","pmid":"31482294","doi":"10.1007/s00345-019-02937-x","title":"Metabolic changes with degarelix vs leuprolide plus bicalutamide in patients with prostate cancer: a randomized clinical study.","year":"2020","author":"Sawazaki H, Araki D, Kitamura Y, Yagi K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31482294/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31496287","pmid":"31496287","doi":"10.1080/01635581.2019.1650942","title":"Feasibility, Safety, and Beneficial Effects of MCT-Based Ketogenic Diet for Breast Cancer Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study.","year":"2020","author":"Khodabakhshi A, Akbari ME, Mirzaei HR, Mehrad-Majd H, Kalamian M, Davoodi SH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31496287/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Subgroup survival result lacks event counts and effect interval in abstract and is not the whole randomized cohort. Mixed disease stages, short intervention and multiple outcomes require full-text scrutiny.","assessmentId":"31496287","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31523230","pmid":"31523230","doi":"10.5114/jcb.2019.86975","title":"Magnetic resonance image-based 3D volume interstitial brachytherapy using polyether ether ketone catheters in advanced cervical cancer - a feasibility study.","year":"2019","author":"Palled SR, Tanvirpasha CAR, Naveen T, Sathiyan S, Kadirampatti G, Lokesh V.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31523230/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31533931","pmid":"31533931","doi":"10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0799","title":"Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibition Sensitizes Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Chemotherapy by Abrogating the TopBP1/ATR-Mediated DNA Damage Response.","year":"2019","author":"Ding L, Madamsetty VS, Kiers S, Alekhina O, Ugolkov A, Dube J, Zhang Y, Zhang JS, Wang E, Dutta SK, Schmitt DM, Giles FJ, Kozikowski AP, Mazar AP, Mukhopadhyay D, Billadeau DD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31533931/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31552584","pmid":"31552584","doi":"10.1007/s12020-019-02082-w","title":"Prednisolone or hydrocortisone replacement in patients with corticotrope deficiency fasting during Ramadan result in similar risks of complications and quality of life: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.","year":"2020","author":"Chihaoui M, Mimita W, Oueslati I, Rejeb O, Ben Amor Z, Grira W, Yazidi M, Chaker F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31552584/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Compares replacement regimens, not fasting versus eating. Small trial cannot establish equivalence for rare adrenal crises or universal safety.","assessmentId":"31552584","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31576552","pmid":"31576552","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-22254-3_17","title":"Small Molecule Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 in Cancer Immunotherapy.","year":"2019","author":"Taylor A, Rudd CE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31576552/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31583037","pmid":"31583037","doi":"10.1155/2019/1845321","title":"Crosstalk between Mitochondrial Ca<sup>2+</sup> Uptake and Autophagy in Skeletal Muscle.","year":"2019","author":"Gherardi G, Di Marco G, Rizzuto R, Mammucari C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31583037/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Mechanistic tissue study; fasting is physiological context rather than a demonstrated human therapeutic intervention or exact timing experiment.","assessmentId":"31583037","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31585939","pmid":"31585939","doi":"10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2994","title":"Absence of HIF1A Leads to Glycogen Accumulation and an Inflammatory Response That Enables Pancreatic Tumor Growth.","year":"2019","author":"Maruggi M, Layng FI, Lemos R, Garcia G, James BP, Sevilla M, Soldevilla F, Baaten BJ, de Jong PR, Koh MY, Powis G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31585939/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tumors can adapt to a blocked pathway. Glycogen accumulation is not proof of universal fuel dependence, and dietary fasting was not tested.","assessmentId":"31585939","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31588804","pmid":"31588804","doi":"10.1080/01635581.2019.1672761","title":"Glycemic impact of a diet and lifestyle intervention on diabetics and prediabetics during treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.","year":"2020","author":"Chestnut C, Smelser W, Dum T, Bechtel M, Hand L, Michel C, Bawajeeh A, Zohreh S, Liu W, Anant S, Robbins D, Holzbeierlein JM, Hamilton-Reeves J, Lee EK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31588804/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Not a fasting or necessarily ketogenic regimen; substantial attrition and no recurrence/progression comparison. Cannot establish anticancer efficacy.","assessmentId":"31588804","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31593098","pmid":"31593098","doi":"10.1097/md.0000000000017434","title":"Preoperative prolonged fasting causes severe metabolic acidosis: A case report.","year":"2019","author":"Zhou W, Luo L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31593098/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Procedural or perioperative fasting/feeding comparison rather than the voluntary fasting or direct cancer-mechanism question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31601019","pmid":"31601019","doi":"10.3390/jcm8101645","title":"The Effectiveness of Intermittent Fasting to Reduce Body Mass Index and Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","year":"2019","author":"Cho Y, Hong N, Kim KW, Kim KW, Cho SJ, Lee M, Lee YH, Lee YH, Kang ES, Cha BS, Lee BW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31601019/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Systematic review/meta-analysis, not an independent original outcome report.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31614992","pmid":"31614992","doi":"10.3390/nu11102442","title":"Effectiveness of Intermittent Fasting and Time-Restricted Feeding Compared to Continuous Energy Restriction for Weight Loss.","year":"2019","author":"Rynders CA, Thomas EA, Zaman A, Pan Z, Catenacci VA, Melanson EL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31614992/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31627092","pmid":"31627092","doi":"10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109449","title":"Glycogen phosphorylase B promotes ovarian cancer progression via Wnt/β-catenin signaling and is regulated by miR-133a-3p.","year":"2019","author":"Zhou Y, Jin Z, Wang C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31627092/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Protein knockdown can alter signaling beyond fuel supply. No patient fasting intervention or proof that circulating glucose/ketones determine this response.","assessmentId":"31627092","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31629092","pmid":"31629092","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104500","title":"Multi-dimensional roles of ketone bodies in cancer biology: Opportunities for cancer therapy.","year":"2019","author":"Feng S, Wang H, Liu J, Aa J, Zhou F, Wang G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31629092/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31690168","pmid":"31690168","doi":"10.1080/15548627.2019.1688984","title":"A discovery platform for the identification of caloric restriction mimetics with broad health-improving effects.","year":"2020","author":"Kepp O, Chen G, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Madeo F, Kroemer G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31690168/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-abstract-and-publication-type","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Editorial, news or commentary on research reported elsewhere. Retain for reference tracing; do not count as an independent original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31691944","pmid":"31691944","doi":"","title":"Ramadan and Health. Bibliometric study of the biomedical literature indexed in «Medline» database.","year":"2019","author":"Nouira S, Melki S, Nouira H, Ben Abdelaziz A, Azzaza M, El Mhamdi S, Ben Abdelaziz A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31691944/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"bibliometric","reason":"Bibliometric analysis of publications; not an original fasting health-outcome experiment or cohort.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31703648","pmid":"31703648","doi":"10.1186/s12885-019-6275-z","title":"Influence of pre-operative oral carbohydrate loading vs. standard fasting on tumor proliferation and clinical outcome in breast cancer patients ─ a randomized trial.","year":"2019","author":"Lende TH, Austdal M, Varhaugvik AE, Skaland I, Gudlaugsson E, Kvaløy JT, Akslen LA, Søiland H, Janssen EAM, Baak JPA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31703648/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small subgroup/event counts, baseline receptor imbalance and retrospective trial registration make survival findings uncertain. Routine surgical fasting is not a prolonged cancer-treatment regimen.","assessmentId":"31703648","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31724339","pmid":"31724339","doi":"10.14814/phy2.14285","title":"Redundancy in regulation of lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle during prolonged fasting in obese men.","year":"2019","author":"Høgild ML, Gudiksen A, Pilegaard H, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H, Pedersen SB, Møller N, Jørgensen JOL, Jessen N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31724339/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Acute metabolic adaptation, not proven muscle damage or health benefit; small sample and potential overlap with related lean/obese fasting studies.","assessmentId":"31724339","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31728767","pmid":"31728767","doi":"10.1007/s11657-019-0636-8","title":"Correction to: Effect of periodic abstinence from dairy products for approximately half of the year on bone health in adults following the Christian Orthodox Church fasting rules for decades.","year":"2019","author":"Rodopaios NE, Mougios V, Konstantinidou A, Iosifidis S, Koulouri AA, Vasara E, Papadopoulou SK, Skepastianos P, Dermitzakis E, Hassapidou M, Kafatos AG.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31728767/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"notice","reason":"Correction, addendum or retraction notice; retained for linked-source checking, not counted as an independent outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31735334","pmid":"31735334","doi":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.061","title":"Activation of tumor-promoting pathways implicated in hepatocellular adenoma/carcinoma, a long-term complication of glycogen storage disease type Ia.","year":"2020","author":"Cho JH, Lee YM, Bae SH, Chou JY.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31735334/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Rare inherited disease biology, not evidence fasting removes tumors. Autophagy defects can contribute to tumor development without proving activation treats established cancer.","assessmentId":"31735334","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31743081","pmid":"31743081","doi":"10.1080/07315724.2019.1691954","title":"Free-Living Sleep, Food Intake, and Physical Activity in Night and Morning Shift Workers.","year":"2020","author":"Lauren S, Chen Y, Friel C, Chang BP, Shechter A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31743081/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Observational comparison of sleep, meal duration and activity in 24 female shift workers; proposes future time-restricted feeding but does not test a fasting intervention or an association of fasting with clinical outcomes.","assessmentId":"31743081","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:31756175","pmid":"31756175","doi":"10.12659/ajcr.917226","title":"Starvation Ketoacidosis due to the Ketogenic Diet and Prolonged Fasting - A Possibly Dangerous Diet Trend.","year":"2019","author":"Blanco JC, Khatri A, Kifayat A, Cho R, Aronow WS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31756175/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Documents a possible serious complication, not its frequency. Nutritional ketosis and pathological ketoacidosis must not be treated as interchangeable.","assessmentId":"31756175","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31772611","pmid":"31772611","doi":"10.1155/2019/5707150","title":"Inulin Supplementation Reduces Systolic Blood Pressure in Women with Breast Cancer Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.","year":"2019","author":"Becerril-Alarcón Y, Campos-Gómez S, Valdez-Andrade JJ, Campos-Gómez KA, Reyes-Barretero DY, Benítez-Arciniega AD, Valdés-Ramos R, Soto-Piña AE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31772611/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31779987","pmid":"31779987","doi":"10.1016/j.ctim.2019.08.021","title":"Modified alternate-day fasting vs. calorie restriction in the treatment of patients with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical trial.","year":"2019","author":"Parvaresh A, Razavi R, Abbasi B, Yaghoobloo K, Hassanzadeh A, Mohammadifard N, Safavi SM, Hadi A, Clark CCT.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31779987/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short single trial with many outcomes; effect sizes and achieved calorie matching require full-text verification. No disease-event or long-term superiority result.","assessmentId":"31779987","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31780003","pmid":"31780003","doi":"10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102197","title":"Using a cultural dance program to increase sustainable physical activity for breast cancer survivors-A pilot study.","year":"2019","author":"Loo LWM, Nishibun K, Welsh L, Makolo T, Chong CD, Pagano I, Yu H, Bantum EO.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31780003/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:3178145","pmid":"3178145","doi":"","title":"Visualization of time-dependent inactivation of human tumor cathepsin B isozymes by a peptidyl fluoromethyl ketone using a fluorescent print technique.","year":"1988","author":"Smith RE, Rasnick D, Burdick CO, Cho KJ, Rose JC, Vahratian A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3178145/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31801490","pmid":"31801490","doi":"10.1186/s12885-019-6393-7","title":"Metabolic consequences of perioperative oral carbohydrates in breast cancer patients - an explorative study.","year":"2019","author":"Lende TH, Austdal M, Bathen TF, Varhaugvik AE, Skaland I, Gudlaugsson E, Egeland NG, Lunde S, Akslen LA, Jonsdottir K, Janssen EAM, Søiland H, Baak JPA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31801490/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same NCT03886389 cohort as clinical report, not independent survival evidence. Small tissue subsets, many comparisons and retrospective registration limit causal claims.","assessmentId":"31801490","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31808043","pmid":"31808043","doi":"10.1007/s11154-019-09524-w","title":"Effects of time-restricted feeding on body weight and metabolism. A systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2020","author":"Pellegrini M, Cioffi I, Evangelista A, Ponzo V, Goitre I, Ciccone G, Ghigo E, Bo S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31808043/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31832229","pmid":"31832229","doi":"10.1186/s40814-019-0505-7","title":"A feasibility randomised controlled trial of short-term fasting prior to CAPOX chemotherapy for stage 2/3 colorectal cancer: SWiFT protocol.","year":"2019","author":"Shingler E, Perks C, Herbert G, Ness A, Atkinson C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31832229/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31852444","pmid":"31852444","doi":"10.1186/s12876-019-1132-8","title":"Effects of alternate-day fasting on body weight and dyslipidaemia in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomised controlled trial.","year":"2019","author":"Cai H, Qin YL, Shi ZY, Chen JH, Zeng MJ, Zhou W, Chen RQ, Chen ZY.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31852444/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Retrospectively registered. Abstract says weight loss increased by week 12 although listed absolute losses are smaller than week 4, and one triglyceride sign is inconsistent; verify tables before quoting precise comparisons.","assessmentId":"31852444","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31852462","pmid":"31852462","doi":"10.1186/s12885-019-6400-z","title":"The BE GONE trial study protocol: a randomized crossover dietary intervention of dry beans targeting the gut microbiome of overweight and obese patients with a history of colorectal polyps or cancer.","year":"2019","author":"Zhang X, Browman G, Siu W, Basen-Engquist KM, Hanash SM, Hoffman KL, Okhuysen PC, Scheet P, Petrosino JF, Kopetz S, Daniel CR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31852462/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31879752","pmid":"31879752","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/nqz330","title":"Intermittent fasting, Paleolithic, or Mediterranean diets in the real world: exploratory secondary analyses of a weight-loss trial that included choice of diet and exercise.","year":"2020","author":"Jospe MR, Roy M, Brown RC, Haszard JJ, Meredith-Jones K, Fangupo LJ, Osborne H, Fleming EA, Taylor RW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31879752/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Nonrandom diets, dropout and uncorrected multiple testing; cannot rank fasting over other diets from these numerical differences.","assessmentId":"31879752","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31890243","pmid":"31890243","doi":"10.1002/osp4.367","title":"Alternate day fasting combined with a low-carbohydrate diet for weight loss, weight maintenance, and metabolic disease risk reduction.","year":"2019","author":"Kalam F, Gabel K, Cienfuegos S, Wiseman E, Ezpeleta M, Steward M, Pavlou V, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31890243/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Cannot isolate fasting from carbohydrate restriction, overall calorie deficit or counseling. No comparative evidence the combination is superior.","assessmentId":"31890243","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31898518","pmid":"31898518","doi":"10.1186/s13063-019-3928-9","title":"Ketogenic diet and fasting diet as Nutritional Approaches in Multiple Sclerosis (NAMS): protocol of a randomized controlled study.","year":"2020","author":"Bahr LS, Bock M, Liebscher D, Bellmann-Strobl J, Franz L, Prüß A, Schumann D, Piper SK, Kessler CS, Steckhan N, Michalsen A, Paul F, Mähler A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31898518/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:3191497","pmid":"3191497","doi":"","title":"Glucose uptake, lactate release, ketone body turnover, metabolic micromilieu, and pH distributions in human breast cancer xenografts in nude rats.","year":"1988","author":"Kallinowski F, Vaupel P, Runkel S, Berg G, Fortmeyer HP, Baessler KH, Wagner K, Mueller-Klieser W, Walenta S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3191497/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Demonstrates ketone use in these tumors, not that a ketogenic diet accelerates every cancer; no patient dietary intervention or survival comparison.","assessmentId":"3191497","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31947882","pmid":"31947882","doi":"10.3390/jcm9010138","title":"Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Urinary Bladder Is a Glycogen-Rich Tumor with Poorer Prognosis.","year":"2020","author":"Zhou Z, Kinslow CJ, Wang P, Huang B, Cheng SK, Deutsch I, Gentry MS, Sun RC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31947882/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Histologic glycogen-rich appearance does not establish glycogen caused aggressiveness or that dietary restriction treats the subtype.","assessmentId":"31947882","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31975053","pmid":"31975053","doi":"10.1007/s11357-020-00156-6","title":"Short-term time-restricted feeding is safe and feasible in non-obese healthy midlife and older adults.","year":"2020","author":"Martens CR, Rossman MJ, Mazzo MR, Jankowski LR, Nagy EE, Denman BA, Richey JJ, Johnson SA, Ziemba BP, Wang Y, Peterson CM, Chonchol M, Seals DR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31975053/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small short pilot cannot establish extended healthspan or long-term nutritional/bone safety; no cancer endpoint.","assessmentId":"31975053","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31978815","pmid":"31978815","doi":"10.1016/j.breast.2020.01.005","title":"A randomized study of olanzapine-containing versus standard antiemetic regimens for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in Chinese breast cancer patients.","year":"2020","author":"Yeo W, Lau TK, Li L, Lai KT, Pang E, Cheung M, Chan VT, Wong A, Soo WM, Yeung VT, Tse T, Lam DC, Yeung EW, Ng KP, Tang NL, Tong M, Suen JJ, Mo FK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31978815/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:31997149","pmid":"31997149","doi":"10.1007/s12020-020-02213-8","title":"Blood pressure evaluated by 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in Ramadan-fasting patients with corticotrope deficiency.","year":"2020","author":"Chihaoui M, Grira W, Chaker F, Oueslati I, Ben Amor Z, Yazidi M, Feki M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31997149/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small selected sample and brief observation cannot exclude rare adrenal complications; not proof that fasting benefits this condition.","assessmentId":"31997149","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:31998762","pmid":"31998762","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2019.00480","title":"Metabolic and Immunological Effects of Intermittent Fasting on a Ketogenic Diet Containing Medium-Chain Triglycerides in Healthy Dogs.","year":"2019","author":"Leung YB, Cave NJ, Heiser A, Edwards PJB, Godfrey AJR, Wester T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31998762/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Dog metabolism and low absolute ketone levels differ from humans. No lifespan, cancer or clinical disease benefit was tested.","assessmentId":"31998762","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32003649","pmid":"32003649","doi":"10.1024/0300-9831/a000623","title":"The alternate-day fasting diet is a more effective approach than a calorie restriction diet on weight loss and hs-CRP levels.","year":"2021","author":"Razavi R, Parvaresh A, Abbasi B, Yaghoobloo K, Hassanzadeh A, Mohammadifard N, Clark CCT, Morteza Safavi S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32003649/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Many surrogate outcomes and uncertain achieved calorie matching; altered clotting times are not necessarily clinical benefit, and no cardiovascular-event outcome was measured.","assessmentId":"32003649","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32057716","pmid":"32057716","doi":"10.1016/j.orcp.2020.01.005","title":"Rationale and protocol for a randomized controlled trial comparing daily calorie restriction versus intermittent fasting to improve glycaemia in individuals at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.","year":"2020","author":"Teong XT, Liu K, Hutchison AT, Liu B, Feinle-Bisset C, Wittert GA, Lange K, Vincent AD, Heilbronn LK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32057716/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32060194","pmid":"32060194","doi":"","title":"Intermittent fasting and weight loss: Systematic review.","year":"2020","author":"Welton S, Minty R, O'Driscoll T, Willms H, Poirier D, Madden S, Kelly L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32060194/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32072637","pmid":"32072637","doi":"10.1002/ijc.32932","title":"Potentially functional genetic variants in PLIN2, SULT2A1 and UGT1A9 genes of the ketone pathway and survival of nonsmall cell lung cancer.","year":"2020","author":"Tang D, Zhao YC, Liu H, Luo S, Clarke JM, Glass C, Su L, Shen S, Christiani DC, Gao W, Wei Q.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32072637/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Genetic association is not a fasting, dietary-ketone or treatment experiment; pathway labeling does not prove ketones caused survival differences.","assessmentId":"32072637","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32079327","pmid":"32079327","doi":"10.3390/nu12020505","title":"A Delayed Morning and Earlier Evening Time-Restricted Feeding Protocol for Improving Glycemic Control and Dietary Adherence in Men with Overweight/Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2020","author":"Parr EB, Devlin BL, Radford BE, Hawley JA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32079327/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Very short small study and multiple measurements; positive interviews do not establish sustained adherence or disease prevention.","assessmentId":"32079327","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32090192","pmid":"32090192","doi":"10.1093/jncics/pkz096","title":"Randomized Phase II Trial of Exercise, Metformin, or Both on Metabolic Biomarkers in Colorectal and Breast Cancer Survivors.","year":"2020","author":"Meyerhardt JA, Irwin ML, Jones LW, Zhang S, Campbell N, Brown JC, Pollak M, Sorrentino A, Cartmel B, Harrigan M, Tolaney SM, Winer E, Ng K, Abrams T, Fuchs CS, Sanft T, Douglas PS, Hu F, Ligibel JA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32090192/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32121111","pmid":"32121111","doi":"10.3390/nu12030638","title":"Energy Restriction Enhances Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis-Associated Memory after Four Weeks in an Adult Human Population with Central Obesity; a Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2020","author":"Kim C, Pinto AM, Bordoli C, Buckner LP, Kaplan PC, Del Arenal IM, Jeffcock EJ, Hall WL, Thuret S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32121111/","searches":["weight","cognition"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No direct measurement of new neurons. Practice effects and weight change are possible; same NCT02679989 cohort as metabolic report, not independent evidence.","assessmentId":"32121111","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32144714","pmid":"32144714","doi":"10.1007/s12325-020-01267-4","title":"Patterns of Diabetes Care Among People with Type 1 Diabetes During Ramadan: An International Prospective Study (DAR-MENA T1DM).","year":"2020","author":"Al Awadi FF, Echtay A, Al Arouj M, Sabir Ali S, Shehadeh N, Al Shaikh A, Djaballah K, Dessapt-Baradez C, Omar Abu-Hijleh M, Bennakhi A, El Hassan Gharbi M, El Sayed El Hadidy K, Abdul Kareem Khazaal F, Hassanein MM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32144714/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Selected self-directed behavior, frequent dose changes and limited power for severe events; null difference does not establish safety for all type 1 diabetes.","assessmentId":"32144714","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32152018","pmid":"32152018","doi":"10.1370/afm.2500","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Use of the Fasting Algorithm for Singaporeans With Type 2 Diabetes (FAST) During Ramadan: A Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2020","author":"Lum ZK, Khoo ZR, Toh WYS, Kamaldeen SAK, Shakoor A, Tsou KYK, Chew DEK, Dalan R, Kwek SC, Othman N, Lian JX, Bte Sunari RN, Lee JY.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32152018/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tests care planning, not fasting versus nonfasting. Small trial and borderline primary significance; earlier tool-development work may relate to this program.","assessmentId":"32152018","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32164457","pmid":"32164457","doi":"10.1161/circulationaha.119.045561","title":"Role of Deranged Energy Deprivation Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Cardiac and Renal Disease in States of Perceived Nutrient Overabundance.","year":"2020","author":"Packer M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32164457/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Mechanistic perspective on SGLT2-inhibitor cardiovascular/renal benefits and fasting-like signaling; no new primary fasting trial or experimental dataset reported in the abstract.","assessmentId":"32164457","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:32166554","pmid":"32166554","doi":"10.1007/s11892-020-1295-2","title":"Intermittent Fasting as Part of the Management for T2DM: from Animal Models to Human Clinical Studies.","year":"2020","author":"Muñoz-Hernández L, Márquez-López Z, Mehta R, Aguilar-Salinas CA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32166554/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32178549","pmid":"32178549","doi":"10.1080/14728222.2020.1743681","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3β: a novel therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.","year":"2020","author":"Ding L, Billadeau DD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32178549/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32204476","pmid":"32204476","doi":"10.3390/nu12030813","title":"Comparison of Structured Nutrition Therapy for Ramadan with Standard Care in Type 2 Diabetes Patients.","year":"2020","author":"Mohd Yusof BN, Wan Zukiman WZHH, Abu Zaid Z, Omar N, Mukhtar F, Yahya NF, Shahar ASM, Hasbullah FY, Liu Xin Yi R, Marczewska A, Hamdy O.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32204476/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Self-selection, combined formula/counseling and denominator ambiguity; improvement within one arm alone does not prove superiority. Not a trial of fasting itself.","assessmentId":"32204476","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32212801","pmid":"32212801","doi":"10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.3.733","title":"Effect of Metformin For Decreasing Proliferative Marker in Women with Endometrial Cancer: A Randomized Double-blind Placebo-Controlled Trial.","year":"2020","author":"Petchsila K, Prueksaritanond N, Insin P, Yanaranop M, Chotikawichean N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32212801/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32229440","pmid":"32229440","doi":"10.6133/apjcn.202003_29(1).0006","title":"Prolonged preoperative fasting and prognosis in critically ill gastrointestinal surgery patients.","year":"2020","author":"Zhou G, Zhu F, An Y, Qin L, Lv J, Zhao X, Shen J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32229440/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Procedural or perioperative fasting/feeding comparison rather than the voluntary fasting or direct cancer-mechanism question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32232919","pmid":"32232919","doi":"10.1002/mc.23191","title":"Genetic variants in PDSS1 and SLC16A6 of the ketone body metabolic pathway predict cutaneous melanoma-specific survival.","year":"2020","author":"Dai W, Liu H, Chen K, Xu X, Qian D, Luo S, Amos CI, Lee JE, Li X, Nan H, Li C, Wei Q.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32232919/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Genetic association is not dietary ketosis or fasting exposure; multiple testing and need for further validation limit clinical interpretation.","assessmentId":"32232919","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32234652","pmid":"32234652","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2020.110749","title":"Gut microbiota composition after diet and probiotics in overweight breast cancer survivors: a randomized open-label pilot intervention trial.","year":"2020","author":"Pellegrini M, Ippolito M, Monge T, Violi R, Cappello P, Ferrocino I, Cocolin LS, De Francesco A, Bo S, Finocchiaro C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32234652/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32236143","pmid":"32236143","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0230044","title":"LEFTY2/endometrial bleeding-associated factor up-regulates Na+ Coupled Glucose Transporter SGLT1 expression and Glycogen Accumulation in Endometrial Cancer Cells.","year":"2020","author":"Zeng N, Okumura T, Alauddin M, Khozooei S, Rajaxavier J, Zhang S, Singh Y, Shi B, Brucker SY, Wallwiener D, Takeda S, Lang F, Salker MS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32236143/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Cell-line-specific signaling, not evidence glycogen is uniformly essential or that fasting kills endometrial tumors.","assessmentId":"32236143","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32263553","pmid":"32263553","doi":"10.1039/c6tb02583h","title":"Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) [SPEEK] nanocomposites based on hybrid nanocarbons for the detection and discrimination of some lung cancer VOC biomarkers.","year":"2017","author":"Nag S, Castro M, Choudhary V, Feller JF.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32263553/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32270927","pmid":"32270927","doi":"10.1002/oby.22756","title":"Time-Restricted Eating Effects on Body Composition and Metabolic Measures in Humans who are Overweight: A Feasibility Study.","year":"2020","author":"Chow LS, Manoogian ENC, Alvear A, Fleischer JG, Thor H, Dietsche K, Wang Q, Hodges JS, Esch N, Malaeb S, Harindhanavudhi T, Nair KS, Panda S, Mashek DG.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32270927/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small trial without calorie-matched active control; lean-mass reduction is not automatically beneficial and achieved timing differed from prescription.","assessmentId":"32270927","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32279604","pmid":"32279604","doi":"10.1089/rej.2019.2297","title":"Dietary and Pharmacological Interventions That Inhibit Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Activity Alter the Brain Expression Levels of Neurogenic and Glial Markers in an Age-and Treatment-Dependent Manner.","year":"2020","author":"Celebi-Birand D, Ardic NI, Karoglu-Eravsar ET, Sengul GF, Kafaligonul H, Adams MM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32279604/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Fish markers, not human cognition or lifespan. LC3 ratios alone cannot establish complete autophagic flux or clinical benefit.","assessmentId":"32279604","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32302665","pmid":"32302665","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108148","title":"Safety of lixisenatide plus basal insulin treatment regimen in Indian people with type 2 diabetes mellitus during Ramadan fast: A post hoc analysis of the LixiRam randomized trial.","year":"2020","author":"Sahay R, Hafidh K, Djaballah K, Coudert M, Azar S, Shehadeh N, Hanif W, Hassanein M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32302665/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same NCT02941367 participants as parent study, not new independent evidence; post-hoc subgroup and small event counts.","assessmentId":"32302665","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32313761","pmid":"32313761","doi":"10.7759/cureus.7320","title":"Role of 24-hour Helpline Service in the Management of Diabetes During the Holy Month of Ramadan.","year":"2020","author":"Ulhaque MS, Bin Zafar A, Ahmed F, Ahmedani MY.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32313761/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Calls are not independent participants. Without a comparator or clear adverse-event denominators, fewer admissions and improved safety cannot be causally attributed to the service.","assessmentId":"32313761","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32330510","pmid":"32330510","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108154","title":"A real-world study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with gliclazide modified-release during fasting: DIA-RAMADAN.","year":"2020","author":"Hassanein M, Al Sifri S, Shaikh S, Abbas Raza S, Akram J, Pranoto A, Rudijanto A, Shaltout I, Fariduddin M, Mohd Izani Wan Mohamed W, Al Awadi F, Alessa T, DIA-RAMADAN study investigators.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32330510/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Selected treatment cohort and symptom diaries can miss events; cannot compare fasting safety or drugs causally from this single-arm study.","assessmentId":"32330510","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32335095","pmid":"32335095","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108161","title":"A systematic review on the safety of Ramadan fasting in high-risk patients with Diabetes.","year":"2020","author":"Rashid F, Abdelgadir E, Bashier A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32335095/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32348797","pmid":"32348797","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2020.104719","title":"Anticipation of 24 h severe energy restriction increases energy intake and reduces physical activity energy expenditure in the prior 24 h, in healthy males.","year":"2020","author":"James R, James LJ, Clayton DJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32348797/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Acute laboratory behavior in men does not establish long-term compensation, but prescribed fasting deficits should not be assumed fully achieved.","assessmentId":"32348797","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32351966","pmid":"32351966","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2020.00040","title":"Ketosis After Intake of Coconut Oil and Caprylic Acid-With and Without Glucose: A Cross-Over Study in Healthy Older Adults.","year":"2020","author":"Norgren J, Sindi S, Sandebring-Matton A, Kåreholt I, Daniilidou M, Akenine U, Nordin K, Rosenborg S, Ngandu T, Kivipelto M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32351966/","searches":["glucose","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Ketone production after consuming fats is not a continued calorie-free fast or evidence of autophagy, cancer killing or improved health.","assessmentId":"32351966","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32360709","pmid":"32360709","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108189","title":"Real-world safety and effectiveness of insulin glargine 300 U/mL in participants with type 2 diabetes who fast during Ramadan: The observational ORION study.","year":"2020","author":"Hassanein M, Buyukbese MA, Malek R, Pilorget V, Naqvi M, Berthou B, Shaltout I, Kumar Sahay R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32360709/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Selected monitored cohort and medication changes; abstract’s mean fasting-day count exceeds a lunar month and needs definition checking. No proof of universal safety.","assessmentId":"32360709","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32372521","pmid":"32372521","doi":"10.1111/dom.14080","title":"Intermittent fasting and 'metabolic switch': Effects on metabolic syndrome, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes.","year":"2020","author":"Rajpal A, Ismail-Beigi F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32372521/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32391602","pmid":"32391602","doi":"10.1111/cas.14454","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition overcomes epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated resistance to osimertinib in EGFR-mutant lung cancer.","year":"2020","author":"Fukuda K, Takeuchi S, Arai S, Kita K, Tanimoto A, Nishiyama A, Yano S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32391602/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32404204","pmid":"32404204","doi":"10.1186/s12933-020-01041-4","title":"Autophagy-dependent and -independent modulation of oxidative and organellar stress in the diabetic heart by glucose-lowering drugs.","year":"2020","author":"Packer M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32404204/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32408153","pmid":"32408153","doi":"10.1016/j.msard.2020.102149","title":"Safety and feasibility of various fasting-mimicking diets among people with multiple sclerosis.","year":"2020","author":"Roman SN, Fitzgerald KC, Beier M, Mowry EM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32408153/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Heterogeneous pilots and attrition; possible participant overlap with earlier MS studies. Feasibility does not demonstrate reduced MS disease activity.","assessmentId":"32408153","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32416251","pmid":"32416251","doi":"10.1016/j.annonc.2020.05.001","title":"Time course and management of key adverse events during the randomized phase III SOLAR-1 study of PI3K inhibitor alpelisib plus fulvestrant in patients with HR-positive advanced breast cancer.","year":"2020","author":"Rugo HS, André F, Yamashita T, Cerda H, Toledano I, Stemmer SM, Jurado JC, Juric D, Mayer I, Ciruelos EM, Iwata H, Conte P, Campone M, Wilke C, Mills D, Lteif A, Miller M, Gaudenzi F, Loibl S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32416251/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32428159","pmid":"32428159","doi":"10.1590/1806-9282.66.2.222","title":"Impact of intermittent fasting on body weight in overweight and obese individuals.","year":"2020","author":"Lima CHR, Oliveira IKF, Frota KMG, Carvalho CMRG, Paiva AA, Campelo V, Martins MDCCE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32428159/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32428840","pmid":"32428840","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2020.110796","title":"Acute effects of time-restricted feeding in low-income women with obesity placed on hypoenergetic diets: Randomized trial.","year":"2020","author":"Pureza IROM, Melo ISV, Macena ML, Praxedes DRS, Vasconcelos LGL, Silva-Júnior AE, Florêncio TMMT, Bueno NB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32428840/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short study with many outcomes and limited effect estimates; no clear general advantage for metabolic health or lasting disease prevention.","assessmentId":"32428840","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32438531","pmid":"32438531","doi":"10.1002/oby.22775","title":"Intermittent Fasting Does Not Uniformly Impact Genes Involved in Circadian Regulation in Women with Obesity.","year":"2020","author":"Zhao L, Hutchison AT, Wittert GA, Thompson CH, Lange K, Liu B, Heilbronn LK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32438531/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Likely secondary report from the parent controlled-feeding study, not an independent trial; single-time-point expression cannot fully characterize circadian rhythms.","assessmentId":"32438531","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32450103","pmid":"32450103","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108234","title":"Achieving safer Ramadan fasting by keeping flexible glycemic targets during the day and tighter targets during the night in insulin treated people with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2020","author":"Ahmedani MY, Ghafoor E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32450103/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Event percentages lack a clear participant denominator in abstract. No hospitalization does not mean no major complication, and the management strategy was not randomized.","assessmentId":"32450103","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32503133","pmid":"32503133","doi":"10.3390/cells9061388","title":"Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β in Cancer Biology and Treatment.","year":"2020","author":"Domoto T, Uehara M, Bolidong D, Minamoto T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32503133/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32503654","pmid":"32503654","doi":"10.1186/s13063-020-04429-5","title":"Does a ketogenic diet as an adjuvant therapy for drug treatment enhance chemotherapy sensitivity and reduce target lesions in patients with locally recurrent or metastatic Her-2-negative breast cancer? Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2020","author":"Wang Y, Jing MX, Jiang L, Jia YF, Ying E, Cao H, Guo XY, Sun T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32503654/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:3252958","pmid":"3252958","doi":"","title":"Lactic dehydrogenase isozyme patterns and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activities in serum from newborns, patients with ovarian cancer or myocardial infarction.","year":"1988","author":"Kikuchi Y, Kita T, Furuya K, Kato K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3252958/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Serum alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and LDH diagnostic patterns; this is not beta-hydroxybutyrate fuel use, fasting, or glycogen-dependent cancer growth.","assessmentId":"3252958","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:32533468","pmid":"32533468","doi":"10.1007/s11764-020-00900-z","title":"Exercise intervention for post-treatment colorectal cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2020","author":"Gao R, Yu T, Liu L, Bi J, Zhao H, Tao Y, Li F, Guo L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32533468/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32534886","pmid":"32534886","doi":"10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107647","title":"Role of ketogenic starvation sensors in mediating the renal protective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes.","year":"2020","author":"Packer M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32534886/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Mechanistic review of SGLT2-inhibitor kidney protection and fasting-like signaling; no new primary fasting experiment or clinical dataset.","assessmentId":"32534886","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:32554646","pmid":"32554646","doi":"10.3399/bjgp20x711173","title":"Study design of the Fasting In diabetes Treatment (FIT) trial: a randomised, controlled, assessor blinded intervention trial which examines the effect of intermittent use of a fasting mimicking diet in patients with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2020","author":"van den Burg E, Schoonakker M, van den Akker E, van Dijk KW, Lamb H, Pijl H, Numans M, van Peet P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32554646/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Trial design publication without outcome results; assess the completed FIT reports separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32571329","pmid":"32571329","doi":"10.1186/s12885-020-07041-7","title":"Impact of modified short-term fasting and its combination with a fasting supportive diet during chemotherapy on the incidence and severity of chemotherapy-induced toxicities in cancer patients - a controlled cross-over pilot study.","year":"2020","author":"Zorn S, Ehret J, Schäuble R, Rautenberg B, Ihorst G, Bertz H, Urbain P, Raynor A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32571329/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small unblinded crossover with many outcomes and possible cycle-order effects; no survival or tumor-clearance proof. Persistent weight loss matters during cancer treatment.","assessmentId":"32571329","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32576828","pmid":"32576828","doi":"10.1038/s41467-020-16138-3","title":"Fasting mimicking diet as an adjunct to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer in the multicentre randomized phase 2 DIRECT trial.","year":"2020","author":"de Groot S, Lugtenberg RT, Cohen D, Welters MJP, Ehsan I, Vreeswijk MPG, Smit VTHBM, de Graaf H, Heijns JB, Portielje JEA, van de Wouw AJ, Imholz ALT, Kessels LW, Vrijaldenhoven S, Baars A, Kranenbarg EM, Carpentier MD, Putter H, van der Hoeven JJM, Nortier JWR, Longo VD, Pijl H, Kroep JR, Dutch Breast Cancer Research Group (BOOG).","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32576828/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"direct","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:32580710","pmid":"32580710","doi":"10.1186/s12902-020-00576-7","title":"Fasting in diabetes treatment (FIT) trial: study protocol for a randomised, controlled, assessor-blinded intervention trial on the effects of intermittent use of a fasting-mimicking diet in patients with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2020","author":"van den Burg EL, Schoonakker MP, van Peet PG, van den Akker-van Marle ME, Willems van Dijk K, Longo VD, Lamb HJ, Numans ME, Pijl H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32580710/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32591567","pmid":"32591567","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-67277-y","title":"Glycogen as an advantageous polymer carrier in cancer theranostics: Straightforward in vivo evidence.","year":"2020","author":"Gálisová A, Jirátová M, Rabyk M, Sticová E, Hájek M, Hrubý M, Jirák D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32591567/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Hydroxybutyrate/glycogen used as a polymer delivery vehicle rather than as a metabolic fuel intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32618724","pmid":"32618724","doi":"10.1097/mco.0000000000000675","title":"Appetite control: hormones or diet strategies?","year":"2020","author":"Freire RH, Alvarez-Leite JI.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32618724/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32619561","pmid":"32619561","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.06.021","title":"ERGO2: A Prospective, Randomized Trial of Calorie-Restricted Ketogenic Diet and Fasting in Addition to Reirradiation for Malignant Glioma.","year":"2020","author":"Voss M, Wagner M, von Mettenheim N, Harter PN, Wenger KJ, Franz K, Bojunga J, Vetter M, Gerlach R, Glatzel M, Paulsen F, Hattingen E, Baehr O, Ronellenfitsch MW, Fokas E, Imhoff D, Steinbach JP, Rödel C, Rieger J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32619561/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"ergo","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:32673591","pmid":"32673591","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.018","title":"Effects of 4- and 6-h Time-Restricted Feeding on Weight and Cardiometabolic Health: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Adults with Obesity.","year":"2020","author":"Cienfuegos S, Gabel K, Kalam F, Ezpeleta M, Wiseman E, Pavlou V, Lin S, Oliveira ML, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32673591/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No demonstrated advantage of four over six hours; spontaneous calorie reduction complicates timing-specific claims. Short-term biomarkers are not disease-event outcomes.","assessmentId":"32673591","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32674468","pmid":"32674468","doi":"10.3390/ijms21144970","title":"Melatonin Induces Melanogenesis in Human SK-MEL-1 Melanoma Cells Involving Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 and Reactive Oxygen Species.","year":"2020","author":"Perdomo J, Quintana C, González I, Hernández I, Rubio S, Loro JF, Reiter RJ, Estévez F, Quintana J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32674468/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32698957","pmid":"32698957","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2020.05.043","title":"The effect of synbiotic on glycemic profile and sex hormones in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors following a weight-loss diet: A randomized, triple-blind, controlled trial.","year":"2021","author":"Raji Lahiji M, Najafi S, Janani L, Yazdani B, Razmpoosh E, Zarrati M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32698957/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32703721","pmid":"32703721","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.028","title":"Effects of Ketogenic metabolic therapy on patients with breast cancer: A randomized controlled clinical trial.","year":"2021","author":"Khodabakhshi A, Akbari ME, Mirzaei HR, Seyfried TN, Kalamian M, Davoodi SH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32703721/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same IRCT20171105037259N2 cohort as companion reports, not independent evidence. Several stated confidence intervals cross zero despite very small P values; full tables/analysis need verification.","assessmentId":"32703721","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32713721","pmid":"32713721","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.036","title":"Effects of time-restricted feeding on body weight, body composition and vital signs in low-income women with obesity: A 12-month randomized clinical trial.","year":"2021","author":"de Oliveira Maranhão Pureza IR, da Silva Junior AE, Silva Praxedes DR, Lessa Vasconcelos LG, de Lima Macena M, Vieira de Melo IS, de Menezes Toledo Florêncio TM, Bueno NB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32713721/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"High attrition, modest secondary effects and some interval/P-value inconsistencies; related earlier short-term report shares the cohort.","assessmentId":"32713721","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32751097","pmid":"32751097","doi":"10.3390/cancers12082101","title":"Metastasis of Uveal Melanoma with Monosomy-3 Is Associated with a Less Glycogenetic Gene Expression Profile and the Dysregulation of Glycogen Storage.","year":"2020","author":"Vardanyan S, Brosig A, Merz H, Ranjbar M, Kakkassery V, Grisanti S, Tura A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32751097/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Association, not proof glycogen drives metastasis; lower stores can coexist with aggressive disease. No fasting intervention.","assessmentId":"32751097","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32751487","pmid":"32751487","doi":"10.3390/nu12082281","title":"A Prospective Clinical Trial of Prolonged Fasting in Healthy Young Males and Females-Effect on Fatigue, Sleepiness, Mood and Body Composition.","year":"2020","author":"Nugraha B, Riat A, Ghashang SK, Eljurnazi L, Gutenbrunner C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32751487/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Unblinded self-report, time effects and concurrent lifestyle changes; no controlled evidence that prolonged fasting itself caused the improvements.","assessmentId":"32751487","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32756479","pmid":"32756479","doi":"10.3390/ijerph17155600","title":"Effects of Ramadan Intermittent Fasting on Gut Hormones and Body Composition in Males with Obesity.","year":"2020","author":"Zouhal H, Bagheri R, Triki R, Saeidi A, Wong A, Hackney AC, Laher I, Suzuki K, Ben Abderrahman A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32756479/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small sample and many hormone outcomes; exact randomization/observance methods and clinical importance require full text. Hormone changes are not proof of long-term obesity control.","assessmentId":"32756479","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32767962","pmid":"32767962","doi":"10.17305/bjbms.2020.5036","title":"The role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) in cancer with emphasis on ovarian cancer development and progression: A comprehensive review.","year":"2021","author":"Glibo M, Serman A, Karin-Kujundzic V, Bekavac Vlatkovic I, Miskovic B, Vranic S, Serman L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32767962/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32777443","pmid":"32777443","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154336","title":"Effect of alternate-day fasting on obesity and cardiometabolic risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2020","author":"Park J, Seo YG, Paek YJ, Song HJ, Park KH, Noh HM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32777443/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32780629","pmid":"32780629","doi":"10.1089/met.2020.0048","title":"The Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Glycemic Control and Body Composition in Adults with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review.","year":"2020","author":"Vitale R, Kim Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32780629/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32791011","pmid":"32791011","doi":"10.1080/01635581.2020.1803930","title":"The Impact of a Ketogenic Dietary Intervention on the Quality of Life of Stage II and III Cancer Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial in the Caribbean.","year":"2021","author":"Augustus E, Granderson I, Rocke KD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32791011/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No numerical between-group effects, participant counts or attrition in abstract; unblinded subjective outcomes do not establish cancer control or survival benefit.","assessmentId":"32791011","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32799692","pmid":"32799692","doi":"10.1080/01635581.2020.1804947","title":"Long-Term Glucose Restriction with or without β-Hydroxybutyrate Enrichment Distinctively Alters Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Related Signalings in Ovarian Cancer Cells.","year":"2021","author":"Ghahremani H, Nabati S, Tahmori H, Peirouvi T, Sirati-Sabet M, Salami S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32799692/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Cell-specific adaptation contradicts a universal fuel response; culture glucose restriction and high ketone exposure are not a patient fasting trial.","assessmentId":"32799692","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32802186","pmid":"32802186","doi":"10.7150/thno.46825","title":"GYS1 induces glycogen accumulation and promotes tumor progression via the NF-κB pathway in Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma.","year":"2020","author":"Chen SL, Huang QS, Huang YH, Yang X, Yang MM, He YF, Cao Y, Guan XY, Yun JP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32802186/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"chenglycogen","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:32819413","pmid":"32819413","doi":"10.1186/s13058-020-01331-5","title":"Impact of a ketogenic diet intervention during radiotherapy on body composition: III-final results of the KETOCOMP study for breast cancer patients.","year":"2020","author":"Klement RJ, Champ CE, Kämmerer U, Koebrunner PS, Krage K, Schäfer G, Weigel M, Sweeney RA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32819413/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Nonrandom allocation and hydration-sensitive measurement; no tumor-control/survival endpoint. Part of KETOCOMP, not an independent cohort for every companion paper.","assessmentId":"32819413","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32828130","pmid":"32828130","doi":"10.1186/s12937-020-00596-y","title":"Does a ketogenic diet have beneficial effects on quality of life, physical activity or biomarkers in patients with breast cancer: a randomized controlled clinical trial.","year":"2020","author":"Khodabakhshi A, Seyfried TN, Kalamian M, Beheshti M, Davoodi SH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32828130/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Intermediate findings do not override null final outcomes. Possible overlap with the 60-patient completion report requires reconciliation; lower lactate/ALP is not proof of cancer regression.","assessmentId":"32828130","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32847912","pmid":"32847912","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037166","title":"Protocol for a single-centre, parallel-group, randomised, controlled, superiority trial on the effects of time-restricted eating on body weight, behaviour and metabolism in individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes: the REStricted Eating Time (RESET) study.","year":"2020","author":"Quist JS, Jensen MM, Clemmensen KKB, Pedersen H, Bjerre N, Størling J, Blond MB, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Holst JJ, Torekov SS, Vistisen D, Jørgensen ME, Panda S, Brock C, Finlayson G, Færch K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32847912/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32860010","pmid":"32860010","doi":"10.1038/s41391-020-00273-5","title":"The effect of exercise training on cardiometabolic health in men with prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2021","author":"Bigaran A, Zopf E, Gardner J, La Gerche A, Murphy DG, Howden EJ, Baker MK, Cormie P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32860010/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32889891","pmid":"32889891","doi":"10.1097/coc.0000000000000749","title":"Food Intake During Cancer Therapy: A Systematic Review.","year":"2020","author":"Conigliaro T, Boyce LM, Lopez CA, Tonorezos ES.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32889891/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32907318","pmid":"32907318","doi":"10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02348","title":"Visualizing Subcellular Enrichment of Glycogen in Live Cancer Cells by Stimulated Raman Scattering.","year":"2020","author":"Lee D, Du J, Yu R, Su Y, Heath JR, Wei L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32907318/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Correlated phenotype and imaging method, not proof of universal glycogen dependence or fasting efficacy in people.","assessmentId":"32907318","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32927708","pmid":"32927708","doi":"10.3390/molecules25184141","title":"Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Clear Cell Foci (CCF) in the Human Non-Cirrhotic Liver Identifies Several Differentially Expressed Genes and Proteins with Functions in Cancer Cell Biology and Glycogen Metabolism.","year":"2020","author":"Metzendorf C, Wineberger K, Rausch J, Cigliano A, Peters K, Sun B, Mennerich D, Kietzmann T, Calvisi DF, Dombrowski F, Ribback S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32927708/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Predicted precancerous biology and imperfect model correspondence; no dietary intervention or proof fasting clears lesions.","assessmentId":"32927708","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32958269","pmid":"32958269","doi":"10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.09.008","title":"Water only fasting and its effect on chemotherapy administration in gynecologic malignancies.","year":"2020","author":"Riedinger CJ, Kimball KJ, Kilgore LC, Bell CW, Heidel RE, Boone JD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32958269/","searches":["prolonged","cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Cycles are repeated observations, not 120 patients. Small trial, mixed cancers and within-arm score improvement cannot establish survival benefit or broad safety.","assessmentId":"32958269","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32971155","pmid":"32971155","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108466","title":"Impact of provision of optimum diabetes care on the safety of fasting in Ramadan in adult and adolescent patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.","year":"2020","author":"Alawadi F, Alsaeed M, Bachet F, Bashier A, Abdulla K, Abuelkheir S, Rashid F, Abdulaziz Bin Hussain A, Abdelgadir E, Alsayyah F, Elsayed M, Hassanein M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32971155/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Selected monitored population, missing sensor data and no control. A serious event occurred despite the paper’s generally favorable safety conclusion.","assessmentId":"32971155","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:32986097","pmid":"32986097","doi":"10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4153","title":"Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Weight Loss and Other Metabolic Parameters in Women and Men With Overweight and Obesity: The TREAT Randomized Clinical Trial.","year":"2020","author":"Lowe DA, Wu N, Rohdin-Bibby L, Moore AH, Kelly N, Liu YE, Philip E, Vittinghoff E, Heymsfield SB, Olgin JE, Shepherd JA, Weiss EJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32986097/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"lowe","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:32986894","pmid":"32986894","doi":"10.1111/cas.14668","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3β participates in acquired resistance to gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer.","year":"2020","author":"Uehara M, Domoto T, Takenaka S, Bolidong D, Takeuchi O, Miyashita T, Minamoto T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32986894/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:32992039","pmid":"32992039","doi":"10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101082","title":"Prolonged fasting drives a program of metabolic inflammation in human adipose tissue.","year":"2020","author":"Fazeli PK, Zhang Y, O'Keefe J, Pesaresi T, Lun M, Lawney B, Steinhauser ML.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32992039/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tissue adaptation is not automatically harmful or beneficial. Does not support the claim all fasting durations consistently suppress inflammation; no clinical disease or cancer endpoint.","assessmentId":"32992039","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33014663","pmid":"33014663","doi":"10.7759/cureus.10169","title":"A Single Centre Randomised Control Study to Assess the Impact of Pre-Operative Carbohydrate Loading on Women Undergoing Major Surgery for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer.","year":"2020","author":"Al-Hirmizy D, Wood NJ, Ko S, Henry A, Nugent D, West R, Duffy S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33014663/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Procedural or perioperative fasting/feeding comparison rather than the voluntary fasting or direct cancer-mechanism question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33017844","pmid":"33017844","doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgaa644","title":"Intermittent Fasting Improves Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Alters Gut Microbiota in Metabolic Syndrome Patients.","year":"2021","author":"Guo Y, Luo S, Ye Y, Yin S, Fan J, Xia M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33017844/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small study with many endpoints and substantially lower calories; correlated microbiome shifts do not prove they caused clinical benefit.","assessmentId":"33017844","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33031557","pmid":"33031557","doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgaa707","title":"Effects of Intermittent Fasting or Calorie Restriction on Markers of Lipid Metabolism in Human Skeletal Muscle.","year":"2021","author":"Liu B, Hutchison AT, Thompson CH, Lange K, Wittert GA, Heilbronn LK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33031557/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same parent cohort as earlier weight, inflammatory and clock-gene reports. Gene expression is not a direct clinical oxidative-injury or benefit measure.","assessmentId":"33031557","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33059765","pmid":"33059765","doi":"10.1186/s13063-020-04700-9","title":"Short-term fasting accompanying chemotherapy as a supportive therapy in gynecological cancer: protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial.","year":"2020","author":"Koppold-Liebscher D, Kessler CS, Steckhan N, Bähr V, Kempter C, Wischnewsky M, Hübner M, Kunz B, Paul M, Zorn S, Sari S, Jeitler M, Stange R, Michalsen A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33059765/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33061494","pmid":"33061494","doi":"10.2147/dmso.s269237","title":"Mediterranean Diet and Naltrexone/Bupropion Treatment for Weight Loss in Overweight and Obese Breast Cancer Survivors and Non-Cancer Participants: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2020","author":"Cho AR, Choi WJ, Kwon YJ, Lee HS, Ahn SG, Lee JW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33061494/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33078850","pmid":"33078850","doi":"10.1002/jnr.24741","title":"Time-restricted feeding prevents depressive-like and anxiety-like behaviors in male rats exposed to an experimental model of shift-work.","year":"2021","author":"Guerrero-Vargas NN, Zárate-Mozo C, Guzmán-Ruiz MA, Cárdenas-Rivera A, Escobar C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33078850/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Animal behaviors are not diagnoses of human depression. Timing synchronization, sleep and intake may contribute; no human treatment efficacy tested.","assessmentId":"33078850","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:3308588","pmid":"3308588","doi":"10.2337/diab.36.10.1187","title":"Effects of fasting on plasma glucose and prolonged tracer measurement of hepatic glucose output in NIDDM.","year":"1987","author":"Glauber H, Wallace P, Brechtel G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3308588/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Indexed abstract is truncated; measurement-method study, not long-term therapeutic efficacy.","assessmentId":"3308588","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33087512","pmid":"33087512","doi":"10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0497","title":"The Landscape of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Beta Genomic Alterations in Cancer.","year":"2021","author":"Borden BA, Baca Y, Xiu J, Tavora F, Winer I, Weinberg BA, Vanderwalde AM, Darabi S, Korn WM, Mazar AP, Giles FJ, Crawford L, Safran H, El-Deiry WS, Carneiro BA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33087512/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33089408","pmid":"33089408","doi":"10.1007/s00280-020-04175-0","title":"Bioequivalence study of 20-mg and 100-mg temozolomide capsules (TOZ309 and Temodal<sup>®</sup>) in glioma patients in China.","year":"2020","author":"Hu C, Lin Q, Liu C, Liu J, Chen X, Li X, Zhao G, Zhang L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33089408/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33094919","pmid":"33094919","doi":"10.1002/cam4.3528","title":"Overnight fasting before lapatinib administration to breast cancer patients leads to reduced toxicity compared with nighttime dosing: a retrospective cohort study from a randomized clinical trial.","year":"2020","author":"Tsuda M, Ishiguro H, Toriguchi N, Masuda N, Bando H, Ohgami M, Homma M, Morita S, Yamamoto N, Kuroi K, Yanagita Y, Takano T, Shimizu S, Toi M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33094919/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33096684","pmid":"33096684","doi":"10.3390/nu12103213","title":"Does the Energy Restriction Intermittent Fasting Diet Alleviate Metabolic Syndrome Biomarkers? A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2020","author":"Kunduraci YE, Ozbek H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33096684/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short study with surrogate outcomes; dietary recall cannot prove complete micronutrient safety, and results favor calorie reduction rather than a distinct fasting effect.","assessmentId":"33096684","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33105701","pmid":"33105701","doi":"10.3390/nu12113228","title":"Time-Restricted Eating as a Nutrition Strategy for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Feasibility Study.","year":"2020","author":"Parr EB, Devlin BL, Lim KHC, Moresi LNZ, Geils C, Brennan L, Hawley JA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33105701/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small short study, attrition and selective adherence analyses; feasibility should not be described as established diabetes efficacy.","assessmentId":"33105701","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33135359","pmid":"33135359","doi":"10.1002/ctm2.195","title":"Time-restricted feeding improves the reproductive function of female mice via liver fibroblast growth factor 21.","year":"2020","author":"Hua L, Feng B, Huang L, Li J, Luo T, Jiang X, Han X, Che L, Xu S, Lin Y, Fang Z, Wu, Zhuo Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33135359/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Mouse reproductive biology and diet-induced obesity model; does not establish fertility benefit or pregnancy safety in humans.","assessmentId":"33135359","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33136772","pmid":"33136772","doi":"10.1519/jsc.0000000000003860","title":"Impact of Time Restricted Feeding on Markers of Cardiometabolic Health and Oxidative Stress in Resistance-Trained Firefighters.","year":"2022","author":"McAllister MJ, Gonzalez AE, Waldman HS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33136772/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small-study size cannot be assessed from abstract; numerous endpoints and no control limit inference.","assessmentId":"33136772","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33139084","pmid":"33139084","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.031","title":"Effect of early time-restricted feeding on the metabolic profile of adults with excess weight: A systematic review with meta-analysis.","year":"2021","author":"Pureza IROM, Macena ML, da Silva Junior AE, Praxedes DRS, Vasconcelos LGL, Bueno NB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33139084/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33143722","pmid":"33143722","doi":"10.1186/s12902-020-00635-z","title":"Correction to: Fasting in diabetes treatment (FIT) trial: study protocol for a randomised, controlled, assessor-blinded intervention trial on the effects of intermittent use of a fasting-mimicking diet in patients with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2020","author":"van den Burg EL, Schoonakker MP, van Peet PG, van den Akker-van Marle ME, van Dijk KW, Longo VD, Lamb HJ, Numans ME, Pijl H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33143722/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33159361","pmid":"33159361","doi":"10.1111/ijcp.13817","title":"Impact of Ramadan-focused diabetes education on hypoglycemia risk and metabolic control for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review.","year":"2021","author":"Tourkmani AM, Abdelhay O, Alharbi TJ, Bin Rsheed AM, Azmi Hassali M, Alrasheedy AA, Hassanein MM, Alotaibi YK, AlShowair AM, AlMadani W, Alrabiah AM, AlBattal SM, Albarkah YA, AlOtaibi AF, Alghofaili IA, Al Eissa MS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33159361/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33179154","pmid":"33179154","doi":"10.1007/s10549-020-05991-x","title":"Quality of life and illness perceptions in patients with breast cancer using a fasting mimicking diet as an adjunct to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the phase 2 DIRECT (BOOG 2013-14) trial.","year":"2021","author":"Lugtenberg RT, de Groot S, Kaptein AA, Fischer MJ, Kranenbarg EM, Carpentier MD, Cohen D, de Graaf H, Heijns JB, Portielje JEA, van de Wouw AJ, Imholz ALT, Kessels LW, Vrijaldenhoven S, Baars A, Fiocco M, van der Hoeven JJM, Gelderblom H, Longo VD, Pijl H, Kroep JR, Dutch Breast Cancer Research Group (BOOG).","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33179154/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same DIRECT cohort as tumor-response publication. Per-protocol adherers are selected, so their better scores do not establish an intention-to-treat benefit or survival effect.","assessmentId":"33179154","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33197913","pmid":"33197913","doi":"10.1159/000510839","title":"Diet and Chemotherapy: The Effects of Fasting and Ketogenic Diet on Cancer Treatment.","year":"2020","author":"Plotti F, Terranova C, Luvero D, Bartolone M, Messina G, Feole L, Cianci S, Scaletta G, Marchetti C, Di Donato V, Fagotti A, Scambia G, Benedetti Panici P, Angioli R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33197913/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33213367","pmid":"33213367","doi":"10.1186/s12872-020-01784-8","title":"The safety of Ramadan Fasting following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.","year":"2020","author":"Amin OA, Alaarag A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33213367/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Confounding and a data-derived 90-day threshold limit certainty; this does not establish a universally safe waiting interval.","assessmentId":"33213367","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33224887","pmid":"33224887","doi":"10.3389/fonc.2020.592455","title":"Revisiting Glycogen in Cancer: A Conspicuous and Targetable Enabler of Malignant Transformation.","year":"2020","author":"Khan T, Sullivan MA, Gunter JH, Kryza T, Lyons N, He Y, Hooper JD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33224887/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33271317","pmid":"33271317","doi":"10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.11.017","title":"Effects of caloric restriction on immunosurveillance, microbiota and cancer cell phenotype: Possible implications for cancer treatment.","year":"2021","author":"Pistollato F, Forbes-Hernandez TY, Iglesias RC, Ruiz R, Elexpuru Zabaleta M, Dominguez I, Cianciosi D, Quiles JL, Giampieri F, Battino M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33271317/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33274847","pmid":"33274847","doi":"10.1002/cmdc.202000709","title":"Synthesis of Hydroxylated Biphenyl Derivatives Bearing an α,β-Unsaturated Ketone as a Lead Structure for the Development of Drug Candidates against Malignant Melanoma.","year":"2021","author":"Dettori MA, Pisano M, Rozzo C, Delogu G, Fabbri D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33274847/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33281976","pmid":"33281976","doi":"10.3892/ol.2020.12326","title":"β-hydroxybutyrate does not alter the effects of glucose deprivation on breast cancer cells.","year":"2021","author":"Maldonado R, Talana CA, Song C, Dixon A, Uehara K, Weichhaus M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33281976/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Ketone doses exceed usual nutritional ketosis; expression/prognosis associations do not validate patient selection for ketogenic therapy or prove all breast tumors cannot use ketones.","assessmentId":"33281976","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33293678","pmid":"33293678","doi":"10.1038/s41430-020-00821-1","title":"Effectiveness of an intermittent fasting diet versus continuous energy restriction on anthropometric measurements, body composition and lipid profile in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis.","year":"2021","author":"Enríquez Guerrero A, San Mauro Martín I, Garicano Vilar E, Camina Martín MA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293678/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33319233","pmid":"33319233","doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgaa926","title":"Metabolic Impact of Intermittent Fasting in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Interventional Studies.","year":"2021","author":"Borgundvaag E, Mak J, Kramer CK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33319233/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33336613","pmid":"33336613","doi":"10.1080/01902148.2020.1864065","title":"Glycogen phosphorylase B promotes cell proliferation and migration through PI3K/AKT pathway in non-small cell lung cancer.","year":"2021","author":"Zhan Y, Chen R, Wang T, Shan S, Zhu H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33336613/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Gene manipulation and growth signaling are not equivalent to dietary glycogen removal; no fasting or clinical treatment efficacy tested.","assessmentId":"33336613","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33371909","pmid":"33371909","doi":"10.1017/s0007114520005218","title":"Prolonged nightly fasting and lower-extremity functioning in community-dwelling older adults.","year":"2021","author":"Estrada-deLeón DB, Struijk EA, Caballero FF, Sotos Prieto M, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Lopez-Garcia E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33371909/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Reverse causation is plausible: frailty, low appetite or illness may lengthen fasting. Cannot conclude fasting caused impairment or that shorter fasting treats it.","assessmentId":"33371909","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33373478","pmid":"33373478","doi":"10.1002/ncp.10624","title":"Preoperative Fasting Abbreviation With Whey Protein Reduces the Occurrence of Postoperative Complications in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","year":"2021","author":"de Carvalho CS, Silva TH, André JCS, de Barros LAS, Ferreira AA, Murad LB, Peres WAF.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373478/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Procedural or perioperative fasting/feeding comparison rather than the voluntary fasting or direct cancer-mechanism question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33376581","pmid":"33376581","doi":"10.1155/2020/6615295","title":"Effects of Fasting-Mimicking Diet and Specific Meal Replacement Foods on Blood Glucose Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2020","author":"Tang F, Lin X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33376581/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Abstract lacks effect sizes, detailed calorie schedule and adverse-event counts. Different calorie doses prevent isolating a specific fasting-mimicking mechanism; safety is not established by efficacy measures.","assessmentId":"33376581","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33389084","pmid":"33389084","doi":"10.1007/s00394-020-02450-7","title":"Ten days of complete fasting affected subjective sensations but not cognitive abilities in healthy adults.","year":"2021","author":"Yang C, Ma Q, Zhang H, Wu F, Wu M, Yang C, Chen Y, Xiong J, Liu W, Wang H, Wu R, Dai Z, Li Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33389084/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small selected male cohort, repeated-test effects and limited cognitive battery; no evidence of cognitive enhancement or general safety of ten-day fasting.","assessmentId":"33389084","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33393121","pmid":"33393121","doi":"10.1111/jcpe.13419","title":"Prolonged multimodal fasting modulates periodontal inflammation in female patients with metabolic syndrome: A prospective cohort study.","year":"2021","author":"Pappe CL, Steckhan N, Hoedke D, Jepsen S, Rauch G, Keller T, Michalsen A, Dommisch H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33393121/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Abstract’s listed before/after medians contradict its stated direction of change; verify tables before numerical use. Combined care and no control prevent fasting-specific attribution.","assessmentId":"33393121","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33397167","pmid":"33397167","doi":"10.1080/09637486.2020.1868412","title":"Effectiveness of intermittent fasting to potentiate weight loss or muscle gains in humans younger than 60 years old: a systematic review.","year":"2021","author":"Sandoval C, Santibañez S, Villagrán F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33397167/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33407612","pmid":"33407612","doi":"10.1186/s12967-020-02687-0","title":"Effects of time-restricted feeding in weight loss, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk in obese women.","year":"2021","author":"Schroder JD, Falqueto H, Mânica A, Zanini D, de Oliveira T, de Sá CA, Cardoso AM, Manfredi LH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33407612/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Predicted risk is not observed event prevention. Correlation sample n=64 appears to include repeated measurements from 32 people; independence requires checking.","assessmentId":"33407612","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33420549","pmid":"33420549","doi":"10.1007/s00424-020-02499-7","title":"Increasing whole-body energetic stress does not augment fasting-induced changes in human skeletal muscle.","year":"2021","author":"Islam H, Amato A, Amato A, Bonafiglia JT, Rahman FA, Preobrazenski N, Ma A, Simpson CA, Quadrilatero J, Gurd BJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33420549/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Markers, not direct whole-body flux; human findings differed from rapid rodent responses. Cannot infer a universal autophagy start time.","assessmentId":"33420549","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33420673","pmid":"33420673","doi":"10.1007/s11695-020-05202-y","title":"Effect of Fasting-Mimicking Diet or Continuous Energy Restriction on Weight Loss, Body Composition, and Appetite-Regulating Hormones Among Metabolically Healthy Women with Obesity: a Randomized Controlled, Parallel Trial.","year":"2021","author":"Sadeghian M, Hosseini SA, Zare Javid A, Ahmadi Angali K, Mashkournia A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33420673/","searches":["weight","populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Multiple hormone/body-composition outcomes, short duration and incomplete cycle details in abstract; do not report adjusted null findings as proven superiority.","assessmentId":"33420673","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33425548","pmid":"33425548","doi":"10.7759/cureus.11976","title":"Comparison of Human Premixed and Basal Plus Short-Acting Insulin Regimens for Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes During Ramadan Fasting.","year":"2020","author":"Altemimi MT, Odhaib SA, Imran HJ, Alhamza A, Almomin A, Mansour AA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33425548/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Abstract also calls the study observational; small null comparisons do not establish equivalence or general fasting safety.","assessmentId":"33425548","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33446635","pmid":"33446635","doi":"10.1038/s41387-021-00149-0","title":"Effect of time restricted eating on body weight and fasting glucose in participants with obesity: results of a randomized, controlled, virtual clinical trial.","year":"2021","author":"Peeke PM, Greenway FL, Billes SK, Zhang D, Fujioka K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33446635/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Snack interrupts a calorie-free fast; commercial multi-component intervention and attrition limit timing-specific interpretation. Within-arm glucose significance does not prove a between-arm advantage.","assessmentId":"33446635","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33457271","pmid":"33457271","doi":"10.21037/tau.2020.03.44","title":"Enhanced recovery after surgery of patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.","year":"2020","author":"Sung LH, Yuk HD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33457271/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33498955","pmid":"33498955","doi":"10.3390/nu13020346","title":"Pilot Clinical Trial of Time-Restricted Eating in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome.","year":"2021","author":"Świątkiewicz I, Mila-Kierzenkowska C, Woźniak A, Szewczyk-Golec K, Nuszkiewicz J, Wróblewska J, Rajewski P, Eussen SJPM, Færch K, Manoogian ENC, Panda S, Taub PR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33498955/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33508491","pmid":"33508491","doi":"10.1016/j.wneu.2021.01.059","title":"Can Polyether Ether Ketone Dethrone Titanium as the Choice Implant Material for Metastatic Spine Tumor Surgery?","year":"2021","author":"Kumar N, Ramakrishnan SA, Lopez KG, Madhu S, Ramos MRD, Fuh JYH, Hallinan J, Nolan CP, Benneker LM, Vellayappan BA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33508491/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33524440","pmid":"33524440","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2021.105138","title":"Watching, keeping and squeezing time to lose weight: Implications of time-restricted eating in daily life.","year":"2021","author":"Bjerre N, Holm L, Quist JS, Færch K, Hempler NF.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33524440/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Qualitative feasibility evidence, not an efficacy or prevalence estimate; shares a parent trial cohort and should not be counted as another trial.","assessmentId":"33524440","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33527137","pmid":"33527137","doi":"10.1093/jnci/djaa082","title":"The Effect of Metformin vs Placebo on Sex Hormones in Canadian Cancer Trials Group MA.32.","year":"2021","author":"Pimentel I, Chen BE, Lohmann AE, Ennis M, Ligibel J, Shepherd L, Hershman DL, Whelan T, Stambolic V, Mayer I, Hobday T, Lemieux J, Thompson A, Rastogi P, Gelmon K, Rea D, Rabaglio M, Ellard S, Mates M, Bedard P, Pitre L, Vandenberg T, Dowling RJO, Parulekar W, Goodwin PJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33527137/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33538668","pmid":"33538668","doi":"10.2174/1389450122666210203183351","title":"Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3) Inhibitors as a New Lead for Treating Breast and Ovarian Cancer.","year":"2021","author":"Chandra P, Sachan N, Pal D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33538668/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33542853","pmid":"33542853","doi":"10.6004/jadpro.2020.11.1.6","title":"Metabolic Syndrome, Exercise, and Cardiovascular Fitness in Breast Cancer Survivors.","year":"2020","author":"Knobf MT, Jeon S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33542853/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33550228","pmid":"33550228","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040020","title":"Isolated and combined effects of high-intensity interval training and time-restricted eating on glycaemic control in reproductive-aged women with overweight or obesity: study protocol for a four-armed randomised controlled trial.","year":"2021","author":"Moholdt T, Silva CP, Lydersen S, Hawley JA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33550228/","searches":["weight","glucose","populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33589588","pmid":"33589588","doi":"10.1038/s41419-021-03475-4","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibition synergizes with PARP inhibitors through the induction of homologous recombination deficiency in colorectal cancer.","year":"2021","author":"Zhang N, Tian YN, Zhou LN, Li MZ, Chen HD, Song SS, Huan XJ, Bao XB, Zhang A, Miao ZH, He JX.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33589588/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33592132","pmid":"33592132","doi":"10.1002/mnfr.202001141","title":"Pepper Alkaloids and Processed Meat Intake: Results from a Randomized Trial and the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Cohort.","year":"2021","author":"Wedekind R, Keski-Rahkonen P, Robinot N, Viallon V, Rothwell JA, Boutron-Ruault MC, Aleksandrova K, Wittenbecher C, Schulze MB, Halkjaer J, Rostgaard-Hansen AL, Kaaks R, Katzke V, Masala G, Tumino R, Santucci de Magistris M, Krogh V, Sacerdote C, Jakszyn P, Weiderpass E, Gunter MJ, Huybrechts I, Scalbert A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33592132/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33595398","pmid":"33595398","doi":"10.1080/09637486.2021.1887821","title":"Vitamin D status, vitamin D intake, and sunlight exposure in adults adhering or not to periodic religious fasting for decades.","year":"2021","author":"Rodopaios NE, Petridou A, Mougios V, Koulouri AA, Vasara E, Papadopoulou SK, Skepastianos P, Hassapidou M, Kafatos AG.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33595398/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Food-type restriction and lifestyle are bundled, not timed fasting. No measured bone-density difference does not exclude other effects or establish nutritional adequacy.","assessmentId":"33595398","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33605628","pmid":"33605628","doi":"10.1097/mop.0000000000001005","title":"Alternative diets among adolescents: facts or fads?","year":"2021","author":"Athanasian CE, Lazarevic B, Kriegel ER, Milanaik RL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33605628/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33607765","pmid":"33607765","doi":"10.1097/md.0000000000024267","title":"Enhanced recovery after surgery for laparoscopic gastrectomy in gastric cancer: A prospective study.","year":"2021","author":"Liang Y, Liu H, Nurse LZ, Zhu Y, Zhao M, Hu Y, Yu J, Li C, Liu K, Li G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33607765/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Procedural or perioperative fasting/feeding comparison rather than the voluntary fasting or direct cancer-mechanism question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33624026","pmid":"33624026","doi":"10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa050","title":"Association of periodic fasting lifestyles with survival and incident major adverse cardiovascular events in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.","year":"2022","author":"Bartholomew CL, Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL, May HT, Knowlton KU, Bair TL, Le VT, Bailey BW, Horne BD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33624026/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Not randomized; religion, health behaviors, and stopping fasting because of illness may confound associations. Does not prove human lifespan extension.","assessmentId":"33624026","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33642044","pmid":"33642044","doi":"10.1016/j.ancard.2020.11.001","title":"Impact of Ramadan fasting on lipid profile and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with stable coronary artery disease.","year":"2022","author":"Ben Ahmed H, Allouche E, Bouzid K, Zrelli S, Hmaidi W, Molahedh Y, Ouechtati W, Bezdah L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33642044/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small selected cohort and short observation cannot establish event safety or benefit; no non-fasting control.","assessmentId":"33642044","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33652686","pmid":"33652686","doi":"10.3390/ijms22052331","title":"Five Days Periodic Fasting Elevates Levels of Longevity Related <i>Christensenella</i> and Sirtuin Expression in Humans.","year":"2021","author":"Lilja S, Stoll C, Krammer U, Hippe B, Duszka K, Debebe T, Höfinger I, König J, Pointner A, Haslberger A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33652686/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Microbes and gene expression associated elsewhere with longevity are not evidence these participants lived longer or had improved autophagic flux; multiple exploratory outcomes.","assessmentId":"33652686","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33707173","pmid":"33707173","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0585","title":"Leucoselect Phytosome Modulates Serum Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Docosahexaenoic Acid, and Prostaglandin E3 in a Phase I Lung Cancer Chemoprevention Study.","year":"2021","author":"Mao JT, Xue B, Fan S, Neis P, Qualls C, Massie L, Fiehn O.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33707173/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33718034","pmid":"33718034","doi":"10.21037/tlcr-21-147","title":"TIPE3 promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression via the protein kinase B/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2-glycogen synthase kinase 3β-β-catenin/Snail axis.","year":"2021","author":"Li Q, Yu D, Yu Z, Gao Q, Chen R, Zhou L, Wang R, Li Y, Qian Y, Zhao J, Rosell R, Tao M, Xie Y, Xu C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33718034/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33722701","pmid":"33722701","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108751","title":"Incidence and disease course of new-onset diabetes mellitus in breast and colorectal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: A prospective multicenter cohort study.","year":"2021","author":"Lee EK, Koo B, Hwangbo Y, Lee YJ, Baek JY, Cha YJ, Kim SY, Sim SH, Lee KS, Park IH, Lee H, Joo J, Go S, Heo SC, Moon MK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33722701/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33758423","pmid":"33758423","doi":"10.1038/s42255-021-00367-x","title":"Glycogen metabolism is dispensable for tumour progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.","year":"2021","author":"Xie H, Song J, Godfrey J, Riscal R, Skuli N, Nissim I, Simon MC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33758423/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"xieglycogen","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:33759620","pmid":"33759620","doi":"10.1177/02601060211002347","title":"The effect of 4-h versus 6-h time restricted feeding on sleep quality, duration, insomnia severity and obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity.","year":"2022","author":"Cienfuegos S, Gabel K, Kalam F, Ezpeleta M, Pavlou V, Lin S, Wiseman E, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33759620/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same parent trial as PMID 32673591, not a separate weight-loss replication; questionnaire outcomes and small sample.","assessmentId":"33759620","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33763029","pmid":"33763029","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2021.624423","title":"Impact of Ramadan Diurnal Intermittent Fasting on Hypoglycemic Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials and Observational Studies.","year":"2021","author":"Abdelrahim D, Faris ME, Hassanein M, Shakir AZ, Yusuf AM, Almeneessier AS, BaHammam AS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33763029/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33767989","pmid":"33767989","doi":"10.3389/fonc.2021.621050","title":"Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Beta Expression Correlates With Worse Overall Survival in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer-A Clinicopathological Series.","year":"2021","author":"Alves M, Borges DP, Kimberly A, Martins Neto F, Oliveira AC, de Sousa JC, Nogueira CD, Carneiro BA, Tavora F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33767989/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33769184","pmid":"33769184","doi":"10.1080/07391102.2021.1902857","title":"Xanthone glucoside 2-β-D-glucopyranosyl-1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one binds to the ATP-binding pocket of glycogen synthase kinase 3β and inhibits its activity: implications in prostate cancer and associated cardiovascular disease risk.","year":"2022","author":"Mangangcha IR, Brojen Singh RK, Lebeche D, Ali S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33769184/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33769400","pmid":"33769400","doi":"10.1097/jom.0000000000002144","title":"Impact of Time Restricted Feeding on Fitness Variables in Professional Resistance Trained Firefighters.","year":"2021","author":"Gonzalez AE, Waldman HS, Abel MG, McCurdy KW, McAllister MJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33769400/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Incomplete abstract notation prevents naming the missing outcome reliably; short uncontrolled performance study, not cardiovascular-event prevention.","assessmentId":"33769400","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33806775","pmid":"33806775","doi":"10.3390/nu13031029","title":"Low Carb and Ketogenic Diets Increase Quality of Life, Physical Performance, Body Composition, and Metabolic Health of Women with Breast Cancer.","year":"2021","author":"Kämmerer U, Klement RJ, Joos FT, Sütterlin M, Reuss-Borst M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33806775/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Self-selection, unequal groups, attrition and shared rehabilitation confound comparisons. No tumor-control/survival result and no basis for universal diet recommendations.","assessmentId":"33806775","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33807102","pmid":"33807102","doi":"10.3390/nu13031042","title":"The Effects of Time-Restricted Eating versus Standard Dietary Advice on Weight, Metabolic Health and the Consumption of Processed Food: A Pragmatic Randomised Controlled Trial in Community-Based Adults.","year":"2021","author":"Phillips NE, Mareschal J, Schwab N, Manoogian ENC, Borloz S, Ostinelli G, Gauthier-Jaques A, Umwali S, Gonzalez Rodriguez E, Aeberli D, Hans D, Panda S, Rodondi N, Naef F, Collet TH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33807102/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Within-group loss does not establish superiority. Small randomized subset and imperfect adherence limit precision; food-quality observations are separate nonrandom evidence.","assessmentId":"33807102","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33820556","pmid":"33820556","doi":"10.1186/s40104-021-00564-4","title":"Beneficial effects of a decreased meal frequency on nutrient utilization, secretion of luteinizing hormones and ovarian follicular development in gilts.","year":"2021","author":"Hua L, Zhao L, Mao Z, Li W, Li J, Jiang X, Che L, Xu S, Lin Y, Fang Z, Feng B, Wu, Zhuo Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33820556/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"nonhuman-other","reason":"Livestock reproductive/nutrient physiology outside the human-benefit and cancer/autophagy mechanism scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33839215","pmid":"33839215","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2021.112187","title":"Fasting-mediated metabolic and toxicity reprogramming impacts circulating microRNA levels in humans.","year":"2021","author":"Ravanidis S, Grundler F, de Toledo FW, Dimitriou E, Tekos F, Skaperda Z, Kouretas D, Doxakis E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33839215/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Predicted gene targets are not measured autophagic flux or demonstrated disease benefit. Multiple testing, no control and comparison with unrelated disease datasets limit causal claims.","assessmentId":"33839215","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33859841","pmid":"33859841","doi":"10.1155/2021/6610455","title":"Impact of Ramadan Intermittent Fasting on the Heart Rate Variability and Cardiovascular Parameters of Patients with Controlled Hypertension.","year":"2021","author":"Hammoud S, Saad I, Karam R, Abou Jaoude F, van den Bemt BJF, Kurdi M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33859841/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A variability marker is not direct evidence of reduced cardiac disease or stress; medication adherence and time-of-day confounding matter.","assessmentId":"33859841","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33880576","pmid":"33880576","doi":"10.3892/mmr.2021.12089","title":"Musk ketone induces apoptosis of gastric cancer cells via downregulation of sorbin and SH3 domain containing 2.","year":"2021","author":"An J, Wang H, Ma X, Hu B, Yan Y, Yan Y, Su Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33880576/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33898960","pmid":"33898960","doi":"10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100256","title":"Treatment of NAFLD with intermittent calorie restriction or low-carb high-fat diet - a randomised controlled trial.","year":"2021","author":"Holmer M, Lindqvist C, Petersson S, Moshtaghi-Svensson J, Tillander V, Brismar TB, Hagström H, Stål P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33898960/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Different levels of dietary intervention and weight loss may explain effects; short-term liver-fat improvement is not proven prevention of cirrhosis or liver cancer.","assessmentId":"33898960","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33917520","pmid":"33917520","doi":"10.3390/curroncol28020134","title":"Impact of Metformin on Cancer Biomarkers in Non-Diabetic Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials.","year":"2021","author":"Farkhondeh T, Amirabadizadeh A, Aramjoo H, Llorens S, Roshanravan B, Saeedi F, Talebi M, Shakibaei M, Samarghandian S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33917520/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33918992","pmid":"33918992","doi":"10.3390/nu13051388","title":"Efficacy of Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet as an Adjuvant Cancer Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","year":"2021","author":"Yang YF, Mattamel PB, Joseph T, Huang J, Chen Q, Akinwunmi BO, Zhang CJP, Ming WK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33918992/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33928938","pmid":"33928938","doi":"10.1097/jom.0000000000002169","title":"Time Restricted Feeding Reduces Inflammation and Cortisol Response to a Firegrounds Test in Professional Firefighters.","year":"2021","author":"McAllister MJ, Gonzalez AE, Waldman HS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33928938/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Mixed surrogate outcomes, small sample and no control; cannot label all inflammation reduced. Likely related to the firefighter fitness report and not necessarily independent participants.","assessmentId":"33928938","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33955249","pmid":"33955249","doi":"10.1177/19322968211008838","title":"Differences in Glucose Readings Between Right Arm and Left Arm Using a Continuous Glucose Monitor.","year":"2022","author":"Kawakatsu S, Liu X, Tran B, Tran BP, Manzanero L, Shih E, Shek A, Lim JJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33955249/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Diet assignment was not randomized; primarily a measurement-method study, not a fasting efficacy trial.","assessmentId":"33955249","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:33976224","pmid":"33976224","doi":"10.1038/s41523-021-00260-6","title":"Randomized trial of weight loss on circulating ghrelin levels among breast cancer survivors.","year":"2021","author":"Puklin L, Cartmel B, Harrigan M, Lu L, Li FY, Sanft T, Irwin ML.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33976224/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:33992572","pmid":"33992572","doi":"10.1016/j.orcp.2021.04.009","title":"An update to the study protocol for a randomized controlled trial comparing daily calorie restriction versus intermittent fasting to improve glycaemia in individuals at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.","year":"2021","author":"Teong XT, Liu K, Hutchison AT, Liu B, Feinle-Bisset C, Wittert GA, Lange K, Vincent AD, Heilbronn LK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33992572/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34006898","pmid":"34006898","doi":"10.1038/s41598-021-89651-0","title":"Comparison of metabolic changes after neoadjuvant endocrine and chemotherapy in ER-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer.","year":"2021","author":"Ryu HH, Ahn SH, Kim SO, Kim JE, Kim JS, Ahn JH, Jung KH, Kim SB, Ko BS, Lee JW, Son BH, Shin HJ, Kim HH, Gong GY, Kim HJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34006898/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34034225","pmid":"34034225","doi":"10.1123/jpah.2020-0637","title":"The Effect of Exercise Training on Serum Glucose and Lipid Profiles in Patients With Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.","year":"2021","author":"Abbasi F, Khademi Z, Eslami R, Milajerdi A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34034225/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34037774","pmid":"34037774","doi":"10.1093/intbio/zyab009","title":"Cell surface integrin α5ß1 clustering negatively regulates receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in colorectal cancer cells via glycogen synthase kinase 3.","year":"2021","author":"Starchenko A, Graves-Deal R, Brubaker D, Li C, Yang Y, Singh B, Coffey RJ, Lauffenburger DA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34037774/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34041376","pmid":"34041376","doi":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06773","title":"The impact of Ramadan fasting on Fetuin-A level in type 2 diabetes mellitus.","year":"2021","author":"Harbuwono DS, Sazli BI, Kurniawan F, Darmowidjojo B, Koesnoe S, Tahapary DL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34041376/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No control for medication, diet or other changes. Biomarker variation is not established sustained diabetes benefit.","assessmentId":"34041376","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34042299","pmid":"34042299","doi":"10.14814/phy2.14868","title":"Time-restricted eating and concurrent exercise training reduces fat mass and increases lean mass in overweight and obese adults.","year":"2021","author":"Kotarsky CJ, Johnson NR, Mahoney SJ, Mitchell SL, Schimek RL, Stastny SN, Hackney KJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34042299/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small completer sample, short duration and self-reported calories; muscle gains cannot be attributed to fasting apart from shared exercise.","assessmentId":"34042299","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34069449","pmid":"34069449","doi":"10.3390/nu13051717","title":"Effects of Feeding Time on Markers of Muscle Metabolic Flexibility Following Acute Aerobic Exercise in Trained Mice Undergoing Time Restricted Feeding.","year":"2021","author":"Persinger A, Butawan M, Faietti M, Pryke A, Rose K, van der Merwe M, Bloomer RJ, Puppa MJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34069449/","searches":["glucose","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Mouse model and tissue surrogates; no established human performance or health advantage from delaying food after exercise.","assessmentId":"34069449","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34103538","pmid":"34103538","doi":"10.1038/s41523-021-00275-z","title":"Effect of metformin versus placebo on metabolic factors in the MA.32 randomized breast cancer trial.","year":"2021","author":"Goodwin PJ, Dowling RJO, Ennis M, Chen BE, Parulekar WR, Shepherd LE, Burnell MJ, Vander Meer R, Molckovsky A, Gurjal A, Gelmon KA, Ligibel JA, Hershman DL, Mayer IA, Whelan TJ, Hobday TJ, Rastogi P, Rabaglio-Poretti M, Lemieux J, Thompson AM, Rea DW, Stambolic V.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34103538/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:3411344","pmid":"3411344","doi":"10.1200/jco.1988.6.8.1328","title":"A phase I trial of intravenously-administered recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha in cancer patients.","year":"1988","author":"Feinberg B, Kurzrock R, Talpaz M, Blick M, Saks S, Gutterman JU.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3411344/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34121530","pmid":"34121530","doi":"10.1080/01635581.2021.1938147","title":"Effects of Fasting on Chemotherapy Treatment Response: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence and Suggestions for the Design of Future Clinical Trials.","year":"2022","author":"Costa EHS, Krüger JF, Camargo CQ, Preti VB, Hillesheim E, Rabito EI.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34121530/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34135038","pmid":"34135038","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045537","title":"Protocol for a randomised controlled trial on the feasibility and effects of 10-hour time-restricted eating on cardiometabolic disease risk among career firefighters doing 24-hour shift work: the Healthy Heroes Study.","year":"2021","author":"Manoogian ENC, Zadourian A, Lo HC, Gutierrez NR, Shoghi A, Rosander A, Pazargadi A, Wang X, Fleischer JG, Golshan S, Taub PR, Panda S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34135038/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34135111","pmid":"34135111","doi":"10.1126/scitranslmed.abd8034","title":"A randomized controlled trial to isolate the effects of fasting and energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic health in lean adults.","year":"2021","author":"Templeman I, Smith HA, Chowdhury E, Chen YC, Carroll H, Johnson-Bonson D, Hengist A, Smith R, Creighton J, Clayton D, Varley I, Karagounis LG, Wilhelmsen A, Tsintzas K, Reeves S, Walhin JP, Gonzalez JT, Thompson D, Betts JA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34135111/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short small trial in lean adults, but controls separate fasting from energy deficit; cannot generalize all results to obesity or longer regimens.","assessmentId":"34135111","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34145977","pmid":"34145977","doi":"10.1002/cam4.4032","title":"Weight and weight control behaviors during long-term endometrial cancer survivorship: Results of the Laparoscopic Approach to Cancer of the Endometrium long-term follow-up study.","year":"2021","author":"Janda M, Forder P, Gebski V, Sandjia S, Armfield N, Obemair A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34145977/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, diet or biomarker question; not a fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34152528","pmid":"34152528","doi":"10.1007/s11060-021-03786-8","title":"A Phase I clinical trial of dose-escalated metabolic therapy combined with concomitant radiation therapy in high-grade glioma.","year":"2021","author":"Porper K, Shpatz Y, Plotkin L, Pechthold RG, Talianski A, Champ CE, Furman O, Shimoni-Sebag A, Symon Z, Amit U, Hemi R, Kanety H, Mardor Y, Cohen ZR, Jan E, Genssin H, Anikster Y, Zach L, Lawrence YR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34152528/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small heterogeneous cohorts cannot establish synergy or efficacy. No serious event reported does not mean good adherence or absence of tolerability problems.","assessmentId":"34152528","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34175978","pmid":"34175978","doi":"10.1007/s00394-021-02615-y","title":"Ketogenic diets consumed during radio-chemotherapy have beneficial effects on quality of life and metabolic health in patients with rectal cancer.","year":"2022","author":"Klement RJ, Meyer D, Kanzler S, Sweeney RA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34175978/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same KETOCOMP rectal cohort as PMID 34233255; not independent survival evidence. Within-arm significance is not necessarily a between-arm difference.","assessmentId":"34175978","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34187127","pmid":"34187127","doi":"10.1515/jcim-2019-0209","title":"A prospective controlled study on Ramadan fasting in the healthy young males in summer in Germany: effect on cytokines.","year":"2020","author":"Ghashang SK, Raha S, Hamdan I, Gutenbrunner C, Nugraha B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34187127/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Likely companion analysis of the same German mood/body-composition cohort; repeated within-group changes do not establish anti-inflammatory benefit.","assessmentId":"34187127","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34191688","pmid":"34191688","doi":"10.1080/10640266.2021.1922145","title":"Intermittent fasting implementation and association with eating disorder symptomatology.","year":"2022","author":"Cuccolo K, Kramer R, Petros T, Thoennes M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34191688/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Convenience recruitment and no temporal information: cannot determine whether fasting caused symptoms or attracted people with pre-existing symptoms.","assessmentId":"34191688","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34201442","pmid":"34201442","doi":"10.3390/nu13072148","title":"A Smartphone Intervention to Promote Time Restricted Eating Reduces Body Weight and Blood Pressure in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Pilot Study.","year":"2021","author":"Prasad M, Fine K, Gee A, Nair N, Popp CJ, Cheng B, Manoogian ENC, Panda S, Laferrère B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34201442/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Highly selected small subgroup, no control and incomplete adherence; regression to the mean and less eating may explain changes.","assessmentId":"34201442","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34203025","pmid":"34203025","doi":"10.3390/nu13062115","title":"Application of Clinical Decision Support System to Assist Breast Cancer Patients with Lifestyle Modifications during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Randomised Controlled Trial.","year":"2021","author":"Papandreou P, Gioxari A, Nimee F, Skouroliakou M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34203025/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34225917","pmid":"34225917","doi":"10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.10.013","title":"Autophagy assessment in circulating leukocytes.","year":"2021","author":"Bravo-San Pedro JM, Pietrocola F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34225917/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Methods guidance rather than independent evidence of human benefit; tied to prior blood-cell fasting work and cannot establish a human autophagy timetable.","assessmentId":"34225917","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34233255","pmid":"34233255","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2021.05.015","title":"Impact of a ketogenic diet intervention during radiotherapy on body composition: IV. Final results of the KETOCOMP study for rectal cancer patients.","year":"2021","author":"Klement RJ, Koebrunner PS, Meyer D, Kanzler S, Sweeney RA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34233255/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Attrition, nonrandom allocation and inconsistent abstract wording/P values require full-text verification. KETOCOMP cohort, not proof of survival benefit or universal tumor starvation.","assessmentId":"34233255","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34233941","pmid":"34233941","doi":"10.1212/wnl.0000000000012386","title":"Feasibility and Biological Activity of a Ketogenic/Intermittent-Fasting Diet in Patients With Glioma.","year":"2021","author":"Schreck KC, Hsu FC, Berrington A, Henry-Barron B, Vizthum D, Blair L, Kossoff EH, Easter L, Whitlow CT, Barker PB, Cervenka MC, Blakeley JO, Strowd RE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34233941/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Ketones reaching a lesion do not demonstrate its destruction. Concurrent/previous disease treatment and no control prevent efficacy claims; event causation needs full-text assessment.","assessmentId":"34233941","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34240819","pmid":"34240819","doi":"10.1002/cnr2.1497","title":"Dose-dependent effects of aerobic exercise on clinically relevant biomarkers among healthy women at high genetic risk for breast cancer: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled study.","year":"2022","author":"Ehret CJ, Zhou S, Tchou JC, Schmitz KH, Sturgeon KM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34240819/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34261773","pmid":"34261773","doi":"10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-2114","title":"Correction: Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibition Sensitizes Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Chemotherapy by Abrogating the TopBP1/ATR-mediated DNA Damage Response.","year":"2021","author":"Ding L, Madamsetty VS, Kiers S, Alekhina O, Ugolkov A, Dube J, Zhang Y, Zhang JS, Wang E, Dutta SK, Schmitt DM, Giles FJ, Kozikowski AP, Mazar AP, Mukhopadhyay D, Billadeau DD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34261773/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"notice","reason":"Correction, addendum or retraction notice; retained for linked-source checking, not counted as an independent outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34274552","pmid":"34274552","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2021.06.006","title":"Eight weeks of intermittent fasting versus calorie restriction does not alter eating behaviors, mood, sleep quality, quality of life and cognitive performance in women with overweight.","year":"2021","author":"Teong XT, Hutchison AT, Liu B, Wittert GA, Lange K, Banks S, Heilbronn LK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34274552/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Parent cohort reused across metabolic reports; short duration and selected women without eating disorders cannot establish long-term psychological safety for everyone.","assessmentId":"34274552","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34295305","pmid":"34295305","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2021.656346","title":"Impact of a Single 36 Hours Prolonged Fasting Period in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes - A Cross-Over Controlled Trial.","year":"2021","author":"Moser O, Eckstein ML, Mueller A, Tripolt NJ, Yildirim H, Abbas F, Pferschy PN, Goswami N, Aberer F, Obermayer A, Pieber TR, Kojzar H, Sourij C, Brunner M, Niedrist T, Herrmann M, Sourij H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34295305/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small selected monitored cohort; per-hour rates are not cumulative individual risk, and rare ketoacidosis cannot be excluded. Not proof of general unsupervised fasting safety.","assessmentId":"34295305","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34299702","pmid":"34299702","doi":"10.3390/ijerph18147227","title":"Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding on Supramaximal Exercise Performance and Body Composition: A Randomized and Counterbalanced Crossover Study in Healthy Men.","year":"2021","author":"Correia JM, Santos I, Pezarat-Correia P, Minderico C, Schoenfeld BJ, Mendonca GV.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34299702/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short small trial, ongoing training and several outcomes; a within-condition improvement is not automatically a robust between-condition advantage. Four weeks is not long-term safety evidence.","assessmentId":"34299702","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34303218","pmid":"34303218","doi":"10.1016/j.neo.2021.06.004","title":"Two transition states of the glycogen shunt and two steady states of gene expression support metabolic flexibility and the Warburg effect in cancer.","year":"2021","author":"Rothman DL, Shulman RG.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34303218/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34330832","pmid":"34330832","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2103592118","title":"UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2, a regulator of glycogen synthesis and glycosylation, is critical for pancreatic cancer growth.","year":"2021","author":"Wolfe AL, Zhou Q, Toska E, Galeas J, Ku AA, Koche RP, Bandyopadhyay S, Scaltriti M, Lebrilla CB, McCormick F, Kim SE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34330832/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Growth effects cannot be assigned solely to glycogen because the enzyme also supports protein modification. No fasting or ketone-treatment trial.","assessmentId":"34330832","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34333820","pmid":"34333820","doi":"10.1002/onco.13919","title":"Study to Compare Capsule and Liquid Formulations of Enzalutamide After Single-Dose Administration Under Fasting Conditions in Prostate Cancer.","year":"2021","author":"Cordes LM, Schmidt KT, Peer CJ, Chau CH, Redmond E, Francis D, Karzai F, Madan RA, Figg WD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34333820/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34343400","pmid":"34343400","doi":"10.1111/imj.15469","title":"Insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular function and bone health in women with early stage breast cancer before and after cancer treatment.","year":"2022","author":"Burt MG, Mangelsdorf BL, Drake SM, Swan M, Padman S, Vatandoust S, Koczwara B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34343400/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34348966","pmid":"34348966","doi":"10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0753","title":"Hypoxia Promotes Breast Cancer Cell Growth by Activating a Glycogen Metabolic Program.","year":"2021","author":"Tang K, Zhu L, Chen J, Wang D, Zeng L, Chen C, Tang L, Zhou L, Wei K, Zhou Y, Lv J, Liu Y, Zhang H, Ma J, Huang B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34348966/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Mechanism was absent in differentiated tumor cells. Nutrient-pathway targeting is not equivalent to whole-body fasting or proof that all cells depend on glycogen.","assessmentId":"34348966","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34371933","pmid":"34371933","doi":"10.3390/nu13072424","title":"Eating Dinner Early Improves 24-h Blood Glucose Levels and Boosts Lipid Metabolism after Breakfast the Next Day: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial.","year":"2021","author":"Nakamura K, Tajiri E, Hatamoto Y, Ando T, Shimoda S, Yoshimura E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34371933/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Very short small study; no lasting weight, diabetes or cardiovascular outcomes, and timing relative to sleep may matter.","assessmentId":"34371933","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34383300","pmid":"34383300","doi":"10.3322/caac.21694","title":"Intermittent fasting in the prevention and treatment of cancer.","year":"2021","author":"Clifton KK, Ma CX, Fontana L, Peterson LL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34383300/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34391831","pmid":"34391831","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109003","title":"Intermittent fasting versus continuous energy-restricted diet for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome for glycemic control: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2021","author":"Wang X, Li Q, Liu Y, Jiang H, Chen W.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34391831/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:3440711","pmid":"3440711","doi":"","title":"Fat soluble vitamins and cancer localization associated to an abnormal ketone derivative of D3 vitamin: carcinomedin.","year":"1987","author":"Rougereau A, Person O, Rougereau G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3440711/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34407566","pmid":"34407566","doi":"10.1111/apa.16074","title":"Prolonged fasting-induced hyperketosis, hypoglycaemia and impaired fat oxidation in child and adult patients with spinal muscular atrophy type II.","year":"2021","author":"Ørngreen MC, Andersen AG, Eisum AS, Hald EJ, Raaschou-Pedersen DE, Løkken N, Høi-Hansen CE, Vissing J, Born AP, van Hall G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34407566/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small disease-specific sample but direct evidence of hazardous fasting responses; low muscle mass may contribute, and healthy-adult findings cannot be generalized.","assessmentId":"34407566","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34413391","pmid":"34413391","doi":"10.1038/s41598-021-96419-z","title":"Effect of aerobic and resistance exercise on the mitochondrial peptide MOTS-c in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White breast cancer survivors.","year":"2021","author":"Dieli-Conwright CM, Sami N, Norris MK, Wan J, Kumagai H, Kim SJ, Cohen P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34413391/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34439167","pmid":"34439167","doi":"10.3390/cancers13164013","title":"Safety and Feasibility of Fasting-Mimicking Diet and Effects on Nutritional Status and Circulating Metabolic and Inflammatory Factors in Cancer Patients Undergoing Active Treatment.","year":"2021","author":"Valdemarin F, Caffa I, Persia A, Cremonini AL, Ferrando L, Tagliafico L, Tagliafico A, Guijarro A, Carbone F, Ministrini S, Bertolotto M, Becherini P, Bonfiglio T, Giannotti C, Khalifa A, Ghanem M, Cea M, Sucameli M, Murialdo R, Barbero V, Gradaschi R, Bruzzone F, Borgarelli C, Lambertini M, Vernieri C, Zoppoli G, Longo VD, Montecucco F, Sukkar SG, Nencioni A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34439167/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Selection excludes many nutritionally vulnerable patients. No controlled tumor-response or survival proof; biomarker changes and feasibility are different outcomes.","assessmentId":"34439167","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34458297","pmid":"34458297","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2021.661253","title":"Implementation of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet Improves the Quality of Life of Cancer Patients - An Online Survey.","year":"2021","author":"Tulipan J, Kofler B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34458297/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Strong selection, recall and survivor bias; self-reported improvement cannot establish causation, general tolerability or anticancer efficacy.","assessmentId":"34458297","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34459685","pmid":"34459685","doi":"10.1080/01635581.2021.1971268","title":"Long-Term Glucose Restriction with or without Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Enrichment Distinctively Alters Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Related Signaling in Ovarian Cancer Cells.","year":"2022","author":"Scalise CB, Norian L, Demark-Wahnefried W.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34459685/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Full correspondence checked: commentary on Ghahremani’s ovarian-cell experiment, not a new study. It raises cell-mixture and model limitations; do not count as an independent experiment.","assessmentId":"34459685","access":"Original full correspondence checked at PubMed Central, PMC9066362."},{"id":"MED:34461975","pmid":"34461975","doi":"10.1186/s13063-021-05548-3","title":"Study protocol for the Exercising Together© trial: a randomized, controlled trial of partnered exercise for couples coping with cancer.","year":"2021","author":"Winters-Stone KM, Lyons KS, Dieckmann NF, Lee CS, Mitri Z, Beer TM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34461975/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34474513","pmid":"34474513","doi":"10.3803/enm.2021.405","title":"Effects of Intermittent Fasting on the Circulating Levels and Circadian Rhythms of Hormones.","year":"2021","author":"Kim BH, Joo Y, Kim MS, Choe HK, Tong Q, Kwon O.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34474513/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34480113","pmid":"34480113","doi":"10.1038/s41401-021-00759-5","title":"Metformin promotes microglial cells to facilitate myelin debris clearance and accelerate nerve repairment after spinal cord injury.","year":"2022","author":"Wu YQ, Xiong J, He ZL, Yuan Y, Wang BN, Xu JY, Wu M, Zhang SS, Cai SF, Zhao JX, Xu K, Zhang HY, Xiao J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34480113/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Rat spinal-cord-injury study of metformin; the fasting match is a staining-term error. No fasting intervention or cancer outcome.","assessmentId":"34480113","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:34485814","pmid":"34485814","doi":"10.1093/jncics/pkab066","title":"Cancer Antigen 15-3/Mucin 1 Levels in CCTG MA.32: A Breast Cancer Randomized Trial of Metformin vs Placebo.","year":"2021","author":"Goodwin PJ, Dowling RJO, Ennis M, Chen BE, Parulekar WR, Shepherd LE, Gelmon KA, Whelan TJ, Ligibel JA, Hershman DL, Mayer IA, Hobday TJ, Rastogi P, Rabaglio-Poretti M, Lemieux J, Thompson AM, Rea DW, Stambolic V.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34485814/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34487222","pmid":"34487222","doi":"10.1007/s00394-021-02666-1","title":"Short-term fasting in glioma patients: analysis of diet diaries and metabolic parameters of the ERGO2 trial.","year":"2022","author":"Voss M, Wenger KJ, von Mettenheim N, Bojunga J, Vetter M, Diehl B, Franz K, Gerlach R, Ronellenfitsch MW, Harter PN, Hattingen E, Steinbach JP, Rödel C, Rieger J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34487222/","searches":["glucose","cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same ERGO2 cohort, not a new efficacy trial. Controls ate fewer calories than expected; responder analysis cannot reverse the negative primary result.","assessmentId":"34487222","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34491139","pmid":"34491139","doi":"10.1080/07315724.2021.1958719","title":"Effect of Time-Restricted Feeding on Anthropometric, Metabolic, and Fitness Parameters: A Systematic Review.","year":"2022","author":"Kang J, Ratamess NA, Faigenbaum AD, Bush JA, Beller N, Vargas A, Fardman B, Andriopoulos T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34491139/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34553667","pmid":"34553667","doi":"10.1080/10408398.2021.1974335","title":"Missing puzzle pieces of time-restricted-eating (TRE) as a long-term weight-loss strategy in overweight and obese people? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2023","author":"Chen JH, Lu LW, Ge Q, Feng D, Yu J, Liu B, Zhang R, Zhang X, Ouyang C, Chen F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34553667/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34554598","pmid":"34554598","doi":"10.1002/bab.2258","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3β inactivation promotes cervical cancer progression, invasion, and drug resistance.","year":"2022","author":"Nath N, Rana A, Nagini S, Mishra R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34554598/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34578819","pmid":"34578819","doi":"10.3390/nu13092941","title":"Four Weeks of 16/8 Time Restrictive Feeding in Endurance Trained Male Runners Decreases Fat Mass, without Affecting Exercise Performance.","year":"2021","author":"Tovar AP, Richardson CE, Keim NL, Van Loan MD, Davis BA, Casazza GA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34578819/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short trial and borderline fat result; no demonstrated performance improvement or long-term health benefit.","assessmentId":"34578819","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34579042","pmid":"34579042","doi":"10.3390/nu13093166","title":"The Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Brain and Cognitive Function.","year":"2021","author":"Gudden J, Arias Vasquez A, Bloemendaal M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34579042/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34579056","pmid":"34579056","doi":"10.3390/nu13093179","title":"Intermittent Fasting and the Possible Benefits in Obesity, Diabetes, and Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials.","year":"2021","author":"Morales-Suarez-Varela M, Collado Sánchez E, Peraita-Costa I, Llopis-Morales A, Soriano JM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34579056/","searches":["weight","glucose","cognition"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34584218","pmid":"34584218","doi":"10.1038/s41388-021-02008-9","title":"Prostate cancer castrate resistant progression usage of non-canonical androgen receptor signaling and ketone body fuel.","year":"2021","author":"Labanca E, Bizzotto J, Sanchis P, Anselmino N, Yang J, Shepherd PDA, Paez A, Antico-Arciuch V, Lage-Vickers S, Hoang AG, Tang X, Raso MG, Titus M, Efstathiou E, Cotignola J, Araujo J, Logothetis C, Vazquez E, Navone N, Gueron G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34584218/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Association and enzyme expression do not directly quantify fuel flux or prove ketogenic diets accelerate disease; no patient diet intervention.","assessmentId":"34584218","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34619991","pmid":"34619991","doi":"10.1161/jaha.120.021560","title":"Effect of Religious Fasting in Ramadan on Blood Pressure: Results From LORANS (London Ramadan Study) and a Meta-Analysis.","year":"2021","author":"Al-Jafar R, Zografou Themeli M, Zaman S, Akbar S, Lhoste V, Khamliche A, Elliott P, Tsilidis KK, Dehghan A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34619991/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Keep new and pooled participants distinct and avoid double-counting included studies. Lifestyle changes and measurement timing can confound effects; no cardiovascular-event proof.","assessmentId":"34619991","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34620199","pmid":"34620199","doi":"10.1186/s12986-021-00613-9","title":"Time-restricted feeding improves blood glucose and insulin sensitivity in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial.","year":"2021","author":"Che T, Yan C, Tian D, Zhang X, Liu X, Wu Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34620199/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No equally calorie-restricted active comparator; weight/intake and medication changes can mediate results. Short-term lipid improvements are not observed cardiovascular-event reduction.","assessmentId":"34620199","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34624324","pmid":"34624324","doi":"10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112840","title":"Neurons die with heightened but functional macro- and chaperone mediated autophagy upon increased amyloid-ß induced toxicity with region-specific protection in prolonged intermittent fasting.","year":"2021","author":"Ntsapi CM, Loos B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34624324/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"More autophagy may be insufficient when damage generation exceeds clearance. Experimental toxin/amyloid models do not establish human Alzheimer therapy or cancer clearance.","assessmentId":"34624324","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34629067","pmid":"34629067","doi":"10.1186/s12885-021-08808-2","title":"Rationale and design of the Diet Restriction and Exercise-induced Adaptations in Metastatic breast cancer (DREAM) study: a 2-arm, parallel-group, phase II, randomized control trial of a short-term, calorie-restricted, and ketogenic diet plus exercise during intravenous chemotherapy versus usual care.","year":"2021","author":"Kirkham AA, King K, Joy AA, Pelletier AB, Mackey JR, Young K, Zhu X, Meza-Junco J, Basi SK, Hiller JP, Brkin T, Michalowski B, Pituskin E, Paterson DI, Courneya KS, Thompson RB, Prado CM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34629067/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34649266","pmid":"34649266","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000002738","title":"Twelve Months of Time-restricted Eating and Resistance Training Improves Inflammatory Markers and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors.","year":"2021","author":"Moro T, Tinsley G, Pacelli FQ, Marcolin G, Bianco A, Paoli A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34649266/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Spontaneous calorie reduction confounds fasting-specific effects; very small selected sample and many biomarkers, with possible continuity from earlier training study.","assessmentId":"34649266","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34678143","pmid":"34678143","doi":"10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.001","title":"Glycogen accumulation and phase separation drives liver tumor initiation.","year":"2021","author":"Liu Q, Li J, Zhang W, Xiao C, Zhang S, Nian C, Li J, Su D, Chen L, Zhao Q, Shao H, Zhao H, Chen Q, Li Y, Geng J, Hong L, Lin S, Wu Q, Deng X, Ke R, Ding J, Johnson RL, Liu X, Chen L, Zhou D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34678143/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Glycogen acted as a signaling structure, not merely fuel. Prevention of experimental initiation is not evidence fasting eliminates established human tumors.","assessmentId":"34678143","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34684451","pmid":"34684451","doi":"10.3390/nu13103450","title":"Ramadan Fasting during Pregnancy and Health Outcomes in Offspring: A Systematic Review.","year":"2021","author":"Oosterwijk VNL, Molenaar JM, van Bilsen LA, Kiefte-de Jong JC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34684451/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34692477","pmid":"34692477","doi":"10.3389/fonc.2021.689068","title":"Pan-Cancer Analysis of Glycolytic and Ketone Bodies Metabolic Genes: Implications for Response to Ketogenic Dietary Therapy.","year":"2021","author":"Qian L, Li Y, Cao Y, Meng G, Peng J, Li H, Wang Y, Xu T, Zhang L, Sun B, Li B, Yu D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34692477/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tumor samples are not a randomized patient diet trial. Prediction remains exploratory and requires prospective clinical validation; literature-based validation can reuse prior evidence.","assessmentId":"34692477","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34695513","pmid":"34695513","doi":"10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170677","title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide exerts inhibitory effects on autophagy in the heart of mice.","year":"2021","author":"Schavinski AZ, Machado J, Morgan HJN, Lautherbach N, Paula-Gomes S, Kettelhut IC, Navegantes LCC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34695513/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Shows hormonal/tissue dependence, not a fixed human autophagy clock. No clinical fasting benefit, cancer outcome or long-term safety tested.","assessmentId":"34695513","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34728820","pmid":"34728820","doi":"10.1038/s41575-021-00548-9","title":"Glycogen phase separation and liver cancer.","year":"2021","author":"Hindson J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34728820/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Indexed as a commentary on glycogen phase separation and liver cancer; not a new original experiment or participant cohort.","assessmentId":"34728820","access":"Original bibliographic record and publication type checked; full commentary unavailable."},{"id":"MED:34746838","pmid":"34746838","doi":"10.1016/j.crphys.2021.09.003","title":"Comparison of physiological and clinical markers for chronic sprint-interval training exercise performed either in the fasted or fed states among healthy adults.","year":"2021","author":"Tan V, Lim I, Tan PT, Tan F, Aziz AR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34746838/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A significant change in one arm alone does not establish a significant difference between arms; small, short study.","assessmentId":"34746838","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34763309","pmid":"34763309","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2021.111504","title":"Effect of time-restricted feeding on body composition and cardio-metabolic risk in middle-aged women in Taiwan.","year":"2022","author":"Lin YJ, Wang YT, Chan LC, Chu NF.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34763309/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short duration; exact between-group estimates and participant flow need full text. Weight loss did not consistently imply improved metabolic markers.","assessmentId":"34763309","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34783271","pmid":"34783271","doi":"10.1080/21655979.2021.2005224","title":"Value of glycogen synthase 2 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma prognosis assessment and its influence on the activity of cancer cells.","year":"2021","author":"A S, Wu H, Wang X, Wang X, Yang J, Xia L, Xia Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34783271/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"This runs against a universal claim that glycogen synthesis promotes cancer; gene effects are not proof of dietary effects. No fasting intervention.","assessmentId":"34783271","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34789537","pmid":"34789537","doi":"10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0030","title":"Fasting-Mimicking Diet Is Safe and Reshapes Metabolism and Antitumor Immunity in Patients with Cancer.","year":"2022","author":"Vernieri C, Fucà G, Ligorio F, Huber V, Vingiani A, Iannelli F, Raimondi A, Rinchai D, Frigè G, Belfiore A, Lalli L, Chiodoni C, Cancila V, Zanardi F, Ajazi A, Cortellino S, Vallacchi V, Squarcina P, Cova A, Pesce S, Frati P, Mall R, Corsetto PA, Rizzo AM, Ferraris C, Folli S, Garassino MC, Capri G, Bianchi G, Colombo MP, Minucci S, Foiani M, Longo VD, Apolone G, Torri V, Pruneri G, Bedognetti D, Rivoltini L, de Braud F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34789537/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"vernieri","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:34809475","pmid":"34809475","doi":"10.1177/19322968211059217","title":"Effects of Alternate Insulin Pump Settings in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes During Ramadan: A Randomized Pilot Study.","year":"2023","author":"AlGhatam G, O'Keeffe D, Taha H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34809475/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Medication/device management, not fasting benefit. Abstract labels change from 63% to 76% as 27 percentage points, an arithmetic inconsistency requiring full-text checking.","assessmentId":"34809475","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34830829","pmid":"34830829","doi":"10.3390/cancers13225675","title":"Cognitive Impairment in Long-Term Survivors of Testicular Cancer More Than 20 Years after Treatment.","year":"2021","author":"Stelwagen J, Meuleman AT, Lubberts S, Steursma G, Kruyt LM, Donkerbroek JW, Meijer C, Walenkamp AME, Lefrandt JD, Rakers SE, Huitema RB, de Jong MAA, Wiegman EM, van den Bergh ACM, de Jong IJ, van Rentergem JAA, Schagen SB, Nuver J, Gietema JA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34830829/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34836217","pmid":"34836217","doi":"10.3390/nu13113963","title":"Effects of Periodic Religious Fasting for Decades on Nutrient Intakes and the Blood Biochemical Profile.","year":"2021","author":"Petridou A, Rodopaios NE, Mougios V, Koulouri AA, Vasara E, Papadopoulou SK, Skepastianos P, Hassapidou M, Kafatos A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34836217/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"This is food-type restriction, not necessarily going without calories. Self-selection and dietary recall limit causal conclusions.","assessmentId":"34836217","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34836345","pmid":"34836345","doi":"10.3390/nu13114091","title":"Effect of a Remotely Delivered Weight Loss Intervention in Early-Stage Breast Cancer: Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2021","author":"Reeves MM, Terranova CO, Winkler EAH, McCarthy N, Hickman IJ, Ware RS, Lawler SP, Eakin EG, Demark-Wahnefried W.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34836345/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34836715","pmid":"34836715","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2021.09.031","title":"The rationale and design of a Mediterranean diet accompanied by time restricted feeding to optimise the management of type 2 diabetes: The MedDietFast randomised controlled trial.","year":"2022","author":"Papamichou D, Panagiotakos DB, Holmes E, Koutsakis P, Katsoulotos H, Loo RL, Itsiopoulos C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34836715/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34857213","pmid":"34857213","doi":"10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.09.738","title":"Changes in dietary intake improve glycemic control following a structured nutrition therapy during Ramadan in individuals with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2021","author":"Mohd Yusof BN, Hasbullah FY, Mohd Shahar AS, Omar N, Abu Zaid Z, Mukhtar F, Liu RXY, Marczewska A, Hamdy O.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34857213/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tests a nutrition-support package during fasting, not fasting versus eating normally; self-selection and multiple dietary changes.","assessmentId":"34857213","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34869534","pmid":"34869534","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2021.765543","title":"Effects of Early vs. Late Time-Restricted Eating on Cardiometabolic Health, Inflammation, and Sleep in Overweight and Obese Women: A Study Protocol for the ChronoFast Trial.","year":"2021","author":"Peters B, Koppold-Liebscher DA, Schuppelius B, Steckhan N, Pfeiffer AFH, Kramer A, Michalsen A, Pivovarova-Ramich O.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34869534/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34909309","pmid":"34909309","doi":"10.7759/cureus.19348","title":"Intermittent Fasting: A User-Friendly Method for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.","year":"2021","author":"Saeed M, Ali M, Zehra T, Haider Zaidi SA, Tariq R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34909309/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34919135","pmid":"34919135","doi":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.39558","title":"Intermittent Fasting and Obesity-Related Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses of Randomized Clinical Trials.","year":"2021","author":"Patikorn C, Roubal K, Veettil SK, Chandran V, Pham T, Lee YY, Giovannucci EL, Varady KA, Chaiyakunapruk N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34919135/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34926547","pmid":"34926547","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2021.762929","title":"Probiotics for the Treatment of Docetaxel-Related Weight Gain of Breast Cancer Patients-A Single-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Trial.","year":"2021","author":"Juan Z, Qing Z, Yongping L, Qian L, Wu W, Wen Y, Tong J, Ding B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34926547/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34928436","pmid":"34928436","doi":"10.1186/s40792-021-01346-w","title":"Hypothyroidism and hypopituitarism as immune-related adverse events due to lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab therapy in the immediate postoperative period after laparoscopic hepatectomy for liver metastases from gastric cancer: a case report.","year":"2021","author":"Sasaki K, Kobayashi S, Kudo M, Sugimoto M, Takahashi S, Nakamura Y, Kawazoe A, Shitara K, Kinoshita T, Gotohda N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34928436/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34936947","pmid":"34936947","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2021.111536","title":"The effects of diet on weight and metabolic outcomes in patients with double diabetes: A systematic review.","year":"2022","author":"Thackrey E, Chen J, Martino CR, Preda V.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34936947/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:34959959","pmid":"34959959","doi":"10.3390/nu13124407","title":"Preferential Metabolic Improvement by Intermittent Fasting in People with Elevated Baseline Red Cell Distribution Width: A Secondary Analysis of the WONDERFUL Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2021","author":"Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, May HT, Le VT, Bair TL, Bennett ST, Knowlton KU, Anderson JL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34959959/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Exploratory subgroup analysis of an existing trial; not an independent replication or proof that this blood test should guide fasting.","assessmentId":"34959959","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:34960058","pmid":"34960058","doi":"10.3390/nu13124508","title":"A Low-Glucose Eating Pattern Improves Biomarkers of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk: An Exploratory Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Feasibility Trial.","year":"2021","author":"Schembre SM, Jospe MR, Giles ED, Sears DD, Liao Y, Basen-Engquist KM, Thomson CA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34960058/","searches":["glucose","cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35034194","pmid":"35034194","doi":"10.1007/s00421-021-04867-2","title":"Fasting-Mimicking-Diet does not reduce skeletal muscle function in healthy young adults: a randomized control trial.","year":"2022","author":"Nardon M, Venturelli M, Ruzzante F, Longo VD, Bertucco M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35034194/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small healthy male sample; absence of detected harm does not establish safety in frailty, sarcopenia or cancer.","assessmentId":"35034194","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35050952","pmid":"35050952","doi":"10.1097/jnr.0000000000000469","title":"Intermittent Fasting in Weight Loss and Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2022","author":"Chair SY, Cai H, Cao X, Qin Y, Cheng HY, Ng MT.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35050952/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Absolute effects, energy intake and detailed control instructions absent from abstract; diabetes and cardiovascular events were not measured.","assessmentId":"35050952","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35075416","pmid":"35075416","doi":"10.5812/aapm.119332","title":"The Effects of Intravenous Vitamin C on Stress Response Severity in Abdominal Hysterectomy Following Prolonged Fasting Time.","year":"2021","author":"Imantalab V, Mansour Ghanaie M, Mansour Ghanaie M, Rafiei Sorouri Z, Mohammadzadeh Jouryabi A, Ghazanfar Tehran S, Fayazi HS, Biazar G, Noroozshamsi M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35075416/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Procedural or perioperative care rather than elective fasting or a direct cancer/autophagy mechanism.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35087416","pmid":"35087416","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2021.771944","title":"Differential Effects of One Meal per Day in the Evening on Metabolic Health and Physical Performance in Lean Individuals.","year":"2021","author":"Meessen ECE, Andresen H, van Barneveld T, van Riel A, Johansen EI, Kolnes AJ, Kemper EM, Olde Damink SWM, Schaap FG, Romijn JA, Jensen J, Soeters MR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35087416/","searches":["glucose","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Very small and brief; intended equal calories did not yield stable weight. Fat oxidation is not evidence of long-term disease prevention.","assessmentId":"35087416","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35090098","pmid":"35090098","doi":"10.1002/ctm2.725","title":"Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory inhibitor subunit 14C promotes triple-negative breast cancer progression via sustaining inactive glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta.","year":"2022","author":"Jian Y, Kong L, Xu H, Shi Y, Huang X, Zhong W, Huang S, Li Y, Shi D, Xiao Y, Yang M, Li S, Chen X, Ouyang Y, Hu Y, Chen X, Song L, Ye R, Wei W.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35090098/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35102374","pmid":"35102374","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/nqac021","title":"Association of prolonged nightly fasting with cardiovascular, renal, inflammation, and nutritional status biomarkers in community-dwelling older adults.","year":"2022","author":"Estrada-deLeón DB, Struijk EA, Caballero FF, Ortolá R, Guallar-Castillón P, Banegas JR, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Lopez-Garcia E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35102374/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Observational; illness and meal skipping can confound. Indexed abstract corrupts the longest-category threshold; verify full text before quoting it.","assessmentId":"35102374","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35116601","pmid":"35116601","doi":"10.21037/tcr-21-524","title":"Effect of selective lymph node dissection on immune function in patients with T1 stage non-small cell lung cancer: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2021","author":"Zhao JL, Nie YQ, Yang P, Jiang DZ, Zhang FW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35116601/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35129013","pmid":"35129013","doi":"10.1080/01635581.2021.1942081","title":"The Effect of Ketogenic Diet on Weight Loss in Adult Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Clinical Trials.","year":"2022","author":"Taftian M, Beigrezaei S, Arabi V, Salehi-Abargouei A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35129013/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35150045","pmid":"35150045","doi":"10.1111/cas.15298","title":"Lung adenocarcinoma-derived vWF promotes tumor metastasis by regulating PHKG1-mediated glycogen metabolism.","year":"2022","author":"Gu J, Qi Y, Lu Y, Tao Q, Yu D, Jiang C, Liu J, Liang X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35150045/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Supports a specific metabolic target, not universal glycogen dependence or a fasting treatment. No human dietary intervention.","assessmentId":"35150045","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35152272","pmid":"35152272","doi":"10.1038/s41391-022-00504-x","title":"Exercise in advanced prostate cancer elevates myokine levels and suppresses in-vitro cell growth.","year":"2022","author":"Kim JS, Taaffe DR, Galvão DA, Hart NH, Gray E, Ryan CJ, Kenfield SA, Saad F, Newton RU.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35152272/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35163593","pmid":"35163593","doi":"10.3390/ijms23031672","title":"Propolin G-Suppressed Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells via Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β-Mediated Snail and HDAC6-Regulated Vimentin Degradation.","year":"2022","author":"Pai JT, Chen XH, Leu YL, Weng MS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35163593/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35176134","pmid":"35176134","doi":"10.2337/dc21-1655","title":"Home Use of Mini-Dose Glucagon As a Novel Treatment for Hypoglycemia Following Repeated, Prolonged Fasts in Type 1 Diabetes During Ramadan.","year":"2022","author":"Algeffari M, Hussain S, Almogbel T, Alsharidah M, Alghadouni H, Mahmood F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35176134/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tests rescue treatment, not fasting benefit. The need for treatment itself documents fasting-related hypoglycemia.","assessmentId":"35176134","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35179802","pmid":"35179802","doi":"10.1111/dme.14813","title":"INTERmittent FASTing in people with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus - the INTERFAST-2 study protocol.","year":"2022","author":"Obermayer A, Tripolt NJ, Pferschy PN, Kojzar H, Jacan A, Schauer M, Aziz F, Oulhaj A, Aberer F, Sourij C, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Stadlbauer V, Sourij H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35179802/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35180098","pmid":"35180098","doi":"","title":"Evidence for Improved Cognitive Health with Diet: A Narrative Review.","year":"2023","author":"Hong Y, Clark E, Furbish K, Maggiolo N, West E, Sylvia L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35180098/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35191467","pmid":"35191467","doi":"10.1093/advances/nmac014","title":"Satiety Associated with Calorie Restriction and Time-Restricted Feeding: Peripheral Hormones.","year":"2022","author":"Tacad DKM, Tovar AP, Richardson CE, Horn WF, Krishnan GP, Keim NL, Krishnan S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35191467/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35194047","pmid":"35194047","doi":"10.1038/s41467-022-28662-5","title":"Randomized controlled trial for time-restricted eating in healthy volunteers without obesity.","year":"2022","author":"Xie Z, Sun Y, Ye Y, Hu D, Zhang H, He Z, Zhao H, Yang H, Mao Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35194047/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short duration and completer analysis; no disease events or long-term safety. Exact eating windows/effect sizes require full text.","assessmentId":"35194047","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35204263","pmid":"35204263","doi":"10.3390/antiox11020381","title":"3-Hydroxybutyrate Ameliorates the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy.","year":"2022","author":"Jung J, Park WY, Kim YJ, Kim M, Choe M, Jin K, Seo JH, Ha E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35204263/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Animal/cell mechanism, not evidence of human kidney protection or a human fasting-autophagy timetable.","assessmentId":"35204263","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35214023","pmid":"35214023","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics14020290","title":"Shell-Sheddable Micelles Based on Poly(ethylene glycol)-hydrazone-poly[R,S]-3-hydroxybutyrate Copolymer Loaded with 8-Hydroxyquinoline Glycoconjugates as a Dual Tumor-Targeting Drug Delivery System.","year":"2022","author":"Domiński A, Domińska M, Skonieczna M, Pastuch-Gawołek G, Kurcok P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35214023/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Polymer/nanoparticle delivery material rather than glycogen or ketones as cancer fuel or a fasting intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35239165","pmid":"35239165","doi":"10.1007/s13300-022-01225-z","title":"Safety and Effectiveness of Insulin Glargine 300 U/mL in Participants with Type 2 Diabetes Who Fast During Ramadan in The Gulf Region: A Subgroup Analysis of the Real-World ORION Study.","year":"2022","author":"Malik RA, Elhadd T, Alattar A, Al Shaikh A, Al Randi M, Arora R, Al-Sifri S, Akil Y, Magdy A, Naqvi M, Hassanein M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35239165/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Medication-management evidence; selected treated participants and non-comparative design cannot establish fasting benefit. Shares parent ORION registry with other reports.","assessmentId":"35239165","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35256599","pmid":"35256599","doi":"10.1038/s41523-022-00396-z","title":"Impact of a randomized weight loss trial on breast tissue markers in breast cancer survivors.","year":"2022","author":"Dieli-Conwright CM, Harrigan M, Cartmel B, Chagpar A, Bai Y, Li FY, Rimm DL, Pusztai L, Lu L, Sanft T, Irwin ML.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35256599/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35276815","pmid":"35276815","doi":"10.3390/nu14030456","title":"Can Fasting Curb the Metabolic Syndrome Epidemic?","year":"2022","author":"Vrdoljak J, Kumric M, Vilovic M, Martinovic D, Rogosic V, Borovac JA, Ticinovic Kurir T, Bozic J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35276815/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35282464","pmid":"35282464","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2022.841838","title":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Adolescents With Obesity: Monitoring of Glucose Profiles, Glycemic Excursions, and Adherence to Time Restricted Eating Programs.","year":"2022","author":"Naguib MN, Hegedus E, Raymond JK, Goran MI, Salvy SJ, Wee CP, Durazo-Arvizu R, Moss L, Vidmar AP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35282464/","searches":["weight","glucose","populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Pilot size; same parent trial, not a separate cohort. Results do not establish efficacy or broad safety in adolescents.","assessmentId":"35282464","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35286607","pmid":"35286607","doi":"10.1007/s13300-022-01234-y","title":"A Real-World Observational Study of Gla-300 in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Who Fast During Ramadan in the South Asia Region: A Subgroup Analysis of the ORION Study.","year":"2022","author":"Hassanein M, Sahay R, Hasan MI, Hussain A, Mittal V, Mohammed R, Shaikh Z, Farishta F, Mohanasundaram S, Naqvi M, Nair A, Ali Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35286607/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Regional subset of ORION, not independent fasting efficacy evidence; changing insulin dose and participant selection affect interpretation.","assessmentId":"35286607","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35288009","pmid":"35288009","doi":"10.1016/j.ijom.2022.02.014","title":"Preoperative oral carbohydrates in elderly patients undergoing free flap surgery for oral cancer: randomized controlled trial.","year":"2022","author":"Wu HY, Yang XD, Yang GY, Cai ZG, Shan XF, Yang Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35288009/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Procedural or perioperative care rather than elective fasting or a direct cancer/autophagy mechanism.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35292059","pmid":"35292059","doi":"10.1186/s12964-022-00825-3","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase GSK3α promotes tumorigenesis by activating HIF1/VEGFA signaling pathway in NSCLC tumor.","year":"2022","author":"Cao X, Wu W, Wang D, Sun W, Lai S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35292059/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35295885","pmid":"35295885","doi":"","title":"PET imaging of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in pancreatic cancer xenograft mouse models.","year":"2022","author":"Boyle AJ, Narvaez A, Chassé M, Vasdev N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35295885/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35307861","pmid":"35307861","doi":"10.15252/embj.2021110466","title":"Ketogenic HMG-CoA lyase and its product β-hydroxybutyrate promote pancreatic cancer progression.","year":"2022","author":"Gouirand V, Gicquel T, Lien EC, Jaune-Pons E, Da Costa Q, Finetti P, Metay E, Duluc C, Mayers JR, Audebert S, Camoin L, Borge L, Rubis M, Leca J, Nigri J, Bertucci F, Dusetti N, Iovanna JL, Tomasini R, Bidaut G, Guillaumond F, Vander Heiden MG, Vasseur S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35307861/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Directly challenges universal inability of cancer to use ketones, but does not establish that ketogenic diets worsen pancreatic cancer in humans.","assessmentId":"35307861","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35317111","pmid":"35317111","doi":"10.22038/ijbms.2021.58716.13042","title":"Effects of integrin-linked kinase on protein kinase b, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, and β-catenin molecules in ovarian cancer cells.","year":"2021","author":"Sarı Kılıçaslan SM, İncesu Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35317111/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35334843","pmid":"35334843","doi":"10.3390/nu14061183","title":"The Effects of Prolonged Water-Only Fasting and Refeeding on Markers of Cardiometabolic Risk.","year":"2022","author":"Scharf E, Zeiler E, Ncube M, Kolbe P, Hwang SY, Goldhamer A, Myers TR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35334843/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"scharf","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:35338353","pmid":"35338353","doi":"10.1038/s41391-022-00525-6","title":"Serum metabolomic analysis of men on a low-carbohydrate diet for biochemically recurrent prostate cancer reveals the potential role of ketogenesis to slow tumor growth: a secondary analysis of the CAPS2 diet trial.","year":"2022","author":"Chi JT, Lin PH, Tolstikov V, Howard L, Chen EY, Bussberg V, Greenwood B, Narain NR, Kiebish MA, Freedland SJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35338353/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Exploratory correlations from an existing trial; PSA kinetics are a surrogate. Does not prove ketones caused slower cancer growth or improved survival.","assessmentId":"35338353","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35372458","pmid":"35372458","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2021.741811","title":"Ramadan Diurnal Intermittent Fasting Is Associated With Attenuated FTO Gene Expression in Subjects With Overweight and Obesity: A Prospective Cohort Study.","year":"2021","author":"Madkour MI, Malhab LJB, Abdel-Rahman WM, Abdelrahim DN, Saber-Ayad M, Faris ME.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35372458/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Reference participants were not a concurrent intervention control. Gene-expression changes cannot establish a protective mechanism or lasting benefit.","assessmentId":"35372458","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35386939","pmid":"35386939","doi":"10.2147/ijwh.s351654","title":"Fructosamine as an Index of Short-Term Glycemic Control in Pregnant Women with Diabetes: Before, During and After Ramadan.","year":"2022","author":"Ekhzaimy A, Alkatari S, AlMaatouq M, Alotaibi D, Aljasser S, Aseeri A, Jammah A, Mujammami M, Fouda M, Alfadda AA, Sulaimani R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35386939/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Participant-flow discrepancy needs full text. A biomarker change cannot establish maternal or fetal safety; no non-fasting control or adequate pregnancy-outcome assessment.","assessmentId":"35386939","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35398820","pmid":"35398820","doi":"","title":"Indonesia DIA-RAMADAN Study: A Real-life, Prospective and Observational of Gliclazide MR in Type-2 Diabetes Patients During Ramadan Fasting.","year":"2022","author":"Soelistijo SA, Aman AM, Zufry H, Pranoto A, Rudijanto A, Hassanien M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35398820/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Drug-management cohort, not proof of fasting efficacy or safety for all patients; shares a parent study with other regional reports.","assessmentId":"35398820","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35425930","pmid":"35425930","doi":"10.1016/j.medj.2021.12.008","title":"Ketogenic diet and chemotherapy combine to disrupt pancreatic cancer metabolism and growth.","year":"2022","author":"Yang L, TeSlaa T, Ng S, Nofal M, Wang L, Lan T, Zeng X, Cowan A, McBride M, Lu W, Davidson S, Liang G, Oh TG, Downes M, Evans R, Von Hoff D, Guo JY, Han H, Rabinowitz JD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35425930/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"yangketochemo","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually.","assessmentId":"35425930"},{"id":"MED:35441995","pmid":"35441995","doi":"10.1007/s10549-022-06594-4","title":"Pilot study to assess prolonged overnight fasting in breast cancer survivors (longfast).","year":"2022","author":"O'Donnell E, Shapiro Y, Comander A, Isakoff S, Moy B, Spring L, Wander S, Kuter I, Shin J, Specht M, Kournioti C, Hu B, Sullivan C, Winters L, Horick N, Peppercorn J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35441995/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No recurrence or survival endpoint; uncontrolled short feasibility study cannot confirm the earlier observational recurrence association.","assessmentId":"35441995","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35449387","pmid":"35449387","doi":"10.1038/s41598-022-10311-y","title":"Ketone-selenoesters as potential anticancer and multidrug resistance modulation agents in 2D and 3D ovarian and breast cancer in vitro models.","year":"2022","author":"Dobiasová S, Szemerédi N, Kučerová D, Koucká K, Václavíková R, Gbelcová H, Ruml T, Domínguez-Álvarez E, Spengler G, Viktorová J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35449387/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35462542","pmid":"35462542","doi":"10.1186/s12876-022-02272-3","title":"Effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting on inflammatory markers, disease severity, depression, and quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: A prospective cohort study.","year":"2022","author":"Negm M, Bahaa A, Farrag A, Lithy RM, Badary HA, Essam M, Kamel S, Sakr M, Abd El Aaty W, Shamkh M, Basiony A, Dawoud I, Shehab H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35462542/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No non-fasting control; selected volunteers. Objective inflammatory-marker null results do not erase worsening symptoms.","assessmentId":"35462542","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35469542","pmid":"35469542","doi":"10.1080/1028415x.2022.2068876","title":"Effects of dietary restriction on cognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2023","author":"Lü W, Yu T, Kuang W.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35469542/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35470974","pmid":"35470974","doi":"10.1002/oby.23420","title":"Early time-restricted eating compared with daily caloric restriction: A randomized trial in adults with obesity.","year":"2022","author":"Thomas EA, Zaman A, Sloggett KJ, Steinke S, Grau L, Catenacci VA, Cornier MA, Rynders CA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35470974/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Both groups received an active calorie-reduction program; does not compare time restriction with no intervention.","assessmentId":"35470974","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35473743","pmid":"35473743","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060520","title":"Study protocol for the Shifting Weight using Intermittent Fasting in night shift workers (SWIFt) study: a three-arm randomised controlled trial comparing three weight loss strategies in night shift workers with obesity.","year":"2022","author":"Rogers M, Coates A, Huggins CE, Dorrian J, Clark AB, Davis C, Leung GK, Davis R, Phoi YY, Kellow NJ, Iacovou M, Yates CL, Banks S, Sletten TL, Bonham MP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35473743/","searches":["weight","populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35477756","pmid":"35477756","doi":"10.1038/s41586-022-04649-6","title":"β-Hydroxybutyrate suppresses colorectal cancer.","year":"2022","author":"Dmitrieva-Posocco O, Wong AC, Lundgren P, Golos AM, Descamps HC, Dohnalová L, Cramer Z, Tian Y, Yueh B, Eskiocak O, Egervari G, Lan Y, Liu J, Fan J, Kim J, Madhu B, Schneider KM, Khoziainova S, Andreeva N, Wang Q, Li N, Furth EE, Bailis W, Kelsen JR, Hamilton KE, Kaestner KH, Berger SL, Epstein JA, Jain R, Li M, Beyaz S, Lengner CJ, Katona BW, Grivennikov SI, Thaiss CA, Levy M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35477756/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"bhb","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:35491316","pmid":"35491316","doi":"10.1016/j.pcd.2022.03.014","title":"Positive impact of pre-Ramadan education on glycemic control and reducing risk of hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetic elderly patients during COVID 19 pandemic.","year":"2022","author":"El Toony LF, Elghazally SA, Hamad DA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35491316/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Cannot isolate education or fasting effects without a suitable control; low-glucose risk persisted despite preparation.","assessmentId":"35491316","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35499696","pmid":"35499696","doi":"10.1007/s00066-022-01941-2","title":"Impact of a ketogenic diet intervention during radiotherapy on body composition: V. Final results of the KETOCOMP study for head and neck cancer patients.","year":"2022","author":"Klement RJ, Sweeney RA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35499696/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Very small unequal groups and diet-arm attrition; no demonstrated survival benefit. Same KETOCOMP program, distinct cancer subgroup.","assessmentId":"35499696","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35501513","pmid":"35501513","doi":"10.1007/s00520-022-07013-6","title":"Effects of physical exercise on body fat and laboratory biomarkers in cancer patients: a meta-analysis of 35 randomized controlled trials.","year":"2022","author":"Hu C, Tang J, Gao Y, Cao R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35501513/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35551354","pmid":"35551354","doi":"10.1158/2159-8290.cd-rw2022-084","title":"Colorectal Cancer Growth Is Reduced by the Ketone Body β-Hydroxybutyrate.","year":"2022","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35551354/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Brief secondary research highlight rather than an original experiment; the underlying colorectal ketone study must carry the evidence.","assessmentId":"35551354","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:35565749","pmid":"35565749","doi":"10.3390/nu14091781","title":"Intermittent Fasting versus Continuous Calorie Restriction: Which Is Better for Weight Loss?","year":"2022","author":"Zhang Q, Zhang C, Wang H, Ma Z, Liu D, Guan X, Liu Y, Fu Y, Cui M, Dong J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35565749/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35568869","pmid":"35568869","doi":"10.1186/s13058-022-01526-y","title":"Beta 2 adrenergic receptor and mu opioid receptor interact to potentiate the aggressiveness of human breast cancer cell by activating the glycogen synthase kinase 3 signaling.","year":"2022","author":"Rousseau B, Murugan S, Palagani A, Sarkar DK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35568869/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35614845","pmid":"35614845","doi":"10.1017/s0007114522001581","title":"Cardiometabolic effects of early &lt;i&gt;v&lt;/i&gt;. delayed time-restricted eating plus energetic restriction in adults with overweight and obesity: an exploratory randomised clinical trial.","year":"2023","author":"Queiroz JDN, Macedo RCO, Dos Santos GC, Munhoz SV, Machado CLF, de Menezes RL, Menzem EN, Moritz CEJ, Pinto RS, Tinsley GM, de Oliveira AR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35614845/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small completer sample; does not demonstrate an added timing benefit when prescribed energy reduction is similar.","assessmentId":"35614845","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35624229","pmid":"35624229","doi":"10.1007/164_2022_580","title":"Weight Loss Strategies.","year":"2022","author":"Roberts SB, Anton S, Dao MC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35624229/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Narrative book chapter summarizing weight-management interventions; not an original fasting study.","assessmentId":"35624229","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:35642007","pmid":"35642007","doi":"10.1186/s40885-022-00207-4","title":"Effect of carbohydrate-restricted diets and intermittent fasting on obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension management: consensus statement of the Korean Society for the Study of obesity, Korean Diabetes Association, and Korean Society of Hypertension.","year":"2022","author":"Choi JH, Cho YJ, Kim HJ, Ko SH, Chon S, Kang JH, Kim KK, Kim EM, Kim HJ, Song KH, Nam GE, Kim KI, Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines, Korean Society for the Study of Obesity (KSSO), Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines and Committee of Food and Nutrition, Korean Diabetes Association (KDA), Policy Committee of Korean Society of Hypertension (KSH), Policy Development Committee of National Academy of Medicine of Korea (NAMOK).","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35642007/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35642779","pmid":"35642779","doi":"10.1042/cs20211003","title":"Novel insights in endocrine and metabolic pathways in sepsis and gaps for future research.","year":"2022","author":"Téblick A, Gunst J, Langouche L, Van den Berghe G, Van den Berghe G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35642779/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Review of critical-illness endocrine/metabolic physiology, not original trial data. Its indexed correction should not be mistaken for a new fasting study.","assessmentId":"35642779","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:35645682","pmid":"35645682","doi":"10.5114/ada.2021.107098","title":"Clinical implications of intermittent Ramadan fasting on stable plaque psoriasis: a prospective observational study.","year":"2022","author":"Almutairi N, Shaaban D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35645682/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Cannot separate fasting from season, treatment or behavior changes; no controlled efficacy or long-term safety conclusion.","assessmentId":"35645682","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35656560","pmid":"35656560","doi":"10.4093/dmj.2022.0038","title":"Effect of Carbohydrate-Restricted Diets and Intermittent Fasting on Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Hypertension Management: Consensus Statement of the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity, Korean Diabetes Association, and Korean Society of Hypertension.","year":"2022","author":"Choi JH, Cho YJ, Kim HJ, Ko SH, Chon S, Kang JH, Kim KK, Kim EM, Kim HJ, Song KH, Nam GE, Kim KI, Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines, Korean Society for the Study of Obesity (KSSO), Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines and Committee of Food and Nutrition, Korean Diabetes Association (KDA), Policy Committee of Korean Society of Hypertension (KSH), Policy Development Committee of National Academy of Medicine of Korea (NAMOK).","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35656560/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35658544","pmid":"35658544","doi":"10.1152/ajpendo.00017.2022","title":"Sex-specific differences in metabolic outcomes after sleeve gastrectomy and intermittent fasting in obese middle-aged mice.","year":"2022","author":"Emiliano AB, Lopatinsky NR, Kraljević M, Higuchi S, He Y, Haeusler RA, Schwartz GJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35658544/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Combines timing and calorie reduction; mouse physiology and surgery comparison do not establish equivalent human benefits.","assessmentId":"35658544","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35658959","pmid":"35658959","doi":"10.1186/s12937-022-00790-0","title":"Intermittent fasting two days versus one day per week, matched for total energy intake and expenditure, increases weight loss in overweight/obese men and women.","year":"2022","author":"Arciero PJ, Arciero KM, Poe M, Mohr AE, Ives SJ, Arciero A, Boyce M, Zhang J, Haas M, Valdez E, Corbet D, Judd K, Smith A, Furlong O, Wahler M, Gumpricht E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35658959/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No ordinary calorie-restriction control; multicomponent diets and tiny sample. The abstract’s 29% figure describes a relative difference in weight reduction, not loss of 29% of body weight.","assessmentId":"35658959","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35660501","pmid":"35660501","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2022.111662","title":"Intermittent fasting activates markers of autophagy in mouse liver, but not muscle from mouse or humans.","year":"2022","author":"Chaudhary R, Liu B, Bensalem J, Sargeant TJ, Page AJ, Wittert GA, Hutchison AT, Heilbronn LK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35660501/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"pfeifer","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:35661214","pmid":"35661214","doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgac197","title":"Six-Month Periodic Fasting in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetic Nephropathy: A Proof-of-Concept Study.","year":"2022","author":"Sulaj A, Kopf S, von Rauchhaupt E, Kliemank E, Brune M, Kender Z, Bartl H, Cortizo FG, Klepac K, Han Z, Kumar V, Longo V, Teleman A, Okun JG, Morgenstern J, Fleming T, Szendroedi J, Herzig S, Nawroth PP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35661214/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small study with multiple exploratory biomarkers; subgroup benefit must not replace the negative overall primary comparison. Does not prove prevention of kidney failure.","assessmentId":"35661214","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35670159","pmid":"35670159","doi":"10.7570/jomes22009","title":"Effect of Carbohydrate-Restricted Diets and Intermittent Fasting on Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Hypertension Management: Consensus Statement of the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity, Korean Diabetes Association, and Korean Society of Hypertension.","year":"2022","author":"Choi JH, Cho YJ, Kim HJ, Ko SH, Chon S, Kang JH, Kim KK, Kim EM, Kim HJ, Song KH, Nam GE, Kim KI, Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines, Korean Society for the Study of Obesity (KSSO), Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines and Committee of Food and Nutrition, Korean Diabetes Association (KDA),  Policy Committee of Korean Society of Hypertension (KSH), Policy Development Committee of National Academy of Medicine of Korea (NAMOK).","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35670159/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35673477","pmid":"35673477","doi":"10.1007/s40200-022-01046-8","title":"Impact of Ramadan intermittent fasting on metabolic and inflammatory profiles in type 2 diabetic patients.","year":"2022","author":"Oueslati I, Kardi A, Boukhayatia F, Hammami B, Cheikh M, Romdhane NB, Feki M, Yazidi M, Chihaoui M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35673477/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Fasting and energy reduction cannot be separated; CRP P=.058 is not conventionally significant despite favorable framing.","assessmentId":"35673477","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35676337","pmid":"35676337","doi":"10.1038/d41573-022-00101-6","title":"Ketone body blocks intestinal tumour growth.","year":"2022","author":"Crunkhorn S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35676337/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Publisher identifies this as an In Brief research highlight summarizing Dmitrieva-Posocco et al., PMID 35477756; not an independent study.","assessmentId":"35676337","access":"Original Nature Reviews Drug Discovery highlight checked, DOI 10.1038/d41573-022-00101-6."},{"id":"MED:35684143","pmid":"35684143","doi":"10.3390/nu14112343","title":"Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Reproductive Hormone Levels in Females and Males: A Review of Human Trials.","year":"2022","author":"Cienfuegos S, Corapi S, Gabel K, Ezpeleta M, Kalam F, Lin S, Pavlou V, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35684143/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35689257","pmid":"35689257","doi":"10.1186/s13063-022-06439-x","title":"Effect of time restricted feeding on anthropometric measures, eating behavior, stress, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) levels in women with overweight/obesity and food addiction: a study protocol for a randomized clinical trial.","year":"2022","author":"Irani H, Khodami B, Abiri B, Saidpour A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35689257/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35689386","pmid":"35689386","doi":"10.1111/jcmm.17432","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibition decreases inflammation and relieves cancer induced bone pain via reducing Drp1-mediated mitochondrial damage.","year":"2022","author":"Yang HY, Zhang F, Cheng ML, Wu J, Xie M, Yu LZ, Liu L, Xiong J, Zhu HL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35689386/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35708106","pmid":"35708106","doi":"10.1089/thy.2022.0110","title":"Optimal Timing of Thyroid Hormone Replacement During Ramadan Fasting: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Patients with Prior Total Thyroidectomy.","year":"2022","author":"Al-Qahtani KM, Aldeeri IA, Alshaibi AM, Alshabib NS, Barghouthi RM, Alyusuf EY, Jammah AA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35708106/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Substantial attrition; within-arm significance alone does not establish timing superiority. This is medication management, not evidence fasting improves thyroid health.","assessmentId":"35708106","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35711339","pmid":"35711339","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2022.925080","title":"Alternate Day Fasting Improves Endothelial Function in Type 2 Diabetic Mice: Role of Adipose-Derived Hormones.","year":"2022","author":"Cui J, Lee S, Sun Y, Zhang C, Hill MA, Li Y, Zhang H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35711339/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Animal mechanistic evidence, not reduced cardiovascular events in humans.","assessmentId":"35711339","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35719965","pmid":"35719965","doi":"10.3389/fonc.2022.903157","title":"Systemic Ketone Replacement Does Not Improve Survival or Cancer Cachexia in Mice With Lung Cancer.","year":"2022","author":"Langer HT, Ramsamooj S, Liang RJ, Grover R, Hwang SK, Goncalves MD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35719965/","searches":["cancer","mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Null results apply to these models, not all cancers; a nonsignificant harm trend is not proven harm. Clearly contradicts a universal ketone survival benefit.","assessmentId":"35719965","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35729673","pmid":"35729673","doi":"10.1186/s13098-022-00856-3","title":"A pilot study on the effect of D-allulose on postprandial glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus during Ramadan fasting.","year":"2022","author":"Japar S, Fukunaga K, Kobayashi T, Imachi H, Sato S, Saheki T, Ibata T, Yoshimura T, Soh KL, Ong SL, Muhamed Z, Murao K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35729673/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No randomized order or concurrent control; retrospectively registered. Tests allulose during fasting, not fasting itself.","assessmentId":"35729673","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35730413","pmid":"35730413","doi":"10.1080/03670244.2022.2089878","title":"Effects of Diurnal Ramadan Intermittent Fasting on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Sleep Quality in Healthy Turkish Adults.","year":"2022","author":"Mengi Çelik Ö, Koçak T, Köksal E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35730413/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small, short observational study; no non-fasting comparison or disease outcomes.","assessmentId":"35730413","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35732151","pmid":"35732151","doi":"10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100665","title":"Time for better time-restricted eating trials to lessen the burden of metabolic diseases.","year":"2022","author":"Taub PR, Panda S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35732151/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-abstract-and-publication-type","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Editorial, news or commentary on research reported elsewhere. Retain for reference tracing; do not count as an independent original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35795140","pmid":"35795140","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2022.905266","title":"A Novel Inflammation and Insulin Resistance Related Indicator to Predict the Survival of Patients With Cancer.","year":"2022","author":"Ruan GT, Xie HL, Zhang HY, Liu CA, Ge YZ, Zhang Q, Wang ZW, Zhang X, Tang M, Song MM, Zhang XW, Yang M, Chen YB, Yu KY, Deng L, Gong YZ, Hu W, Wang KH, Cong MH, Shi HP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35795140/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35797039","pmid":"35797039","doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.1769","title":"Plant-Based and Ketogenic Diets As Diverging Paths to Address Cancer: A Review.","year":"2022","author":"Shah UA, Iyengar NM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35797039/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35805627","pmid":"35805627","doi":"10.3390/ijerph19137969","title":"Effects of Intermittent Energy Restriction Alone and in Combination with Sprint Interval Training on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Individuals with Overweight and Obesity.","year":"2022","author":"Cooke MB, Deasy W, Ritenis EJ, Wilson RA, Stathis CG.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35805627/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No inactive or continuous calorie-restriction control; small groups and mixed biomarker findings.","assessmentId":"35805627","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35814327","pmid":"35814327","doi":"10.4103/ijn.ijn_521_20","title":"Impact of Fasting during Ramadan on Renal Functions in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.","year":"2022","author":"Ansari FA, Latief M, Manuel S, Shashikiran KB, Dwivedi R, Prasad DK, Golla A, Raju SB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35814327/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small selected cohort; completing the fast without symptoms did not guarantee stable kidney function. No non-fasting comparison.","assessmentId":"35814327","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35816900","pmid":"35816900","doi":"10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104124","title":"Intermittent calorie restriction alters T cell subsets and metabolic markers in people with multiple sclerosis.","year":"2022","author":"Fitzgerald KC, Bhargava P, Smith MD, Vizthum D, Henry-Barron B, Kornberg MD, Cassard SD, Kapogiannis D, Sullivan P, Baer DJ, Calabresi PA, Mowry EM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35816900/","searches":["glucose","cognition"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small biomarker study; cannot establish fewer relapses, less disability, or improved MRI outcomes. Parent-cohort overlap should be tracked.","assessmentId":"35816900","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:3583591","pmid":"3583591","doi":"","title":"Isolation from the serum of cancer patients and molecular structure determination of a ketone derivative of D3 vitamin.","year":"1987","author":"Rougereau A, Person O, Rougereau G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3583591/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35836586","pmid":"35836586","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2022.851054","title":"Exergaming During Ramadan Intermittent Fasting Improve Body Composition as Well as Physiological and Psychological Responses to Physical Exercise in Adolescents With Obesity.","year":"2022","author":"Abedelmalek S, Aloui K, Denguezli Bouzgarou M, Adam H, Souissi N, Chtourou H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35836586/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tests added exercise during fasting, not fasting versus no fasting; small study and transient effects.","assessmentId":"35836586","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35871650","pmid":"35871650","doi":"10.1007/s00125-022-05752-z","title":"Three weeks of time-restricted eating improves glucose homeostasis in adults with type 2 diabetes but does not improve insulin sensitivity: a randomised crossover trial.","year":"2022","author":"Andriessen C, Fealy CE, Veelen A, van Beek SMM, Roumans KHM, Connell NJ, Mevenkamp J, Moonen-Kornips E, Havekes B, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Hoeks J, Schrauwen P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35871650/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small and short, but directly tests and fails to confirm the proposed liver-glycogen mechanism. Improved glucose does not establish every proposed mechanism.","assessmentId":"35871650","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35873802","pmid":"35873802","doi":"10.1155/2022/4530894","title":"Association of Visit-to-Visit Variability in Fasting Plasma Glucose with Digestive Cancer Risk.","year":"2022","author":"Zhang N, Wang Y, Tse G, Li G, Wu S, Liu T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35873802/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35875426","pmid":"35875426","doi":"10.1177/09727531211072303","title":"Effects of Prolonged Intermittent Fasting Model on Energy Metabolism and Mitochondrial Functions in Neurons.","year":"2022","author":"Pak M, Bozkurt S, Pınarbaşı A, Öz Arslan D, Aksungar FB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35875426/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A transformed cell model is not a human fasting trial; the article’s definition of prolonged fasting differs from multi-day fasting. Cannot establish nerve repair in people.","assessmentId":"35875426","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35893879","pmid":"35893879","doi":"10.3390/nu14153025","title":"Impact of Time-Restricted Feeding on Adaptation to a 6-Hour Delay Phase Shift or a 12-Hour Phase Shift in Mice.","year":"2022","author":"Ren B, Huang Y, Zhang J, Li J, Liu Z, Guan Y, Chen L, Yang G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35893879/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Mouse behavior and sepsis model; no demonstrated human jet-lag treatment or broad fasting benefit.","assessmentId":"35893879","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35893925","pmid":"35893925","doi":"10.3390/nu14153071","title":"The Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Continuous Energy Restriction with Exercise on Cardiometabolic Biomarkers, Dietary Compliance, and Perceived Hunger and Mood: Secondary Outcomes of a Randomised, Controlled Trial.","year":"2022","author":"Keenan S, Cooke MB, Chen WS, Wu S, Belski R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35893925/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Secondary endpoints in a small existing cohort; not an independent body-composition trial or cardiovascular-event evidence.","assessmentId":"35893925","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:35907454","pmid":"35907454","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.183","title":"Enzyme-loaded glycogen nanoparticles with tumor-targeting Activatable host-guest supramolecule for augmented chemodynamic therapy.","year":"2022","author":"Yang F, Fang W, Yang M, Chen W, Xu J, Wang J, Li W, Zhao B, Qiu L, Chen J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35907454/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Polymer/nanoparticle delivery material rather than glycogen or ketones as cancer fuel or a fasting intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35915198","pmid":"35915198","doi":"10.1007/s10549-022-06690-5","title":"An open label, randomized phase 2 trial assessing the impact of food on the tolerability of abemaciclib in patients with advanced breast cancer.","year":"2022","author":"Lim E, Boyle F, Okera M, Loi S, Goksu SS, van Hal G, Chapman SC, Gable JC, Chen Y, Price GL, Hossain AM, Gainford MC, Ezquerra MB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35915198/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35939311","pmid":"35939311","doi":"10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.3050","title":"Effectiveness of Early Time-Restricted Eating for Weight Loss, Fat Loss, and Cardiometabolic Health in Adults With Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","year":"2022","author":"Jamshed H, Steger FL, Bryan DR, Richman JS, Warriner AH, Hanick CJ, Martin CK, Salvy SJ, Peterson CM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35939311/","searches":["weight"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"jamshed2022","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:35978157","pmid":"35978157","doi":"10.1007/s00268-022-06704-9","title":"Short-Term Outcomes of Tri-Staple Versus Universal Staple in Laparoscopic Anterior Resection of Rectal and Distal Sigmoid Colonic Cancer: A Matched-Pair Analysis.","year":"2022","author":"Sun Q, Wang A, Wei S, Huang Y, Lu H, Hu Z, Zhou H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978157/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35984550","pmid":"35984550","doi":"10.1007/s10555-022-10061-3","title":"Obesity, cancer risk, and time-restricted eating.","year":"2022","author":"Das M, Webster NJG.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35984550/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:35987309","pmid":"35987309","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2022.110045","title":"Glycemic control during Ramadan fasting in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed‑loop system: A randomized controlled trial.","year":"2022","author":"Elbarbary NS, Ismail EAR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35987309/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Highly selected advanced-device users; tests management settings, not fasting benefit or general safety for all people with diabetes.","assessmentId":"35987309","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36003834","pmid":"36003834","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2022.931090","title":"Nutritional aspects in chronic non-cancer pain: A systematic review.","year":"2022","author":"Xu Lou I, Gil-García E, Cáceres-Matos R, Ali K, Molina E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36003834/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36034217","pmid":"36034217","doi":"10.1016/j.isci.2022.104870","title":"Randomized controlled trial for time-restricted eating in overweight and obese young adults.","year":"2022","author":"Zhang LM, Liu Z, Wang JQ, Li RQ, Ren JY, Gao X, Lv SS, Liang LY, Zhang F, Yin BW, Sun Y, Tian H, Zhu HC, Zhou YT, Ma YX.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36034217/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short trial with multiple endpoints; reduced thyroid activity is a physiological finding, not automatically a health benefit. Energy intake and long-term outcomes require further assessment.","assessmentId":"36034217","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36038881","pmid":"36038881","doi":"10.1186/s13063-022-06523-2","title":"Comparison of weight loss induced by daily caloric restriction versus intermittent fasting (DRIFT) in individuals with obesity: study protocol for a 52-week randomized clinical trial.","year":"2022","author":"Ostendorf DM, Caldwell AE, Zaman A, Pan Z, Bing K, Wayland LT, Creasy SA, Bessesen DH, MacLean P, Melanson EL, Catenacci VA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36038881/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36064331","pmid":"36064331","doi":"10.1186/s12882-022-02915-3","title":"Ramadan fasting outcome among high-risk patients.","year":"2022","author":"Baynouna AlKetbi L, Nagelkerke N, AlZarouni A, Al Kuwaiti M, Al Ghafli M, Al Qahtani S, Al Kaabi B, Al Kaabi M, Al Ahbabi A, Al Zeyodi Y, Al Ketheri K, Al Nabooda K, Al Tenaji K, AlAlawi A, Abdelbaqi H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36064331/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Major missing laboratory data and illness-related stopping can bias comparisons; failure to find an association does not prove safety.","assessmentId":"36064331","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36104795","pmid":"36104795","doi":"10.1186/s13045-022-01352-x","title":"Elraglusib (9-ING-41), a selective small-molecule inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, reduces expression of immune checkpoint molecules PD-1, TIGIT and LAG-3 and enhances CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell cytolytic killing of melanoma cells.","year":"2022","author":"Shaw G, Cavalcante L, Giles FJ, Taylor A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36104795/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36115334","pmid":"36115334","doi":"10.1016/j.prp.2022.154111","title":"Decreased expression of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1 is a prognostic marker and promotes tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma.","year":"2022","author":"Luo W, Wu S, Zhang F, Chen X, Ma Y, Mo Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36115334/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Abstract inconsistently describes tissue counts (104 pairs versus 69/35 categories). Enzyme manipulation is not a dietary ketone intervention; direction differs across cancers.","assessmentId":"36115334","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36118763","pmid":"36118763","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2022.966861","title":"Changes in dietary intake, chronotype and sleep pattern upon Ramadan among healthy adults in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: A prospective study.","year":"2022","author":"Alzhrani A, Alhussain MH, BaHammam AS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36118763/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Convenience sample and self-report; tiny short-term weight change does not establish an effective sustained weight-loss strategy.","assessmentId":"36118763","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36126910","pmid":"36126910","doi":"10.1016/j.jand.2022.09.013","title":"The Effects of Isocaloric Intermittent Fasting vs Daily Caloric Restriction on Weight Loss and Metabolic Risk Factors for Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled or Comparative Trials.","year":"2023","author":"Ezzati A, Rosenkranz SK, Phelan J, Logan C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36126910/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36127075","pmid":"36127075","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058954","title":"Efficacy of time-restricted eating and behavioural economic interventions in reducing fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c and cardiometabolic risk factors compared with time-restricted eating alone or usual care in patients with impaired fasting glucose: protocol for an open-label randomised controlled trial.","year":"2022","author":"Suthutvoravut U, Anothaisintawee T, Boonmanunt S, Pramyothin S, Chaithanasarn A, Reutrakul S, Thakkinstian A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36127075/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36131333","pmid":"36131333","doi":"10.1186/s40795-022-00596-7","title":"The 2018 World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)/American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) score and diabetes risk in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS).","year":"2022","author":"Shams-White MM, Tjaden AH, Edelstein SL, Bassiouni S, Kahle LL, Kim C, Pi-Sunyer X, Temple KA, Venditti EM, Reedy J, Heckman-Stoddard BM, DPP Research Group.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36131333/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36134465","pmid":"36134465","doi":"10.1039/d2fo00983h","title":"Effects of decaffeinated green coffee extract supplementation on anthropometric indices, blood glucose, leptin, adiponectin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in breast cancer survivors: a randomized clinical trial.","year":"2022","author":"Bahmannia M, Azizzade M, Heydari S, Nasrollahzadeh J, Rabiei S, Naja F, Sheikhi Mobarakeh Z, Hejazi J, Hejazi E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36134465/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36139447","pmid":"36139447","doi":"10.3390/cells11182872","title":"Notch3 Transactivates Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3-Beta and Inhibits Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer Cells.","year":"2022","author":"Chen W, Zhang Y, Li R, Huang W, Wei X, Zeng, Liang Y, Zeng Y, Chen M, Zhang L, Gao W, Zhu Y, Li Y, Zhang G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36139447/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36145236","pmid":"36145236","doi":"10.3390/nu14183860","title":"Effects of 10-Day Complete Fasting on Physiological Homeostasis, Nutrition and Health Markers in Male Adults.","year":"2022","author":"Dai Z, Zhang H, Wu F, Chen Y, Yang C, Wang H, Sui X, Guo Y, Xin B, Guo Z, Xiong J, Wu B, Li Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36145236/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Weight includes water and lean-tissue changes. Small supervised male sample cannot establish safety or supplement advice for unsupervised fasting; metabolic switching is not an autophagy clock.","assessmentId":"36145236","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36174477","pmid":"36174477","doi":"10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102617","title":"Effects of structured Ramadan Nutrition Plan on glycemic control and variability using continuous glucose monitoring in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A pilot study.","year":"2022","author":"Hasbullah FY, Mohd Yusof BN, Wan Zukiman WZHH, Abu Zaid Z, Omar N, Liu RXY, Marczewska A, Hamdy O.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36174477/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small preference-based groups; tests a support package during fasting. Possible overlap with PMID 34857213 requires cohort reconciliation.","assessmentId":"36174477","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36190980","pmid":"36190980","doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgac570","title":"Metabolic Efficacy of Time-Restricted Eating in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","year":"2022","author":"Liu L, Chen W, Wu D, Hu F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36190980/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36198291","pmid":"36198291","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2022.08.018","title":"Feasibility of time-restricted eating and impacts on cardiometabolic health in 24-h shift workers: The Healthy Heroes randomized control trial.","year":"2022","author":"Manoogian ENC, Zadourian A, Lo HC, Gutierrez NR, Shoghi A, Rosander A, Pazargadi A, Ormiston CK, Wang X, Sui J, Hou Z, Fleischer JG, Golshan S, Taub PR, Panda S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36198291/","searches":["populations"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"heroes","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:36198292","pmid":"36198292","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.003","title":"Time-restricted eating and exercise training improve HbA1c and body composition in women with overweight/obesity: A randomized controlled trial.","year":"2022","author":"Haganes KL, Silva CP, Eyjólfsdóttir SK, Steen S, Grindberg M, Lydersen S, Hawley JA, Moholdt T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36198292/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"haganes","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:36220069","pmid":"36220069","doi":"10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100777","title":"Time-restricted eating with or without low-carbohydrate diet reduces visceral fat and improves metabolic syndrome: A randomized trial.","year":"2022","author":"He M, Wang J, Liang Q, Li M, Guo H, Wang Y, Deji C, Sui J, Wang YW, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Qian B, Chen H, Ma M, Su S, Geng H, Zhou WX, Guo X, Zhu WZ, Zhang M, Chen Z, Rensen PCN, Hui CC, Wang Y, Shi B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36220069/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No unrestricted usual-diet arm; sample size, adherence and actual energy differences require full text. No disease-event endpoints.","assessmentId":"36220069","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36224487","pmid":"36224487","doi":"10.1007/s13668-022-00439-8","title":"The Ketogenic Diet: Considerations for Cancer Survivorship.","year":"2022","author":"Miller C, Austin K, Fischer L, Stringer E, Sidhu S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36224487/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36224542","pmid":"36224542","doi":"10.1186/s12902-022-01168-3","title":"Efficacy and safety of combination of empagliflozin and metformin with combination of sitagliptin and metformin during Ramadan: an observational study.","year":"2022","author":"Ahmed I, Raja UY, Wahab MU, Rehman T, Ishtiaq O, Aamir AH, Ghaffar T, Raza A, Kumar S, Sherin A, Masood F, Randhawa FA, Asghar A, Khan S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36224542/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Nonrandomized unequal groups and baseline differences; not evidence that fasting itself is beneficial or risk-free.","assessmentId":"36224542","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36224641","pmid":"36224641","doi":"10.1186/s13104-022-06209-7","title":"Effect of intermittent fasting 5:2 on body composition and nutritional intake among employees with obesity in Jakarta: a randomized clinical trial.","year":"2022","author":"Witjaksono F, Prafiantini E, Rahmawati A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36224641/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Within-group statistical significance should not be presented as superiority to control; small sample.","assessmentId":"36224641","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36230949","pmid":"36230949","doi":"10.3390/cells11192987","title":"2-Deoxy-D-glucose Alleviates Cancer Cachexia-Induced Muscle Wasting by Enhancing Ketone Metabolism and Inhibiting the Cori Cycle.","year":"2022","author":"Wei L, Wang R, Wazir J, Lin K, Song S, Li L, Pu W, Zhao C, Wang Y, Su Z, Wang H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36230949/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Drug treatment is not fasting. Abstract wording about lean mass/fiber area is internally inconsistent and needs full-text confirmation; does not show tumor starvation.","assessmentId":"36230949","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36239695","pmid":"36239695","doi":"10.1002/oby.23577","title":"The effects of time-restricted eating and weight loss on bone metabolism and health: a 6-month randomized controlled trial.","year":"2023","author":"Papageorgiou M, Biver E, Mareschal J, Phillips NE, Hemmer A, Biolley E, Schwab N, Manoogian ENC, Gonzalez Rodriguez E, Aeberli D, Hans D, Pot C, Panda S, Rodondi N, Ferrari SL, Collet TH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36239695/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Subgroup selection by post-randomization weight loss can bias inference; no fracture endpoint. Possible parent-cohort overlap with PMID 33807102.","assessmentId":"36239695","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36240295","pmid":"36240295","doi":"10.1210/endocr/bqac169","title":"Inhibition of Glycogen Metabolism Induces Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Cytotoxicity in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer in Female Mice.","year":"2022","author":"Davidson CD, Tomczak JA, Amiel E, Carr FE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36240295/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Specific pharmacological interference with glycogen breakdown, not removal of dietary carbohydrate; no human fasting or cancer-treatment efficacy trial.","assessmentId":"36240295","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36254015","pmid":"36254015","doi":"10.1097/md.0000000000031264","title":"Lifestyle interventions after colorectal cancer surgery using a mobile digital device: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2022","author":"Kim YI, Park IJ, Kim CW, Yoon YS, Lim SB, Yu CS, Kim JC, Lee Y, Kim H, Chung S, Choi CM, Lee HJ, Kim KW, Ko Y, Yun SC, Jo MW, Lee JW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36254015/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36285573","pmid":"36285573","doi":"10.1111/pedi.13439","title":"Insulin delivery patterns required to maintain postprandial euglycemia in type 1 diabetes following consumption of traditional Egyptian Ramadan Iftar meal using insulin pump therapy: A randomized crossover trial.","year":"2022","author":"Elbarbary NS, Elhenawy YI, Ali ARR, Smart CE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36285573/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Insulin-management experiment, not fasting efficacy. Meal-specific regimen cannot be generalized into self-treatment advice.","assessmentId":"36285573","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36291933","pmid":"36291933","doi":"10.3390/cancers14205149","title":"Dietary Interventions in Cancer Treatment and Response: A Comprehensive Review.","year":"2022","author":"Mercier BD, Tizpa E, Philip EJ, Feng Q, Huang Z, Thomas RM, Pal SK, Dorff TB, Li YR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36291933/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36296997","pmid":"36296997","doi":"10.3390/nu14204313","title":"A Six-Week Follow-Up Study on the Sustained Effects of Prolonged Water-Only Fasting and Refeeding on Markers of Cardiometabolic Risk.","year":"2022","author":"Gabriel S, Ncube M, Zeiler E, Thompson N, Karlsen MC, Goldman DM, Glavas Z, Beauchesne A, Scharf E, Goldhamer AC, Myers TR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36296997/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Selected residential patients; fasting cannot be separated from refeeding diet, weight loss or clinical support. Six weeks is not evidence of durable disease prevention.","assessmentId":"36296997","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36316728","pmid":"36316728","doi":"10.1186/s40795-022-00617-5","title":"The Break-Fast study protocol: a single arm pre-post study to measure the effect of a protein-rich breakfast on autophagic flux in fasting healthy individuals.","year":"2022","author":"Bensalem J, Heilbronn LK, Gore JR, Hutchison AT, Sargeant TJ, Fourrier C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36316728/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36319597","pmid":"36319597","doi":"10.1002/oby.23579","title":"The basis and design for time-restricted eating compared with daily calorie restriction for weight loss and colorectal cancer risk reduction trial (TRE-CRC trial).","year":"2022","author":"Gabel K, Fitzgibbon ML, Yazici C, Gann P, Sverdlov M, Guzman G, Chen Z, McLeod A, Hamm A, Varady KA, Tussing-Humphreys L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36319597/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Trial basis and design; completed outcome results require separate assessment.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36325269","pmid":"36325269","doi":"10.1177/11786388221130560","title":"Effect of Medically Supervised Prolonged Fasting Therapy on Vitamin D, B12, Body Weight, Body Mass Index, Vitality and Quality of Life: A Randomized Control Trial.","year":"2022","author":"Tewani GR, Silwal K, Sharma G, Yadav D, Siddiqui A, Kriplani S, Nathani VV, Sharma N, Keswani J, Sharma H, Nair PM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36325269/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"This was modified fasting, not water-only fasting. Small heterogeneous sample, short follow-up and subjective outcomes do not establish treatment of vitamin deficiency.","assessmentId":"36325269","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36326405","pmid":"36326405","doi":"10.55730/1300-0144.5386","title":"Evidence-based information about intermittent fasting in diabetes patients: useful or harmful?","year":"2022","author":"Altay M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36326405/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36337640","pmid":"36337640","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2022.1007824","title":"The impact of a self-selected time restricted eating intervention on eating patterns, sleep, and late-night eating in individuals with obesity.","year":"2022","author":"Simon SL, Blankenship J, Manoogian ENC, Panda S, Mashek DG, Chow LS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36337640/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"The conclusion overstates the sleep result: a correlation is not a demonstrated randomized sleep benefit. Small reused cohort.","assessmentId":"36337640","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36348328","pmid":"36348328","doi":"10.1186/s12902-022-01189-y","title":"Elevated serum triglyceride levels may be a key independent predicting factor for gallbladder cancer risk in gallbladder stone disease patients: a case-control study.","year":"2022","author":"Wan Y, Zhang J, Chen M, Ma M, Sheng B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36348328/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36349432","pmid":"36349432","doi":"10.1002/oby.23568","title":"A meta-analysis comparing the effectiveness of alternate day fasting, the 5:2 diet, and time-restricted eating for weight loss.","year":"2023","author":"Elortegui Pascual P, Rolands MR, Eldridge AL, Kassis A, Mainardi F, Lê KA, Karagounis LG, Gut P, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36349432/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36351326","pmid":"36351326","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2022.10.002","title":"Early time-restricted eating may favorably impact cognitive acuity in university students: a randomized pilot study.","year":"2022","author":"Mayra ST, Kravat N, Chondropoulos K, De Leon A, Johnston CS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36351326/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Severe attrition, early termination, tiny groups and multiple tests; cannot establish broad cognitive improvement or dementia prevention.","assessmentId":"36351326","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36356534","pmid":"36356534","doi":"10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117072","title":"Bis-aryl-α,β-unsaturated ketone (ABK) chaperonin inhibitors exhibit selective cytotoxicity to colorectal cancer cells that correlates with levels of aberrant HSP60 in the cytosol.","year":"2022","author":"Chitre S, Ray AM, Stevens M, Doud EH, Liechty H, Washburn A, Tepper K, Sivinski J, O'Hagan HM, Georgiadis MM, Chapman E, Johnson SM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36356534/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36368052","pmid":"36368052","doi":"10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101681","title":"Intermittent fasting: Describing engagement and associations with eating disorder behaviors and psychopathology among Canadian adolescents and young adults.","year":"2022","author":"Ganson KT, Cuccolo K, Hallward L, Nagata JM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36368052/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Cannot determine temporal direction or causation; relevant risk association, not proof every fasting practice causes an eating disorder.","assessmentId":"36368052","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36386926","pmid":"36386926","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2022.1026694","title":"A time-restricted feeding intervention in children and adolescents with obesity: The TRansForm study protocol.","year":"2022","author":"Molina-Giraldo P, Murillo S, Meis L, Sans O, Amat-Bou M, Llobet M, Jimenez-Chillaron JC, Ramon-Krauel M, Lerin C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36386926/","searches":["weight","populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36398713","pmid":"36398713","doi":"10.1111/cas.15667","title":"MEK1-dependent MondoA phosphorylation regulates glucose uptake in response to ketone bodies in colorectal cancer cells.","year":"2023","author":"Zhu Y, Xu N, Wu S, Luan Y, Ke H, Wu L, Li Y, Lu Y, Xing X, Tian N, Liu Q, Tong L, Hu L, Ji Y, Chen Z, Zhang P, Tong X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36398713/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Supports one context-specific signaling mechanism, not universal cancer starvation, human cure or glycogen depletion by fasting.","assessmentId":"36398713","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36403899","pmid":"36403899","doi":"10.1016/j.exger.2022.112033","title":"The effects of time-restricted eating on sleep, cognitive decline, and Alzheimer's disease.","year":"2023","author":"Ezzati A, Pak VM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36403899/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36404821","pmid":"36404821","doi":"10.1007/s40200-022-01145-6","title":"Safety and effectiveness of newer antidiabetic medications during Ramadan fasting and safety of Ramadan fasting after bariatric surgery.","year":"2022","author":"Ahmed M, Badi S, Elidrisi A, Husain NE, Zainudin SB, Mahmood A, Abubaker NE, Alghamdi AS, Ahmed MH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36404821/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36405095","pmid":"36405095","doi":"10.1017/jns.2022.90","title":"Alternate day fasting on subjective feelings of appetite and body weight for adults with overweight or obesity: a systematic review.","year":"2022","author":"Kucuk B, Berg RC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36405095/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36427275","pmid":"36427275","doi":"10.1111/sms.14280","title":"High-intensity interval training improves metabolic syndrome in women with breast cancer receiving Anthracyclines.","year":"2023","author":"Gonzalo-Encabo P, Christopher CN, Lee K, Normann AJ, Yunker AG, Norris MK, Wang E, Dieli-Conwright CM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36427275/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36430630","pmid":"36430630","doi":"10.3390/ijms232214133","title":"Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β: A True Foe in Pancreatic Cancer.","year":"2022","author":"Elmadbouh OHM, Pandol SJ, Edderkaoui M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36430630/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36432116","pmid":"36432116","doi":"10.3390/molecules27228015","title":"HMGCS2 Mediation of Ketone Levels Affects Sorafenib Treatment Efficacy in Liver Cancer Cells.","year":"2022","author":"Suk FM, Wu CY, Chiu WC, Chien CY, Chen TL, Liao YJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36432116/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Specific cell/drug context; no animals or human efficacy reported here and no fasting intervention. Cannot generalize to every tumor’s fuel needs.","assessmentId":"36432116","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36432420","pmid":"36432420","doi":"10.3390/nu14224734","title":"Effects of an Intermittent Fasting 5:2 Plus Program on Body Weight in Chinese Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Pilot Study.","year":"2022","author":"Kang J, Shi X, Fu J, Li H, Ma E, Chen W.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36432420/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Intermittent arm had a greater prescribed weekly deficit than daily restriction; self-selection and differing diets prevent attributing benefit to timing alone.","assessmentId":"36432420","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36432465","pmid":"36432465","doi":"10.3390/nu14224778","title":"Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding and Ramadan Fasting on Body Weight, Body Composition, Glucose Responses, and Insulin Resistance: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.","year":"2022","author":"Tsitsou S, Zacharodimos N, Poulia KA, Karatzi K, Dimitriadis G, Papakonstantinou E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36432465/","searches":["weight","glucose","muscle","religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36432618","pmid":"36432618","doi":"10.3390/nu14224932","title":"Molecular Mechanisms for Ketone Body Metabolism, Signaling Functions, and Therapeutic Potential in Cancer.","year":"2022","author":"Hwang CY, Choe W, Yoon KS, Ha J, Kim SS, Yeo EJ, Kang I.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36432618/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36438725","pmid":"36438725","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2022.1060436","title":"Bibliometric and visual analysis in the field of ketogenic diet on cancer from 2012 to 2021.","year":"2022","author":"Li R, Huang Q, Ye C, Wu C, Luo N, Lu Y, Fang J, Wang Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36438725/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"bibliometric","reason":"Bibliometric analysis of the literature, not an original health-outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36450119","pmid":"36450119","doi":"10.1089/jicm.2022.0699","title":"Hypnotherapy, Intermittent Fasting, and Exercise Group Programs in Atopic Dermatitis: A Randomized Controlled Explorative Clinical Trial During the COVID-19 Pandemic.","year":"2023","author":"Rotter G, Teut M, Schleicher R, Dell'Oro M, Ortiz M, Binting S, Tissen-Diabaté T, Roll S, Michalsen A, Staab D, Wolfarth B, Brinkhaus B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36450119/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Only four fasting participants, combined dietary changes, descriptive analysis and early termination; cannot establish fasting efficacy for eczema.","assessmentId":"36450119","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36453589","pmid":"36453589","doi":"10.1017/s0007114522003816","title":"Rationale and design of IMPACT-women: a randomised controlled trial of the effect of time-restricted eating, healthy eating and reduced sedentary behaviour on metabolic health during chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer.","year":"2023","author":"Christensen RAG, Haykowsky MJ, Nadler M, Prado CM, Small SD, Rickard JN, Pituskin E, Paterson DI, Mackey JR, Thompson RB, Kirkham AA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36453589/","searches":["glucose","cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36454261","pmid":"36454261","doi":"10.1089/dna.2022.0486","title":"Ketogenic Diet and Beta-Hydroxybutyrate in Colorectal Cancer.","year":"2022","author":"Khoziainova S, Rozenberg G, Levy M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36454261/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Commentary on the Dmitrieva-Posocco colorectal-cancer mouse study; not independent original evidence.","assessmentId":"36454261","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:36464996","pmid":"36464996","doi":"10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-0504","title":"Linking Physical Activity to Breast Cancer Risk via Insulin/Insulin-Like Growth Factor Signaling System, Part 1: The Effect of Physical Activity on the Insulin/Insulin-Like Growth Factor Signaling System.","year":"2022","author":"Swain CTV, Drummond AE, Milne RL, English DR, Brown KA, Chong JE, Skinner TL, van Roekel EH, Moore MM, Gaunt TR, Martin RM, Lewis SJ, Lynch BM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36464996/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36472138","pmid":"36472138","doi":"10.1097/ju.0000000000003081","title":"Adherence With Oral Anticancer Therapies: Clinical Trial vs Real-world Experiences With a Focus on Prostate Cancer.","year":"2023","author":"Higano CS, Hafron J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36472138/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36473336","pmid":"36473336","doi":"10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102680","title":"Effect of empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes during Ramadan on volume status, ketonaemia, and hypoglycaemia.","year":"2023","author":"Goh KG, Zakaria MH, Raja Azwan RN, Bhajan Singh KK, Badrul Hisham MH, Hussein Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36473336/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Abstract conclusion claims weight/eGFR reductions despite null results section; full-text reconciliation needed. Nonrandomized drug study, not fasting efficacy.","assessmentId":"36473336","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36482736","pmid":"36482736","doi":"","title":"Ethiadin Induces Apoptosis and Suppresses Growth of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells by Regulating the Phosphorylation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta (GSK3beta).","year":"2022","author":"Ren Y, Bao G, Yang H, Cao Z, Shao Z, Zhang Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482736/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36508320","pmid":"36508320","doi":"10.2337/dc22-1622","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Intermittent Fasting in People With Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes (INTERFAST-2)-A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2023","author":"Obermayer A, Tripolt NJ, Pferschy PN, Kojzar H, Aziz F, Müller A, Schauer M, Oulhaj A, Aberer F, Sourij C, Habisch H, Madl T, Pieber T, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Stadlbauer V, Sourij H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36508320/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small supervised trial with medication management; cannot extrapolate safety to unsupervised insulin use. Exact calorie protocol and arm counts need full text.","assessmentId":"36508320","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36515429","pmid":"36515429","doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgac661","title":"Effect of an Intermittent Calorie-restricted Diet on Type 2 Diabetes Remission: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2023","author":"Yang X, Zhou J, Shao H, Huang B, Kang X, Wu R, Bian F, Hu M, Liu D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36515429/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"yang","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:36518092","pmid":"36518092","doi":"10.1002/oby.23614","title":"Early time-restricted eating affects weight, metabolic health, mood, and sleep in adherent completers: A secondary analysis.","year":"2023","author":"Steger FL, Jamshed H, Bryan DR, Richman JS, Warriner AH, Hanick CJ, Martin CK, Salvy SJ, Peterson CM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36518092/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Post-randomization selection loses the full protection of randomization; same parent trial, not independent efficacy evidence.","assessmentId":"36518092","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36518093","pmid":"36518093","doi":"10.1002/oby.23620","title":"Time-restricted eating did not alter insulin sensitivity or β-cell function in adults with obesity: A randomized pilot study.","year":"2023","author":"Bantle AE, Lau KJ, Wang Q, Malaeb S, Harindhanavudhi T, Manoogian ENC, Panda S, Mashek DG, Chow LS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36518093/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small sample; same cohort as PMIDs 32270927 and 36337640, not three independent trials.","assessmentId":"36518093","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36519956","pmid":"36519956","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuac103","title":"Umbrella review of time-restricted eating on weight loss, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profile.","year":"2023","author":"Chew HSJ, Ang WHD, Tan ZYA, Ang WW, Chan KS, Lau Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36519956/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36547366","pmid":"36547366","doi":"10.1002/dmrr.3604","title":"Optimizing Ramadan fasting: A randomised controlled trial for people with type 2 diabetes during Ramadan applying the principles of the ADA/EASD consensus.","year":"2023","author":"Ibrahim M, Barker MM, Ahmad E, Ahmed A, Annabi FA, Ba-Essa EM, Davies MJ, Houeiss P, Iraqi H, Masood SN, Mimouni-Zerguini S, Shaikh S, Tantawi H, Tuomilehto J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36547366/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tests safer management, not fasting versus no fasting. Abstract attrition percentages do not align cleanly with stated equally randomized counts; verify participant flow.","assessmentId":"36547366","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36549296","pmid":"36549296","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2022.12.001","title":"Effect of alternate day fasting combined with aerobic exercise on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled trial.","year":"2023","author":"Ezpeleta M, Gabel K, Cienfuegos S, Kalam F, Lin S, Pavlou V, Song Z, Haus JM, Koppe S, Alexandria SJ, Tussing-Humphreys L, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36549296/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short study of liver fat, not cirrhosis or clinical events; borderline comparison with fasting alone should not be overstated.","assessmentId":"36549296","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36562831","pmid":"36562831","doi":"10.1007/s00228-022-03444-6","title":"Effect of metformin as an adjuvant therapy to letrozole on estradiol and other biomarkers involved in the pathogenesis of breast cancer in overweight and obese postmenopausal women: a pilot study.","year":"2023","author":"El-Attar AA, Ibrahim OM, Alhassanin SA, Essa ES, Mostafa TM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36562831/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36571891","pmid":"36571891","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2022.111909","title":"Metabolic and behavioral effects of time-restricted eating in women with overweight or obesity: Preliminary findings from a randomized study.","year":"2023","author":"Fagundes GBP, Tibães JRB, Silva ML, Braga MM, Silveira ALM, Teixeira AL, Ferreira AVM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36571891/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small short sample; lean-tissue loss belongs alongside weight benefit, and null symptom findings do not establish long-term psychological safety.","assessmentId":"36571891","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36576283","pmid":"36576283","doi":"10.6133/apjcn.202212_31(4).0008","title":"Effects of intermittent fasting on cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2022","author":"Zeng L, Li HR, Liu MW, Rao WM, He QQ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36576283/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36578878","pmid":"36578878","doi":"10.2147/dmso.s380544","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Empagliflozin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Fasting During Ramadan: A Real-World Study from Bangladesh.","year":"2022","author":"Pathan MDF, Akter N, Selim S, Saifuddin M, Qureshi NK, Kamrul-Hasan ABM, Hannan MA, Ahmed MAU, Mustari M, Chakraborty AK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36578878/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Nonrandomized drug comparison among fasting participants; does not establish fasting benefit or exclude rare medication harms.","assessmentId":"36578878","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36580199","pmid":"36580199","doi":"10.1007/s12020-022-03290-7","title":"Safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) during the month of Ramadan in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Pakistani population-an observational study from a tertiary care center in Karachi.","year":"2023","author":"Sheikh A, Das B, Sattar S, Islam N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36580199/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"20 participants excluded/lost; absence of rare events in 82 completers does not guarantee safety. Drug management, not fasting efficacy.","assessmentId":"36580199","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36581893","pmid":"36581893","doi":"10.1186/s12967-022-03809-6","title":"Metabolomic profiles of metformin in breast cancer survivors: a pooled analysis of plasmas from two randomized placebo-controlled trials.","year":"2022","author":"Bellerba F, Chatziioannou AC, Jasbi P, Robinot N, Keski-Rahkonen P, Trolat A, Vozar B, Hartman SJ, Scalbert A, Bonanni B, Johansson H, Sears DD, Gandini S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36581893/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36619318","pmid":"36619318","doi":"10.1136/bmjnph-2022-000462","title":"Association of periodic fasting with lower severity of COVID-19 outcomes in the SARS-CoV-2 prevaccine era: an observational cohort from the INSPIRE registry.","year":"2022","author":"Horne BD, May HT, Muhlestein JB, Le VT, Bair TL, Knowlton KU, Anderson JL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36619318/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Healthy-user/religious-lifestyle confounding and selected cardiac-registry population; no fasting treatment assignment. Same INSPIRE source population as other reports.","assessmentId":"36619318","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36647110","pmid":"36647110","doi":"10.1186/s13063-023-07070-0","title":"Comparison of the effect of modified intermittent fasting and daily calorie restriction on sleep quality, anthropometric data, and body composition in women with obesity or overweight: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2023","author":"Hooshiar SH, Yazdani A, Jafarnejad S, Jafarnejad S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36647110/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36647882","pmid":"36647882","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202301_30880","title":"Intermittent fasting in type 2 diabetes: from fundamental science to clinical applications.","year":"2023","author":"Chen L, Tian FY, Hu XH, Wu JW, Xu WD, Huang Q.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36647882/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Narrative mechanistic/clinical review of intermittent fasting in diabetes, not original participant or experimental data.","assessmentId":"36647882","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:36678156","pmid":"36678156","doi":"10.3390/nu15020285","title":"Effect of Time-Restricted Eating and Resistance Training on High-Speed Strength and Body Composition.","year":"2023","author":"Correia JM, Santos PDG, Pezarat-Correia P, Minderico CS, Infante J, Mendonca GV.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36678156/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small short athletic sample and multiple performance outcomes; no general superiority or long-term muscle-safety conclusion.","assessmentId":"36678156","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36680967","pmid":"36680967","doi":"10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102707","title":"Real-world safety and effectiveness of iGlarLixi in people with type 2 diabetes who fast during Ramadan: The SoliRam observational study.","year":"2023","author":"Hassanein M, Malek R, Shaltout I, Sahay RK, Buyukbese MA, Djaballah K, Pilorget V, Coudert M, Al Sifri S, SoliRam Study Investigators.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36680967/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Selected established drug users; no fasting efficacy comparison. Improved HbA1c coexisted with some low-glucose events.","assessmentId":"36680967","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36687703","pmid":"36687703","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2022.964797","title":"Ramadan fasting reduces high-sensitivity C-reactive protein among HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy.","year":"2022","author":"Widhani A, Yunihastuti E, Setiati S, Witjaksono F, Karjadi TH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36687703/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Multiple concurrent behavior changes confound attribution; no viral-control, cardiovascular-event or survival outcome.","assessmentId":"36687703","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36702768","pmid":"36702768","doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgad036","title":"The Effect of Early Time-Restricted Eating vs Later Time-Restricted Eating on Weight Loss and Metabolic Health.","year":"2023","author":"Liu J, Yi P, Liu F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36702768/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36710112","pmid":"36710112","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2022.12.004","title":"Effectiveness of Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting and concurrent training in the management of obesity: is the combination worth the weight?","year":"2023","author":"Maaloul R, Marzougui H, Ben Dhia I, Ghroubi S, Tagougui S, Kallel C, Driss T, Elleuch MH, Ayadi F, Turki M, Hammouda O.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36710112/","searches":["weight","religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Both groups fasted; isolates added training, not the effect of fasting. Small male-only sample.","assessmentId":"36710112","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36712417","pmid":"36712417","doi":"10.3389/fneur.2022.1087126","title":"Feasibility and acceptability of time-restricted eating in a group of adults with multiple sclerosis.","year":"2022","author":"Wingo BC, Rinker JR, Green K, Peterson CM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36712417/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Feasibility is not efficacy; no controlled evidence of slowed progression, fewer relapses or disability improvement.","assessmentId":"36712417","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36731762","pmid":"36731762","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114103","title":"Controlled light exposure and intermittent fasting as treatment strategies for metabolic syndrome and gut microbiome dysregulation in night shift workers.","year":"2023","author":"Bijnens S, Depoortere I.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36731762/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36738837","pmid":"36738837","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110569","title":"Time-restricted eating improves measures of daily glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2023","author":"Parr EB, Steventon-Lorenzen N, Johnston R, Maniar N, Devlin BL, Lim KHC, Hawley JA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36738837/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short uncontrolled study; self-reported dietary stability cannot prove independence from energy changes.","assessmentId":"36738837","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36771218","pmid":"36771218","doi":"10.3390/nu15030511","title":"Glucose Metabolism and Metabolomic Changes in Response to Prolonged Fasting in Individuals with Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes and Non-Obese People-A Cohort Trial.","year":"2023","author":"Tripolt NJ, Hofer SJ, Pferschy PN, Aziz F, Durand S, Aprahamian F, Nirmalathasan N, Waltenstorfer M, Eisenberg T, Obermayer AMA, Riedl R, Kojzar H, Moser O, Sourij C, Bugger H, Oulhaj A, Pieber TR, Zanker M, Kroemer G, Madeo F, Sourij H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36771218/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Acute physiology, not chronic disease benefit. Lower fasting glucose can coexist with worse glucose tolerance after a meal; exact indices and counts need full text.","assessmentId":"36771218","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36771469","pmid":"36771469","doi":"10.3390/nu15030756","title":"Chrononutrition during Pregnancy and Its Association with Maternal and Offspring Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Ramadan and Non-Ramadan Studies.","year":"2023","author":"Chen YE, Loy SL, Chen LW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36771469/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36819321","pmid":"36819321","doi":"10.7759/cureus.33920","title":"The Impact of Fasting the Holy Month of Ramadan on Colorectal Cancer Patients and Two Tumor Biomarkers: A Tertiary-Care Hospital Experience.","year":"2023","author":"Alshammari K, Alhaidal HA, Alharbi R, Alrubaiaan A, Abdel-Razaq W, Alyousif G, Alkaiyat M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36819321/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No tumor-response or survival proof; small selected cohort and chemotherapy confounding. Stable kidney markers cannot rule out all fasting harms.","assessmentId":"36819321","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36827218","pmid":"36827218","doi":"10.3390/medicines10020018","title":"Fasting Protocols Do Not Improve Intestinal Architecture and Immune Parameters in C57BL/6 Male Mice Fed a High Fat Diet.","year":"2023","author":"Ageeli RY, Sharma S, Puppa M, Bloomer RJ, Buddington RK, van der Merwe M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36827218/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Mouse gut outcomes; demonstrates that meal timing does not automatically offset poor diet composition. Daniel Fast is food-choice restriction.","assessmentId":"36827218","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36857596","pmid":"36857596","doi":"10.1093/jncics/pkad017","title":"Association of metformin, aspirin, and cancer incidence with mortality risk in adults with diabetes.","year":"2023","author":"Orchard SG, Lockery JE, Broder JC, Ernst ME, Espinoza S, Gibbs P, Wolfe R, Polekhina G, Zoungas S, Loomans-Kropp HA, Woods RL, ASPREE Investigator Group.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36857596/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36863257","pmid":"36863257","doi":"10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104496","title":"Fasting-mimicking diet synergizes with ferroptosis against quiescent, chemotherapy-resistant cells.","year":"2023","author":"Liu X, Peng S, Tang G, Xu G, Xie Y, Shen D, Zhu M, Huang Y, Wang X, Yu H, Huang M, Luo Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36863257/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"liupersisters","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually.","assessmentId":"36863257"},{"id":"MED:36864418","pmid":"36864418","doi":"10.1186/s12885-023-10664-1","title":"Effect of a 1-year tailored exercise program according to cancer trajectories in patients with breast cancer: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2023","author":"Ryu J, Lee EY, Min J, Yeon S, Lee JW, Chu SH, Lee H, Kim SI, Kim JY, Park S, Jeon JY.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36864418/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36866742","pmid":"36866742","doi":"10.1017/s0007114523000557","title":"Prolonged fasting outperforms short-term fasting in terms of glucose tolerance and insulin release: a randomised controlled trial.","year":"2023","author":"Solianik R, Židonienė K, Eimantas N, Brazaitis M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36866742/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Title’s relative advantage does not mean fasting immediately improved glucose tolerance. Short healthy-male experiment, not evidence for diabetes treatment or universal multi-day safety.","assessmentId":"36866742","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36875837","pmid":"36875837","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2023.1079250","title":"Health effects of the time-restricted eating in adults with obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2023","author":"Chen W, Liu X, Bao L, Yang P, Zhou H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36875837/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36888890","pmid":"36888890","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuad015","title":"Metabolic impact of intermittent energy restriction and periodic fasting in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review.","year":"2023","author":"van den Burg EL, van Peet PG, Schoonakker MP, van de Haar DE, Numans ME, Pijl H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36888890/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:3689968","pmid":"3689968","doi":"","title":"[Change in tissue glycogen reserves in tumor bearers as a reflection of a hypoglycemic stress syndrome].","year":"1987","author":"Chekulaev VA, Shelepov VP, Pasha-Zade GR, Shapot VS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3689968/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Host glycogen pools differ from tumor fuel requirements; no fasting intervention or survival benefit established.","assessmentId":"3689968","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36911845","pmid":"36911845","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.3194","title":"Is time-restricted eating (8/16) beneficial for body weight and metabolism of obese and overweight adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2023","author":"Huang L, Chen Y, Wen S, Lu D, Shen X, Deng H, Xu L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36911845/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36921709","pmid":"36921709","doi":"10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175655","title":"Flavonoids attenuate cancer metabolism by modulating Lipid metabolism, amino acids, ketone bodies and redox state mediated by Nrf2.","year":"2023","author":"Samec M, Mazurakova A, Lucansky V, Koklesova L, Pecova R, Pec M, Golubnitschaja O, Al-Ishaq RK, Caprnda M, Gaspar L, Prosecky R, Gazdikova K, Adamek M, Büsselberg D, Kruzliak P, Kubatka P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36921709/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36940624","pmid":"36940624","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2023.111982","title":"Macronutrient composition and its effect on body composition changes during weight loss therapy in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2023","author":"Lindqvist C, Holmer M, Hagström H, Petersson S, Tillander V, Brismar TB, Stål P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36940624/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Secondary subset of an existing cohort, not independent replication; cannot isolate timing from energy deficit.","assessmentId":"36940624","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36940663","pmid":"36940663","doi":"10.1159/000530124","title":"Effects of Preoperative Oral Carbohydrate Loading on Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio and Postoperative Complications following Colorectal Cancer Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Study.","year":"2023","author":"Rizvanović N, Nesek Adam V, Kalajdžija M, Čaušević S, Dervišević S, Smajić J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36940663/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Procedural or perioperative care rather than elective fasting or a direct cancer/autophagy mechanism.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:36950420","pmid":"36950420","doi":"10.12669/pjms.39.2.7332","title":"Maternal and perinatal outcome of Ramadan fasting in women with gestational diabetes.","year":"2023","author":"Abdullah S, Shumaila, Mughal S, Samuel M, Hossain N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36950420/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No non-fasting control, small subgroups and inconsistent diabetes count (52 in methods, 57 in results). Cannot establish pregnancy safety from nonsignificant differences.","assessmentId":"36950420","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:36986128","pmid":"36986128","doi":"10.3390/nu15061398","title":"Alternate-Day Fasting Combined with Exercise: Effect on Sleep in Adults with Obesity and NAFLD.","year":"2023","author":"Ezpeleta M, Gabel K, Cienfuegos S, Kalam F, Lin S, Pavlou V, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36986128/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Questionnaire outcomes and small groups; not an independent weight-loss trial.","assessmentId":"36986128","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37003095","pmid":"37003095","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105353","title":"Differential effects of continuous and intermittent daytime food deprivation periods on metabolism and reproductive performance in diurnal zebra finches.","year":"2023","author":"Prabhat A, Buniyaadi A, Bhardwaj SK, Kumar V.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37003095/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"nonhuman-other","reason":"Bird feeding/reproductive physiology outside the specified human-benefit and cancer/autophagy mechanism questions.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37007741","pmid":"37007741","doi":"10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101923","title":"Phenotype tailored lifestyle intervention on weight loss and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with obesity: a single-centre, non-randomised, proof-of-concept study.","year":"2023","author":"Cifuentes L, Ghusn W, Feris F, Campos A, Sacoto D, De la Rosa A, McRae A, Rieck T, Mansfield S, Ewoldt J, Friend J, Grothe K, Lennon RJ, Hurtado MD, Clark MM, Camilleri M, Hensrud DD, Acosta A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37007741/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different drug, supplement, exercise, dietary pattern or biomarker association; no fasting intervention or direct tumor-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37024596","pmid":"37024596","doi":"10.1038/s41591-023-02287-7","title":"Intermittent fasting plus early time-restricted eating versus calorie restriction and standard care in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2023","author":"Teong XT, Liu K, Vincent AD, Bensalem J, Liu B, Hattersley KJ, Zhao L, Feinle-Bisset C, Sargeant TJ, Wittert GA, Hutchison AT, Heilbronn LK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37024596/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"teong","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:37028708","pmid":"37028708","doi":"10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.001","title":"Nutrition and Exercise Interventions to Improve Body Composition for Persons with Overweight or Obesity Near Retirement Age: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","year":"2023","author":"Eglseer D, Traxler M, Embacher S, Reiter L, Schoufour JD, Weijs PJM, Voortman T, Boirie Y, Cruz-Jentoft A, Bauer S, SO-NUTS consortium.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37028708/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37031790","pmid":"37031790","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124363","title":"Tumor-targeted glycogen nanoparticles loaded with hemin and glucose oxidase to promote tumor synergistic therapy.","year":"2023","author":"Qiu L, Wang J, Conceição M, Liu S, Yang M, Chen W, Long M, Cheng X, Wood MJA, Chen J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37031790/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Polymer/nanoparticle delivery material rather than glycogen or ketones as cancer fuel or a fasting intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37037346","pmid":"37037346","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124396","title":"Synthesis and characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/chitosan-graft poly (acrylic acid) conjugate hyaluronate for targeted delivery of methotrexate drug to colon cancer cells.","year":"2023","author":"Hanna DH, Hamed AA, Saad GR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37037346/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Glycogen or hydroxybutyrate is a carrier/scaffold material rather than a cancer-fuel or dietary fasting intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37042508","pmid":"37042508","doi":"","title":"A Review of Intermittent Fasting as a Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.","year":"2023","author":"Silver DT, Pekari TB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37042508/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37082115","pmid":"37082115","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2023.1096093","title":"Time-restricted feeding's effect on overweight and obese patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3-4: A prospective non-randomized control pilot study.","year":"2023","author":"Lao BN, Luo JH, Xu XY, Fu LZ, Tang F, Ouyang WW, Xu XZ, Wei MT, Xiao BJ, Chen LY, Wu YF, Liu XS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37082115/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Preference assignment, short follow-up and body-composition effects on creatinine complicate kidney interpretation; no kidney-failure endpoint.","assessmentId":"37082115","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37091135","pmid":"37091135","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-57225","title":"Prolonged Fasting as a Cause of Deep Vein Thrombosis: A Case Report.","year":"2023","author":"Roberge G, Samson C, Le Gal G, Calabrino A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37091135/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Cannot estimate incidence or prove causality. Exposure included prolonged dry fasting, so it must not be described as water-only throughout.","assessmentId":"37091135","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37116107","pmid":"37116107","doi":"10.1200/cci.22.00168","title":"Risk Factors of Hyperglycemia After Treatment With the AKT Inhibitor Ipatasertib in the Prostate Cancer Setting: A Machine Learning-Based Investigation.","year":"2023","author":"Harun R, Sane R, Yoshida K, Sutaria DS, Jin JY, Lu J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37116107/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37119413","pmid":"37119413","doi":"10.1007/s11033-023-08458-6","title":"miR-22-enriched breast cancer cells display repressed glycolytic metabolism, increased glycogen synthesis, and reduced survival in low glucose conditions.","year":"2023","author":"Koufaris C, Papandreou ME, Ellis JK, Nicolaidou V, Keun HC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37119413/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Gene-expression manipulation, not fasting; increased glycogen-related expression did not simply mean enhanced cancer survival.","assessmentId":"37119413","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37142307","pmid":"37142307","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066740","title":"Effect of modified alternate day fasting diet on the severity of premenstrual syndrome and health-related quality of life in women with overweight or obesity: a trial study protocol.","year":"2023","author":"Hooshiar SH, Yazdani A, Jafarnejad S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37142307/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37142604","pmid":"37142604","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-38165-6","title":"Restoration of lysosomal acidification rescues autophagy and metabolic dysfunction in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.","year":"2023","author":"Zeng J, Acin-Perez R, Assali EA, Martin A, Brownstein AJ, Petcherski A, Fernández-Del-Rio L, Xiao R, Lo CH, Shum M, Liesa M, Han X, Shirihai OS, Grinstaff MW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37142604/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Nanoparticle treatment, not dietary fasting; illustrates that functional lysosomal degradation matters, rather than assuming more autophagy-marker accumulation is beneficial.","assessmentId":"37142604","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37160808","pmid":"37160808","doi":"10.1007/s00464-023-10067-0","title":"To cut or not to cut? A prospective randomized controlled trial on short-term outcomes of the uncut Roux-en-Y reconstruction for gastric cancer.","year":"2023","author":"Xu H, Yang L, Zhang DC, Li Z, Li QY, Wang LJ, Li FY, Wang WZ, Xia YW, Xu ZK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37160808/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37185457","pmid":"37185457","doi":"10.1038/s41388-023-02700-y","title":"Elevated serum β-hydroxybutyrate, a circulating ketone metabolite, accelerates colorectal cancer proliferation and metastasis via ACAT1.","year":"2023","author":"Mao T, Qin F, Zhang M, Li J, Li J, Lai M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37185457/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Human association does not show dietary causation; model results differ from other colorectal ketone studies. Concentrations, genotypes and treatment contexts must be compared before generalizing.","assessmentId":"37185457","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37185758","pmid":"37185758","doi":"10.3390/cimb45040234","title":"Galectin-3 Mediates Tumor Progression in Astrocytoma by Regulating Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Activity.","year":"2023","author":"Tsai HP, Lin CJ, Lieu AS, Chen YT, Tseng TT, Kwan AL, Loh JK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37185758/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37220136","pmid":"37220136","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0285827","title":"Analysis of ancestry-specific polygenic risk score and diet composition in type 2 diabetes.","year":"2023","author":"Hardy DS, Garvin JT, Mersha TB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37220136/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37223533","pmid":"37223533","doi":"10.1016/j.gendis.2022.04.020","title":"OXCT1 regulates NF-κB signaling pathway through β-hydroxybutyrate-mediated ketone body homeostasis in lung cancer.","year":"2023","author":"Lu Z, Han T, Wang T, Gan M, Xie C, Yu B, Wang JB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37223533/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"lungoxct","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually.","assessmentId":"37223533"},{"id":"MED:37224793","pmid":"37224793","doi":"10.1016/j.ygyno.2023.05.009","title":"Endometrial cancer survivors' perceptions of their cardiovascular disease risk (results from WF-1804CD AH-HA).","year":"2023","author":"DeMari JA, Dressler EV, Foraker RE, Wells BJ, Smith S, Klepin H, Hundley WG, Lesser GJ, Shalowitz DI, Nightingale CL, Hernandez M, Weaver KE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37224793/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37228155","pmid":"37228155","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0286346","title":"Association of dietary sodium intake with impaired fasting glucose in adult cancer survivors: A population-based cross-sectional study.","year":"2023","author":"Kim K, Kim H, Jun TJ, Kim YH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37228155/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37231377","pmid":"37231377","doi":"10.1186/s12884-023-05588-4","title":"Pregnancy outcomes and neonatal thyroid function in women with thyroid cancer: a retrospective study.","year":"2023","author":"Yuan X, Zhao J, Wang J, Zheng W, Kong Y, Li G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37231377/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37234349","pmid":"37234349","doi":"10.1016/j.jsps.2023.04.022","title":"Safety and tolerability of Empagliflozin use during the holy month of Ramadan by fasting patients with type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study.","year":"2023","author":"Samkari MM, Bokhari NS, Alhajaji R, Ahmed ME, Al Raddadi A, Bahget AK, Saleh SF, Aljehani F, Alzahrani SH, Alsifyani SS, Samkari MM, Badr AF, Alalawi M, Al Sulaiman K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37234349/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Matching cannot remove unmeasured confounding; wide confirmed-event interval. Tests drug choice, not fasting benefit.","assessmentId":"37234349","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37248144","pmid":"37248144","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2023.05.005","title":"Effectiveness of intermittent fasting for weight loss in individuals with obesity: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2023","author":"Silverii GA, Cresci B, Benvenuti F, Santagiuliana F, Rotella F, Mannucci E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37248144/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37250536","pmid":"37250536","doi":"10.12669/pjms.39.3.7017","title":"Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Body Weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) in Public Sector Undergraduate Medical Students of Peshawar.","year":"2023","author":"Majid A, Osama M, Noman M, Nisa U, Haider I.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37250536/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Convenience sample and unclear analyzed count; reported ANOVA statistics warrant checking. Does not support lasting weight loss or a blanket safety claim.","assessmentId":"37250536","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37251671","pmid":"37251671","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2023.1143799","title":"Six-month periodic fasting does not affect somatosensory nerve function in type 2 diabetes patients.","year":"2023","author":"Kender Z, von Rauchhaupt E, Schwarz D, Tsilingiris D, Schimpfle L, Bartl H, Longo VD, Bendszus M, Kopf S, Herzig S, Heiland S, Szendroedi J, Sulaj A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37251671/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small multiple-outcome analysis of the parent nephropathy trial (PMID 35661214); no established reversal of neuropathy or generalized nerve repair.","assessmentId":"37251671","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37263255","pmid":"37263255","doi":"10.1159/000530269","title":"The Role of Intermittent Fasting and Dieting on Cognition in Adult Population: A Systematic Review of the Randomized Controlled Trials.","year":"2023","author":"Senderovich H, Farahneh O, Waicus S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37263255/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37269192","pmid":"37269192","doi":"10.1002/cam4.6187","title":"Randomized trial of exercise on cancer-related blood biomarkers and survival in women with ovarian cancer.","year":"2023","author":"Cartmel B, Li FY, Zhou Y, Gottlieb L, Lu L, Mszar R, Harrigan M, Ligibel JA, Gogoi R, Schwartz PE, Risch HA, Irwin ML.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37269192/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37275490","pmid":"37275490","doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2023.1020887","title":"Effects of time-restricted feeding and walking exercise on the physical health of female college students with hidden obesity: a randomized trial.","year":"2023","author":"Liu H, Chen S, Ji H, Dai Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37275490/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Weight reduction was not uniformly healthy body-composition change. Multiple analyses, small groups and narrow population limit generalization.","assessmentId":"37275490","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37275639","pmid":"37275639","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2023.1174293","title":"Alternate-day modified fasting diet improves weight loss, subjective sleep quality and daytime dysfunction in women with obesity or overweight: a randomized, controlled trial.","year":"2023","author":"Hooshiar SH, Yazdani A, Jafarnejad S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37275639/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Selected positive subscales should not replace null primary sleep outcomes; short follow-up and multiple endpoints.","assessmentId":"37275639","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37280675","pmid":"37280675","doi":"10.1186/s13046-023-02715-z","title":"Glycogen synthase 1 targeting reveals a metabolic vulnerability in triple-negative breast cancer.","year":"2023","author":"de Heer EC, Zois CE, Bridges E, van der Vegt B, Sheldon H, Veldman WA, Zwager MC, van der Sluis T, Haider S, Morita T, Baba O, Schröder CP, de Jong S, Harris AL, Jalving M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37280675/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Human data are observational; intervention evidence is preclinical gene targeting, not fasting. Indexed correction PMID 37635223 requires consideration; GYS1 may have functions beyond fuel storage.","assessmentId":"37280675","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37299580","pmid":"37299580","doi":"10.3390/nu15112617","title":"Post-Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding against Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Obese Mice.","year":"2023","author":"Yun N, Nah J, Lee MN, Wu D, Pae M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37299580/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Mouse tissue-specific persistence, not a human duration guarantee; no universal lasting fasting effect.","assessmentId":"37299580","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37313231","pmid":"37313231","doi":"10.17925/ee.2023.19.1.25","title":"Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Glycaemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","year":"2023","author":"Sharma SK, Mudgal SK, Kalra S, Gaur R, Thakur K, Agarwal R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37313231/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37315900","pmid":"37315900","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110775","title":"Magnetic resonance study of visceral, subcutaneous, liver and pancreas fat changes after 12 weeks intermittent fasting in obese participants with prediabetes.","year":"2023","author":"Dokpuang D, Zhiyong Yang J, Nemati R, He K, Plank LD, Murphy R, Lu J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37315900/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No non-fasting control; primarily tests supplementation and fat distribution, not independent fasting efficacy.","assessmentId":"37315900","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37335291","pmid":"37335291","doi":"10.18632/oncotarget.28458","title":"Utilizing metformin to prevent metabolic syndrome due to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT): a randomized phase II study of metformin in non-diabetic men initiating ADT for advanced prostate cancer.","year":"2023","author":"Mahalingam D, Hanni S, Serritella AV, Fountzilas C, Michalek J, Hernandez B, Sarantopoulos J, Datta P, Romero O, Pillai SMA, Kuhn J, Pollak M, Thompson IM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37335291/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37347364","pmid":"37347364","doi":"10.1007/s12032-023-02069-8","title":"Identification of glycogen phosphorylase L as a potential target for lung cancer.","year":"2023","author":"He XL, Lyu WY, Li XY, Zhao H, Qi L, Lu JJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37347364/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Correlative human data plus cell intervention; no human treatment, dietary restriction or demonstration that all cancer needs glycogen.","assessmentId":"37347364","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37364268","pmid":"37364268","doi":"10.7326/m23-0052","title":"Time-Restricted Eating Without Calorie Counting for Weight Loss in a Racially Diverse Population : A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2023","author":"Lin S, Cienfuegos S, Ezpeleta M, Gabel K, Pavlou V, Mulas A, Chakos K, McStay M, Wu J, Tussing-Humphreys L, Alexandria SJ, Sanchez J, Unterman T, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37364268/","searches":["weight"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"lin","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:37375570","pmid":"37375570","doi":"10.3390/nu15122666","title":"Therapeutic Fasting in Reducing Chemotherapy Side Effects in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","year":"2023","author":"Ferro Y, Maurotti S, Tarsitano MG, Lodari O, Pujia R, Mazza E, Lascala L, Russo R, Pujia A, Montalcini T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37375570/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37375597","pmid":"37375597","doi":"10.3390/nu15122695","title":"Effects of Prolonged Fasting during Inpatient Multimodal Treatment on Pain and Functional Parameters in Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis: A Prospective Exploratory Observational Study.","year":"2023","author":"Koppold DA, Kandil FI, Güttler O, Müller A, Steckhan N, Meiß S, Breinlinger C, Nelle E, Hartmann AM, Jeitler M, Hanslian E, Fischer JM, Michalsen A, Kessler CS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37375597/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Fasting cannot be isolated from other inpatient therapies, expectations or weight loss. Follow-up attrition/durability require full text.","assessmentId":"37375597","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37377031","pmid":"37377031","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuad081","title":"Efficacy and safety of prolonged water fasting: a narrative review of human trials.","year":"2024","author":"Ezpeleta M, Cienfuegos S, Lin S, Pavlou V, Gabel K, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37377031/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37387443","pmid":"37387443","doi":"10.3892/ijo.2023.5540","title":"Deactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β by heat shock‑inducible tumor small protein attenuates hyperthermia‑induced pro‑migratory activity in colorectal cancer cells.","year":"2023","author":"Koizumi K, Domoto T, Minamoto T, Satomura K, Nakajima H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37387443/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37389467","pmid":"37389467","doi":"10.1097/mco.0000000000000959","title":"Caloric restriction and fasting-mimicking diets in the treatment of cancer patients.","year":"2023","author":"Arends J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37389467/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37417177","pmid":"37417177","doi":"10.4103/1319-2442.379023","title":"Effect of Ramadan on Clinical and Biochemical Parameters among Non-fasting Hemodialysis Patients.","year":"2022","author":"Alkhunaizi AM, Alnasrallah B, Brady E, Amir A, Yousif B, Anwar A, Alkhunaizi MA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37417177/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"All 18 analyzed hemodialysis patients were non-fasting; study assessed Ramadan-associated lifestyle changes, not a fasting exposure or intervention.","assessmentId":"37417177","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:37423313","pmid":"37423313","doi":"10.1016/j.jshs.2023.07.001","title":"Comparison of the effects of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous training on inflammatory markers, cardiorespiratory fitness, and quality of life in breast cancer patients.","year":"2023","author":"Isanejad A, Nazari S, Gharib B, Motlagh AG.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37423313/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37435938","pmid":"37435938","doi":"10.1002/14651858.cd013178.pub2","title":"Interventions for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus fasting during Ramadan.","year":"2023","author":"Lee SWH, Chen WS, Sellappans R, Md Sharif SB, Metzendorf MI, Lai NM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37435938/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37436939","pmid":"37436939","doi":"10.1080/1028415x.2023.2234704","title":"Effect of time restricted feeding on anthropometric measures, eating behavior, stress, serum levels of BDNF and LBP in overweight/obese women with food addiction: a randomized clinical trial.","year":"2024","author":"Irani H, Abiri B, Khodami B, Yari Z, Lafzi Ghazi M, Hosseinzadeh N, Saidpour A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37436939/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"BDNF and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein are indirect markers, not proof of improved brain function or a microbiome mechanism; short selected sample.","assessmentId":"37436939","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37447384","pmid":"37447384","doi":"10.3390/nu15133058","title":"Hepatic and Skeletal Muscle Autophagy Marker Levels in Rat Models of Prenatal and Postnatal Protein Restriction.","year":"2023","author":"Santosa I, Shoji H, Arai Y, Awata K, Tokita K, Shimizu T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37447384/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Protein restriction in developing animals is not adult fasting. Static LC3/p62 measurements do not alone establish autophagic flux or a human timing threshold.","assessmentId":"37447384","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37448219","pmid":"37448219","doi":"10.1017/s1368980023001374","title":"Developing feasible healthy diets for Ethiopian women of reproductive age: a linear goal programming approach.","year":"2023","author":"Bekele TH, van Rooijen M, Gerdessen JC, Brouwer ID, Feskens EJ, Trijsburg L, Alemayehu D, de Vries JH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37448219/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37457375","pmid":"37457375","doi":"10.1080/27694127.2022.2040763","title":"Driving arginine catabolism to activate systemic autophagy.","year":"2022","author":"Zhang Y, Finck BN, DeBosch BJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37457375/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-abstract-and-publication-type","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Editorial, news or commentary on research reported elsewhere. Retain for reference tracing; do not count as an independent original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37488260","pmid":"37488260","doi":"10.1038/s41430-023-01311-w","title":"Time-restricted eating with calorie restriction on weight loss and cardiometabolic risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2023","author":"Sun JC, Tan ZT, He CJ, Hu HL, Zhai CL, Qian G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37488260/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37521969","pmid":"37521969","doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2023.1133614","title":"A new perspective on special effective interventions for metabolic syndrome risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2023","author":"Wang H, Dai Y, Huang S, Rong S, Qi Y, Li B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37521969/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37525238","pmid":"37525238","doi":"10.1186/s12889-023-16385-1","title":"Changes in dietary and lifestyle behaviors and mental stress among medical students upon Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting: a prospective cohort study from Taif/Saudi Arabia.","year":"2023","author":"Alotaibi MI, Elsamad G, Aljardahi AN, Alghamdi AN, Alotaibi AI, Alorabi HM, Alzahrani KM, Abdel-Moneim AS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37525238/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Self-report, multiple simultaneous lifestyle changes and no control; no clinical disease-prevention evidence.","assessmentId":"37525238","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37527766","pmid":"37527766","doi":"10.1016/j.advnut.2023.07.006","title":"The Beneficial and Adverse Effects of Autophagic Response to Caloric Restriction and Fasting.","year":"2023","author":"Shabkhizan R, Haiaty S, Moslehian MS, Bazmani A, Sadeghsoltani F, Saghaei Bagheri H, Rahbarghazi R, Sakhinia E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37527766/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37538111","pmid":"37538111","doi":"10.3389/fonc.2023.1222573","title":"Effects of intermittent fasting on quality of life tolerance of chemotherapy in patients with gynecological cancers: study protocol of a randomized-controlled multi-center trial.","year":"2023","author":"Schmidt MW, Brenner W, Gebhard S, Schmidt M, Singer S, Weidenbach L, Hahn H, Puzankova D, Blau-Schneider B, Lehnert A, Battista MJ, Almstedt K, Lütkemeyer A, Radsak MP, Mähringer-Kunz A, Krajnak S, Linz VC, Schwab R, Gabriel B, Hasenburg A, Anic K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37538111/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37541691","pmid":"37541691","doi":"10.1136/bmjoq-2023-002396","title":"Reducing prolonged fasting for abdominal ultrasound scans.","year":"2023","author":"Sondh RS, Mankotia R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37541691/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37549455","pmid":"37549455","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2023.112159","title":"Intermittent fasting associated with aerobic exercise improves oxidative parameters and causes muscle damage without compromising the performance of Wistar rats.","year":"2023","author":"Dorand VAM, Soares NL, da Silva Andrade AA, Ribeiro MD, de Almeida Filho EJB, Neto MM, Batista KS, de Oliveira GC, Alves AF, de Paiva Sousa MC, Silva AS, Aquino JS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37549455/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Animal findings; favorable oxidative biomarkers do not establish overall benefit or muscle safety.","assessmentId":"37549455","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37581325","pmid":"37581325","doi":"10.2174/1573399820666230811152520","title":"Real-world Safety and Effectiveness of Insulin Glargine 300 U/mL in Participants with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus During the Period of Ramadan in Four Countries (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey): A Prospective Observational Study.","year":"2024","author":"Hassanein M, Shaltout I, Malek R, Assaad Khalil S, Ballout H, Annabi F, Shereen M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37581325/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No non-fasting or alternative-treatment control; medication adjustment and selection prevent attributing glucose changes to fasting.","assessmentId":"37581325","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37591044","pmid":"37591044","doi":"10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102845","title":"The effect of timing of remotely supervised exercise on glucose control in people with type 1 diabetes during Ramadan: A randomised crossover study.","year":"2023","author":"Al Ozairi E, ElSamad A, Al Kandari J, Hamdan Y, Taliping D, Gray SR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37591044/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Evaluates exercise timing under supervision, not fasting versus no fasting; small study cannot establish general safety.","assessmentId":"37591044","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37600671","pmid":"37600671","doi":"10.2147/bctt.s410500","title":"Diagnostic Value of a Combined Serum α-Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase, Carcinoembryonic Antigen and Glycoantigen 125 Test for Early-Stage Breast Cancer.","year":"2023","author":"Zhan CH, Liu GJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37600671/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37615485","pmid":"37615485","doi":"10.1002/ijc.34701","title":"Adding fasting-mimicking diet to first-line carboplatin-based chemotherapy is associated with better overall survival in advanced triple-negative breast cancer patients: A subanalysis of the NCT03340935 trial.","year":"2024","author":"Ligorio F, Lobefaro R, Fucà G, Provenzano L, Zanenga L, Nasca V, Sposetti C, Salvadori G, Ficchì A, Franza A, Martinetti A, Sottotetti E, Formisano B, Depretto C, Scaperrotta G, Belfiore A, Vingiani A, Ferraris C, Pruneri G, de Braud F, Vernieri C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37615485/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"ligoriosurvival","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:37621169","pmid":"37621169","doi":"10.1097/cco.0000000000000986","title":"Fasting-mimicking diet: a metabolic approach for the treatment of breast cancer.","year":"2023","author":"Ligorio F, Provenzano L, Vernieri C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37621169/","searches":["glucose","cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Narrative review of breast-cancer fasting/FMD research; no independent original cohort or experiment.","assessmentId":"37621169","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:37629695","pmid":"37629695","doi":"10.3390/medicina59081405","title":"A Nine-Gene Expression Signature Distinguished a Patient with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Who Underwent Prolonged Periodic Fasting.","year":"2023","author":"Bossi LE, Palumbo C, Trojani A, Melluso A, Di Camillo B, Beghini A, Sarnataro LM, Cairoli R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37629695/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Twenty samples are not twenty independent patients. Genetic/clinical differences and diet confounding prevent causal claims; no demonstrated cure, controlled progression benefit or safe fasting prescription.","assessmentId":"37629695","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37635223","pmid":"37635223","doi":"10.1186/s13046-023-02800-3","title":"Correction: Glycogen synthase 1 targeting reveals a metabolic vulnerability in triple-negative breast cancer.","year":"2023","author":"de Heer EC, Zois CE, Bridges E, van der Vegt B, Sheldon H, Veldman WA, Zwager MC, van der Sluis T, Haider S, Morita T, Baba O, Schröder CP, de Jong S, Harris AL, Jalving M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37635223/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"notice","reason":"Correction, addendum or retraction notice; retained for linked-source checking, not counted as an independent outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37644560","pmid":"37644560","doi":"10.1186/s13104-023-06453-5","title":"A patient perspective on applying intermittent fasting in gynecologic cancer.","year":"2023","author":"Redding A, Santarossa S, Murphy D, Udumula MP, Munkarah A, Hijaz M, Rattan R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37644560/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"This is research-design feedback, not a completed fasting efficacy trial; participant-count discrepancy needs full text.","assessmentId":"37644560","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37653075","pmid":"37653075","doi":"10.1038/s41416-023-02410-y","title":"Effect of a 1-year physical activity intervention on cardiovascular health in long-term childhood cancer survivors-a randomised controlled trial (SURfit).","year":"2023","author":"Rueegg CS, Zürcher SJ, Schindera C, Jung R, Deng WH, Bänteli I, Schaeff J, Hebestreit H, von der Weid NX, Kriemler S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37653075/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37663244","pmid":"37663244","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2023.1246783","title":"A novel poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-<i>co</i>-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)-PEG-melatonin composite scaffold enhances for inhibiting bone tumor recurrence and enhancing bone regeneration.","year":"2023","author":"Zhang WL, Dai ZW, Chen SY, Guo WX, Wang ZW, Wei JS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37663244/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Glycogen or hydroxybutyrate is a carrier/scaffold material rather than a cancer-fuel or dietary fasting intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37678852","pmid":"37678852","doi":"","title":"Inhibition of Autophagy in Renal Cells With Human, Urine-derived, Stem-cell Exosomes to Improve Diabetic Nephropathy.","year":"2023","author":"Nie H, Zhou L, Xu R, Yu J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37678852/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Rat diabetic-nephropathy exosome/drug study with fasting glucose as a measurement, not a fasting intervention. Abstract also conflicts on animal total (40 versus five groups of ten).","assessmentId":"37678852","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:37683322","pmid":"37683322","doi":"10.1016/j.tice.2023.102208","title":"Suspension state affects the stemness of breast cancer cells by regulating the glycogen synthase kinase-3β.","year":"2023","author":"Chen L, Lv Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37683322/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37727203","pmid":"37727203","doi":"10.3389/fonc.2023.1225645","title":"Changes in gut microbiota composition after 12 weeks of a home-based lifestyle intervention in breast cancer survivors during the COVID-19 lockdown.","year":"2023","author":"Donati Zeppa S, Natalucci V, Agostini D, Vallorani L, Amatori S, Sisti D, Rocchi MBL, Pazienza V, Perri F, Villani A, Binda E, Panebianco C, Mencarelli G, Ciuffreda L, Ferri Marini C, Annibalini G, Lucertini F, Bartolacci A, Imperio M, Virgili E, Catalano V, Piccoli G, Stocchi V, Emili R, Barbieri E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37727203/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37739649","pmid":"37739649","doi":"10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.06.024","title":"Fluctuations of serum fibroblast growth factor-21 levels in prolonged fasting in male adults.","year":"2023","author":"Ağaçdiken A, Göktaş Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37739649/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Very small uncontrolled biomarker study. Ramadan repeated daytime fasting is not uninterrupted multi-day fasting; no disease or longevity outcome.","assessmentId":"37739649","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37744523","pmid":"37744523","doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2023.1228628","title":"Evaluation of the \"Shifting Weight using Intermittent Fasting in night-shift workers\" weight loss interventions: a mixed-methods protocol.","year":"2023","author":"Davis C, Bonham MP, Kleve S, Dorrian J, Huggins CE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37744523/","searches":["weight","populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37746946","pmid":"37746946","doi":"10.1097/md.0000000000034896","title":"Nursing measures in the fast-track surgery on negative emotions in breast cancer patients: A meta-analysis.","year":"2023","author":"Wang S, Zhang Y, Ma X, Lin L, Tian L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37746946/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37754352","pmid":"37754352","doi":"10.3390/clockssleep5030034","title":"Timing Matters: The Interplay between Early Mealtime, Circadian Rhythms, Gene Expression, Circadian Hormones, and Metabolism-A Narrative Review.","year":"2023","author":"BaHammam AS, Pirzada A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37754352/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37759730","pmid":"37759730","doi":"10.3390/biom13091330","title":"Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Ethyl 3-Hydroxybutyrate in Alleviating Skeletal Muscle Wasting in Cancer Cachexia.","year":"2023","author":"Zhou Y, Lu R, Lin F, Chen S, He QQ, Wu G, Huang C, Lin D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37759730/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Injected supplement in a particular model is not evidence that fasting or dietary ketosis treats human cancer/cachexia.","assessmentId":"37759730","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37760956","pmid":"37760956","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines11092515","title":"Ketone Bodies Induce Unique Inhibition of Tumor Cell Proliferation and Enhance the Efficacy of Anti-Cancer Agents.","year":"2023","author":"Miller AI, Diaz D, Lin B, Krzesaj PK, Ustoyev S, Shim A, Fine EJ, Sarafraz-Yazdi E, Pincus MR, Feinman RD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37760956/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Growth arrest is not cancer-cell death. Cell-culture drug synergy does not establish human treatment efficacy or achievable dietary exposures.","assessmentId":"37760956","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37764710","pmid":"37764710","doi":"10.3390/nu15183926","title":"Understanding Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Risk Parameters through Intermittent Fasting: A Machine Learning Approach.","year":"2023","author":"Shazman S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37764710/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Algorithm development using previously published trial data; not an independent fasting intervention or prospectively validated clinical recommendation system. Reported prediction accuracy is not a patient treatment-success rate.","assessmentId":"37764710","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:37778272","pmid":"37778272","doi":"10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115592","title":"Clinical significance of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) expression and tumor budding grade in colorectal cancer: Implications for targeted therapy.","year":"2023","author":"Guil-Luna S, Rivas-Crespo A, Navarrete-Sirvent C, Mantrana A, Pera A, Mena-Osuna R, Toledano-Fonseca M, García-Ortíz MV, Villar C, Sánchez-Montero MT, Krueger J, Medina-Fernández FJ, De La Haba-Rodríguez J, Gómez-España A, Aranda E, Rudd CE, Rodríguez-Ariza A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37778272/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37793933","pmid":"37793933","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073572","title":"Randomised controlled trial of preconception lifestyle intervention on maternal and offspring health in people with increased risk of gestational diabetes: study protocol for the BEFORE THE BEGINNING trial.","year":"2023","author":"Sujan MAJ, Skarstad HMS, Rosvold G, Fougner SL, Nyrnes SA, Iversen AC, Follestad T, Salvesen KÅ, Moholdt T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37793933/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37816729","pmid":"37816729","doi":"10.1038/s41419-023-06202-3","title":"Inhibition of mitochondrial fission activates glycogen synthesis to support cell survival in colon cancer.","year":"2023","author":"Hasani S, Young LEA, Van Nort W, Banerjee M, Rivas DR, Kim J, Xiong X, Sun RC, Gentry MS, Sesaki H, Gao T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37816729/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Context-specific adaptive fuel use, not universal glycogen dependence. No human fasting treatment tested.","assessmentId":"37816729","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37822801","pmid":"37822801","doi":"10.2147/dmso.s429249","title":"Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Blood Glucose Level in Pregnant Women with Gestational and Type 2 Diabetes.","year":"2023","author":"Alsulami SS, Ghamri KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37822801/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No non-fasting control and wide interval; lower fasting glucose is not proof of maternal/fetal benefit. Most received no special fasting instructions.","assessmentId":"37822801","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37836517","pmid":"37836517","doi":"10.3390/nu15194233","title":"Efficacy of Time-Restricted Eating and Behavioral Economic Intervention in Reducing Fasting Plasma Glucose, HbA1c, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Patients with Impaired Fasting Glucose: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2023","author":"Suthutvoravut U, Anothaisintawee T, Boonmanunt S, Pramyothin S, Siriyothin S, Attia J, McKay GJ, Reutrakul S, Thakkinstian A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37836517/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Per-protocol selection cannot replace the randomized null result; exact protocol and attrition require full text.","assessmentId":"37836517","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37854337","pmid":"37854337","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2023.1265425","title":"Dynamics and ecological reassembly of the human gut microbiome and the host metabolome in response to prolonged fasting.","year":"2023","author":"Sang X, Li S, Guo R, Yan Q, Liu C, Zhang Y, Lv Q, Wu L, Ma J, You W, Feng L, Sun W.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37854337/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Microbiome change is not inherently improvement; no demonstrated clinical disease benefit and no causal proof that microbes drove host changes.","assessmentId":"37854337","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37862821","pmid":"37862821","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2023.10.010","title":"The impact of prolonged fasting on 24h energy metabolism and its 24h rhythmicity in healthy, lean males: A randomized cross-over trial.","year":"2023","author":"Andriessen C, Doligkeit D, Moonen-Kornips E, Mensink M, Hesselink MKC, Hoeks J, Schrauwen P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37862821/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Direct acute metabolic evidence, not proof of greater long-term fat loss or an autophagy start/peak time. Selected healthy male sample.","assessmentId":"37862821","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37875984","pmid":"37875984","doi":"10.1186/s13098-023-01190-y","title":"Effects of time-restricted eating with different eating windows on human metabolic health: pooled analysis of existing cohorts.","year":"2023","author":"Nie Z, Xu J, Cheng Y, Li Z, Zhang R, Zhang W, Zhao L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37875984/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Network meta-analysis of 27 existing randomized trials; useful secondary synthesis, not a new participant cohort. Must not add its sample as independent evidence.","assessmentId":"37875984","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:37880791","pmid":"37880791","doi":"10.1186/s13063-023-07691-5","title":"The effects of intermittent fasting diet alone or in combination with probiotic supplementation in comparison with calorie-restricted diet on metabolic and hormonal profile in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial.","year":"2023","author":"Talebi S, Shab-Bidar S, Mohammadi H, Moini A, Djafarian K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37880791/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37887153","pmid":"37887153","doi":"10.3390/ejihpe13100152","title":"Ramadan Fasting and Short-Term Maximal Physical Performance: Searching for Optimal Timing of the Last Meal \"Suhoor\" in Female Pre-University Handball Players.","year":"2023","author":"Bougrine H, Salem A, Nasser N, Ammar A, Chtourou H, Souissi N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37887153/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small athletic sample; tests meal timing during religious fasting, not clinical benefit or general adolescent safety.","assessmentId":"37887153","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37889487","pmid":"37889487","doi":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.39337","title":"Effect of Time-Restricted Eating on Weight Loss in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","year":"2023","author":"Pavlou V, Cienfuegos S, Lin S, Ezpeleta M, Ready K, Corapi S, Wu J, Lopez J, Gabel K, Tussing-Humphreys L, Oddo VM, Alexandria SJ, Sanchez J, Unterman T, Chow LS, Vidmar AP, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37889487/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"pavlou","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:37892388","pmid":"37892388","doi":"10.3390/nu15204313","title":"Effect of Time-Restricted Eating versus Daily Calorie Restriction on Mood and Quality of Life in Adults with Obesity.","year":"2023","author":"Lin S, Cienfuegos S, Ezpeleta M, Pavlou V, Chakos K, McStay M, Runchey MC, Alexandria SJ, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37892388/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same parent weight-loss trial, not independent replication; borderline vitality finding should not override overall null mood results.","assessmentId":"37892388","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37892432","pmid":"37892432","doi":"10.3390/nu15204357","title":"Ketogenic Diet and Breast Cancer: Recent Findings and Therapeutic Approaches.","year":"2023","author":"Urzì AG, Tropea E, Gattuso G, Spoto G, Marsala G, Calina D, Libra M, Falzone L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37892432/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:37929015","pmid":"37929015","doi":"10.1002/mco2.393","title":"Non-invasive omics analysis delineates molecular changes in water-only fasting and its sex-discriminating features in metabolic syndrome patients.","year":"2023","author":"Jiang Y, Tang Z, Zhu X, Xiao B, Tian H, Lei X, Peng H, Qin J, Zhang Y, Hoffman RM, Hu X, Chen Q, Ji G, Jia L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37929015/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short-term biomarker changes do not establish disease prevention, durable benefit or overall safety; proposed evolutionary explanation is speculative.","assessmentId":"37929015","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37960230","pmid":"37960230","doi":"10.3390/nu15214574","title":"Intermittent Fasting Attenuates Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis by Enhancing the Hepatic Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway.","year":"2023","author":"Kim KE, Shin HJ, Ju Y, Jung Y, An HS, Lee SJ, Jeong EA, Lee J, Hwang GS, Roh GS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37960230/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Preclinical mechanism; does not define human autophagy onset or establish reversal of clinical liver fibrosis.","assessmentId":"37960230","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37971503","pmid":"37971503","doi":"10.1007/s00125-023-06045-9","title":"Early time-restricted carbohydrate consumption vs conventional dieting in type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial.","year":"2024","author":"Tricò D, Masoni MC, Baldi S, Cimbalo N, Sacchetta L, Scozzaro MT, Nesti G, Mengozzi A, Nesti L, Chiriacò M, Natali A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37971503/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Restricts carbohydrate timing, not all calories. Small trial; active calorie restriction in both groups.","assessmentId":"37971503","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37979443","pmid":"37979443","doi":"10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.11.001","title":"β-hydroxybutyrate administered at reperfusion reduces infarct size and preserves cardiac function by improving mitochondrial function through autophagy in male mice.","year":"2024","author":"Chu Y, Hua Y, He L, He J, Chen Y, Yang J, Mahmoud I, Zeng F, Zeng X, Benavides GA, Darley-Usmar VM, Young ME, Ballinger SW, Prabhu SD, Zhang C, Xie M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37979443/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Human component measured ketones, not treatment efficacy. Achieving similar ketone levels by fasting does not establish fasting as heart-attack treatment.","assessmentId":"37979443","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:37980382","pmid":"37980382","doi":"10.1038/s41366-023-01416-z","title":"Network meta-analysis of three different forms of intermittent energy restrictions for overweight or obese adults.","year":"2024","author":"Ma Y, Sun L, Mu Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37980382/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38018193","pmid":"38018193","doi":"10.2174/0109298673275492231121062033","title":"Unlocking the Benefits of Fasting: A Review of its Impact on Various Biological Systems and Human Health.","year":"2024","author":"Mackieh R, Al-Bakkar N, Kfoury M, Okdeh N, Pietra H, Roufayel R, Legros C, Fajloun Z, Sabatier JM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38018193/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38057844","pmid":"38057844","doi":"10.1186/s13098-023-01232-5","title":"Mitigating iftar-related glycemic excursions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes on MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized clinical trial for adjunctive oral vildagliptin therapy during Ramadan fasting.","year":"2023","author":"Elbarbary NS, Ismail EAR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38057844/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Drug/device management, not fasting efficacy; selected population and small study cannot rule out rare harms.","assessmentId":"38057844","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38061522","pmid":"38061522","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128536","title":"Glycogen for lysosome-targeted CpG ODNs delivery and enhanced cancer immunotherapy.","year":"2024","author":"Zhang H, Lai L, Wang Z, Zhang J, Zhou J, Nie Y, Chen J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38061522/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Glycogen or hydroxybutyrate is a carrier/scaffold material rather than a cancer-fuel or dietary fasting intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38066628","pmid":"38066628","doi":"10.1186/s40795-023-00794-x","title":"The effects of intermittent fasting diet in comparison with low-calorie diet on lipid profile, glycemic status, and liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD): a study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial.","year":"2023","author":"Karimi M, Nejad MM, Akhgarjand C, Sohrabpour AA, Poustchi H, Imani H, Mohammadi H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38066628/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38068769","pmid":"38068769","doi":"10.3390/nu15234911","title":"Effectiveness of Time-Restricted Eating with Caloric Restriction vs. Caloric Restriction for Weight Loss and Health: Meta-Analysis.","year":"2023","author":"Črešnovar T, Habe B, Jenko Pražnikar Z, Petelin A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38068769/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38104857","pmid":"38104857","doi":"10.1016/j.cct.2023.107412","title":"Promotion of Successful Weight Management in Overweight and Obese Veterans (POWER-VET): Trial Design and Methods.","year":"2024","author":"Serra MC, Ortmeyer HK, Ryan AS, POWER-VET Project Team.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38104857/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38106546","pmid":"38106546","doi":"10.1155/2023/2636507","title":"The Impact of Hot Ambient Temperature and Prolonged Fasting Duration during Ramadan on Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Literature Review.","year":"2023","author":"AlSahow A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38106546/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38136270","pmid":"38136270","doi":"10.3390/cancers15245724","title":"Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Augments Oxaliplatin-Induced Cytotoxicity by Altering Energy Metabolism in Colorectal Cancer Organoids.","year":"2023","author":"Sever T, Ellidokuz EB, Basbinar Y, Ellidokuz H, Yilmaz ÖH, Calibasi-Kocal G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38136270/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Organoids are not treated patients. Ketone metabolism supporting drug-induced oxidative stress is different from starving cells of usable fuel.","assessmentId":"38136270","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38136416","pmid":"38136416","doi":"10.3390/cancers15245872","title":"IGF1 and Insulin Receptor Single Nucleotide Variants Associated with Response in HER2-Negative Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy with or without a Fasting Mimicking Diet (BOOG 2013-04 DIRECT Trial).","year":"2023","author":"de Gruil N, Böhringer S, de Groot S, Pijl H, Kroep JR, Swen JJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38136416/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same DIRECT cohort, not a new diet trial; multiple testing and wide interaction intervals require external validation. No validated personalized fasting test.","assessmentId":"38136416","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38137174","pmid":"38137174","doi":"10.3390/brainsci13121726","title":"Treadmill Exercise Reverses the Adverse Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Behavior and Cortical Spreading Depression in Young Rats.","year":"2023","author":"Braz AF, Figueira de Oliveira ML, Costa DHSD, Torres-Leal FL, Guedes RCA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38137174/","searches":["muscle","populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Developing-animal findings, not proof of the same effects in adults; demonstrates that fasting effects can depend on age and concurrent activity.","assessmentId":"38137174","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38166036","pmid":"38166036","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0296523","title":"Feasibility and metabolic outcomes of a well-formulated ketogenic diet as an adjuvant therapeutic intervention for women with stage IV metastatic breast cancer: The Keto-CARE trial.","year":"2024","author":"Buga A, Harper DG, Sapper TN, Hyde PN, Fell B, Dickerson R, Stoner JT, Kackley ML, Crabtree CD, Decker DD, Robinson BT, Krystal G, Binzel K, Lustberg MB, Volek JS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38166036/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Major attrition and no randomized comparator; no demonstrated tumor-response or survival benefit. Metabolic feasibility is not proof of cancer starvation.","assessmentId":"38166036","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38176412","pmid":"38176412","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.004","title":"Time-restricted eating: Watching the clock to treat obesity.","year":"2024","author":"Ezpeleta M, Cienfuegos S, Lin S, Pavlou V, Gabel K, Tussing-Humphreys L, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38176412/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38181438","pmid":"38181438","doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgae003","title":"Cardiometabolic Effects of Denosumab in Premenopausal Women With Breast Cancer Receiving Estradiol Suppression: RCT.","year":"2024","author":"Ramchand SK, Hoermann R, White S, Yeo B, Francis PA, Xu CLH, Zajac JD, Seeman E, Grossmann M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38181438/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38189128","pmid":"38189128","doi":"10.1152/ajpcell.00441.2023","title":"Ketone bodies in cell physiology and cancer.","year":"2024","author":"Giuliani G, Longo VD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38189128/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38196666","pmid":"38196666","doi":"10.6004/jadpro.2023.14.7.5","title":"Impact of Fasting on Patients With Cancer: An Integrative Review.","year":"2023","author":"Thompson S, Madsen LT, Bazzell A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38196666/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38201958","pmid":"38201958","doi":"10.3390/nu16010128","title":"Prolonged Fasting Induces Histological and Ultrastructural Changes in the Intestinal Mucosa That May Reduce Absorption and Revert after Enteral Refeeding.","year":"2023","author":"Nunes G, Guimarães M, Coelho H, Carregosa R, Oliveira C, Pereira SS, Alves de Matos A, Fonseca J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38201958/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Illness-associated undernutrition is not elective fasting. Structural autophagy observations do not establish beneficial flux; severe attrition and confounding.","assessmentId":"38201958","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38220239","pmid":"38220239","doi":"10.15537/smj.2024.45.1.2023060","title":"Validity of the International Diabetes Federation risk stratification score of Ramadan fasting in individuals with diabetes mellitus.","year":"2024","author":"Alfadhli EM, Alharbi TS, Alrotoie AM, Aljohani AA, Qari AS, Alsubhi BA, Alsaedi AH, Aljohani AA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38220239/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Completing a fast does not establish absence of harm. Observational tool validation, not fasting efficacy; apparent risk overestimation requires careful outcome definition.","assessmentId":"38220239","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38220409","pmid":"38220409","doi":"10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.11.009","title":"Effects of intermittent fasting regimens on glycemic, hepatic, anthropometric, and clinical markers in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2024","author":"Saleh SAK, Santos HO, Găman MA, Cerqueira HS, Zaher EA, Alromaih WR, Arafat NS, Adi AR, Adly HM, Alyoubi R, Alyahyawi N, Kord-Varkaneh H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38220409/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38228496","pmid":"38228496","doi":"10.1002/oby.23965","title":"Effects of time-restricted eating on intrahepatic fat and metabolic health among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.","year":"2024","author":"Deng Y, Liu X, Sun Y, Zhou L, Li Q, Lei Z, Yang F, Chen L, Zhang C, Tan W, Jin X, Han Z, Xu H, Wang Q, Nie Q, Yi H, Bao W, Rong S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38228496/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No usual-diet or matched-calorie unrestricted-timing control; cannot determine whether timing adds benefit beyond reduced intake.","assessmentId":"38228496","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38229272","pmid":"38229272","doi":"10.1177/00033197241228046","title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Impacts of Time-Restricted Eating on Metabolic Homeostasis.","year":"2025","author":"Qi D, Nie X, Zhang J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38229272/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38242204","pmid":"38242204","doi":"10.1016/j.jand.2024.01.005","title":"Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Aerobic Capacity, Body Composition, and Markers of Metabolic Health in Healthy Male Recreational Runners: A Randomized Crossover Trial.","year":"2024","author":"Correia JM, Correia JM, Pezarat-Correia P, Minderico C, Infante J, Mendonca GV.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38242204/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small healthy trained-male sample; one nonadherent participant excluded.","assessmentId":"38242204","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38249603","pmid":"38249603","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2023.1204883","title":"Ramadan-specific nutrition education improves cardio-metabolic health and inflammation-a prospective nutrition intervention study from Pakistan.","year":"2023","author":"Gul R, Khan I, Alam I, Almajwal A, Hussain I, Sohail N, Hussain M, Cena H, Shafiq S, Aftab A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38249603/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tests added education, not fasting alone. Increases/decreases in different inflammatory markers cannot be summarized as uniformly reduced inflammation.","assessmentId":"38249603","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38264001","pmid":"38264001","doi":"10.1002/osp4.702","title":"The effects of early time restricted eating plus daily caloric restriction compared to daily caloric restriction alone on continuous glucose levels.","year":"2024","author":"Zaman A, Grau L, Jeffers R, Steinke S, Catenacci VA, Cornier MA, Rynders CA, Thomas EA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38264001/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Substantial missing paired data and mostly normal baseline glucose; no added timing benefit established.","assessmentId":"38264001","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38267239","pmid":"38267239","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2023-078472","title":"Time-restricted eating and supervised exercise for improving hepatic steatosis and cardiometabolic health in adults with obesity: protocol for the TEMPUS randomised controlled trial.","year":"2024","author":"Camacho-Cardenosa A, Clavero-Jimeno A, Martin-Olmedo JJ, Amaro-Gahete F, Cupeiro R, Cejudo MTG, García Pérez PV, Hernández-Martínez C, Sevilla-Lorente R, De-la-O A, López-Vázquez A, Molina-Fernandez M, Carneiro-Barrera A, Garcia F, Rodríguez-Nogales A, Gálvez Peralta JJ, Cabeza R, Martín-Rodríguez JL, Muñoz-Garach A, Muñoz-Torres M, Labayen I, Ruiz JR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38267239/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38287649","pmid":"38287649","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuae003","title":"Effects of the periodic fasting-mimicking diet on health, lifespan, and multiple diseases: a narrative review and clinical implications.","year":"2025","author":"Wang R, Lv X, Xu W, Li X, Tang X, Huang H, Yang M, Ma S, Wang N, Niu Y, Niu Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38287649/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38290134","pmid":"38290134","doi":"10.2337/dc23-1968","title":"A Real-World Prospective Study of the Effectiveness and Safety of Automated Insulin Delivery Compared With Other Modalities of Type 1 Diabetes Treatment During Ramadan Intermittent Fasting.","year":"2024","author":"Al-Sofiani ME, Alharthi S, Albunyan S, Alzaman N, Klonoff DC, Alguwaihes A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38290134/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Nonrandomized treatment/access differences; device-management evidence, not fasting benefit. Abstract ordering of some fast-break medians needs verification.","assessmentId":"38290134","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38290287","pmid":"38290287","doi":"10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.104977","title":"Impact of weight loss on cancer-related proteins in serum: results from a cluster randomised controlled trial of individuals with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2024","author":"Bull CJ, Hazelwood E, Legge DN, Corbin LJ, Richardson TG, Lee M, Yarmolinsky J, Smith-Byrne K, Hughes DA, Johansson M, Peters U, Berndt SI, Brenner H, Burnett-Hartman A, Cheng I, Kweon SS, Le Marchand L, Li L, Newcomb PA, Pearlman R, McConnachie A, Welsh P, Taylor R, Lean MEJ, Sattar N, Murphy N, Gunter MJ, Timpson NJ, Vincent EE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38290287/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38294337","pmid":"38294337","doi":"10.57264/cer-2023-0132","title":"Real-world evidence on the effectiveness and safety of gliclazide MR 60 mg in Bangladeshi patients with Type II diabetes during fasting: a sub-analysis from the global DIA-RAMADAN study.","year":"2024","author":"Uddin MF, Khan MA, Selim S, Sultana N, Sayem MA, Iftekhar MM, Habib MB, Akter N, Khan S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38294337/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Selected medication users, mostly lower risk; same global cohort as other DIA-RAMADAN reports, not an independent fasting trial.","assessmentId":"38294337","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38300697","pmid":"38300697","doi":"10.2196/47102","title":"Effectiveness of a Nurse-Led Mobile-Based Health Coaching Program for Patients With Prostate Cancer at High Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: Randomized Waitlist Controlled Trial.","year":"2024","author":"Lee K, Park J, Oh EG, Lee J, Park C, Choi YD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38300697/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38303901","pmid":"38303901","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2023.1315408","title":"The impacts of Ramadan fasting for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a systematic review.","year":"2023","author":"Lin X, Wu G, Huang J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38303901/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38308923","pmid":"38308923","doi":"10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100165","title":"Effectiveness of an intermittent fasting diet versus regular diet on fat loss in overweight and obese middle-aged and elderly people without metabolic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2024","author":"Yao K, Su H, Cui K, Gao Y, Xu D, Wang Q, Ha Z, Zhang T, Chen S, Liu T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38308923/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary systematic review/meta-analysis, not a separate original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38316007","pmid":"38316007","doi":"10.7326/j23-0117","title":"In T2DM with obesity, time-restricted eating increased weight loss and reduced HbA<sub>1c</sub> level at 6 mo.","year":"2024","author":"Pappachan JM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38316007/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"commentary","reason":"Clinical synopsis of a separate trial rather than a new independent original outcome report. Retain for linking to the primary study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38318525","pmid":"38318525","doi":"10.20517/cdr.2023.84","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase 3β: the nexus of chemoresistance, invasive capacity, and cancer stemness in pancreatic cancer.","year":"2024","author":"Uehara M, Domoto T, Takenaka S, Takeuchi O, Shimasaki T, Miyashita T, Minamoto T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38318525/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38332802","pmid":"38332802","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2024.1325894","title":"The effects of different intermittent fasting regimens in people with type 2 diabetes: a network meta-analysis.","year":"2024","author":"Xiaoyu W, Yuxin X, Li L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38332802/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary systematic review/meta-analysis, not a separate original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38335858","pmid":"38335858","doi":"10.1016/j.dsx.2024.102952","title":"Does early time-restricted eating reduce body weight and preserve fat-free mass in adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2024","author":"He M, Li B, Li M, Gao S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38335858/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38336692","pmid":"38336692","doi":"10.1186/s12933-024-02123-3","title":"Protective role of arachidonic acid against diabetic myocardial ischemic injury: a translational study of pigs, rats, and humans.","year":"2024","author":"Lv Y, Li K, Wang S, Wang X, Yue G, Zhang Y, Lv X, Zhao P, Wang S, Zhang Q, Li Q, Zhu J, Li J, Peng P, Li Y, Luo J, Zhang X, Yang J, Zhang B, Wang X, Zhang M, Shen C, Wang X, Wang M, Ye Z, Cui Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38336692/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-indexed-retraction","reasonCode":"retracted","reason":"Retracted original report, linked to retraction PMID 40551100. Excluded from efficacy evidence.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38341039","pmid":"38341039","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111567","title":"Safety and effectiveness of iGlarLixi in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus from Gulf countries during Ramadan holy month: A subgroup analysis of the SoliRam observational study.","year":"2024","author":"Hassanein M, El Naggar A, Al Sheikh A, Djaballah K, Saeed M, Melas-Melt L, AlSifri S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38341039/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Subset of PMID 36680967 parent cohort, not independent replication; treatment and selection confounding.","assessmentId":"38341039","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38342286","pmid":"38342286","doi":"10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107141","title":"Dietary glycemic and energy load differentially modulates Schistosoma mansoni-induced granulomatous inflammation and response to antiparasitic chemotherapy.","year":"2024","author":"Reis LFCD, Cerdeira CD, Silva LCC, Ramos ABSB, Silva JEC, Castro AP, Ventura RR, Souza RLM, Marques MJ, Novaes RD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38342286/","searches":["glucose","cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Infection-specific animal findings; shows tissue-dependent harm rather than universal anti-inflammatory benefit. Exact nine-arm structure needs full text.","assessmentId":"38342286","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38353455","pmid":"38353455","doi":"10.1002/cncr.35241","title":"The Prostate Cancer Active Lifestyle Study (PALS): A randomized controlled trial of diet and exercise in overweight and obese men on active surveillance.","year":"2024","author":"Wright JL, Schenk JM, Gulati R, Beatty SJ, VanDoren M, Lin DW, Porter MP, Morrissey C, Dash A, Gore JL, Etzioni R, Plymate SR, Neuhouser ML.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38353455/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38356103","pmid":"38356103","doi":"10.1111/nhs.13083","title":"Comparative efficacy of energy-restricted dietary interventions in overweight and obese populations: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.","year":"2024","author":"Zhao J, Duan X, Zhang L, Zhao X, Yang J, Sun N, Zhao W.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38356103/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38358372","pmid":"38358372","doi":"10.1097/hc9.0000000000000387","title":"HBV DNA polymerase regulates tumor cell glycogen to enhance the malignancy of HCC cells.","year":"2024","author":"Zhao X, Wang C, Zhao L, Tian Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38358372/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Specific viral-cancer mechanism, not proof all tumors require glycogen or that dietary fasting blocks this pathway.","assessmentId":"38358372","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38361757","pmid":"38361757","doi":"10.32604/or.2023.029697","title":"Glycogen metabolism-mediated intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment influences liver cancer prognosis.","year":"2024","author":"Zhang Y, Qin N, Wang X, Liang R, Liu Q, Geng R, Jiang T, Liu Y, Li J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38361757/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Cells are not independent patients; computational associations do not establish causal fuel dependency or treatment efficacy.","assessmentId":"38361757","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38398802","pmid":"38398802","doi":"10.3390/nu16040477","title":"Calorie Restriction and Time-Restricted Feeding: Effective Interventions in Overweight or Obese Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy Treatment with Curative Intent for Cancer.","year":"2024","author":"Vega C, Barnafi E, Sánchez C, Acevedo F, Walbaum B, Parada A, Rivas N, Merino T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38398802/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small selected analysis, no usual-care arm, combined diet changes and no tumor-control/survival endpoint.","assessmentId":"38398802","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38407890","pmid":"38407890","doi":"10.1097/meg.0000000000002715","title":"Intermittent fasting regimens for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2024","author":"Abuelazm MT, Mohamed I, Naeem A, Khlidj Y, Tanashat M, Katamesh BE, Abusuilik H, Altobaishat O, Abdelnabi M, Abdelazeem B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38407890/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary systematic review/meta-analysis, not a separate original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38412695","pmid":"38412695","doi":"10.1016/j.dsx.2024.102967","title":"Comment on \"The effect of timing of remotely supervised exercise on glucose control in people with type 1 diabetes during Ramadan: A randomised crossover study\" by Ozairi E et al.","year":"2024","author":"Asim A, Kumar S, Khatri M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38412695/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"commentary","reason":"Comment on another study; not an independent outcome report. Retain for source-audit context.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38420162","pmid":"38420162","doi":"10.1002/mco2.502","title":"Multi-omics analysis of disulfidptosis regulators and therapeutic potential reveals glycogen synthase 1 as a disulfidptosis triggering target for triple-negative breast cancer.","year":"2024","author":"Xie J, Deng X, Xie Y, Zhu H, Liu P, Deng W, Ning L, Tang Y, Sun Y, Tang H, Cai M, Xie X, Zou Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38420162/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Preclinical gene-targeting result, not fasting or human cancer-treatment efficacy; computational survival/immune predictions need prospective validation.","assessmentId":"38420162","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38439079","pmid":"38439079","doi":"10.1186/s13058-024-01773-1","title":"A risk analysis of alpelisib-induced hyperglycemia in patients with advanced solid tumors and breast cancer.","year":"2024","author":"Rodón J, Demanse D, Rugo HS, Burris HA, Simó R, Farooki A, Wellons MF, André F, Hu H, Vuina D, Quadt C, Juric D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38439079/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38442671","pmid":"38442671","doi":"10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116377","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3: A potential immunotherapeutic target in tumor microenvironment.","year":"2024","author":"Liang J, Yu M, Li Y, Zhao L, Wei Q.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38442671/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38443944","pmid":"38443944","doi":"10.1186/s12966-024-01580-z","title":"Effects of combined dietary intervention and physical-cognitive exercise on cognitive function and cardiometabolic health of postmenopausal women with obesity: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2024","author":"Keawtep P, Sungkarat S, Boripuntakul S, Sa-Nguanmoo P, Wichayanrat W, Chattipakorn SC, Worakul P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38443944/","searches":["weight","muscle","cognition"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No significant differences among the three active arms; combination-versus-control significance does not prove combination superiority. Short follow-up.","assessmentId":"38443944","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38443945","pmid":"38443945","doi":"10.1186/s13063-024-07977-2","title":"The effects of intermittent fasting diet on quality of life, clinical symptoms, inflammation, and oxidative stress in overweight and obese postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2024","author":"Ranjbar M, Shab-Bidar S, Rostamian A, Mohammadi H, Djafarian K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38443945/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38446316","pmid":"38446316","doi":"10.1007/s10549-024-07266-1","title":"A whole-food, plant-based randomized controlled trial in metastatic breast cancer: weight, cardiometabolic, and hormonal outcomes.","year":"2024","author":"Campbell TM, Campbell EK, Culakova E, Blanchard LM, Wixom N, Guido JJ, Fetten J, Huston A, Shayne M, Janelsins MC, Mustian KM, Moore RG, Peppone LJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38446316/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38466984","pmid":"38466984","doi":"10.2196/51368","title":"Design and Rationale of Prolonged Nightly Fasting for Multiple Myeloma Prevention (PROFAST): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.","year":"2024","author":"Lee DJ, O'Donnell EK, Raje N, Panaroni C, Redd R, Ligibel J, Sears DD, Nadeem O, Ghobrial IM, Marinac CR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38466984/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38494184","pmid":"38494184","doi":"10.7602/jmis.2024.27.1.33","title":"Ramadan fasting following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective online survey cohort study in Egypt.","year":"2024","author":"Abdelbaki TN, Ahmed N, Alhussini MA, Elshafei M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38494184/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Self-reported observational data cannot establish postoperative safety; indexed correction PMID 39675759 requires review. Ability to complete fasting is not adequate nutrition.","assessmentId":"38494184","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38525797","pmid":"38525797","doi":"10.1111/head.14707","title":"Impact of Ramadan fasting on vision and headache-related quality of life in women with idiopathic intracranial hypertension: A prospective observational study.","year":"2024","author":"Hussein M, Abdelghaffar M, Ali M, Yassein AM, Khalil DM, Magdy R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38525797/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No non-fasting control; weight, sleep and hydration may contribute. Association does not isolate fasting as the cause.","assessmentId":"38525797","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38530139","pmid":"38530139","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.capr-23-0422","title":"Fenretinide in Young Women at Genetic or Familial Risk of Breast Cancer: A Placebo-Controlled Biomarker Trial.","year":"2024","author":"Aristarco V, Serrano D, Maisonneuve P, Guerrieri-Gonzaga A, Lazzeroni M, Feroce I, Macis D, Cavadini E, Albertazzi E, Jemos C, Omodeo Salè E, Cortesi L, Massarut S, Gulisano M, Daidone MG, Johansson H, Bonanni B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38530139/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38545012","pmid":"38545012","doi":"10.12669/pjms.40.4.7989","title":"Safety of fasting in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with stable chronic kidney disease during Ramadan.","year":"2024","author":"Haroon A, Riaz M, Rabbani B, Saeed A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38545012/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Count discrepancy, no non-fasting control and short follow-up; cannot establish safety for advanced or unstable disease.","assessmentId":"38545012","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38546821","pmid":"38546821","doi":"10.1007/s00125-024-06137-0","title":"Integration of a fasting-mimicking diet programme in primary care for type 2 diabetes reduces the need for medication and improves glycaemic control: a 12-month randomised controlled trial.","year":"2024","author":"van den Burg EL, Schoonakker MP, van Peet PG, van den Akker-van Marle EM, Lamb HJ, Longo VD, Numans ME, Pijl H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38546821/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"fit","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:38553427","pmid":"38553427","doi":"10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02378","title":"Developing a Copper(II) Isopropyl 2-Pyridyl Ketone Thiosemicarbazone Compound Based on the IB Subdomain of Human Serum Albumin-Indomethacin Complex: Inhibiting Tumor Growth by Remodeling the Tumor Microenvironment.","year":"2024","author":"Man X, Li S, Xu G, Li W, Zhu M, Zhang Z, Liang H, Yang F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38553427/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38553690","pmid":"38553690","doi":"10.1186/s12877-024-04876-8","title":"Iron status determined changes in health measures induced by nordic walking with time-restricted eating in older adults- a randomised trial.","year":"2024","author":"Kortas JA, Reczkowicz J, Juhas U, Ziemann E, Świątczak A, Prusik K, Olszewski S, Soltani N, Rodziewicz-Flis E, Flis D, Żychowska M, Gałęzowska G, Antosiewicz J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38553690/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Despite randomized-trial title, this reported comparison is by baseline iron status without an untreated group. Cannot isolate fasting, exercise or causal iron effects.","assessmentId":"38553690","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38555451","pmid":"38555451","doi":"10.1186/s12935-024-03277-6","title":"β-hydroxybutyrate inhibits malignant phenotypes of prostate cancer cells through β-hydroxybutyrylation of indoleacetamide-N-methyltransferase.","year":"2024","author":"Zhang Y, Li Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38555451/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Mechanism is not simply unusable fuel; no human fasting/diet efficacy trial or proof across prostate-cancer subtypes.","assessmentId":"38555451","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38560252","pmid":"38560252","doi":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28436","title":"Therapeutic effects of intermittent fasting on high-fat, high-fructose diet; involvement of jejunal aquaporin 1, 3, and 7.","year":"2024","author":"Elhessy HM, Berika M, Salem YG, El-Desoky MM, Eldesoqui M, Mostafa N, Habotta OA, Lashine NH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38560252/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Extremely small animal groups; aquaporin changes are mechanistic markers, not human clinical benefit.","assessmentId":"38560252","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38579488","pmid":"38579488","doi":"10.1016/j.dsx.2024.102999","title":"Erratum to 'Comment on \"The effect of timing of remotely supervised exercise on glucose control in people with type 1 diabetes during Ramadan: A randomised crossover study\" by Ozairi E et al.' [Diabetes Metabol Syndr: Clin Res Rev 18 (2) (February 2024) 102967].","year":"2024","author":"Al Ozairi E, ElSamad A, Al Kandari J, Hamdan Y, Taliping D, Gray SR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38579488/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"notice","reason":"Correction, addendum or retraction notice; retained for linked-source checking, not counted as an independent outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38588687","pmid":"38588687","doi":"10.1016/s2666-7568(24)00028-x","title":"Effects of 3 months of 10-h per-day time-restricted eating and 3 months of follow-up on bodyweight and cardiometabolic health in Danish individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes: the RESET single-centre, parallel, superiority, open-label, randomised controlled trial.","year":"2024","author":"Quist JS, Pedersen HE, Jensen MM, Clemmensen KKB, Bjerre N, Ekblond TS, Uldal S, Størling J, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Holst JJ, Torekov SS, Nyeland ME, Vistisen D, Jørgensen ME, Panda S, Brock C, Finlayson G, Blond MB, Færch K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38588687/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"reset","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:38600065","pmid":"38600065","doi":"10.1038/s41387-024-00275-5","title":"Role of dietary interventions on microvascular health in South-Asian Surinamese people with type 2 diabetes in the Netherlands: A randomized controlled trial.","year":"2024","author":"van der Velden AIM, IJpelaar DHT, Chandie Shaw PK, Pijl H, Vink H, van der Vlag J, Rabelink TJ, van den Berg BM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38600065/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small surrogate-outcome study, but important counterexample to assuming lower weight/glucose means every vascular outcome improves. No cardiovascular-event endpoint.","assessmentId":"38600065","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38604445","pmid":"38604445","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111661","title":"Verification of 2021 IDF-DAR risk assessment tool for fasting Ramadan in patients with diabetes attending primary health care in The Kingdom of Bahrain: The DAR-BAH study.","year":"2024","author":"Shamsi N, Naser J, Humaidan H, Al-Saweer A, Jaafar M, Abbas F, Al-Doseri S, Shabeeb N, Al-Shaikh E, Al-Dairi A, Mandoos K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38604445/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Random sampling is not randomized fasting assignment. Conflicting denominators require full-text correction; validates risk prediction, not fasting benefit.","assessmentId":"38604445","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38613092","pmid":"38613092","doi":"10.3390/nu16071059","title":"Effects of Prolonged Medical Fasting during an Inpatient, Multimodal, Nature-Based Treatment on Pain, Physical Function, and Psychometric Parameters in Patients with Fibromyalgia: An Observational Study.","year":"2024","author":"Koppold DA, Kandil FI, Müller A, Güttler O, Steckhan N, Meiss S, Breinlinger C, Nelle E, Rajput Khokhar A, Jeitler M, Hanslian E, Fischer JM, Michalsen A, Kessler CS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38613092/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Cannot isolate fasting from inpatient therapies or expectations; follow-up response/attrition matter. No serious reported event does not establish broad safety.","assessmentId":"38613092","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38613322","pmid":"38613322","doi":"10.1080/01635581.2024.2338607","title":"Impact of Immunonutrition on Nutritional Status in Patients Undergoing Colorectal Cancer Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.","year":"2024","author":"Ural B, Yılmaz-Akyüz E, Akyüz C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38613322/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38638399","pmid":"38638399","doi":"10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102520","title":"Preventing alpelisib-related hyperglycaemia in HR+/HER2-/<i>PIK3CA</i>-mutated advanced breast cancer using metformin (METALLICA): a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 trial.","year":"2024","author":"Llombart-Cussac A, Pérez-Garcia JM, Ruiz Borrego M, Tolosa P, Blanch S, Fernández-Ortega A, Urruticoechea A, Blancas I, Saura C, Rojas B, Bermejo B, Ponce Lorenzo J, Gion M, Cortez-Castedo P, Llabres E, Galve E, Cueva JF, López A, Alonso-Romero JL, González-Santiago S, Martínez de Dueñas E, Ciruelos E, Martrat G, Gener P, Alcalá-López D, Sampayo-Cordero M, Gómez-Peralta F, Cortés J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38638399/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38639542","pmid":"38639542","doi":"10.7326/m23-3132","title":"Effect of Isocaloric, Time-Restricted Eating on Body Weight in Adults With Obesity : A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2024","author":"Maruthur NM, Pilla SJ, White K, Wu B, Maw MTT, Duan D, Turkson-Ocran RA, Zhao D, Charleston J, Peterson CM, Dougherty RJ, Schrack JA, Appel LJ, Guallar E, Clark JM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38639542/","searches":["weight"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"trim","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:38656394","pmid":"38656394","doi":"10.1007/s11033-024-09501-w","title":"Beta hydroxybutyrate induces lung cancer cell death, mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress in a long term glucose-restricted condition.","year":"2024","author":"Shirian FI, Karimi M, Alipour M, Salami S, Nourbakhsh M, Nekufar S, Safari-Alighiarloo N, Tavakoli-Yaraki M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38656394/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Single cell line and experimentally imposed glucose restriction; human blood glucose is not eliminated by fasting. Concentrations need full-text verification before calling exposure physiological.","assessmentId":"38656394","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38660060","pmid":"38660060","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2024.1301427","title":"A low-glucose eating pattern is associated with improvements in glycemic variability among women at risk for postmenopausal breast cancer: an exploratory analysis.","year":"2024","author":"Jospe MR, Liao Y, Giles ED, Hudson BI, Slingerland JM, Schembre SM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38660060/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38674802","pmid":"38674802","doi":"10.3390/nu16081114","title":"Effects of Different Types of Intermittent Fasting Interventions on Metabolic Health in Healthy Individuals (EDIF): A Randomised Trial with a Controlled-Run in Phase.","year":"2024","author":"Herz D, Karl S, Weiß J, Zimmermann P, Haupt S, Zimmer RT, Schierbauer J, Wachsmuth NB, Erlmann MP, Niedrist T, Khoramipour K, Voit T, Rilstone S, Sourij H, Moser O.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38674802/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small unequal groups and within-group analyses; cannot establish superiority from one significant arm and two nonsignificant arms.","assessmentId":"38674802","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38694225","pmid":"38694225","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2024.1373799","title":"The effect of last meal \"Suhoor\" timing on diurnal variations in cognitive performance during Ramadan fasting among female athletes.","year":"2024","author":"Bougrine H, Ammar A, Trabelsi K, Belgacem A, Salem A, Chtourou H, Jahrami H, Souissi N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38694225/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Abstract’s midday statements conflict and conclusion overstates prevention; verify full results. Small athlete sample, not broad cognitive benefit.","assessmentId":"38694225","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38698355","pmid":"38698355","doi":"10.1186/s12875-024-02405-5","title":"Self-initiated lifestyle changes during a fasting-mimicking diet programme in patients with type 2 diabetes: a mixed-methods study.","year":"2024","author":"van den Burg EL, Schoonakker MP, Korpershoek B, Sommeling LE, Sturm CA, Lamb HJ, Pijl H, Numans ME, Adriaanse MA, van Peet PG.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38698355/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same cohort as PMID 38546821, not independent efficacy evidence; activity/diet reports and qualitative impressions do not prove mechanism.","assessmentId":"38698355","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38777939","pmid":"38777939","doi":"10.1007/s12529-024-10296-0","title":"Effects of Modified Ramadan Fasting on Mental Well-Being and Biomarkers in Healthy Adult Muslims - A Randomised Controlled Trial.","year":"2025","author":"Lauche R, Fathi I, Saddat C, Klose P, Al-Abtah J, Büssing A, Rampp T, Dobos G, Cramer H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38777939/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Both arms fasted, so benefit belongs to the guidance package. Short-term self-report; abstract hip-circumference units/effect repeat BMI and need verification.","assessmentId":"38777939","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38789718","pmid":"38789718","doi":"10.1038/s41430-024-01451-7","title":"Exploring the effect of prolonged fasting on kynurenine pathway metabolites and stress markers in healthy male individuals.","year":"2024","author":"Louvrou V, Solianik R, Brazaitis M, Erhardt S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38789718/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Metabolite shifts are not demonstrated clinical benefit or neurological protection; small male sample and possible overlap with related prolonged-fast studies.","assessmentId":"38789718","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38812058","pmid":"38812058","doi":"10.1186/s40170-024-00339-1","title":"Metabolic alterations and cellular responses to β-Hydroxybutyrate treatment in breast cancer cells.","year":"2024","author":"Fulman-Levy H, Cohen-Harazi R, Levi B, Argaev-Frenkel L, Abramovich I, Gottlieb E, Hofmann S, Koman I, Nesher E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38812058/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Ketone exposure is not a full ketogenic diet or fasting intervention; supports tumor heterogeneity rather than a universal starvation mechanism.","assessmentId":"38812058","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38813058","pmid":"38813058","doi":"10.46439/cancerbiology.5.058","title":"The many faceted role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) in T cells and cancer immunotherapy.","year":"2024","author":"Crespo AR, Luna SG, Moës B, Rodriguez A, Rudd CE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38813058/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38835644","pmid":"38835644","doi":"10.3389/or.2024.1354549","title":"Diabetes and Cancer: A Twisted Bond.","year":"2024","author":"Cosmin Stan M, Paul D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38835644/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38866976","pmid":"38866976","doi":"10.1038/s41430-024-01461-5","title":"Effect of time restricted eating versus daily calorie restriction on sex hormones in males and females with obesity.","year":"2024","author":"Lin S, Cienfuegos S, Ezpeleta M, Pavlou V, Runchey MC, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38866976/","searches":["weight","populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small sex/menopause subgroups; reproductive outcomes and premenopausal estrogen/progesterone were not established by these results.","assessmentId":"38866976","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38888435","pmid":"38888435","doi":"10.1089/dia.2024.0168","title":"Automated Insulin Delivery System: A Solution for Moderate to High-Risk Ramadan Fasting in People Living with Type 1 Diabetes.","year":"2024","author":"Outenah C, Ly Sall K, Penfornis A, Amadou C, Dardari D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38888435/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tiny selected device-user cohort cannot establish rare-event safety or fasting benefit.","assessmentId":"38888435","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38892654","pmid":"38892654","doi":"10.3390/nu16111721","title":"Effects of Early and Late Time-Restricted Feeding on Parameters of Metabolic Health: An Explorative Literature Assessment.","year":"2024","author":"Petridi F, Geurts JMW, Nyakayiru J, Schaafsma A, Schaafsma D, Meex RCR, Singh-Povel CM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38892654/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38897385","pmid":"38897385","doi":"10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100262","title":"The Effect of Time-Restricted Eating Combined with Exercise on Body Composition and Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","year":"2024","author":"Dai Z, Wan K, Miyashita M, Ho RS, Zheng C, Poon ET, Wong SH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38897385/","searches":["glucose","muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38901423","pmid":"38901423","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2024.05.017","title":"Brain responses to intermittent fasting and the healthy living diet in older adults.","year":"2024","author":"Kapogiannis D, Manolopoulos A, Mullins R, Avgerinos K, Delgado-Peraza F, Mustapic M, Nogueras-Ortiz C, Yao PJ, Pucha KA, Brooks J, Chen Q, Haas SS, Ge R, Hartnell LM, Cookson MR, Egan JM, Frangou S, Mattson MP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38901423/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No untreated control, short follow-up, exploratory genetics and surrogate brain-age measures; not dementia prevention or demonstrated reversal of aging. Indexed correction PMID 39019039 requires review.","assessmentId":"38901423","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38904148","pmid":"38904148","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2369613","title":"6-week time-restricted eating improves body composition, maintains exercise performance, without exacerbating eating disorder in female DanceSport dancers.","year":"2024","author":"Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Guo X, Liu Z, Sun D, Liang Y, Shen H, Li X, Mu J, Liu J, Cao G, Chen M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38904148/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Allocation method not clear in abstract; tiny short sample cannot establish long-term eating-disorder safety in a vulnerable population.","assessmentId":"38904148","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38904963","pmid":"38904963","doi":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.16786","title":"A 5:2 Intermittent Fasting Meal Replacement Diet and Glycemic Control for Adults With Diabetes: The EARLY Randomized Clinical Trial.","year":"2024","author":"Guo L, Xi Y, Jin W, Yuan H, Qin G, Chen S, Zhang L, Liu Y, Cheng X, Liu W, Yu D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38904963/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"early","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:38910244","pmid":"38910244","doi":"10.1186/s10020-024-00864-1","title":"β-hydroxybutyrate resensitizes colorectal cancer cells to oxaliplatin by suppressing H3K79 methylation in vitro and in vivo.","year":"2024","author":"Deng M, Yan P, Gong H, Li G, Wang J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38910244/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Patient component observational, not a ketone treatment trial; preclinical resensitization is not human survival evidence.","assessmentId":"38910244","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38923748","pmid":"38923748","doi":"10.1111/nbu.12693","title":"Effects of ketogenic diets on cancer-related variables: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.","year":"2024","author":"Salido-Bueno B, Gil-Hernandez E, Rueda-Ruzafa L, Gomez-Chica P, Roman P, Cardona D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38923748/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38931157","pmid":"38931157","doi":"10.3390/nu16121802","title":"Feasibility and Cardiometabolic Effects of Time-Restricted Eating in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome.","year":"2024","author":"Świątkiewicz I, Nuszkiewicz J, Wróblewska J, Nartowicz M, Sokołowski K, Sutkowy P, Rajewski P, Buczkowski K, Chudzińska M, Manoogian ENC, Taub PR, Woźniak A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38931157/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short uncontrolled study and incomplete food logging; selected adherer comparisons cannot establish causality or durable benefit.","assessmentId":"38931157","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38932663","pmid":"38932663","doi":"10.1111/jdi.14186","title":"Effect of intermittent fasting 16:8 and 14:10 compared with control-group on weight reduction and metabolic outcomes in obesity with type 2 diabetes patients: A randomized controlled trial.","year":"2024","author":"Sukkriang N, Buranapin S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38932663/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Enrollment/attrition, medication adjustment and energy intake need full text; short completer results do not establish long-term disease outcomes.","assessmentId":"38932663","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:38933888","pmid":"38933888","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2024.1362731","title":"Effects of intermittent fasting combined with exercise on serum leptin and adiponectin in adults with or without obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.","year":"2024","author":"Kazeminasab F, Behzadnejad N, Cerqueira HS, Santos HO, Rosenkranz SK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38933888/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:3894170","pmid":"3894170","doi":"10.1136/gut.26.7.734","title":"Gall bladder sludge formation during prolonged fasting after gastrointestinal tract surgery.","year":"1985","author":"Bolondi L, Gaiani S, Testa S, Labò G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3894170/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Procedural/postoperative fasting or preoperative carbohydrate preparation rather than voluntary fasting for health or direct cancer mechanisms.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38955178","pmid":"38955178","doi":"10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101630","title":"A multicenter, phase 1, Adult Brain Tumor Consortium trial of oral terameprocol for patients with recurrent high-grade glioma (GATOR).","year":"2024","author":"Ahluwalia MS, Ozair A, Rudek M, Ye X, Holdhoff M, Lieberman FS, Piotrowski AF, Nabors B, Desai A, Lesser G, Huang RC, Glenn S, Khosla AA, Peereboom DM, Wen PY, Grossman SA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38955178/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38956175","pmid":"38956175","doi":"10.1111/dom.15730","title":"The effects of intermittent fasting on body composition and cardiometabolic health in adults with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2024","author":"Khalafi M, Habibi Maleki A, Symonds ME, Rosenkranz SK, Rohani H, Ehsanifar M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38956175/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38956708","pmid":"38956708","doi":"10.1186/s13256-024-04609-w","title":"Prolonged water-only fasting in the management of low-grade follicular lymphoma: a case series.","year":"2024","author":"Gabriel S, Myers TR, Thompson N, Goldhamer AC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38956708/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"gabriellymphoma","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:38987755","pmid":"38987755","doi":"10.1186/s12937-024-00975-9","title":"Adverse events profile associated with intermittent fasting in adults with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2024","author":"Zhong F, Zhu T, Jin X, Chen X, Wu R, Shao L, Wang S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38987755/","searches":["weight","populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:38999823","pmid":"38999823","doi":"10.3390/nu16132075","title":"Periodic Fasting and Acute Cardiac Events in Patients Evaluated for COVID-19: An Observational Prospective Cohort Study.","year":"2024","author":"Horne BD, Anderson JL, Haddad F, May HT, Le VT, Knight S, Bair TL, Knowlton KU.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38999823/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same registry as earlier INSPIRE reports; residual lifestyle confounding, selected testing and multiple outcomes. No randomized fasting treatment or proven prevention of new heart failure.","assessmentId":"38999823","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39003957","pmid":"39003957","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2024.06.036","title":"Intermittent fasting, calorie restriction, and a ketogenic diet improve mitochondrial function by reducing lipopolysaccharide signaling in monocytes during obesity: A randomized clinical trial.","year":"2024","author":"Guevara-Cruz M, Hernández-Gómez KG, Condado-Huerta C, González-Salazar LE, Peña-Flores AK, Pichardo-Ontiveros E, Serralde-Zúñiga AE, Sánchez-Tapia M, Maya O, Medina-Vera I, Noriega LG, López-Barradas A, Rodríguez-Lima O, Mata I, Olin-Sandoval V, Torres N, Tovar AR, Velázquez-Villegas LA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39003957/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Antibiotic co-intervention complicates mechanism attribution; cellular oxygen use is not a clinical disease endpoint. Exact initial randomized N and arm sizes need full text.","assessmentId":"39003957","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39009705","pmid":"39009705","doi":"10.1038/s41391-024-00867-3","title":"Effects of high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic biomarkers in patients with prostate cancer undergoing active surveillance: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2025","author":"Kang DW, Field CJ, Patel D, Fairey AS, Boulé NG, Dieli-Conwright CM, Courneya KS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39009705/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39019993","pmid":"39019993","doi":"10.1038/s41598-024-66004-1","title":"Novel insight into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and related metabolites in cancer patients undergoing surgery.","year":"2024","author":"Fujita H, Wakiya T, Tatara Y, Ishido K, Sakamoto Y, Kimura N, Morohashi H, Miura T, Muroya T, Akasaka H, Yokoyama H, Kanda T, Kubota S, Ichisawa A, Ogasawara K, Kuwata D, Takahashi Y, Nakamura A, Yamazaki K, Yamada T, Matsuyama R, Kanou M, Yamana K, Itoh K, Hakamada K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39019993/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39021041","pmid":"39021041","doi":"10.1111/jocn.17371","title":"Effects of nutritional interventions on cognitive function in adult cancer survivors: A systematic review.","year":"2024","author":"Lu Y, Yuan H, Li Y, Liu Y, Li R, Diao Y, Chen J, Jia L, Dong X, Xue H, Zhang X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39021041/","searches":["cancer","cognition"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39024773","pmid":"39024773","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2024.07.002","title":"Effect of a comprehensive lifestyle intervention program on body weight and health behavior in women with breast cancer: Results from a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2024","author":"Hauner D, Günther J, Schederecker F, Donik L, Meyer D, Hermsdörfer J, Friedl TWP, Rack B, Beckmann MW, Janni W, Hauner H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39024773/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39027876","pmid":"39027876","doi":"10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1571_23","title":"Assessment of nomophobia and its determinants among adults and adolescents in Semi-urban Chennai.","year":"2024","author":"Balamurugan V, Ravi A, Mer HT, Chellamuthu L, Devarasu U, Balamurugan K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39027876/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39039602","pmid":"39039602","doi":"10.1186/s13063-024-08284-6","title":"The effect of time-restricted eating on arterial stiffness indices in men with metabolic syndrome: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2024","author":"Ghannadzadeh Yazdi A, Masoumvand M, Philippou E, Hatami A, Dehnavi Z, Barghchi H, Ahmadi-Khorram M, Jafarzadeh Esfehani A, Nematy M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39039602/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39064630","pmid":"39064630","doi":"10.3390/nu16142187","title":"Effect of Early Time-Restricted Eating on Metabolic Markers and Body Composition in Individuals with Overweight or Obesity.","year":"2024","author":"Mena-Hernández DR, Jiménez-Domínguez G, Méndez JD, Olvera-Hernández V, Martínez-López MC, Guzmán-Priego CG, Reyes-López Z, Ramos-García M, Juárez-Rojop IE, Zavaleta-Toledo SS, Ble-Castillo JL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39064630/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small brief trial; within-group female weight loss was not a significant treatment comparison.","assessmentId":"39064630","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39069716","pmid":"39069716","doi":"10.1080/10408398.2024.2382344","title":"Counting hours or calories? Metabolic regulatory role of time-restricted eating in adults with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Jin X, Deng Y, Zhang W, Xu X, Rong S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39069716/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39134378","pmid":"39134378","doi":"10.1101/cshperspect.a041565","title":"Autophagy in Skeletal Muscle.","year":"2025","author":"Franco-Romero A, Sandri M, Schiaffino S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39134378/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39138507","pmid":"39138507","doi":"10.1186/s13102-024-00959-6","title":"The acute effect of time-restricted feeding (12 & 16 h) and varying exercise intensities on fat-oxidation rate in inactive young adults - a randomized control trial.","year":"2024","author":"Loren Y, Norman G, Veronica J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39138507/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Acute fuel oxidation is not net fat loss; small sample, multiple comparisons and retrospective registration. Does not establish a universally optimal fasting duration.","assessmentId":"39138507","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39143654","pmid":"39143654","doi":"10.1111/dom.15801","title":"The effects of time-restricted eating alone or in combination with probiotic supplementation in comparison with a calorie-restricted diet on endocrine and metabolic profiles in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized clinical trial.","year":"2024","author":"Talebi S, Shab-Bidar S, Moini A, Mohammadi H, Djafarian K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39143654/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short trial; no fertility/live-birth endpoint. Active diet improvements should not be presented as fasting-specific superiority.","assessmentId":"39143654","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39152951","pmid":"39152951","doi":"10.1016/j.jopan.2024.05.020","title":"The Effect of Prolonged Fasting Before Surgery on Pain and Anxiety.","year":"2025","author":"İster G, Hacidursunoğlu Erbaş D, Eti Aslan F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39152951/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Procedural/postoperative fasting or preoperative carbohydrate preparation rather than voluntary fasting for health or direct cancer mechanisms.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39175933","pmid":"39175933","doi":"10.1016/j.metop.2024.100304","title":"Glucometric parameter changes in patients with type 2 diabetes during ramadan fasting: A prospective comparative real-world study.","year":"2024","author":"Al Hayek A, Al Zahrani WM, Al Dawish MA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39175933/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No non-fasting control; better averages can coexist with clinically relevant low-glucose exposure. Medication/lifestyle effects cannot be separated.","assessmentId":"39175933","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39188065","pmid":"39188065","doi":"10.1111/ijpo.13165","title":"Effects of 8-h time-restricted eating on energy intake, dietary composition and quality in adolescents with obesity.","year":"2024","author":"Bakhsh JA, Vu MH, Salvy SJ, Goran MI, Vidmar AP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39188065/","searches":["weight","populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small subset and self-reported diet; within-arm improvements do not establish added benefit of time restriction.","assessmentId":"39188065","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39193706","pmid":"39193706","doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgae594","title":"Effect of Time-Restricted Eating on β-Cell Function in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes.","year":"2025","author":"Kramer CK, Zinman B, Feig DS, Retnakaran R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39193706/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Weight loss and timing not separated; short surrogate-outcome trial, not proof of regenerated beta cells or durable remission.","assessmentId":"39193706","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39203800","pmid":"39203800","doi":"10.3390/nu16162663","title":"Twenty-Four Hour Glucose Profiles and Glycemic Variability during Intermittent Religious Dry Fasting and Time-Restricted Eating in Subjects without Diabetes: A Preliminary Study.","year":"2024","author":"Peters B, Pappe CL, Koppold DA, Schipp K, Arnrich B, Michalsen A, Dommisch H, Steckhan N, Pivovarova-Ramich O.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39203800/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Very small groups and short follow-up; null average measures cannot establish universal safety of dry fasting.","assessmentId":"39203800","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39203878","pmid":"39203878","doi":"10.3390/nu16162742","title":"Effect of Time-Restricted Eating on Sleep in Type 2 Diabetes.","year":"2024","author":"Pavlou V, Lin S, Cienfuegos S, Ezpeleta M, Runchey MC, Corapi S, Gabel K, Kalam F, Alexandria SJ, Vidmar AP, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39203878/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same parent trial as the featured diabetes weight-loss study, not independent replication; sleep outcomes are secondary.","assessmentId":"39203878","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39212197","pmid":"39212197","doi":"10.1080/15548627.2024.2396793","title":"A surge in endogenous spermidine is essential for rapamycin-induced autophagy and longevity.","year":"2024","author":"Hofer SJ, Daskalaki I, Abdellatif M, Stelzl U, Sedej S, Tavernarakis N, Kroemer G, Madeo F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39212197/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-abstract-and-full-text","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Autophagy commentary summarizing the authors’ separate spermidine work. Trace the original research rather than count this account as an independent experiment.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39212676","pmid":"39212676","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuae105","title":"The Clinical Impact of Time-restricted Eating on Cancer: A Systematic Review.","year":"2025","author":"Stringer EJ, Cloke RWG, Van der Meer L, Murphy RA, Macpherson NA, Lum JJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39212676/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39224198","pmid":"39224198","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001831","title":"Comparative effects of time-restricted feeding versus normal diet on physical performance and body composition in healthy adults with regular exercise habits: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2024","author":"Wan KW, Dai ZH, Ho RS, Wendy Yajun H, Wong SH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39224198/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary systematic review/meta-analysis, not a separate original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39226719","pmid":"39226719","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2024.08.029","title":"Effects of time-restricted eating and low-carbohydrate diet on psychosocial health and appetite in individuals with metabolic syndrome: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2024","author":"Zheng Y, Wang X, Wang J, Yang J, Wang T, Li Q, Zhu W, Wang Y, Sui J, Qiang W, Guo H, Wang Y, Shi B, He M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39226719/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same cohort as PMID 36220069; multiple endpoints. Within-arm P=.021 does not meet the stated .017 multiple-comparison threshold.","assessmentId":"39226719","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39227921","pmid":"39227921","doi":"10.1186/s12916-024-03595-6","title":"Time-restricted eating with or without a low-carbohydrate diet improved myocardial status and thyroid function in individuals with metabolic syndrome: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.","year":"2024","author":"Zheng Y, Wang J, Liu M, Zhou X, Lin X, Liang Q, Yang J, Zhang M, Chen Z, Li M, Wang Y, Sui J, Qiang W, Guo H, Shi B, He M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39227921/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Blood enzymes are not direct proof of better heart function; thyroid shifts are not automatically beneficial. Selected adherer findings and no usual-diet arm limit inference.","assessmentId":"39227921","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39229586","pmid":"39229586","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2024.1439473","title":"Effect of 5:2 intermittent fasting diet versus daily calorie restriction eating on metabolic-associated fatty liver disease-a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2024","author":"Wang YY, Tian F, Qian XL, Ying HM, Zhou ZF.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39229586/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Liver stiffness is not biopsy-proven fibrosis reversal; borderline findings, claimed double blinding and inconsistent registry link require verification. No clinical liver-event endpoint.","assessmentId":"39229586","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39246981","pmid":"39246981","doi":"10.7759/cureus.66492","title":"Integrative Oncology for High-Grade Glioma: A Case Report on the Combined Effects of Oncothermia and Complementary Therapies.","year":"2024","author":"Nair PM, Ramalakshmi R, Devibala M, Saranya M, Sivaranjini S, Thangavelu R, Mahalingam M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39246981/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Cannot assign any effect to fasting among many treatments. Brief dimensional change is not validated survival benefit or proof of cancer eradication; no basis to replace established treatment.","assessmentId":"39246981","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39248024","pmid":"39248024","doi":"10.1111/head.14828","title":"Evaluating the use of paracetamol to prevent fasting headache during the first week of Ramadan: A randomized, open-label, clinical trial.","year":"2024","author":"Almohammed OA, Alsanea S, Albishi N, AlMuhareb L, AlMotawa R, Alrasheed S, Alasmari F, Almutairi F, Assiri MA, Alghamdi A, Albilali A, A ElToukhy R, Alwhaibi A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39248024/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Large post-randomization exclusions and multiple daily comparisons; documents a common early fasting symptom, not fasting efficacy.","assessmentId":"39248024","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39251144","pmid":"39251144","doi":"10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109761","title":"Time-restricted feeding does not prevent adverse effects of palatable cafeteria diet on adiposity, cognition and gut microbiota in rats.","year":"2024","author":"Morris MJ, Hasebe K, Shinde AL, Leong MKH, Billah MM, Hesam-Shariati S, Kendig MD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39251144/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Diet composition remained important. Suggested more severe restriction was not tested and should not become a recommendation.","assessmentId":"39251144","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39267053","pmid":"39267053","doi":"10.1186/s12933-024-02426-5","title":"Effects of dietary interventions and intermittent fasting on HDL function in obese individuals with T2DM: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2024","author":"Pammer A, Obermayer A, Stadler JT, Pferschy PN, Tripolt NJ, Habisch H, Madl T, Sourij H, Marsche G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39267053/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same parent cohort as PMID 36508320; within-arm significance differences are not necessarily treatment differences. No cardiovascular-event outcome.","assessmentId":"39267053","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39275892","pmid":"39275892","doi":"10.1111/obr.13834","title":"Evaluating the efficacy of intermittent fasting and exercise combinations for weight loss: A network meta-analysis.","year":"2024","author":"Cheng X, Sun S, Chen M, Zhou X, Rao M, Guo D, Xie J, Huang Q, Su L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39275892/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39281267","pmid":"39281267","doi":"10.1093/gastro/goae077","title":"Gastric residual volume, safety, and effectiveness of drinking 250 mL of glucose solution 2-3 hours before surgery in gastric cancer patients: a multicenter, single-blind, randomized-controlled trial.","year":"2024","author":"Yang D, Hou X, Fu H, Song W, Dong W, Wang H, Mao Y, Li M, Chen J, He Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39281267/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"procedural-fast","reason":"Procedural/postoperative fasting or preoperative carbohydrate preparation rather than voluntary fasting for health or direct cancer mechanisms.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39285631","pmid":"39285631","doi":"10.1111/jsr.14341","title":"The effects of alternate-day fasting on sleep and physical activity in poor sleeping adults: A randomized control trial.","year":"2025","author":"Deru LS, Jacobsen CG, Gipson EZ, Graves PG, Stevens AJ, Duncan GB, Christensen WF, Bailey BW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39285631/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Very short study; average activity can conceal lower activity on fasting days. No long-term sleep or weight conclusion.","assessmentId":"39285631","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39289905","pmid":"39289905","doi":"10.1111/obr.13838","title":"Effects of intermittent fasting and caloric restriction on inflammatory biomarkers in individuals with obesity/overweight: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2025","author":"Aamir AB, Kumari R, Latif R, Ahmad S, Rafique N, Salem AM, Alasoom LI, Alsunni A, Alabdulhadi AS, Chander S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39289905/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39290088","pmid":"39290088","doi":"10.1017/s0007114524001673","title":"Associations between dietary fatty acid and plasma fatty acid composition in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: secondary analysis from a randomised trial with a hypoenergetic low-carbohydrate high-fat and intermittent fasting diet.","year":"2024","author":"Tillander V, Holmer M, Hagström H, Petersson S, Brismar TB, Stål P, Lindqvist C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39290088/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Exploratory associations within an existing trial; not independent proof of fasting superiority or causal effects of individual fatty acids.","assessmentId":"39290088","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39299543","pmid":"39299543","doi":"10.1016/j.cct.2024.107698","title":"Intermittent fasting for systemic triglyceride metabolic reprogramming (IFAST): Design and methods of a prospective, randomized, controlled trial.","year":"2024","author":"Quaytman JA, David NL, Venugopal S, Amorim T, Beatrice B, Toledo FGS, Miller RG, Steinhauser ML, Fazeli PK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39299543/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39299545","pmid":"39299545","doi":"10.1016/j.cct.2024.107696","title":"Effect of time restricted eating versus current practice in dietetics on glycaemic control and cardio-metabolic outcomes in individuals at risk of developing type 2 diabetes: Protocol for a multi-centre, parallel group, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial.","year":"2024","author":"Charrouf R, Parr EB, Hutchison AT, Flint SA, Teong XT, Wittert G, Vincent AD, Brennan L, Devlin BL, Hawley JA, Heilbronn LK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39299545/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39314516","pmid":"39314516","doi":"10.1002/lio2.70017","title":"As a phenomenon: Ramadan fasting improves olfactory performance.","year":"2024","author":"Çakan D, Yılmaz HB, Cansız H, Çevik H, Tong MCF, Yılmaz BB, Çakan ZK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39314516/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No non-fasting control; repeated-test learning and other Ramadan changes cannot be excluded. No evidence of broader neurological benefit.","assessmentId":"39314516","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39317920","pmid":"39317920","doi":"10.1007/s11764-024-01680-6","title":"Eating frequency, timing of meals, and sleep duration before and after a randomized controlled weight loss trial for breast cancer survivors.","year":"2026","author":"D'cunha K, Park Y, Leech RM, Protani MM, Marquart-Wilson L, Reeves MM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39317920/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No assigned fasting intervention and no recurrence outcome here; observational designation of less-optimal behaviors is not causal cancer evidence.","assessmentId":"39317920","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39320714","pmid":"39320714","doi":"10.1007/s13668-024-00569-1","title":"Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Female Reproductive Function: A Review of Animal and Human Studies.","year":"2024","author":"Mao L, Liu A, Zhang X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39320714/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39327619","pmid":"39327619","doi":"10.1186/s12966-024-01657-9","title":"Comparing caloric restriction regimens for effective weight management in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.","year":"2024","author":"Huang J, Li Y, Chen M, Cai Z, Cai Z, Jiang Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39327619/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary systematic review/meta-analysis, not a separate original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39329300","pmid":"39329300","doi":"10.1002/cncr.35568","title":"Does insulin resistance predict prostate cancer? Results from the Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer (REDUCE) Trial.","year":"2025","author":"Zheng R, Daniels JP, Moreira DM, Eslamimehr S, Freedland AR, Guerrios-Rivera L, Fowke JH, Freedland SJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39329300/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"other-intervention","reason":"Different intervention, disease survey or biomarker question without a fasting intervention or direct cancer-fuel/autophagy test in the stated question.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39329321","pmid":"39329321","doi":"10.1080/01443615.2024.2408690","title":"The impact of Ramadan fasting on oxidative stress levels in the second trimester of pregnancy.","year":"2024","author":"Kasap E, Torun R, Kardeşler S, Görgülü G, Bozgeyik MB, Güzel Y, Şahin Güleç E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39329321/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small selected cohort and no long-term infant outcomes. Abstract labels nonsignificant findings with P<.05, requiring full-text verification; cannot establish pregnancy safety.","assessmentId":"39329321","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39339666","pmid":"39339666","doi":"10.3390/nu16183066","title":"Synergistic Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding and Resistance Training on Body Composition and Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","year":"2024","author":"Ho Y, Hou X, Sun F, Wong SHS, Zhang X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39339666/","searches":["glucose","muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39339719","pmid":"39339719","doi":"10.3390/nu16183112","title":"The Impact of Ten Days of Periodic Fasting on the Modulation of the Longevity Gene in Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Quasi-Experimental Study.","year":"2024","author":"Yuliyanasari N, Zamri EN, Rejeki PS, Miftahussurur M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39339719/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Expression is not telomere length, lifespan or proof of slowed aging. Short 12-hour nightly schedule is not a continuous ten-day fast; highly variable results.","assessmentId":"39339719","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39341847","pmid":"39341847","doi":"10.1038/s41598-024-72913-y","title":"A randomized feasibility trial of time-restricted eating during pregnancy in people with increased risk of gestational diabetes.","year":"2024","author":"Skarstad HMS, Haganes KL, Sujan MAJ, Gellein TM, Johansen MK, Salvesen KÅ, Hawley JA, Moholdt T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39341847/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small feasibility study, not adequate to establish fetal safety or prevention of gestational diabetes.","assessmentId":"39341847","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39348690","pmid":"39348690","doi":"10.7326/m24-0859","title":"Time-Restricted Eating in Adults With Metabolic Syndrome : A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2024","author":"Manoogian ENC, Wilkinson MJ, O'Neal M, Laing K, Nguyen J, Van D, Rosander A, Pazargadi A, Gutierrez NR, Fleischer JG, Golshan S, Panda S, Taub PR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39348690/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"timet","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:39378563","pmid":"39378563","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2024.09.044","title":"The genetically predicted causal associations between circulating 3-hydroxybutyrate levels and malignant neoplasms: A pan-cancer Mendelian randomization study.","year":"2024","author":"Ye F, Huang Y, Zeng L, Li N, Hao L, Yue J, Li S, Deng J, Yu F, Hu X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39378563/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Genetic proxies are not dietary treatment; assumptions, weak instruments, pleiotropy and multiple testing matter. Does not establish benefit for existing cancer or every cancer type.","assessmentId":"39378563","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39387098","pmid":"39387098","doi":"10.1016/j.nbscr.2024.100106","title":"Synergy between time-restricted feeding and time-restricted running is necessary to shift the muscle clock in male wistar rats.","year":"2024","author":"Shiba A, de Goede P, Tandari R, Foppen E, Korpel NL, Coopmans TV, Hellings TP, Jansen MW, Ruitenberg A, Ritsema WIGR, Yi CX, Mul JD, Stenvers DJ, Kalsbeek A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39387098/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Animal circadian mechanism, not a universal human fasting schedule or independent clinical benefit.","assessmentId":"39387098","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39387327","pmid":"39387327","doi":"10.1002/pbc.31369","title":"Feasibility of telehealth exercise and nicotinamide riboside supplementation in survivors of childhood cancer at risk for diabetes: A pilot randomized controlled trial.","year":"2025","author":"Bhandari R, Lukas K, Lee K, Shamunee J, Almeida B, Guzman T, Echevarria M, Lindenfeld L, Nenninger C, Iukuridze A, Albanese S, Rhee JW, Chen S, Brenner C, Wong FL, Armenian SH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39387327/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention or mechanism is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39389469","pmid":"39389469","doi":"10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100310","title":"Associations between Variability in Between- and Within-Day Dietary Intake with Adiposity and Glucose Homeostasis in Adults: A Systematic Review.","year":"2024","author":"Suyoto PS, Pamungkas NP, de Vries JH, Feskens EJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39389469/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39390498","pmid":"39390498","doi":"10.1186/s12889-024-20228-y","title":"Development and feasibility testing of a time-restricted eating intervention for women living with overweight/obesity and HIV in a resource-limited setting of South Africa.","year":"2024","author":"Hoosen F, Pico ML, Goedecke JH, Dave JA, Quist JS, Færch K, Grunnet LG, de Villiers A, Aagaard-Hansen J, Mendham AE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39390498/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Feasibility/self-reported impressions, not controlled weight-loss or diabetes-prevention evidence. Resource and treatment context important.","assessmentId":"39390498","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39408266","pmid":"39408266","doi":"10.3390/nu16193300","title":"Effects of Religious Fasting on Markers of Oxidative Status in Vitamin D-Deficient and Overweight Orthodox Nuns versus Implementation of Time-Restricted Eating in Lay Women from Central and Northern Greece.","year":"2024","author":"Karras SN, Michalakis K, Tekos F, Skaperda Z, Vardakas P, Ziakas PD, Kypraiou M, Anemoulis M, Vlastos A, Tzimagiorgis G, Haitoglou C, Georgopoulos N, Papanikolaou EG, Kouretas D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39408266/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Lifestyle, diet and vitamin-D differences confound; no non-fasting group, no clinical event endpoint and no uniform antioxidant superiority.","assessmentId":"39408266","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39410010","pmid":"39410010","doi":"10.3390/cancers16193390","title":"An Exogenous Ketone Ester Slows Tumor Progression in Murine Breast and Renal Cancer Models.","year":"2024","author":"Ogbonna HN, Roberts Z, Godwin N, Muri P, Turbitt WJ, Swalley ZN, Dempsey FR, Stephens HR, Zhang J, Plaisance EP, Norian LA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39410010/","searches":["cancer","mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Supports a model-specific systemic effect rather than simple starvation; no human efficacy. Ketone ester supplementation is distinct from fasting or carbohydrate restriction.","assessmentId":"39410010","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39411191","pmid":"39411191","doi":"10.3389/fmed.2024.1426140","title":"Frailty assessment and outcomes in primary care for patients with diabetes during Ramadan: implications for risk evaluation and care plans.","year":"2024","author":"Baynouna Alketbi LM, Afandi B, Nagelkerke N, Abdubaqi H, Al Nuaimi RA, Al Saedi MR, Al Blooshi FI, Al Blooshi NS, Al Aryani AM, Al Marzooqi NM, Al Khouri AA, Al Mansoori SA, Hassanein M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39411191/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Observational risk association; abstract confidence interval is malformed and needs verification. Completion and subjective appearance can miss vulnerability.","assessmentId":"39411191","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39414086","pmid":"39414086","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111893","title":"Comparing the effects of time-restricted eating on glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes with standard dietetic practice: A randomised controlled trial.","year":"2024","author":"Parr EB, Radford BE, Hall RC, Steventon-Lorenzen N, Flint SA, Siviour Z, Plessas C, Halson SL, Brennan L, Kouw IWK, Johnston RD, Devlin BL, Hawley JA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39414086/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Supports an alternative, not superiority; small open-label sample, self-reported adherence and spontaneous energy reduction in both groups.","assessmentId":"39414086","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39415097","pmid":"39415097","doi":"10.1186/s10194-024-01886-0","title":"Effect of fasting-induced headache on calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and other clinical biomarkers on the first day of Ramadan: Sub-analysis from a randomized open label clinical trial.","year":"2024","author":"Alwhaibi A, Alasmari F, Almutairi F, Assiri MA, Aldawsari FS, Aloyayd ST, Alhejji AA, Alotaibi JA, Albilali A, Almohammed OA, Alsanea S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39415097/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same parent trial as PMID 39248024; association does not prove mechanism. Reported OR 1.32 lies outside stated CI 1.06–1.22, requiring correction before quoting.","assessmentId":"39415097","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39418832","pmid":"39418832","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2024.09.034","title":"Short-term intermittent fasting and energy restriction do not impair rates of muscle protein synthesis: A randomised, controlled dietary intervention.","year":"2024","author":"Kouw IWK, Parr EB, Wheeler MJ, Radford BE, Hall RC, Senden JM, Goessens JPB, van Loon LJC, Hawley JA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39418832/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short integrated synthesis measurement does not establish long-term muscle preservation or balance of synthesis and breakdown in frail people.","assessmentId":"39418832","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39454570","pmid":"39454570","doi":"10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101801","title":"Effects of healthy low-carbohydrate diet and time-restricted eating on weight and gut microbiome in adults with overweight or obesity: Feeding RCT.","year":"2024","author":"Li L, Li R, Tian Q, Luo Y, Li R, Lin X, Ou Y, Guo T, Chen X, Pan A, Manson JE, Liu G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39454570/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Weight-loss benefit must be weighed against tissue composition; microbiome changes are not themselves proven health benefits.","assessmentId":"39454570","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39458471","pmid":"39458471","doi":"10.3390/nu16203476","title":"Effect of Time-Restricted Eating on Circulating Levels of IGF1 and Its Binding Proteins in Obesity: An Exploratory Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2024","author":"Akasheh RT, Ankireddy A, Gabel K, Ezpeleta M, Lin S, Tamatam CM, Reddy SP, Spring B, Cheng TD, Fontana L, Khan SA, Varady KA, Cienfuegos S, Kalam F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39458471/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No cancer or lifespan endpoint. Post-randomization weight-loss subgroup cannot establish a fasting-specific anti-aging mechanism.","assessmentId":"39458471","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39458522","pmid":"39458522","doi":"10.3390/nu16203528","title":"Time-Restricted Eating Versus Daily Calorie Restriction: Effect on Sleep in Adults with Obesity over 12 Months.","year":"2024","author":"Lin S, Cienfuegos S, Ezpeleta M, Gabel K, Pavlou V, Alexandria SJ, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39458522/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Self-reported secondary outcomes; not an independent weight-loss replication.","assessmentId":"39458522","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39464252","pmid":"39464252","doi":"10.1016/j.jand.2023.10.012","title":"Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial of Late 8-Hour Time-Restricted Eating for Adolescents With Type 2 Diabetes.","year":"2024","author":"Hegedus E, Vu MH, Salvy SJ, Bakhsh J, Goran MI, Raymond JK, Espinoza JC, Vidmar AP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39464252/","searches":["glucose","populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small pilot; HbA1c CI/P-value inconsistency in abstract needs checking. No reported adverse event does not establish long-term adolescent safety.","assessmentId":"39464252","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39468618","pmid":"39468618","doi":"10.1186/s13098-024-01492-9","title":"The effect of different dietary restriction on weight management and metabolic parameters in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2024","author":"Zeng X, Ji QP, Jiang ZZ, Xu Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39468618/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39471548","pmid":"39471548","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2024.10.029","title":"Comment on \"Effects of time-restricted eating and low-carbohydrate diet on psychosocial health and appetite in individuals with metabolic syndrome: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial\".","year":"2024","author":"Zhou X, Zhang X, Li J, Li Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39471548/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"commentary","reason":"Commentary or correspondence without a separately identifiable original outcome study in the indexed title.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39485353","pmid":"39485353","doi":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.42163","title":"Meal Timing and Anthropometric and Metabolic Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","year":"2024","author":"Liu HY, Eso AA, Cook N, O'Neill HM, Albarqouni L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39485353/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39501676","pmid":"39501676","doi":"10.1111/obr.13855","title":"Longer-term effects of intermittent fasting on body composition and cardiometabolic health in adults with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Khalafi M, Maleki AH, Ehsanifar M, Symonds ME, Rosenkranz SK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39501676/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39520336","pmid":"39520336","doi":"10.1002/mnfr.202400451","title":"Intermittent Fasting Improves Insulin Resistance by Modulating the Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Metabolism in Diet-Induced Obesity.","year":"2024","author":"Lei S, Liu G, Wang S, Zong G, Zhang X, Pan L, Han J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39520336/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Correlated microbiome/metabolite shifts do not alone prove mediation; animal evidence, not human clinical efficacy.","assessmentId":"39520336","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39520981","pmid":"39520981","doi":"10.1016/j.molcel.2024.10.022","title":"VPS4A is the selective receptor for lipophagy in mice and humans.","year":"2024","author":"Das D, Sharma M, Gahlot D, Nia SS, Gain C, Mecklenburg M, Zhou ZH, Bourdenx M, Thukral L, Martinez-Lopez N, Singh R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39520981/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Human component is tissue association, not a fasting time-course trial. Selective fat-droplet recycling is not elimination of whole cancer cells.","assessmentId":"39520981","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39521724","pmid":"39521724","doi":"10.1111/dme.15468","title":"The impact of prolonged walking on fasting plasma glucose in type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled crossover study.","year":"2025","author":"Niwaha AJ, Shields BM, Rodgers LR, Hattersley AT, Andrews RC, Nyirenda MJ, Jones AG.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39521724/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention or mechanism is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39530408","pmid":"39530408","doi":"10.1002/eat.24322","title":"Engagement in Intermittent Fasting is Prospectively Associated With Higher Body Mass Index, Higher Eating Disorder Psychopathology, and Lower Intuitive Eating in Chinese Adults.","year":"2025","author":"He J, Chen X, Cui T, Xiao Y, Barnhart WR, Wang Y, Yi S, Nagata JM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39530408/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Prospective association strengthens temporal information but does not eliminate self-selection or residual confounding; cannot conclude fasting caused all outcomes.","assessmentId":"39530408","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39533312","pmid":"39533312","doi":"10.1186/s12916-024-03716-1","title":"Effects of different types of intermittent fasting on metabolic outcomes: an umbrella review and network meta-analysis.","year":"2024","author":"Chen YE, Tsai HL, Tu YK, Chen LW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39533312/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:3954747","pmid":"3954747","doi":"10.1042/bj2330485","title":"Ketone-body metabolism in tumour-bearing rats.","year":"1986","author":"Rofe AM, Bais R, Conyers RA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3954747/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"One tumor model supports limited ketone use, not a universal rule or proof that ketosis kills cancer.","assessmentId":"3954747","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39550356","pmid":"39550356","doi":"10.1038/s41387-024-00350-x","title":"Effectiveness of flaxseed consumption and fasting mimicking diet on anthropometric measures, biochemical parameters, and hepatic features in patients with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): a randomized controlled clinical trial.","year":"2024","author":"Khodadadi N, Sadeghi A, Poustchi H, Abbasi B, Nilghaz M, Melekoglu E, Yari Z, Hekmatdoost A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39550356/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Authors call a daily 16:8 schedule FMD, but it is not the usual multi-day fasting-mimicking diet. Elastography is not biopsy proof of fibrosis reversal.","assessmentId":"39550356","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39581244","pmid":"39581244","doi":"10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104571","title":"Harnessing tumor metabolism during cancer treatment: A narrative review of emerging dietary approaches.","year":"2025","author":"Silvestris N, Aprile G, Tessitore D, Mentrasti G, Cristina Petrella M, Speranza D, Casirati A, Caccialanza R, Cinieri S, Pedrazzoli P, Italian Intersociety Working Group for Nutritional Support in Cancer Patients.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39581244/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39581528","pmid":"39581528","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149343","title":"The effects of 15-day complete fasting on the attentional network: An ERP study.","year":"2025","author":"Wang C, Cao Z, Qin H, Tian L, Jiang Y, Dai Z, Chi L, Wu B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39581528/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small selected sample, multiple tests and no control; absence of a detected attention deficit is not evidence of overall safety or suitability for spaceflight.","assessmentId":"39581528","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39596904","pmid":"39596904","doi":"10.3390/biology13110949","title":"Etomoxir Sodium Salt Promotes Imidazole Ketone Erastin-Induced Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Ferroptosis and Enhances Cancer Therapy.","year":"2024","author":"Mohamady Farouk Abdalsalam N, Liang Z, Kashaf Tariq H, Ibrahim A, Li R, Wan X, Yan D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39596904/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39599745","pmid":"39599745","doi":"10.3390/nu16223959","title":"Prolonged Water-Only Fasting Followed by a Whole-Plant-Food Diet Is a Potential Long-Term Management Strategy for Hypertension and Obesity.","year":"2024","author":"Zeiler E, Gabriel S, Ncube M, Thompson N, Newmire D, Scharf EL, Goldhamer AC, Myers TR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39599745/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Highly selected residential participants; diet/refeeding/support confounded, long-term completeness needs checking. Does not justify unsupervised medication withdrawal or establish rare-event safety.","assessmentId":"39599745","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39603936","pmid":"39603936","doi":"10.1016/j.asjsur.2024.10.240","title":"Prognosis and immunity of different cluster groups of glycogen metabolism-related genes in glioma.","year":"2024","author":"Li W, Yuan Y, Chen S, Liu Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39603936/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"39603936","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:39609683","pmid":"39609683","doi":"10.1186/s12937-024-01046-9","title":"Effects of intermittent fasting on body composition, clinical health markers and memory status in the adult population: a single-blind randomised controlled trial.","year":"2024","author":"Rizvi ZA, Saleem J, Zeb I, Shahzad R, Kayani JA, Faryal J, Bukhari GMJ, Abdi G, Jain M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39609683/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Multiple outcomes, limited protocol/effect-size detail in abstract; no long-term cognition or disease endpoint.","assessmentId":"39609683","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39617888","pmid":"39617888","doi":"10.1186/s12902-024-01778-z","title":"Safety and efficacy of different basal insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus with chronic kidney disease in Ramadan: prospective observational study.","year":"2024","author":"Baharum NH, Wan Muhammad Hatta SF, Zainordin NA, Abdul Ghani R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39617888/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small nonrandomized drug comparison; nonsignificant differences do not prove equivalent safety or benefit from fasting.","assessmentId":"39617888","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39618608","pmid":"39618608","doi":"10.7759/cureus.72710","title":"Evaluation of Glycemic Control in Patients With Diabetes by a Continuous Glucose Monitoring System During the Month of Ramadan.","year":"2024","author":"Haraj NE, Harouna Malam Brah NA, Elaziz S, Chadli A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39618608/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Risk-based selection makes simple fasting/non-fasting comparisons misleading; small sample and short monitoring.","assessmentId":"39618608","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39627134","pmid":"39627134","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2024-086203","title":"Exploring the effects of <u>t</u>ime-restricted <u>e</u>ating on body weight and associated cardiometabolic outcomes in <u>S</u>outh <u>A</u>frican women living with HIV (TESSA): protocol for a randomised controlled trial.","year":"2024","author":"Mendham AE, Goedecke JH, Heckens L, Hoosen F, Pico ML, Kengne AP, Christensen DL, Olesen OF, Quist JS, Dave J, Færch K, Groth Grunnet L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39627134/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39632975","pmid":"39632975","doi":"10.1038/s41598-024-81591-9","title":"Mendelian randomization study on the association of circulating ketone bodies with lung cancer and respiratory diseases.","year":"2024","author":"Tang X, Zhuang H, Yu H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39632975/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Genetic associations rely on instrumental-variable assumptions; not an intervention trial, cancer-treatment outcome or proof that a ketogenic diet prevents lung cancer.","assessmentId":"39632975","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39652561","pmid":"39652561","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0314871","title":"Time-restricted eating for prevention of age-related vascular cognitive decline in older adults: A protocol for a single-arm open-label interventional trial.","year":"2024","author":"da C Pinaffi-Langley AC, Szarvas Z, Peterfi A, Kaposzta Z, Mukli P, Shahriari A, Muranyi M, Pinto CB, Owens CD, Adams C, Karfonta B, Rohan M, Tarantini S, Yabluchanskiy A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39652561/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39662116","pmid":"39662116","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2024.12.005","title":"Letter to the Editor-The genetically predicted causal associations between circulating 3-hydroxybutyrate levels and malignant neoplasms: A pan-cancer Mendelian randomization study.","year":"2025","author":"Zhou Q.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39662116/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"commentary","reason":"Commentary or correspondence without a separately identifiable original outcome study in the indexed title.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39665487","pmid":"39665487","doi":"10.1080/01635581.2024.2437833","title":"Diet as an Adjunct Therapy in Reducing Chemotherapy Toxicities and Improving Patients Quality of Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Abene J, Tyburski S, Kral TVE, Quinn R, Deng J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39665487/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39667193","pmid":"39667193","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2024.11.017","title":"Reply - Letter to the Editor - \"The genetically predicted causal associations between circulating 3-hydroxybutyrate levels and malignant neoplasms: A pan-cancer Mendelian randomization study\".","year":"2025","author":"Ye F, Huang Y, Zeng L, Li N, Hao L, Yue J, Li S, Deng J, Yu F, Hu X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39667193/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"commentary","reason":"Commentary or correspondence without a separately identifiable original outcome study in the indexed title.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39683397","pmid":"39683397","doi":"10.3390/nu16234003","title":"Relationship Between Dietary Nutrient Intake and Autophagy-Related Genes in Obese Humans: A Narrative Review.","year":"2024","author":"Bednarczyk M, Dąbrowska-Szeja N, Łętowski D, Dzięgielewska-Gęsiak S, Waniczek D, Muc-Wierzgoń M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39683397/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39694040","pmid":"39694040","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2024.11.004","title":"Early downmodulation of tumor glycolysis predicts response to fasting-mimicking diet in triple-negative breast cancer patients.","year":"2025","author":"Ligorio F, Vingiani A, Torelli T, Sposetti C, Drufuca L, Iannelli F, Zanenga L, Depretto C, Folli S, Scaperrotta G, Capri G, Bianchi GV, Ferraris C, Martelli G, Maugeri I, Provenzano L, Nichetti F, Agnelli L, Lobefaro R, Fucà G, Fotia G, Mariani L, Morelli D, Ladisa V, De Santis MC, Lozza L, Trecate G, Belfiore A, Brich S, Bertolotti A, Lorenzini D, Ficchì A, Martinetti A, Sottotetti E, Arata A, Corsetto P, Sorrentino L, Rediti M, Salvadori G, Minucci S, Foiani M, Apolone G, Pagani M, Pruneri G, de Braud F, Vernieri C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39694040/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"breakfast","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:39697862","pmid":"39697862","doi":"10.1007/s40200-024-01529-w","title":"Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting in patients with diabetes: assessment of knowledge, practices, risk of complications, and impact of pre-ramadan education.","year":"2025","author":"Oueslati I, Cherif L, Aloui E, Mabrouk M, Yazidi M, Chihaoui M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39697862/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Recall and increased detection may affect comparisons; no randomized control. Education-related behavior improvement is not proof of fasting benefit.","assessmentId":"39697862","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39698238","pmid":"39698238","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2024.1437169","title":"The effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting on anthropometric, hormonal, metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers in pre-and post-menopausal women: a prospective cohort of Saudi women.","year":"2024","author":"Al Zunaidy NA, Al-Khalifa AS, Alhussain MH, Althwab SA, Mohammed MA, Faris ME.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39698238/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Autophagy was proposed, not directly measured. No non-fasting control; cycle timing and concurrent lifestyle changes can affect hormones.","assessmentId":"39698238","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39703333","pmid":"39703333","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2024.1483707","title":"Fasting mimicking diet during neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial study.","year":"2024","author":"Bahrami A, Haghighi S, Moghani MM, Khodakarim N, Hejazi E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39703333/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"bahrami","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:39716568","pmid":"39716568","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123327","title":"The ameliorating effect of intermittent fasting on intestinal glucagon-like peptide 1 in rats fed a high-fat diet via the Farnesoid X receptor and the Melanocortin-4 receptor.","year":"2025","author":"Eraky SM, Ramadan NM, Atif HM, Mahmoud AM, Abo El-Magd NF.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39716568/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Energy reduction accompanies timing; pathway associations need causal validation and do not establish human treatment effects.","assessmentId":"39716568","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39728478","pmid":"39728478","doi":"10.3390/metabo14120698","title":"Using Serum Metabolomic Signatures to Investigate Effects of Acupuncture on Pain-Fatigue-Sleep Disturbance in Breast Cancer Survivors.","year":"2024","author":"Li H, Doorenbos AZ, Xia Y, Sun J, Choi H, Harris RE, Gao S, Sullivan K, Schlaeger JM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39728478/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention or mechanism is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39747052","pmid":"39747052","doi":"10.1038/s41467-024-55536-9","title":"Next generation thiazolyl ketone inhibitors of cytosolic phospholipase A&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; α for targeted cancer therapy.","year":"2025","author":"Ashcroft FJ, Bourboula A, Mahammad N, Barbayianni E, Feuerherm AJ, Nguyen TT, Hayashi D, Kokotou MG, Alevizopoulos K, Dennis EA, Kokotos G, Johansen B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39747052/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39748228","pmid":"39748228","doi":"10.1111/dom.16158","title":"Sustained weight reduction following 12 weeks of intermittent fasting intervention in people with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes-Two-year follow-up of the randomised controlled InterFast-2 trial.","year":"2025","author":"Azhar K, Ramirez-Obermayer A, Sourij C, Knoll L, Andritz E, Kojzar H, Müller A, Moser O, Moser O, Tripolt NJ, Pferschy PN, Aziz F, Sourij H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39748228/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"interfastfollow","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually.","assessmentId":"39748228"},{"id":"MED:39759025","pmid":"39759025","doi":"10.1016/j.isci.2024.111501","title":"Weight-neutral early time-restricted eating improves glycemic variation and time in range without changes in inflammatory markers.","year":"2024","author":"Bruno J, Walker JM, Nasserifar S, Upadhyay D, Ronning A, Vanegas SM, Popp CJ, Barua S, Alemán JO.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39759025/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small acute evidence for glucose effects independent of weight change; no established long-term prevention or anti-inflammatory benefit.","assessmentId":"39759025","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39762987","pmid":"39762987","doi":"10.1186/s12986-024-00885-x","title":"Efficacy of intermittent fasting on improving liver function in individuals with metabolic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Khalafi M, Rosenkranz SK, Ghasemi F, Kheradmand S, Habibi Maleki A, Korivi M, Tsao JP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39762987/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39770918","pmid":"39770918","doi":"10.3390/nu16244297","title":"Investigating the Impact of Glycogen-Depleting Exercise Combined with Prolonged Fasting on Autophagy and Cellular Health in Humans: A Randomised Controlled Crossover Trial.","year":"2024","author":"Masedunskas A, de Ciutiis I, Hein LK, Ge A, Kong YX, Qi M, Mainali D, Rogerson-Wood L, Kroeger CM, Aguirre Candia YA, Cagigas ML, Wang T, Hutchinson D, Sabag A, Passam FH, Piccio L, Sargeant TJ, Fontana L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39770918/","searches":["prolonged","autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-abstract-and-full-text","reasonCode":"protocol-without-results","reason":"PROFASTA is a protocol for a planned three-day fasting crossover trial. No autophagy outcome results are reported; the proposed timing must not be presented as an observed human response.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39775037","pmid":"39775037","doi":"10.1038/s41591-024-03375-y","title":"Effects of early, late and self-selected time-restricted eating on visceral adipose tissue and cardiometabolic health in participants with overweight or obesity: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2025","author":"Dote-Montero M, Clavero-Jimeno A, Merchán-Ramírez E, Oses M, Echarte J, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Concepción M, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Alcántara JMA, López-Vázquez A, Cupeiro R, Migueles JH, De-la-O A, García Pérez PV, Contreras-Bolivar V, Muñoz-Garach A, Zugasti A, Petrina E, Alvarez de Eulate N, Goñi E, Armendariz-Brugos C, González Cejudo MT, Martín-Rodríguez JL, Idoate F, Cabeza R, Carneiro-Barrera A, de Cabo R, Muñoz-Torres M, Labayen I, Ruiz JR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39775037/","searches":["weight"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"dote","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:39775978","pmid":"39775978","doi":"10.1111/joim.20052","title":"Metabolic syndrome is associated with breast cancer mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Harborg S, Larsen HB, Elsgaard S, Borgquist S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39775978/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39787136","pmid":"39787136","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0316333","title":"Evaluating the effects of time-restricted eating on overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized controlled trial study protocol.","year":"2025","author":"Liu H, Shangguan F, Liu F, Guo Y, Yu H, Li H, Su Y, Li Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39787136/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39790469","pmid":"39790469","doi":"10.1017/cts.2024.651","title":"Health impacts of a remotely delivered prolonged nightly fasting intervention in stressed adults with memory decline and obesity: A nationwide randomized controlled pilot trial.","year":"2024","author":"James DL, Mun CJ, Larkey LK, Ofori E, Hawley NA, Alperin K, Vance DE, Sears DD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39790469/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"jamesnight","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:39797584","pmid":"39797584","doi":"10.1111/dme.15506","title":"Protocol for a 1-year randomised, controlled, parallel group, open-label trial on the effects and feasibility of time-restricted eating in individuals with type 2 diabetes- The REStricted Eating Time in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (RESET2) trial.","year":"2025","author":"Termannsen AD, Varming A, Bjerre N, Wodschow HZ, Hansen GS, Jensen NJ, Persson F, Bagger JI, Panda S, Finlayson G, Ewers B, Hansen DL, Nørgaard K, Rungby J, Grunnet LG, Blond MB, Hempler NF, Færch K, Quist JS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39797584/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39813871","pmid":"39813871","doi":"10.1016/j.canep.2024.102740","title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3ß inhibitor use and prostate cancer incidence in Manitoba, Canada: A population-based nested case-control study.","year":"2025","author":"Righolt CH, Sever E, Mahmud SM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39813871/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39820733","pmid":"39820733","doi":"10.1007/s00520-024-09117-7","title":"Postprandial glycaemic response and pain sensitivity in breast cancer survivors suffering from chronic pain: a double-blind, randomised controlled cross-over pilot experiment.","year":"2025","author":"Yılmaz ST, Elma Ö, Malfliet A, Nijs J, Clarys P, Coppieters I, Mertens E, Naert E, Calders P, Devoogdt N, De Groef A, Deliens T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39820733/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention or mechanism is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39825120","pmid":"39825120","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-86734-0","title":"The effects of intermittent fasting on antioxidant and inflammatory markers and liver enzymes in postmenopausal, overweight and obese women with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2025","author":"Tavakoli A, Akhgarjand C, Ansar H, Houjaghani H, Khormani A, Djafarian K, Rostamian A, Ranjbar M, Farsani GM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39825120/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Biomarker changes are not demonstrated reductions in joint damage, symptoms or medication needs; small multiple-endpoint trial.","assessmentId":"39825120","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39830609","pmid":"39830609","doi":"10.1017/cts.2024.693","title":"Health impacts of a remotely delivered prolonged nightly fasting intervention in stressed adults with memory decline and obesity: A nationwide randomized controlled pilot trial - ADDENDUM.","year":"2025","author":"James DL, Mun CJ, Larkey LK, Ofori E, Hawley NA, Alperin K, Vance DE, Sears DD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39830609/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"notice","reason":"Correction, addendum or retraction notice; retained for linked-source checking, not counted as an independent outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39830610","pmid":"39830610","doi":"10.1017/cts.2024.676","title":"Prolonged nightly fasting in older adults with memory decline: A single-group pilot study exploring changes in cognitive function and cardiometabolic risk factors.","year":"2025","author":"James DL, Larkey LK, Maxfield M, Han S, Ofori E, Mohr AE, Hawley NA, Alperin K, Ahlich E, Vance DE, Sears DD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39830610/","searches":["prolonged","muscle","cognition"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Repeated testing, expectations and regression to mean cannot be excluded; not evidence of dementia prevention. Subsequent randomized work should take precedence.","assessmentId":"39830610","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39833322","pmid":"39833322","doi":"10.1007/s00438-024-02211-9","title":"Differential effects of β-hydroxybutyrate and α-ketoglutarate on HCT-116 colorectal cancer cell viability under normoxic and hypoxic low-glucose conditions: exploring the role of SRC, HIF1α, ACAT1, and SIRT2 genes.","year":"2025","author":"Badameh P, Akhlaghi Tabar F, Mohammadipoor N, Rezaei R, Ranjkesh R, Maleki MH, Vakili O, Shafiee SM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39833322/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Single-line MTT/gene-expression evidence, not clinical harm; nevertheless directly contradicts the claim that ketones necessarily starve all glucose-limited cancer cells.","assessmentId":"39833322","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39838548","pmid":"39838548","doi":"10.14814/phy2.70194","title":"Effects of time-restricted feeding and meal timing on an 8-week fat oxidation exercise training program-A randomized controlled trial.","year":"2025","author":"Hofstätter F, Niedermeier M, Rausch LK, Kopp M, Simpson L, Lawley JS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39838548/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No added fasting benefit demonstrated; exercise fat oxidation is not equivalent to long-term body-fat loss.","assessmentId":"39838548","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39842253","pmid":"39842253","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2025.01.005","title":"Effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on hormones regulating appetite in healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Alogaiel DM, Alsuwaylihi A, Alotaibi MS, Macdonald IA, Lobo DN.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39842253/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39842917","pmid":"39842917","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2024-087260","title":"Study protocol of the PRINCESS trial-PReoperative INtermittent fasting versus CarbohydratE loading to reduce inSulin resiStance versus standard of care in orthopaedic patients: a randomised controlled trial.","year":"2025","author":"Stobbe AY, de Klerk ES, van Wilpe R, Kievit AJ, Choi KF, Preckel B, Hollmann MW, Hermanides J, van Stijn MFM, Hulst AH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39842917/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39848865","pmid":"39848865","doi":"10.1016/j.pcd.2024.12.010","title":"Ramadan fasting and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: A real-world data analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Salih A SA, Chodick G, Klein P, Eilat-Adar S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39848865/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Actual fasting was inferred from religion/residence, not directly established; medication, diet and seasonal confounding. Cannot assign all changes to fasting.","assessmentId":"39848865","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39853894","pmid":"39853894","doi":"10.1111/acel.14481","title":"Optimising Age-Specific Insulin Signalling to Slow Down Reproductive Ageing Increases Fitness in Different Nutritional Environments.","year":"2025","author":"Sultanova Z, Shen A, Hencel K, Carlsson H, Crighton Z, Clifton D, Akay A, Maklakov AA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39853894/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention or mechanism is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39857793","pmid":"39857793","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13010210","title":"Comprehensive Overview of Ketone Bodies in Cancer Metabolism: Mechanisms and Application.","year":"2025","author":"Liang Z, Deng L, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Zhao W.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39857793/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39861348","pmid":"39861348","doi":"10.3390/nu17020218","title":"Impact of Time-Restricted Eating and High-Intensity Exercise on Nutrient Intake in Women with Overweight/Obesity: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2025","author":"Haganes KL, Devlin BL, Orr RK, Moholdt T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39861348/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Dietary estimates are not diagnosed deficiencies; nevertheless food quality and adequate intake matter. Same parent trial, not an independent intervention.","assessmentId":"39861348","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39867556","pmid":"39867556","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2024.1485466","title":"Sulforaphane acutely activates multiple starvation response pathways.","year":"2024","author":"Plafker KS, Georgescu C, Pezant N, Pranay A, Plafker SM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39867556/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Compound treatment in cultured cells is not a human fasting timetable or evidence of safe anticancer dosing; authors note potential toxicity as well as therapeutic hypotheses.","assessmentId":"39867556","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39876903","pmid":"39876903","doi":"10.1016/j.metop.2024.100341","title":"The impact of intermittent fasting on fertility: A focus on polycystic ovary syndrome and reproductive outcomes in Women-A systematic review.","year":"2025","author":"Velissariou M, Athanasiadou CR, Diamanti A, Lykeridou A, Sarantaki A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39876903/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39880174","pmid":"39880174","doi":"10.1016/j.bmcl.2025.130112","title":"Derivatization of ophiobolin A and cytotoxicity toward breast and glioblastoma cancer stem cells: Varying the ketone and unsaturated aldehyde moieties.","year":"2025","author":"Aroujo J, Parker H, Boari A, Mason E, Otakpor MU, Betancourt T, Kornienko A, Ciavatta ML, Carbone M, Evidente A, Taube JH, Romo D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39880174/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39889752","pmid":"39889752","doi":"10.1302/0301-620x.107b2.bjj-2024-0623","title":"Evaluating polyethylene, polyether-ether-ketone, and metal-on-metal locking mechanism survival in Modular Universal Tumour and Revision System knee reconstructions for oncological indications : insights from the MUTARS Orthopedic Registry Europe.","year":"2025","author":"Evenhuis RE, Bus MPA, van Nes J, Walter SG, Cabrolier J, Fiocco M, van der Wal RJP, Broekhuis D, Sellevold S, van de Sande MAJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39889752/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39895799","pmid":"39895799","doi":"10.7150/jca.104424","title":"Integrated Multi-omics Data Analysis and <i>In Vitro</i> Validation Reveal the Crucial Role of Glycogen Metabolism in Gastric Cancer.","year":"2025","author":"Zhou X, Wu J, Liu Y, Wang X, Gao X, Xia X, Xu J, He J, Wang T, Shu Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39895799/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Computational prediction is not prospectively proven treatment selection or evidence that fasting kills gastric cancer; both synthesis and breakdown signatures were involved.","assessmentId":"39895799","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39895836","pmid":"39895836","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2025.1524125","title":"A perspective on intermittent fasting and cardiovascular risk in the era of obesity pharmacotherapy.","year":"2025","author":"Eliopoulos AG, Gkouskou KK, Tsioufis K, Sanoudou D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39895836/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Secondary synthesis or perspective; retained for potential citation tracing, not counted as an original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39908983","pmid":"39908983","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2024.12.015","title":"Fueling metabolic disruption via FMD to boost chemotherapy in TNBC.","year":"2025","author":"Goncalves MD, Iyengar NM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39908983/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Secondary synthesis or perspective; retained for potential citation tracing, not counted as an original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39915199","pmid":"39915199","doi":"10.1016/j.clinthera.2025.01.007","title":"The Effect of Intermittent Fasting Diet in Comparison With Low-Calorie Diet on Inflammation, Lipid Profile, Glycemic Index, Liver Fibrosis in Patients With Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2025","author":"Karimi M, Akhgarjand C, Houjaghani H, Nejad MM, Sohrabpour AA, Poustchi H, Mohammadi H, Chamari M, Imani H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39915199/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small trial; stiffness is a surrogate, not biopsy-proven fibrosis reversal. Results challenge automatic superiority of fasting.","assessmentId":"39915199","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39915600","pmid":"39915600","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-88773-z","title":"Effects of time restricted feeding combined with Lacto Ovo vegetarian diet on metabolic associated fatty liver disease management: a randomized clinical trial.","year":"2025","author":"Shafiee M, Sadeghi A, Ghafouri-Taleghani F, Nilghaz M, Ghods M, Narimani B, Hekmatdoost A, Saidpour A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39915600/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Two dietary changes bundled; cannot attribute effects specifically to timing. Surrogate liver indices and short completer analysis.","assessmentId":"39915600","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39924975","pmid":"39924975","doi":"10.1097/ana.0000000000001030","title":"A Quality Improvement Project to Reduce the Incidence of Prolonged Preoperative Fasting in Patients Undergoing Elective Neurosurgical Procedures, the NEURO-FAST Study.","year":"2026","author":"Thakkar K, Joseph L, Karuppusami R, Meganathan PR, Snegalatha D, Singh G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39924975/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"procedural-fasting","reason":"Fasting is procedural preparation, drug administration, or imaging preparation rather than a therapeutic fasting intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39934050","pmid":"39934050","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2025.103860","title":"Fasting-mimicking diet in type 2 diabetes reduces myocardial triglyceride content: A 12-month randomised controlled trial.","year":"2025","author":"Roos PR, van den Burg EL, Schoonakker MP, van Peet PG, Numans ME, Pijl H, Westenberg JJM, Lamb HJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39934050/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Highly selected complete-data subset of the featured FIT cohort, not independent trial; cardiac fat is not a heart-attack/heart-failure endpoint.","assessmentId":"39934050","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39939249","pmid":"39939249","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2024.103844","title":"Effects of time-restricted eating and resistance training on skeletal muscle tissue quantity, quality and function in postmenopausal women with overweight or obesity: A study protocol.","year":"2025","author":"Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Medrano M, Echarte J, Osés M, Izquierdo C, De Caridad-Concepción M, Galbete A, Idoate F, Zugasti A, Petrina ME, Goñi E, Ribelles MJ, Amasene M, Arenaza L, Tejada C, Elejalde E, Azcarate U, Ruiz-Sarrias O, Sayar-Beristain O, García-Ramos A, Martínez-Labari C, Armendariz-Brugos C, Villanueva A, Ruiz JR, Cabeza R, Labayen I.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39939249/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39941696","pmid":"39941696","doi":"10.3390/jcm14031028","title":"Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of <i>Artemisia</i> and <i>Salvia</i> Genera in Cancer, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Short Review of Clinical Evidence.","year":"2025","author":"Tavares WR, Seca AML, Barreto MC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39941696/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:39956379","pmid":"39956379","doi":"10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149510","title":"Impact of preconceptional intermittent fasting on reflex ontogenesis, physical and somatic development of the offspring of Wistar rats.","year":"2025","author":"Vasconcelos de Araújo AN, Gomes Dutra LM, Dantas BS, Alves AF, Almeida Gonçalves SA, Tribuzy de Magalhães Cordeiro AM, Barbosa Soares JK, de Souza Aquino J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39956379/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Earlier milestones are not established long-term benefit; litter-level analysis and adult offspring outcomes need checking. No human pregnancy/preconception recommendation follows.","assessmentId":"39956379","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39965719","pmid":"39965719","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112042","title":"Time in tight glucose range in adolescents and young adults with diabetes during Ramadan intermittent fasting: Data from real-world users on different treatment strategies.","year":"2025","author":"Elbarbary NS, Rahman Ismail EA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39965719/","searches":["populations","religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Nonrandomized diabetes/device comparisons with different baseline risks; tests management context, not fasting efficacy.","assessmentId":"39965719","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39973006","pmid":"39973006","doi":"10.1002/oby.24252","title":"Time-restricted eating, caloric reduction, and unrestricted eating effects on weight and metabolism: a randomized trial.","year":"2025","author":"Oldenburg N, Mashek DG, Harnack L, Wang Q, Manoogian ENC, Evanoff N, Dengel DR, Taddese A, Yentzer BP, Lysne L, Wong A, Hanson M, Anderson JD, Alvear A, LaPage N, Ryder J, Varady K, Gao Z, Ryu S, Bolan PJ, Bergman B, Helgeson E, Panda S, Chow LS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39973006/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Important randomized null result; adherence differed from prescribed window, and confidence intervals allow smaller effects.","assessmentId":"39973006","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39991046","pmid":"39991046","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2024.1401780","title":"Weight loss-independent changes in human growth hormone during water-only fasting: a secondary evaluation of a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2024","author":"Horne BD, Anderson JL, May HT, Bair TL, Le VT, Iverson L, Knowlton KU, Muhlestein JB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39991046/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Hormone spikes are not proof of muscle gain, rejuvenation or longer life. Percent changes from tiny baseline concentrations can look disproportionately large; no washout noted.","assessmentId":"39991046","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:39992790","pmid":"39992790","doi":"10.1002/1878-0261.70003","title":"Plasma lipidomic and metabolomic profiles in high-grade glioma patients before and after 72-h presurgery water-only fasting.","year":"2025","author":"Divé I, Hahnefeld L, Wenger KJ, Kögel D, Steinbach J, Geisslinger G, Ronellenfitsch MW, Tegeder I.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39992790/","searches":["prolonged","cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Systemic metabolic response is not tumor killing, autophagic cancer clearance or survival benefit. Same ERGO3 program; exact relationship to other reports must be tracked.","assessmentId":"39992790","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40000314","pmid":"40000314","doi":"10.1016/j.pcd.2025.02.006","title":"Intermittent fasting versus continuous caloric restriction for glycemic control and weight loss in type 2 diabetes: A traditional review.","year":"2025","author":"Lakhani HA, Biswas D, Kuruvila M, Chava MS, Raj K, Varghese JT, Swathi NL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40000314/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40008664","pmid":"40008664","doi":"10.20960/nh.05521","title":"Intermittent fasting for glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2025","author":"Huang X, Huang G, Wei G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40008664/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40016311","pmid":"40016311","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-88393-7","title":"The efficacy of DASH combined with time-restricted feeding (16/8) on metabolic associated fatty liver disease management: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2025","author":"Nilghaz M, Sadeghi A, Koochakpoor G, Poustchi H, Khodadadi N, Narimani B, Ghods M, Shafiee M, Shahparvari MR, Hekmatdoost A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40016311/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Bundled dietary quality and timing prevent isolating fasting. Full-text sample/energy matching and fibrosis claims need verification.","assessmentId":"40016311","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40016571","pmid":"40016571","doi":"10.1007/s13300-025-01702-1","title":"O-SEMA-FAST: A Prospective, Non-interventional Study Investigating Oral Semaglutide Use in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus During Ramadan.","year":"2025","author":"Hassanein M, Alawadi F, AlKadhim I, Aly H, Bajawi D, Cinar T, Dhanwal D, Jabbar A, Khader S, Khudadah K, Muzaffar T, Ngome M, Nafach J, Shaghouli A, O-SEMA-FAST Investigators.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40016571/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Medication adherence and multiple drugs confound; symptomatic events are not all confirmed lows. Not evidence that fasting alone caused benefit.","assessmentId":"40016571","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40017349","pmid":"40017349","doi":"10.1111/apt.70044","title":"Effects of a 12-Week Mediterranean-Type Time-Restricted Feeding Protocol in Patients With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Randomised Controlled Trial-The 'CHRONO-NAFLD Project'.","year":"2025","author":"Tsitsou S, Bali T, Adamantou M, Saridaki A, Poulia KA, Karagiannakis DS, Papakonstantinou E, Cholongitas E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40017349/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Abstract does not establish that all favorable within-arm findings significantly exceeded other arms; matched active diets and short duration.","assessmentId":"40017349","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40020647","pmid":"40020647","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2025.02.017","title":"A fasting-mimicking diet programme reduces liver fat and liver inflammation/fibrosis measured by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2025","author":"van den Burg EL, Schoonakker MP, van Peet PG, le Cessie S, Numans ME, Pijl H, Lamb HJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40020647/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"MRI inflammation/fibrosis markers are not histologic proof or clinical-event reductions; existing FIT cohort, not independent replication. Later risk-category analysis was post hoc.","assessmentId":"40020647","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:4002708","pmid":"4002708","doi":"","title":"[Evaluation of mucosal energy substrates in patients with stomach cancer. I. Glycogen concentration].","year":"1985","author":"Namiot Z, Szałaj W, Jodczyk J, Górski J, Stasiewicz J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4002708/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"4002708","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:40032143","pmid":"40032143","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.02.022","title":"Association of Low-Calorie Sweeteners with Selected Circulating Biomarkers of Intestinal Permeability in the Cancer Prevention Study-3 Diet Assessment Substudy.","year":"2025","author":"Zhu X, Sylvetsky AC, McCullough ML, Welsh JA, Hartman TJ, Ferranti EP, Um CY.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40032143/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention or mechanism is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40047784","pmid":"40047784","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1494902","title":"Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of two formulations of the S-1 (tegafur/gimeracil/oxonate) capsule in Chinese cancer patients under fasting and fed conditions: a multicenter, randomized, open-label, single-dose, double-cycle crossover study.","year":"2025","author":"Lu J, Lei Y, Mo Y, Wang X, Liu W, Yan Y, Yang H, Li C, Huang L, Shen Q, Wang C, Chen J, Chen L, Li X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40047784/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"procedural-fasting","reason":"Fasting is procedural preparation, drug administration, or imaging preparation rather than a therapeutic fasting intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40055608","pmid":"40055608","doi":"10.1186/s12885-025-13806-9","title":"The effects of intermittent fasting on anthropometric indices, glycemic profile, chemotherapy-related toxicity, and subjective perception in gynecological and breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Liu X, Meng Q, Fan W, Ning L, Ge L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40055608/","searches":["glucose","cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40055977","pmid":"40055977","doi":"10.1002/bit.28972","title":"Engineered Lactobacillus rhamnosus Producing 3-Hydroxybutyrate: A Dual-Action Therapeutic Strategy for Colon Cancer Cachexia.","year":"2025","author":"Qiu X, Zou Z, Lin T, Guo C, Lin D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40055977/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Engineered bacteria have several actions; cannot attribute effects solely to ketones or extrapolate to fasting/human cancer treatment.","assessmentId":"40055977","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40057785","pmid":"40057785","doi":"10.1186/s12937-025-01091-y","title":"Time-restricted eating (TRE) for obesity in general practice: study protocol of a controlled, randomized implementation study (INDUCT) within the Research Practice Network Baden-Wuerttemberg (FoPraNet-BW).","year":"2025","author":"Braun L, Haumann H, Polanc A, Koch R, Feil E, Klein A, Salm C, Peters-Klimm F, Hübner G, Thies C, Biergans S, FoPraNet-B. W. Study Group, Joos S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40057785/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40064299","pmid":"40064299","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112081","title":"Combined effects of time-restricted eating and exercise on short-term blood glucose management in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The TREx study, a randomised controlled trial.","year":"2025","author":"Bravo-Garcia AP, Radford BE, Hall RC, Broome SC, Tee N, Arthur B, Janssens K, Johnston RD, Halson SL, Devlin BL, Hawley JA, Parr EB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40064299/","searches":["glucose","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Acute small trial; does not address sustained HbA1c or long-term exercise benefits.","assessmentId":"40064299","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40069440","pmid":"40069440","doi":"10.1038/s42255-025-01243-8","title":"Glycogen drives tumour initiation and progression in lung adenocarcinoma.","year":"2025","author":"Clarke HA, Hawkinson TR, Shedlock CJ, Medina T, Ribas RA, Wu L, Liu Z, Ma X, Xia Y, Huang Y, He X, Chang JE, Young LEA, Juras JA, Buoncristiani MD, James AN, Rushin A, Merritt ME, Mestas A, Lamb JF, Manauis EC, Austin GL, Chen L, Singh PK, Bian J, Vander Kooi CW, Evers BM, Brainson CF, Allison DB, Gentry MS, Sun RC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40069440/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"glycogen","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:40072085","pmid":"40072085","doi":"10.3390/cells14050357","title":"Interleukin 24 Promotes Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Glucose Regulation, and Apoptosis by Inactivating Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta in Human Prostate Cancer Cells.","year":"2025","author":"Kim A, Lopez S, Smith S, Sony A, Abreu J, de la Parra C, Sauane M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40072085/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A drug/protein signaling experiment, not fasting. Increasing glycogen synthesis accompanying cell death contradicts a simplistic more-glycogen-always-better-for-cancer model.","assessmentId":"40072085","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40108888","pmid":"40108888","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2481127","title":"Efficacy of time restricted eating and resistance training on body composition and mood profiles among young adults with overweight/obesity: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2025","author":"Cui T, Sun Y, Ye W, Liu Y, Korivi M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40108888/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Abstract conclusion calls timing alone useful for fat loss despite null fat-mass result; body-composition measurement and arm counts require full text.","assessmentId":"40108888","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40119985","pmid":"40119985","doi":"10.1007/s11764-025-01777-6","title":"Evaluating the role of dietary interventions in reducing chemotherapy toxicities in cancer patients: a systematic review.","year":"2026","author":"Abene J, Deng J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40119985/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40125211","pmid":"40125211","doi":"10.7759/cureus.79351","title":"Validity of the New International Diabetes Federation-Diabetes and Ramadan (IDF-DAR) Risk Stratification Score and Fasting Experience of Saudi Patients With Diabetes During Ramadan: Insights From a Cross-Sectional Study.","year":"2025","author":"Almalki M, AlSaeed AA, AlNomi AA, AlSufyani M, Albedaiwi K, Alshahrani F, AlMohareb O, Aljohani N, Alshahrani A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40125211/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Title calls design cross-sectional while methods say prospective; some event totals conflict. Completion of fasting does not by itself validate safety.","assessmentId":"40125211","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40128559","pmid":"40128559","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-94652-4","title":"Time-restricted eating in people at high diabetes risk does not affect mitochondrial bioenergetics in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and platelets.","year":"2025","author":"de Melo JML, Blond MB, Jensen VH, Pedersen H, Clemmensen KKB, Jensen MM, Færch K, Quist JS, Størling J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40128559/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Direct null cellular endpoint; possible RESET cohort overlap with PMID 38588687 requires linking. Not evidence that every tissue is unaffected.","assessmentId":"40128559","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40130017","pmid":"40130017","doi":"10.1016/j.jtumed.2025.02.012","title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of intermittent fasting versus caloric restriction in weight loss and improving cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Alfahl SO.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40130017/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Secondary synthesis or perspective; retained for potential citation tracing, not counted as an original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40163873","pmid":"40163873","doi":"10.7326/annals-24-01631","title":"The Effect of 4:3 Intermittent Fasting on Weight Loss at 12 Months : A Randomized Clinical Trial.","year":"2025","author":"Catenacci VA, Ostendorf DM, Pan Z, Kaizer LK, Creasy SA, Zaman A, Caldwell AE, Dahle J, Swanson B, Breit MJ, Bing K, Wayland LT, Panter SL, Scorsone JJ, Bessesen DH, MacLean P, Melanson EL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40163873/","searches":["weight"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"catenacci","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:4016835","pmid":"4016835","doi":"","title":"Growth dependence of nuclear glycogen synthesis in mutant HD33 Ehrlich-Lettré ascites tumor cells.","year":"1985","author":"Kopun M, Granzow C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4016835/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"4016835","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:40176106","pmid":"40176106","doi":"10.1186/s41043-025-00834-1","title":"The effectiveness of fasting regimens on serum levels of some major weight regulating hormones: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis in randomized controlled trial.","year":"2025","author":"Tavakoli A, Bideshki MV, Zamani P, Tavakoli F, Dehghan P, Gargari BP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40176106/","searches":["weight","populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40186671","pmid":"40186671","doi":"10.1007/s00520-025-09394-w","title":"Time-restricted eating to address persistent cancer-related fatigue among cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2025","author":"Kleckner AS, Clingan CL, Youngblood SM, Kleckner IR, Quick L, Elrod RD, Zhu S, Manoogian ENC, Panda S, Badros AZ, Emadi A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40186671/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Promising imprecise estimate, not established efficacy. Small pilot and no cancer-recurrence/survival endpoint; conclusion must not hide the null significance test.","assessmentId":"40186671","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40211977","pmid":"40211977","doi":"10.1111/dom.16399","title":"Effectiveness of isocaloric early time-restricted eating on glucose metabolism in adults: A randomized controlled crossover trial.","year":"2025","author":"Weng M, Deng S, Xie W, Ma Y, Jia Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40211977/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Very small and short study, actual energy expenditure/intake not fully measured; does not establish equivalence or prove timing never matters.","assessmentId":"40211977","access":"Full article text checked, including methods and reported results; independent duplicate review and all supplements not completed."},{"id":"MED:40218879","pmid":"40218879","doi":"10.3390/nu17071121","title":"Influence of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition, Physical Performance, and the Orexinergic System in Postmenopausal Women: A Pilot Study.","year":"2025","author":"Valenzano AA, Vasco P, D'Orsi G, Marzovillo RRR, Torquato M, Messina G, Polito R, Cibelli G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40218879/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Abstract inconsistently describes a control group and limited between-arm effects; cannot support a clear fasting advantage without full-text arm/outcome verification.","assessmentId":"40218879","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40219014","pmid":"40219014","doi":"10.3390/nu17071257","title":"The Impact of Dietary Interventions on Metabolic Outcomes in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) and Comorbid Conditions, Including Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes.","year":"2025","author":"Jurek JM, Zablocka-Sowinska K, Clavero Mestres H, Reyes Gutiérrez L, Camaron J, Auguet T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40219014/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40221545","pmid":"40221545","doi":"10.1038/s41366-025-01785-7","title":"The effect of Ramadan fasting on anthropometric and body composition of healthy adults within different time points: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Wulandari F, Naim AJ, Putri UMP, Walker AN, Feng Q.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40221545/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40231524","pmid":"40231524","doi":"10.2174/0115734021351456250326051146","title":"Comparison of the Effect of Intermittent Fasting with Mediterranean Diet on Glycemic, Lipid, and Anthropometric Indices in Type 2 Diabetes: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.","year":"2025","author":"Dehghani S, Karimi P, Tarei NN, Masoumvand M, Manesh MAN, Ramezani E, Askari VR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40231524/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40234969","pmid":"40234969","doi":"10.1186/s12986-025-00920-5","title":"The effects of initiating a 24-hour fast with a low versus a high carbohydrate shake on glycemic control in older adults: a randomized crossover study.","year":"2025","author":"Gipson EZ, Deru LS, Graves PG, Jacobsen CG, Peterson NE, Bailey BW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40234969/","searches":["glucose","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Shows meal-dependent ketosis timing, not autophagy onset or proof of long-term glucose benefit. Hormone differences shortly after meals are expected acute physiology.","assessmentId":"40234969","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40236783","pmid":"40236783","doi":"10.1002/imt2.70006","title":"Time-restricted feeding mitigates Alzheimer's disease-associated cognitive impairments via a &lt;i&gt;B. pseudolongum&lt;/i&gt;-propionic acid-FFAR3 axis.","year":"2025","author":"Zhao Y, Jia M, Ding C, Bao B, Li H, Ma J, Dong W, Gao R, Chen X, Chen J, Dai X, Zou Y, Hu J, Shi L, Liu X, Liu Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40236783/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Potentially important human claim requires full-text N, randomization, controls, attrition and effect sizes. Mouse mediation does not prove the same causal mechanism in patients or disease reversal.","assessmentId":"40236783","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40239196","pmid":"40239196","doi":"10.2196/67120","title":"Interventions to Reduce Serum Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances Levels, Improve Cardiovascular Risk Profiles, and Improve Epigenetic Age Acceleration in US Firefighters: Protocol for Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2025","author":"Conner R, Porter C, Lutrick K, Beitel SC, Hollister J, Healy O, Kern KJ, Wardenaar F, Gulotta JJ, Jack K, Huentelman M, Burgess JL, Furlong M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40239196/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40250088","pmid":"40250088","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2025.04.001","title":"Early time-restricted eating with energy restriction has a better effect on body fat mass, diastolic blood pressure, metabolic age and fasting glucose compared to late time-restricted eating with energy restriction and/or energy restriction alone: A 3-month randomized clinical trial.","year":"2025","author":"Črešnovar T, Habe B, Mohorko N, Kenig S, Jenko Pražnikar Z, Petelin A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40250088/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Assignment described as based on chronotype needs reconciliation with randomization. Multiple outcomes, completer selection and device-derived metabolic age are not proof of rejuvenation.","assessmentId":"40250088","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40275738","pmid":"40275738","doi":"10.1177/10499091251335249","title":"Nutritional Interventions in Advanced Cancer: Scoping Review.","year":"2026","author":"Aktas A, Thomas S, Barrett M, Sui J, Waldman J, Kenny C, Eustice-Cook J, Kadakia KC, Walsh D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40275738/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40280987","pmid":"40280987","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-95743-y","title":"Maintenance of time-restricted eating and high-intensity interval training in women with overweight/obesity 2 years after a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2025","author":"Haganes KL, Hawley JA, Lydersen S, Moholdt T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40280987/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Major follow-up attrition and self-reported maintenance; same parent cohort as PMID 39861348. P=.019/.015 trends should not be relabeled significant under stated threshold.","assessmentId":"40280987","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40288139","pmid":"40288139","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2025.03.009","title":"Comparing the effectiveness of calorie restriction with and without time-restricted eating on the circadian regulation of metabolism: rationale and protocol of a three-arm randomised controlled trial in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes.","year":"2025","author":"Chang YJ, Turner L, Teong XT, Zhao L, Variji A, Wittert GA, Thompkins S, Vincent AD, Grosser L, Young MJ, Blake S, Panda S, Manoogian ENC, Banks S, Heilbronn LK, Hutchison AT.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40288139/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40290077","pmid":"40290077","doi":"10.3390/nu17061022","title":"Early Time-Restricted Eating Improves Weight Loss While Preserving Muscle: An 8-Week Trial in Young Women.","year":"2025","author":"Yu Z, Ueda T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40290077/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"One local muscle measurement is not whole-body lean-mass preservation; very small sample, no calorie control or broad resistance-training program.","assessmentId":"40290077","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40298934","pmid":"40298934","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf053","title":"Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials Comparing Time-Restricted Eating With and Without Caloric Restriction for Weight Loss.","year":"2026","author":"Fernandes-Alves D, Teixeira GP, Guimarães KC, Crispim CA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40298934/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40304655","pmid":"40304655","doi":"10.1016/j.jneb.2025.03.012","title":"Time-Restricted Eating is a Feasible Dietary Strategy in the Treatment of Complicated Type 2 Diabetes: The RESET2 Pilot Study.","year":"2025","author":"Termannsen AD, Varming A, Hansen GS, Bjerre N, Persson F, Bagger JI, Hansen DL, Ewers B, Jørgensen NB, Blond MB, Hempler NF, Færch K, Quist JS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40304655/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Feasibility and uncontrolled improvements, not randomized efficacy; subsequent planned trial is not a completed result.","assessmentId":"40304655","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40318250","pmid":"40318250","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2025.04.003","title":"Time-restricted eating increases hunger in adults with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.","year":"2025","author":"Silva AD, Guimarães KC, Oliveira RA, Rosa DA, Crispim CA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40318250/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40322737","pmid":"40322737","doi":"10.1155/jdr/4321423","title":"First-Time Usage of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Are Fasting Ramadan: Efficacy and Safety.","year":"2025","author":"Khalil HAM, Abdelal SK, El-Rawy AF, Abodahab ALH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40322737/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"New medication is a major co-intervention; small sample cannot exclude rare harms. Does not establish fasting benefit or justify unsupervised drug initiation.","assessmentId":"40322737","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40335161","pmid":"40335161","doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2025-335353","title":"Microbiota fasting-related changes ameliorate cognitive decline in obesity and boost ex vivo microglial function through the gut-brain axis.","year":"2025","author":"Mela V, Heras V, Iesmantaite M, García-Martín ML, Bernal M, Posligua-García JD, Subiri-Verdugo A, Martínez-Montoro JI, Gómez-Pérez AM, Bandera B, Moreno-Indias I, Tinahones FJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40335161/","searches":["weight","cognition"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Human cognitive effect size, prespecification and attrition need full text; mouse transfer does not fully establish human mediation or dementia treatment.","assessmentId":"40335161","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40345145","pmid":"40345145","doi":"10.1113/jp287938","title":"Intermittent time-restricted eating may increase autophagic flux in humans: an exploratory analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Bensalem J, Teong XT, Hattersley KJ, Hein LK, Fourrier C, Dang LVP, Singh S, Liu K, Wittert GA, Hutchison AT, Heilbronn LK, Sargeant TJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40345145/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"bensalem","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:40350907","pmid":"40350907","doi":"10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20241023.401","title":"[Pathogenesis of precancerous lesions of gastric cancer and treatment mechanism of Weifuchun Capsules via NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway].","year":"2025","author":"DU YJ, Ren YD, Zhuang Y, Li EZ, Miao JH, Yu CY.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40350907/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention or mechanism is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40354829","pmid":"40354829","doi":"10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103189","title":"Effects of intermittent fasting diet in overweight and obese postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized controlled clinical trial.","year":"2025","author":"Ranjbar M, Shab-Bidar S, Rostamian A, Mohammadi H, Tavakoli A, Djafarian K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40354829/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Likely companion to PMID 39825120 based on identical cohort; reconcile registration. Small short trial, no structural joint-damage or long-term endpoint.","assessmentId":"40354829","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40356261","pmid":"40356261","doi":"10.1111/jcpe.14171","title":"Impact of Prolonged Fasting on the Oral Microbiome in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome: An Exploratory Secondary Analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Pappe CL, Kleine Bardenhorst S, Prior K, Steckhan N, Michalsen A, Ehmke B, Dommisch H, Hagenfeld D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40356261/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Parent-cohort relationship and sustained effects need checking; no control for hygiene, diet or other treatment. Not proof of durable periodontal disease treatment.","assessmentId":"40356261","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40362868","pmid":"40362868","doi":"10.3390/nu17091559","title":"Overnight Fasting and Body Weight: Emulated Target Trial Using Cancer Prevention Study-3 Data.","year":"2025","author":"Elahy V, Wang Y, Flanders WD, Zhong C, McCullough ML.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40362868/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Emulation is not randomized assignment; residual confounding, subgroup instability and wide intervals. Despite cohort name, no cancer outcome was tested.","assessmentId":"40362868","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40367516","pmid":"40367516","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf056","title":"Comparison of Different Intermittent Fasting Patterns or Different Extents of Calorie Restriction for Weight Loss and Metabolic Improvement in Adults: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","year":"2026","author":"Wu X, Ding Y, Cao Q, Huang J, Xu X, Jiang Y, Xu Y, Lu J, Xu M, Wang T, Zhao Z, Wang W, Ning G, Bi Y, Li M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40367516/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Secondary synthesis or perspective; retained for potential citation tracing, not counted as an original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40367729","pmid":"40367729","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2025.04.008","title":"The metabolic effects of intermittent fasting in patients with type 2 diabetes exist in the short term but disappear after its discontinuation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2025","author":"Liu F, Zhang Z, Sun W, Li T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40367729/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40369509","pmid":"40369509","doi":"10.1186/s12902-025-01952-x","title":"Effect of intermittent fasting on obesity and metabolic indices in patients with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Zhang S, Sun B, Sun L, Zou S, Chen Q.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40369509/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40371575","pmid":"40371575","doi":"10.1161/jaha.124.037100","title":"Circulating Proteomics Identifies a Dynamic Profile of Hepatic Steatosis During Metabolic Intervention.","year":"2025","author":"El-Sabawi B, Tanriverdi K, Gajjar P, Nayor M, Landman JM, Below JE, Haff M, Long M, Ezpeleta M, Freedman JE, Varady K, Shah R, Perry AS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40371575/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Mechanistic prioritization, not new independent treatment efficacy; likely parent cohort PMID 36549296, and 707 community participants did not receive fasting.","assessmentId":"40371575","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40391017","pmid":"40391017","doi":"10.1515/tnsci-2025-0371","title":"From prevention to management: Exploring the impact of diet on multiple sclerosis.","year":"2025","author":"Koukach D, Aljumaily M, Al-Attiyah N, Al-Amer R, Attia Y, Tayyem R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40391017/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40430125","pmid":"40430125","doi":"10.3390/life15050696","title":"Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Liver Steatosis and Fibrosis, Serum FGF-21 and Autophagy Markers in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2025","author":"Ozlu Karahan T, Yilmaz Akyuz E, Yilmaz Karadag D, Yilmaz Y, Eren F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40430125/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"karahanautophagy","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:40431429","pmid":"40431429","doi":"10.3390/nu17101689","title":"The Effectiveness of Time-Restricted Eating as an Intermittent Fasting Approach on Shift Workers' Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Koh JYJ, Tan CYH, Li M, Liu MH, Chew HSJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40431429/","searches":["glucose","populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40437584","pmid":"40437584","doi":"10.1186/s12966-025-01750-7","title":"The experiences of night shift workers following three different dietary weight loss interventions: a qualitative study using behaviour change theory.","year":"2025","author":"Davis C, Kleve S, Huggins CE, Bonham MP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40437584/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Interviews are not efficacy outcomes; 47 interviews are not 47 independent participants. Parent trial clinical results must be cited separately.","assessmentId":"40437584","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40451678","pmid":"40451678","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2025.104132","title":"The impact of intermittent fasting and Mediterranean diet on older adults' physical health and quality of life: A randomized clinical trial.","year":"2025","author":"Couto S, Cenit MC, Montero J, Iguacel I.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40451678/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tiny sample and multiple endpoints; broad superiority claim exceeds limited between-group findings. Reported continuation percentages need denominator verification.","assessmentId":"40451678","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40454302","pmid":"40454302","doi":"10.2147/cia.s520273","title":"Intervening on Calorie Intake or Eating Timing in Older Adults: Lessons Learned in the Healthy Aging and Late-Life Outcomes Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.","year":"2025","author":"Fanning J, Rejeski WJ, Nicklas BJ, Kritchevsky SB, Miller ME, Houston DK, Walkup MP, Kennedy K, Stowe CL, Ford S, Yow D, HALLO-P Investigators.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40454302/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Process outcomes, not independent clinical efficacy results; highlights that fasting is not necessarily the easiest option for everyone.","assessmentId":"40454302","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40469137","pmid":"40469137","doi":"10.12669/pjms.41.5.11529","title":"Effects of Ramadan fasting during third trimester on Doppler indices, non-stress test of fetus and perinatal outcomes.","year":"2025","author":"Jamil R, Mughal S, Sonam, Sohail S, Hossain N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40469137/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Selected small cohort, no randomization and limited endpoints; cannot rule out uncommon or longer-term maternal/infant harms.","assessmentId":"40469137","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40476748","pmid":"40476748","doi":"10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00991","title":"3-Hydroxybutyrate Suppresses Colon Cancer Growth by Inducing Intracellular Lactate Accumulation and Oxidative Stress.","year":"2025","author":"Qiu X, Wu W, Zou Z, Huang C, Lin D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40476748/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Proposed transporter competition is not inability to use ketones as fuel; no human efficacy, and model-specific findings differ from other colorectal studies.","assessmentId":"40476748","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40510485","pmid":"40510485","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1399990","title":"Altered Ramadan fasting glycemic profiles of adults with type 1 diabetes reveal strong evidence of underestimated insulin adjustments: a 3-year observational study in Arab settings.","year":"2025","author":"Alguwaihes AM, Alyusuf EY, Alrajeh A, Alotaibi M, Al-Sofiani ME.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40510485/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Large attrition and no randomized non-fasting group; medication/meal practices contribute. Non-diabetic spikes remained within normal limits.","assessmentId":"40510485","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40510496","pmid":"40510496","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2025.1579024","title":"Comparing exercise modalities during caloric restriction: a systematic review and network meta-analysis on body composition.","year":"2025","author":"Xie Y, Gu Y, Li Z, Zhang L, Hei Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40510496/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40525381","pmid":"40525381","doi":"10.1002/jpn3.70099","title":"Evidence-based review of the nutritional treatment of obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in children and adolescents.","year":"2025","author":"Karjoo S, Braglia-Tarpey A, Chan AP, Ayala Germán AG, Herdes RE, Pai N, Sierra-Velez D, Whitehead B, Quiros-Tejeira RE, Duro D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40525381/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40529001","pmid":"40529001","doi":"10.1017/cts.2025.63","title":"Perspectives of older adults with memory decline participating in a prolonged nightly fasting (PNF) pilot study: A qualitative exploration.","year":"2025","author":"James DL, Ahlich E, Maxfield M, Kechter A, James SE, Koskan AM, Sears DD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40529001/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Perceived effects are not objective efficacy or independent confirmation of cognitive improvement.","assessmentId":"40529001","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40533200","pmid":"40533200","doi":"10.1136/bmj-2024-082007","title":"Intermittent fasting strategies and their effects on body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials.","year":"2025","author":"Semnani-Azad Z, Khan TA, Chiavaroli L, Chen V, Bhatt HA, Chen A, Chiang N, Oguntala J, Kabisch S, Lau DC, Wharton S, Sharma AM, Harris L, Leiter LA, Hill JO, Hu FB, Lean ME, Kahleová H, Rahelic D, Salas-Salvadó J, Kendall CW, Sievenpiper JL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40533200/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40543603","pmid":"40543603","doi":"10.1016/j.jhep.2025.06.005","title":"Efficacy and safety of time-restricted eating in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.","year":"2025","author":"Oh JH, Yoon EL, Park H, Lee S, Jo AJ, Cho S, Kwon E, Nah EH, Lee JH, Park JH, Ahn SB, Jun DW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40543603/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"ohmasld","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually.","assessmentId":"40543603"},{"id":"MED:40545696","pmid":"40545696","doi":"10.1080/15384047.2025.2516825","title":"β-hydroxybutyrate, a ketone body, suppresses tumor growth, stemness, and invasive phenotypes in non-small cell lung cancer.","year":"2025","author":"Huang Y, Ding J, Zhu Y, Shi J, Liu R, Wu C, Han L, Zhang M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40545696/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Positive preclinical mechanism, not patient treatment evidence or universal fuel starvation. May correspond to an existing partially assessed lung-cancer lead; reconcile before double counting.","assessmentId":"40545696","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40554393","pmid":"40554393","doi":"10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105803","title":"Intermittent fasting for weight loss in night shift workers: a three-arm, superiority randomised clinical trial.","year":"2025","author":"Bonham MP, Leung GKW, Rogers M, Davis R, Clark AB, Davis C, Phoi YY, Ware RS, El-Heneidy A, Kellow NJ, Dorrian J, Banks S, Sletten TL, Huggins CE, Coates AM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40554393/","searches":["weight","populations"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"bonhamshift","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually.","assessmentId":"40554393"},{"id":"MED:40556855","pmid":"40556855","doi":"10.1155/jnme/6661176","title":"The Effect of Nutrient Deprivation on Markers of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Transcriptome in Normal and Type-2 Diabetic Human Skeletal Muscle Myoblasts.","year":"2025","author":"Ceriani L, Newmire DE, Gonzales XF, Sparks J, Guardiola J, Omoruyi FO.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40556855/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Cultured cells without serum do not reproduce whole-person fasting; no direct human muscle-loss rate or autophagy clock established.","assessmentId":"40556855","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40560588","pmid":"40560588","doi":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.17268","title":"Time-Restricted Eating and Sleep, Mood, and Quality of Life in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.","year":"2025","author":"Clavero-Jimeno A, Dote-Montero M, Migueles JH, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Medrano M, Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Osés M, Carneiro-Barrera A, de Cabo R, Muñoz-Torres M, Labayen I, Ruiz JR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40560588/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same parent trial, not independent weight-loss evidence; null short-term averages do not guarantee individual tolerability.","assessmentId":"40560588","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40561433","pmid":"40561433","doi":"10.1615/critrevoncog.2025059579","title":"Review Article: Night Shift Work, Circadian Disruption, and the Gut Microbiome: Implications for Human Health.","year":"2025","author":"Vivarelli S, Marconi A, Matera S, Falzone L, Fenga C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40561433/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40573074","pmid":"40573074","doi":"10.3390/nu17121963","title":"Comparative Effects of Time-Restricted Eating and the Ketogenic Diet on QRISK3-Assessed Cardiovascular Risk in Individuals with Obesity: A Longitudinal Analysis of Metabolic, Anthropometric, and Lifestyle Factors.","year":"2025","author":"Pescari D, Mihuta MS, Bena A, Stoian D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40573074/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"QRISK3 is a risk estimate, not observed events; nonrandomization, small sample and short follow-up limit comparisons.","assessmentId":"40573074","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40573103","pmid":"40573103","doi":"10.3390/nu17121992","title":"Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Kazeminasab F, Sharafifard F, Bahrami Kerchi A, Bagheri R, Carteri RB, Kirwan R, Santos HO, Dutheil F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40573103/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40578956","pmid":"40578956","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.17673","title":"Ketone Bodies Inhibit Growth of Hepatoblastoma and Rhabdoid Tumor of the Kidney Cells.","year":"2025","author":"Muto-Fujita E, Yamaoka B, Abe N, Fujiwara K, Uehara S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40578956/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"mutoketones","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually.","assessmentId":"40578956"},{"id":"MED:40596030","pmid":"40596030","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-05164-0","title":"Metabolic and hormonal effects of an 8 days water only fasting combined with exercise in middle aged men.","year":"2025","author":"Pilis K, Godlewska U, Pilis A, Stec K, Dolibog P, Kruszewski M, Kosior-Lara A, Kalmatov R, Pilis W, Letkiewicz S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40596030/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small male sample, multiple surrogate outcomes and limited comparator; no demonstrated disease prevention, muscle safety or durable benefit.","assessmentId":"40596030","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40598397","pmid":"40598397","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","title":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial.","year":"2025","author":"Martínez-Montoro JI, Bandera B, Gutiérrez-Bedmar M, Gómez-Pérez AM, Macías-González M, Moreno-Indias I, Tinahones FJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40598397/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short-term result, actual energy/adherence and lean mass require full text. Cognitive report PMID 40335161 uses the same registration and a subset, not an independent trial.","assessmentId":"40598397","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40600642","pmid":"40600642","doi":"10.1080/07420528.2025.2525463","title":"SHift-working Investigation of Fasting and Timing (SHIFT) of diet: A cross-sectional assessment of nurses' dietary quality, fasting duration, and feasibility of completing a 7-day diet log.","year":"2025","author":"Farrell ET, Turner-McGrievy GM, Dawson RM, Heflin K, Wirth MD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40600642/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Interest and feasibility are not evidence of weight loss or disease benefit; convenience sample.","assessmentId":"40600642","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40604163","pmid":"40604163","doi":"10.1038/s44324-024-00025-2","title":"Insulin resistance reduction, intermittent fasting, and human growth hormone: secondary analysis of a randomized trial.","year":"2024","author":"Horne BD, Anderson JL, May HT, Bair TL, Le VT, Iverson L, Knowlton KU, Muhlestein JB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40604163/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Post-hoc interaction in an existing trial, not independent replication or validated treatment-selection test; HOMA-IR is a surrogate.","assessmentId":"40604163","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40604264","pmid":"40604264","doi":"10.1038/s44324-023-00002-1","title":"Fasting mimicking diet cycles versus a Mediterranean diet and cardiometabolic risk in overweight and obese hypertensive subjects: a randomized clinical trial.","year":"2023","author":"Mishra A, Fanti M, Ge X, Vaughn D, Brandhorst S, Wei M, Hong KM, Pellegrini M, Pijl H, Houston MC, Longo VD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40604264/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A lower endothelial-function index is not established vascular rejuvenation; speculative interpretation must be identified. Indexed correction PMID 40987812 requires review; risk scores are not cardiovascular events.","assessmentId":"40604264","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40620207","pmid":"40620207","doi":"10.1111/dom.16573","title":"Potential benefits of hybrid closed-loop systems for managing moderate- to high-risk individuals with type 1 diabetes during Ramadan fasting.","year":"2025","author":"Alguwaihes AM, Alotaibi MS, Alqumaidi H, Batais MA, Alrasheed AA, Alnasser LN, Karalliedde J, Hussain S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40620207/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Nonrandomized access, age and baseline differences limit causal claims; safer management is not evidence that fasting improves diabetes.","assessmentId":"40620207","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40631472","pmid":"40631472","doi":"10.5230/jgc.2025.25.e27","title":"Survey of Perioperative Practices in Gastric Cancer Surgery for Establishing an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Program Across 10 Tertiary Hospitals in South Korea.","year":"2025","author":"Lee HJ, Kim J, Koo BW, Suh YS, Lee JM, Han DS, Hong SH, Lee HH, Yoo YC, Kim HI, Rho JY, Yoon HM, Kim HY, Hur H, Kim HJ, Choi CI, Hong B, Lee SI, Park K, Ryu SW, Park DJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40631472/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention or mechanism is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40641203","pmid":"40641203","doi":"","title":"Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Malondialdehyde, Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase, Sirtuin 1, Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group D Member 1, and Transforming Growth Factor Beta in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study.","year":"2025","author":"Priyono D, Yerizel E, Harun H, Suharti N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40641203/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No direct autophagic-flux measurement or kidney disease-progression outcome; serum markers cannot establish autophagy activation or durable renal benefit.","assessmentId":"40641203","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40641818","pmid":"40641818","doi":"10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103222","title":"Effects of different dietary patterns on glucose management in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2025","author":"Zeng J, Beck M, Barouti AA, Löfvenborg JE, Carlsson S, Lampousi AM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40641818/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Secondary synthesis or perspective; retained for potential citation tracing, not counted as an original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40651983","pmid":"40651983","doi":"10.1038/s41389-025-00567-0","title":"Ketone drink enhances therapeutic efficacy in prostate cancer by targeting EZH2.","year":"2025","author":"Yum C, Schaefer RA, Wang R, Wang TY, Lu X, Liu Q, Ren Y, Meng Q, Yang Y, Zhang X, Xiong Y, Yu X, Zhang X, Jin J, Dong X, Yi Y, Yang R, Cao Q.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40651983/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Patient-derived tumors grown in mice are not treated human patients; no human efficacy or universal ketone-starvation mechanism established.","assessmentId":"40651983","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40668670","pmid":"40668670","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.70017","title":"Effects of Time Restricted Feeding and Meal Timing on An 8-Week Aerobic Exercise Training Programme on Psychological Parameters-A Randomised Controlled Trial.","year":"2025","author":"Hofstätter F, Niedermeier M, Rausch LK, Lawley JS, Kopp M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40668670/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Substantial attrition and same cohort; no basis to claim added mood benefit or comprehensive safety.","assessmentId":"40668670","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40671417","pmid":"40671417","doi":"10.1002/oby.24354","title":"Benefits of Krill Oil Supplementation During Alternate-Day Fasting in Adults With Overweight and Obesity: A Randomized Trial.","year":"2025","author":"Alblaji M, Gray SR, Almesbehi T, Morrison DJ, Malkova D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40671417/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tests a supplement during weight loss, not fasting versus another diet; initial enrollment/arm counts and funding need full text.","assessmentId":"40671417","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40675949","pmid":"40675949","doi":"10.1038/s41467-025-61541-3","title":"β-Hydroxybutyrate promotes cancer metastasis through β-hydroxybutyrylation-dependent stabilization of Snail.","year":"2025","author":"Jiang W, Wang M, Wang J, Hao Q, Li Y, Liu L, Zhou T, Song W, Liu J, Liu M, Xie Y, Zuo D, Xiao J, Zhang X, Gao S, Ren L, Hao J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40675949/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"jiangbhb","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:40677517","pmid":"40677517","doi":"10.1177/20552076251360911","title":"Is time-restricted eating a healthy choice to lose weight? Investigating by qualitative analysis of Instagram posts and systematic reviews with meta-analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Guan Q, Mai W, Qiu Z, Zuo Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40677517/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40698448","pmid":"40698448","doi":"10.1177/13591053251351204","title":"Stable cognitive performance while adapting to intermittent fasting: A randomised controlled trial.","year":"2026","author":"Bamberg C, Reichenberger J, Blechert J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40698448/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short adaptation trial, not proof of cognitive enhancement or safety for all populations/longer fasts.","assessmentId":"40698448","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40711668","pmid":"40711668","doi":"10.1007/s10549-025-07756-w","title":"The feasibility and safety of fasting-mimicking diet in breast cancer patients with chemotherapy in China.","year":"2025","author":"Xue M, Zhang N, Dong X, Tian Q, Shen K, Wu B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40711668/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"xuefmd","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually.","assessmentId":"40711668"},{"id":"MED:40720921","pmid":"40720921","doi":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.152362","title":"Chelerythrine ameliorates renal injury in diabetic nephropathy rats by enhancing autophagy and modulating AMPK/mTOR signaling with concurrent anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic actions.","year":"2025","author":"Cui Y, Lin L, Yu B, Wu M, Teng J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40720921/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention or mechanism is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40731289","pmid":"40731289","doi":"10.1186/s12986-025-00984-3","title":"Comparing the influence of early and late time-restricted eating with energy restriction and energy restriction alone on cardiometabolic markers, metabolic hormones and appetite in adults with overweight/obesity: per-protocol analysis of a 3-month randomized clinical trial.","year":"2025","author":"Habe B, Črešnovar T, Petelin A, Kenig S, Mohorko N, Jenko Pražnikar Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40731289/","searches":["weight","glucose","populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Chronotype-dependent allocation and post-randomization exclusions need clarification; not an independent trial or broad metabolic superiority.","assessmentId":"40731289","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40731344","pmid":"40731344","doi":"10.1186/s12937-025-01178-6","title":"The impact of intermittent fasting on body composition and cardiometabolic outcomes in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2025","author":"Wang B, Wang C, Li H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40731344/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40732984","pmid":"40732984","doi":"10.3390/nu17142360","title":"Gut Microbiota Shifts After a Weight Loss Program in Adults with Obesity: The WLM3P Study.","year":"2025","author":"Pereira V, Cuevas-Sierra A, de la O V, Salvado R, Barreiros-Mota I, Castela I, Camelo A, Brandão I, Santo CE, Faria A, Calhau C, Silvestre MP, Moreira-Rosário A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40732984/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Cannot isolate fasting from several co-interventions; microbiome correlations do not prove mediation. Same parent WLM3P trial.","assessmentId":"40732984","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40733010","pmid":"40733010","doi":"10.3390/nu17142385","title":"Effects of 4:3 Intermittent Fasting on Eating Behaviors and Appetite Hormones: A Secondary Analysis of a 12-Month Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention.","year":"2025","author":"Breit MJ, Caldwell AE, Ostendorf DM, Pan Z, Creasy SA, Swanson B, Clark K, Hill EB, MacLean PS, Bessesen DH, Melanson EL, Catenacci VA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40733010/","searches":["weight","populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same parent 4:3 trial, not independent efficacy replication; supervised selected participants differ from observational eating-disorder-risk populations.","assessmentId":"40733010","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40753386","pmid":"40753386","doi":"10.1186/s13048-025-01731-1","title":"The effects of dietary fat on gut microbial composition and function in a mouse model of ovarian cancer.","year":"2025","author":"AlHilli MM, Sangwan N, Myers A, Tewari S, Lindner DJ, Cresci GAM, Reizes O.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40753386/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention or mechanism is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40761398","pmid":"40761398","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1615505","title":"Ginkgo ketone ester tablets for the treatment of cognitive impairment associated with chemotherapy for breast cancer - a prospective cohort study.","year":"2025","author":"Chen J, Chen L, Jiang K, Wang D, Wu C, Qin Y, Liu S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40761398/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40763896","pmid":"40763896","doi":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.07.034","title":"Adaptive dietary and exercise strategies for weight loss in Adults with Prediabetes Trial (ADAPT): a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial.","year":"2025","author":"Ellison KM, El Zein A, Baidwan NK, Ferguson CC, Fowler LA, Bryan DR, Reynolds C, Hermanson D, Berg KJ, Mehta T, Hill JO, Wyatt HR, Sayer RD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40763896/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Adaptive subgroup design, not a simple fasting-versus-control trial; small second-stage groups and abstract lacks final conclusion text.","assessmentId":"40763896","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40765038","pmid":"40765038","doi":"10.1002/cph4.70031","title":"Different Fasting Methods Combined With Running Exercise Regulate Glucose Metabolism via AMPK/SIRT1/BDNF Pathway in Mice.","year":"2025","author":"Wang X, Shi J, Li Y, Zhou L, Xu L, Wang J, Liu C, Liang B.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40765038/","searches":["glucose","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Normal-mouse biomarkers, not human diabetes efficacy; exact schedules and six-arm structure need full text. Glycogen changes do not imply cancer-cell starvation.","assessmentId":"40765038","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40765844","pmid":"40765844","doi":"10.1002/osp4.70086","title":"Prolonged Water-Only Fasting Followed by a Whole-Plant-Food Diet Promotes Fat-Free Mass Recovery and Continued Fat Mass Loss in Adults With Overweight or Obesity.","year":"2025","author":"Gabriel S, Ncube M, Goldman DM, Scharf E, Goldhamer AC, Myers TR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40765844/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"gabriel","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:40770722","pmid":"40770722","doi":"10.1186/s13098-025-01901-7","title":"Effect of intermittent fasting, portfolio-moderate-carbohydrate, and anti-inflammatory diets on cardio-metabolic status in pre-diabetic patients; an open-label randomized clinical trial.","year":"2025","author":"Pasdar Y, Saber A, Rezvani N, Bozorgi S, Moradi S, Cheshmeh S, Niazi H, Najafi F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40770722/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Multiple endpoints and active comparators; no diabetes-incidence endpoint. Corrected within-group changes do not establish superiority of fasting.","assessmentId":"40770722","access":"Original abstract and full correction with revised Tables 2–3 checked; complete original methods not verified."},{"id":"MED:40779208","pmid":"40779208","doi":"10.1007/s00384-025-04975-x","title":"Can preoperative CT angiography and three-dimensional reconstruction of the mesenteric artery of the colon improve laparoscopic colectomy and postoperative rehabilitation in patients with colon cancer? A pilot randomized control study.","year":"2025","author":"Zhang P, Luo J, Huang J, Sun J, Feng H, Zhu Y, Liu Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40779208/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention or mechanism is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40786029","pmid":"40786029","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1600349","title":"A glycogen derived from sea urchin-&lt;i&gt;Strongylocentyotus internedius&lt;/i&gt; shifts macrophages to the M1 phenotype and enhances the anti-pancreatic cancer activity of gemcitabine.","year":"2025","author":"Deng Z, Yu H, Wu N, Wang Q, Wang J, Yue Y, Geng L, Zhang Q.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40786029/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention or mechanism is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40794365","pmid":"40794365","doi":"10.1007/s10549-025-07803-6","title":"Combined intermittent fasting and exercise intervention in patients with metastatic, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer (FastER): a pilot study.","year":"2025","author":"Gonzalo-Encabo P, Giobbie-Hurder A, Sears DD, Mayer EL, Partridge AH, Poorvu PD, Waks AG, Tanasijevic AM, Crane TE, Dieli-Conwright CM, Ligibel JA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40794365/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Combined treatment/exercise changes prevent fasting attribution; no controlled progression/survival result, and feasibility is the primary endpoint.","assessmentId":"40794365","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40796095","pmid":"40796095","doi":"10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0010","title":"High-Protein Time-Restricted Eating Alongside Resistance Training Reduces Adipose Tissue While Preserving Fat-Free Mass in Women With Overweight: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2025","author":"Bagherpour F, Arazi H, Rajabi H, Campbell BI.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40796095/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tiny groups and multiple components; largest numerical change does not guarantee a significant between-arm effect. Cannot credit lean-mass preservation to fasting alone.","assessmentId":"40796095","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40806019","pmid":"40806019","doi":"10.3390/nu17152436","title":"Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Anthropometric Measurements, Metabolic Profile, and Hormones in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Ranneh Y, Hamsho M, Shkorfu W, Terzi M, Fadel A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40806019/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40806442","pmid":"40806442","doi":"10.3390/ijms26157310","title":"Time-Restricted Eating Improves Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.","year":"2025","author":"Nam T, Oh H, Kim A, Oh Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40806442/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40809180","pmid":"40809180","doi":"10.22038/ijbms.2025.84064.18185","title":"Ketone body, as an emerging modulator of metabolic reprogramming and epigenetics in breast cancer.","year":"2025","author":"Mehdikhani F, Rajabi S, Mohammadlou M, Maresca M, Baharlou R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40809180/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40825602","pmid":"40825602","doi":"10.1136/bmj.r1737","title":"Intermittent fasting strategies and their effects on body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials.","year":"2025","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40825602/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"notice","reason":"Correction, addendum or retraction notice; retained for linked-source checking, not counted as an independent outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40826125","pmid":"40826125","doi":"10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2","title":"The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Lu L, Chen X, Liou S, Weng X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40826125/","searches":["glucose","muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40836308","pmid":"40836308","doi":"10.1186/s40795-025-01156-5","title":"Fasting, ketogenic, and anti-inflammatory diets in multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial with 18-month follow-up.","year":"2025","author":"Bahr LS, Bellmann-Strobl J, Koppold DA, Rust R, Schmitz-Hübsch T, Olszewska M, Stadlbauer J, Bock M, Scheel M, Chien C, Multmeier J, Krannich A, Michalsen A, Paul F, Mähler A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40836308/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"bahrms","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:40866124","pmid":"40866124","doi":"10.1016/j.clinthera.2025.08.002","title":"Comment on: The Effect of Intermittent Fasting Diet in Comparison With Low-Calorie Diet on Inflammation, Lipid Profile, Glycemic Index, Liver Fibrosis in Patients With Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","author":"Xu H, Fan T, Xu Y, Li W, Cui J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40866124/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"commentary","reason":"Commentary or correspondence without a separately identifiable original outcome study in the indexed title.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40869563","pmid":"40869563","doi":"10.3390/jcm14165735","title":"Body Temperature, Metabolic, and Circulatory Changes After 8 Days of Water-Only Fasting in Healthy Middle-Aged Men.","year":"2025","author":"Pokora I, Wyderka P, Pilis W, Pilis K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40869563/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Thermal stability in comfortable conditions is not overall safety or resilience to cold; possible overlap with PMID 40596030 requires cohort linking.","assessmentId":"40869563","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40880914","pmid":"40880914","doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2025.1640512","title":"Effect of exercise alone and in combination with time-restricted eating on cognitive health in menopausal women.","year":"2025","author":"Jóźwiak B, Kleka P, Laudańska-Krzemińska I.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40880914/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Allocation method not explicit in abstract; multiple cognitive/EEG endpoints and short follow-up. No dementia-prevention evidence.","assessmentId":"40880914","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40885386","pmid":"40885386","doi":"10.1016/j.jbc.2025.110636","title":"β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase promotes pancreatic cancer cell proliferation through regulation of the NAD&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;/NADH balance and mitochondrial acetylation.","year":"2025","author":"Wei X, Zhang C, Zheng X, Pan K, Ren X, Lou X, Yang Z, Fu T, Fang H, Lyu J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40885386/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Enzyme function differs from effects of ketone supplementation; no diet or fasting patient trial. Useful null result against both universal benefit and universal harm claims.","assessmentId":"40885386","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40900863","pmid":"40900863","doi":"10.5662/wjm.v15.i4.105478","title":"Safety and efficacy of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus fasting during Ramadan: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Kamrul-Hasan ABM, Pappachan JM, Ashraf H, Nagendra L, Dutta D, Kuchay MS, Shaikh S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40900863/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Secondary synthesis or perspective; retained for potential citation tracing, not counted as an original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40901288","pmid":"40901288","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2025.1629154","title":"Intermittent fasting in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.","year":"2025","author":"Dyńka D, Rodzeń Ł, Rodzeń M, Łojko D, Deptuła A, Grzywacz Ż, Kraszewski S, Bartoń K, Martin P, Deptuła AM, Berry K, Unwin D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40901288/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40901328","pmid":"40901328","doi":"10.5306/wjco.v16.i8.107778","title":"Correction to \"Clinicohistopathological implications of phosphoserine 9 glycogen synthase kinase-3β/ β-catenin in urinary bladder cancer patients\".","year":"2025","author":"Maurya N, Singh R, Goel A, Singhai A, Singh UP, Agrawal V, Garg M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40901328/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"notice","reason":"Correction, addendum or retraction notice; retained for linked-source checking, not counted as an independent outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40902851","pmid":"40902851","doi":"10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.08.033","title":"Time-restricted eating and its metabolic benefits in obesity and insulin resistance.","year":"2025","author":"Al Sarayreh N, Al-Domi H, Jawamis A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40902851/","searches":["weight","glucose","muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40917722","pmid":"40917722","doi":"10.1016/j.bbrep.2025.102217","title":"β-Hydroxybutyrate promotes chemoresistance and proliferation in breast cancer cells.","year":"2025","author":"Mashinchian M, Vandghanooni S, Karamibonari AR, Eskandani M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40917722/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"mashinchian","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:40918916","pmid":"40918916","doi":"10.7759/cureus.89406","title":"Venous Thromboembolism Risk Assessment in Prolonged Fasting During Ramadan: The Global Ramadan Free Thrombosis Project.","year":"2025","author":"Caprini J, Fakhry A, Nagib S, Al-Mallah AH, Barsim EM, Farrag M, Abouelseoud A, Alnadi O, Moner M, Ghazy ZM, Seken RA, Jabr M, Boucelma M, Zyada A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40918916/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Without denominators/event counts, incidence cannot be assessed; no proof fasting caused events or that preventive medication is indicated. Full methods/results essential.","assessmentId":"40918916","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40921754","pmid":"40921754","doi":"10.1038/s42255-025-01366-y","title":"An alternative route for β-hydroxybutyrate metabolism supports cytosolic acetyl-CoA synthesis in cancer cells.","year":"2025","author":"Kaluba FC, Rogers TJ, Jeong YJ, House R'J, Waldhart A, Sokol KH, Daniels SR, Lee CJ, Longo J, Johnson A, Sartori VJ, Sheldon RD, Jones RG, Lien EC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40921754/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"kaluba","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:40924443","pmid":"40924443","doi":"10.1080/01635581.2025.2557642","title":"A Remote Time-Restricted Eating and Mindfulness Intervention Addressing Risk Factors Associated with Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer Demonstrates Feasibility and Acceptability among Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.","year":"2025","author":"Lima Oliveira M, Cares K, Hamm A, Nadeem S, Bogseth D, Klatkiewicz B, Overhiser T, Elias C, Li Y, Guo R, Oddo VM, Biggers A, Naylor KB, Chen Z, Pezley L, Attre M, Peñalver Bernabé B, Gabel K, Sharp LK, Bendinskas K, Webber D, Lockwood MB, Jenkins NDM, Tussing-Humphreys LM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40924443/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No colorectal-cancer incidence or treatment endpoint despite cancer-prevention framing; tiny groups, bundled intervention and multiple exploratory outcomes.","assessmentId":"40924443","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40925657","pmid":"40925657","doi":"10.1136/bmj-2024-083398","title":"Time restricted eating and exercise training before and during pregnancy for people with increased risk of gestational diabetes: single centre randomised controlled trial (BEFORE THE BEGINNING).","year":"2025","author":"Sujan MJ, Skarstad HM, Rosvold G, Fougner SL, Follestad T, Salvesen KÅ, Moholdt T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40925657/","searches":["glucose","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Primary point estimate favored control, though imprecise; combined intervention and pregnancy subset. Does not prove gestational-diabetes prevention or broad safety.","assessmentId":"40925657","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40936230","pmid":"40936230","doi":"10.1111/jgh.70077","title":"Unveiling the Hidden Dangers of Intermittent Fasting in Adolescents: A Call for Awareness.","year":"2025","author":"Kumar D, Gupta V, Tanwar R, Bansal V.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40936230/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Secondary synthesis or perspective; retained for potential citation tracing, not counted as an original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40945487","pmid":"40945487","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2025.08.033","title":"Alternate-day fasting elicits larger changes in fat mass than time-restricted eating in adults without obesity - A randomized clinical trial.","year":"2025","author":"Derron N, Güntner AT, Weber IC, Braun J, Koska İÖ, Othman A, Mönch L, von Eckardstein A, Puhan MA, Beuschlein F, Hochuli M, Zamboni N, Guggenberger R, Gerber PA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40945487/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short trial in adults without obesity; larger energy deficit helps explain difference. Lower resting metabolism/T3 should not automatically be labeled beneficial.","assessmentId":"40945487","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40947948","pmid":"40947948","doi":"10.1111/eci.70100","title":"Ketone bodies and cancer risk in the general population: The prevention of renal and vascular end-stage disease (PREVEND) study.","year":"2025","author":"Luo L, Knol MGE, Kieneker LM, van der Vegt B, Bakker SJL, Gruppen EG, de Boer RA, Aboumsallem JP, Connelly MA, Dullaart RPF, Gansevoort RT.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40947948/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"luoketones","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:40948095","pmid":"40948095","doi":"10.14670/hh-18-986","title":"Intermittent fasting-induced autophagy normalization confers hepatic protection in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: Mechanistic insights and implications.","year":"2026","author":"Bhatnagar P, El-Akabawy G, Faris ME, Menon MB, Wahab MA, Hussan F, Zulkaflee MHB, Eid N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40948095/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40955380","pmid":"40955380","doi":"10.1002/bco2.70085","title":"Association between insulin resistance and prostate volume: A 4-year analysis from the Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer (REDUCE) Trial.","year":"2025","author":"Daniels JP, Hernández-Tirado A, Mirocha J, Zheng R, Palmer J, Moreira D, Freedland SJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40955380/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention or mechanism is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40963529","pmid":"40963529","doi":"10.5339/qmj.2025.76","title":"Fasting during Ramadan is associated with changes in activity and blood glucose excursion in people with type 2 diabetes on three or more anti-hyperglycemic agents PROFAST-3.","year":"2025","author":"Bashir M, Al-Homaid A, Boughorbel S, Mokeddem B, Palotti J, Hashim S, Abbas U, Elhadd T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40963529/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tiny observational sample; averages conceal timing-specific excursions. Medication adjustments prevent isolation of fasting effects.","assessmentId":"40963529","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40968544","pmid":"40968544","doi":"10.1111/dom.70142","title":"Optimizing cardiovascular health with a type 2 diabetes remission program: Ultraprocessed food-intake reduction, Mediterranean diet, chrononutrition and physical training-The DIABEPIC-2 pilot study.","year":"2025","author":"Dionne V, Iglesies-Grau J, Latour É, Besnier F, Gagnon C, Gayda M, Pelletier V, Selcer S, Vrinceanu T, Debray A, Tessier AJ, Juneau M, Nigam A, L'Allier PL, Bherer L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40968544/","searches":["glucose","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Remission belongs to the overall program, not specifically fasting. Small pilot and completer denominator; remission definition/medication follow-up need full text.","assessmentId":"40968544","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40970462","pmid":"40970462","doi":"10.1002/ana.78044","title":"Fasting Mimicking Diets Reverse Accelerated Biological Aging in Multiple Sclerosis.","year":"2025","author":"Siavoshi F, Smith MD, Cassard S, Moreau GB, Brenton JN, Mowry EM, Fitzgerald KC, Bhargava P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40970462/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Not a new FMD intervention or evidence of reversed biological aging/disability; surrogate clock, secondary analysis and same MS cohort as PMID 35816900.","assessmentId":"40970462","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40970988","pmid":"40970988","doi":"10.1007/s00520-025-09907-7","title":"Impact of intermittent fasting on patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy and/or targeted therapies: a systematic review of the literature.","year":"2025","author":"Maes J, Durieux V, Liebmann M, Salmon M, Preiser JC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40970988/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40973930","pmid":"40973930","doi":"10.1007/s12015-025-10975-9","title":"Recipient Periodic Fasting Promotes Osteogenesis of Implanted Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Aggregates and Safeguards Diabetic Mandibular Bone Regeneration.","year":"2025","author":"Zhang ZQ, Yuan Y, Zhang XH, Liu JN, Cao Y, Liu L, Yang LF, Xiao YH, Huang SS, Sui BD, Liang JF, Chen J, Bao L, Liu JY, Li YY, Li Z, Zheng CX, Jin F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40973930/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Preclinical combination, not human dental regeneration or proof fasting alone repairs bone. Exact group counts/controls need full text.","assessmentId":"40973930","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40987423","pmid":"40987423","doi":"10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103248","title":"Letter to the editor regarding \"Effects of intermittent fasting diet in overweight and obese postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized controlled clinical trial\" by Ranjbar et al.","year":"2025","author":"Ying ZK, Lin TC, Wu JN.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40987423/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"commentary","reason":"Commentary or correspondence without a separately identifiable original outcome study in the indexed title.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40987812","pmid":"40987812","doi":"10.1038/s44324-025-00084-z","title":"Author Correction: Fasting mimicking diet cycles versus a Mediterranean diet and cardiometabolic risk in overweight and obese hypertensive subjects: a randomized clinical trial.","year":"2025","author":"Mishra A, Fanti M, Ge X, Vaughn D, Brandhorst S, Wei M, Hong KM, Pellegrini M, Pijl H, Houston MC, Longo VD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40987812/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"notice","reason":"Correction, addendum or retraction notice; retained for linked-source checking, not counted as an independent outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40992701","pmid":"40992701","doi":"10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103249","title":"Letter to Editor: Effects of intermittent fasting diet in overweight and obese postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized controlled clinical trial.","year":"2025","author":"Ranjbar M, Shab-Bidar S, Rostamian A, Mohammadi H, Tavakoli A, Djafarian K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40992701/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"commentary","reason":"Commentary or correspondence without a separately identifiable original outcome study in the indexed title.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:40993374","pmid":"40993374","doi":"10.1007/s00125-025-06545-w","title":"Restoration of pancreatic beta cell identity and autophagy in K&lt;sub&gt;ATP&lt;/sub&gt;-induced diabetes by intermittent fasting.","year":"2025","author":"Castelblanco E, Shyr ZA, Ramirez-Sotero I, Yan Z, Chen SX, Diwan A, Remedi MS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40993374/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Specific monogenic mouse disease, not demonstrated human beta-cell regeneration or cure of type 1/type 2 diabetes. Autophagosome accumulation under free feeding reflected impaired flux.","assessmentId":"40993374","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:40999066","pmid":"40999066","doi":"10.1007/s00520-025-09940-6","title":"Impact of exercise-based prehabilitation on cardiometabolic health in surgical patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Fernandez-Escabias M, Jurado J, Carrilho-Candeias S, Orellana-Jaen A, Corres P, Marmol-Perez A, Lavie CJ, Carneiro-Barrera A, Nestares T, Amaro-Gahete FJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40999066/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41005725","pmid":"41005725","doi":"10.1016/j.molmet.2025.102257","title":"Periodic fasting induced reconstitution of metabolic flexibility improves albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2025","author":"Sulaj A, Nguyen PBH, Poschet G, Kliemank E, Fleming T, Henke L, Neibig W, Kopf S, Hell R, Longo VD, Herzig S, Nawroth PP, Menden MP, Szendroedi J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41005725/","searches":["glucose","prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Selecting groups by outcome makes mechanistic association exploratory; cannot replace parent trial’s nonsignificant overall albuminuria comparison or prove mediation.","assessmentId":"41005725","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41007653","pmid":"41007653","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13092088","title":"Impact of Prolonged Fasting and Refeeding on Enteroendocrine Hormone Expression: One More Piece of the Fasting/Refeeding Metabolic Puzzle.","year":"2025","author":"Nunes G, Guimarães M, Oliveira SB, Pereira SS, Vara-Luiz F, Mendes I, Palma C, Oliveira C, Fonseca J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41007653/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same cohort as PMID 38201958, with different malnutrition definitions reported. Illness-associated starvation and tissue hormone expression are not evidence of beneficial elective fasting.","assessmentId":"41007653","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41010536","pmid":"41010536","doi":"10.3390/nu17183011","title":"Time-Restricted Eating Without Exercise Enhances Anaerobic Power and Reduces Body Weight: A Randomized Crossover Trial in Untrained Adults.","year":"2025","author":"Yu Z, Ueda T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41010536/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No habitual-eating control, so practice effects cannot be excluded for pre/post performance improvements. Small short study.","assessmentId":"41010536","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41031153","pmid":"41031153","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1565094","title":"Safety and effectiveness of apixaban use for stroke prevention during Ramadan fasting (the API-RAM study).","year":"2025","author":"Ghrab A, Gargouri R, Addad F, Cheikhrouhou A, Jabeur M, Charfeddine S, Bahloul A, Triki Z, Ellouze T, Abidi O, Mallek S, Triki F, Abdessalem S, Elalamy I, Abid L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41031153/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Selected treated patients and short follow-up; no fasting efficacy or proof that medication schedules can be altered without individual review.","assessmentId":"41031153","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41036194","pmid":"41036194","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2025.1664412","title":"Effects of time-restricted eating on body composition and metabolic parameters in overweight and obese women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Chen S, Zhang X, Kortas J, Liu H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41036194/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41058139","pmid":"41058139","doi":"10.1097/mnm.0000000000002061","title":"Prolonged fasting for optimizing myocardial fluorodeoxyglucose suppression.","year":"2026","author":"Abdullahi F, Makhdomi K, Shah J, Gitau S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41058139/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"procedural-fasting","reason":"Fasting is procedural preparation, drug administration, or imaging preparation rather than a therapeutic fasting intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41062086","pmid":"41062086","doi":"10.2196/75641","title":"Usability Evaluation of a Virtual Reality Multisensory Sham-Feeding Device for Patients Undergoing Fasting Periods for Colorectal Cancer Surgery: Mixed Methods Study.","year":"2025","author":"Yuan X, Ye P, Liu X, Hu Y, Xu Q, Zhao W, Li K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41062086/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"procedural-fasting","reason":"Fasting is procedural preparation, drug administration, or imaging preparation rather than a therapeutic fasting intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41063446","pmid":"41063446","doi":"10.1111/jhn.70137","title":"Impact of Achieved Weight Loss by Intermittent Fasting Plus Early Time-Restricted Eating and Calorie Restriction on Systemic and Adipose Tissue Markers of Inflammation in Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: An Exploratory Sub-Study.","year":"2025","author":"Turner L, Zhao L, Liu K, Teong XT, Wittert G, Hutchison AT, Heilbronn LK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41063446/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Outcome-based weight-loss selection compromises randomized comparison; same parent trial, not independent anti-inflammatory proof.","assessmentId":"41063446","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41076324","pmid":"41076324","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2025.104365","title":"The effect of intermittent fasting on sleep in adults with overweight or obesity: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2026","author":"Zhang H, Zhou K, Song G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41076324/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41089044","pmid":"41089044","doi":"10.1002/ncp.70052","title":"Drink lemonade! Implementation of drinking 2 h before elective orthopedic surgery to reduce prolonged fasting.","year":"2025","author":"Heijnen IMS, Dierselhuis EF, Frijlink MMS, Musters SCW, Waal GJH, van Noort HHJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41089044/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"procedural-fasting","reason":"Fasting is procedural preparation, drug administration, or imaging preparation rather than a therapeutic fasting intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41092045","pmid":"41092045","doi":"10.1177/02601060251385278","title":"The influence of intermittent fasting on body metrics, lipid profile, and physical performance in young and middle-aged men.","year":"2026","author":"Gasmi M, Hawani A, Ben Chikha A, Eken Ö, Marsigliante S, Muscella A, Khalifa R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41092045/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small subgroups and multiple outcomes; lower weight/cholesterol is not uniformly beneficial when lean tissue and HDL decline. Exact daily schedule needs full text.","assessmentId":"41092045","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41108503","pmid":"41108503","doi":"10.1007/s40618-025-02728-9","title":"Hypoglycaemia and other risks of ramadan fasting in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency: A prospective controlled trial using 24-hour glucose monitoring.","year":"2026","author":"Chihaoui M, Sta J, Kamoun E, Belhadjsliman C, Khessairi N, Oueslati I, Yazidi M, Chaker F, Feki M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41108503/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Symptoms and sensor definitions differ; selected treated patients still had substantial complications. Small study cannot establish safe unsupervised fasting.","assessmentId":"41108503","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41120363","pmid":"41120363","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-17532-x","title":"Randomized trial of the effect of esomeprazole on functional dyspepsia during Ramadan fasting.","year":"2025","author":"Hadrich S, Lamti F, Trabelsi I, Dhaoui R, Ben Abdewahed M, Sekma A, Neffati F, Boukadida L, Yaakoubi H, Jaballah R, Bakir A, Youssef R, Zorgati A, Bel Haj Ali K, Beltaief K, Dridi Z, Ben Hamda K, Jomaa W, Chamtouri I, Bendaya Y, Bouchoucha M, Ben Hafaeidh S, Razgallah R, Bouida W, Grissa MH, Sriha A, Khedher S, Khochtali I, Sakly N, Ben Soltane H, Hassine M, Boubaker H, Boukef R, Msolli MA, Nouira S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41120363/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No non-fasting control to credit fasting; abstract calls early differences significant despite confidence intervals crossing zero. Drug efficacy and fasting claims require cautious full-text appraisal.","assessmentId":"41120363","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41121106","pmid":"41121106","doi":"10.1186/s12957-025-04045-0","title":"Development and validation of a predictive model for postoperative pulmonary complications after colorectal cancer surgery: a retrospective study.","year":"2025","author":"Huang Y, Zhong Y, Wei W, Zheng N, Lin N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41121106/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41126562","pmid":"41126562","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf181","title":"The Effect of Time-Restricted Eating on Metabolic Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","year":"2026","author":"Park J, Kim MS, Boo YK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41126562/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41129693","pmid":"41129693","doi":"10.1210/endocr/bqaf156","title":"Thyroid Hormone Receptor β Suppresses Cancer Cell Activity by Differential Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism.","year":"2025","author":"Zielinski JM, Tomczak JA, Amiel E, Carr FE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41129693/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Pharmacological/gene regulation, not dietary glycogen depletion; no human fasting treatment or universal dependence established.","assessmentId":"41129693","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41132629","pmid":"41132629","doi":"10.1002/ccr3.71049","title":"Wernicke's Encephalopathy Following 40 Days of Water-Only Fasting: A Case Report.","year":"2025","author":"Aweer RA, Aweer NA, Tluli O, Joudeh A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41132629/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"aweer","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:41135814","pmid":"41135814","doi":"10.1016/j.cct.2025.108118","title":"Rationale and protocol for a randomized parallel intervention trial of two intermittent fasting approaches in patients with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2025","author":"Steger FL, Donnelly JE, Montgomery RN, Clark L, Martin CK, Miles JM, Grdinovac K, Henderson AE, Thyfault JP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41135814/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41136870","pmid":"41136870","doi":"10.1007/s40620-025-02438-8","title":"Safety of SGLT2 inhibitors in chronic kidney disease patients during Ramadan fasting: a prospective cohort study.","year":"2025","author":"Elkeraie A, Elraggal M, AbouKhatwa M, Omar ME, Zyada R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41136870/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No increase associated with a drug is not no risk from fasting: kidney injury was common in both groups. Nonrandomized and no non-fasting comparator.","assessmentId":"41136870","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41138721","pmid":"41138721","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2025.10.001","title":"Induction of a metabolic switch from glucose to ketone metabolism programs ketogenic diet-induced therapeutic vulnerability in lung cancer.","year":"2025","author":"Wu Z, Wang Z, Ng SQ, Lidster JA, Schwerd-Kleine P, Phua ZJC, Peh KLE, Ho YY, Yuan J, Shathishwaran S, Yeo XH, Zhang Y, Chiu YHJ, Lau LYE, Lim TKH, Takano A, Tan EH, Skanderup AJ, Tergaonkar V, Han W, Ho YS, Tan DSW, Tam WL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41138721/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Direct counterexample to universal ketone starvation, but not proof of dietary harm in patients. Combination targeting is experimental and different from fasting alone.","assessmentId":"41138721","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41146285","pmid":"41146285","doi":"10.1186/s13063-025-09157-2","title":"Efficacy of Diet on Quality of life in Multiple Sclerosis (EDQ-MS): a study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial.","year":"2025","author":"Shemirani F, Klein AM, Groux AR, Kilpatrick R, Brooks L, Ehlinger MA, Darling WG, Magnotta VA, Gill CM, Hoth KF, Mangalam A, Eyck PT, Martinez AS, Hook J, Titcomb TJ, Snetselaar LG, Wahls TL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41146285/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41146360","pmid":"41146360","doi":"10.1186/s40795-025-01181-4","title":"A randomised controlled trial of short-term Intermittent Energy Restriction [IER] versus Continuous Energy Restriction [CER] on body fat stores and measures of insulin resistance in women with obesity at increased risk of breast cancer.","year":"2025","author":"Harvie M, Coe P, Higham C, Peach N, Howell A, Evans DG, Williams S, Sellers K, Malcomson L, Pegington M, Renehan AG.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41146360/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No breast-cancer incidence endpoint, substantial attrition and short duration. Measurement day changes interpretation; both groups lost fat-free mass.","assessmentId":"41146360","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41153674","pmid":"41153674","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13102389","title":"Apoptosis, Cell Growth, and Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Phosphorylation in Caffeic Acid-Treated Human Malignant Melanoma Cells.","year":"2025","author":"Lee YJ, Kim KD, Choi MH, Park SQ, Choi YS, Bae Y, Nam HS, Lee SH, Cho MK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41153674/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41156526","pmid":"41156526","doi":"10.3390/nu17203274","title":"Time-Restricted Eating Combined with Exercise Reduces Menopausal Symptoms and Improves Quality of Life More than Exercise Alone in Menopausal Women: A Quasi-Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2025","author":"Jóźwiak B, Szulc A, Laudańska-Krzemińska I.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41156526/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Preference-influenced allocation and subjective outcomes allow bias; probable overlap with PMID 40880914, not independent confirmation of cognitive benefit.","assessmentId":"41156526","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41165048","pmid":"41165048","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.capr-25-0104","title":"Time-Restricted Eating and Metformin in Invasive Breast Cancer or DCIS: A Randomized, Phase IIb, Presurgical Trial. Preliminary Safety Analysis.","year":"2026","author":"Briata IM, Spinaci S, Thomas PS, Serrano D, Buttiron Webber T, Gandolfo N, Guasone F, Rattaro A, Firpo E, D'amico M, Rutigliani M, Oliva M, Gualco M, Peresi M, Uncini S, Guerrieri-Gonzaga A, Johansson H, Gandini S, Lazzeroni M, Accornero CA, Pala O, Minucci S, Intra M, Veronesi P, Vornik LA, Garcia-Gonzalez A, Lozano MC, Heckman-Stoddard BM, Dimond E, Sauter ER, Vilar E, Bonanni B, DeCensi A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41165048/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"briata","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:41170361","pmid":"41170361","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2025.1664600","title":"Comprehensive impact of Intermittent Hypoxia Training and Intermittent Fasting on metabolic and cognitive health in adults with obesity: an umbrella systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Guo J, Zhang N, Chen J, Liu X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41170361/","searches":["weight","glucose","cognition"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41174725","pmid":"41174725","doi":"10.1186/s40795-025-01185-0","title":"Take the reins: a study protocol of a randomized controlled trial testing the effects of time-restricted eating vs. nutrition control on cancer-related fatigue among survivors of hematological malignancies.","year":"2025","author":"Kleckner AS, Clingan CL, Badros AZ, Manoogian ENC, Mustian KM, Panda S, Ryan AS, Zhu S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41174725/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41186047","pmid":"41186047","doi":"10.1002/advs.202507149","title":"Impact of Intended Isocaloric Early versus Late Time-Restricted Eating on Plasma Lipidome in Women with Overweight or Obesity: Secondary Analysis of the ChronoFast Trial.","year":"2026","author":"Szekely K, Gerl MJ, Peters B, Schwarz J, Schuppelius B, Damm M, Soliz-Rueda JR, Sehgal R, Lazaratos M, Klose C, Simons K, Pfeiffer AFH, Schürmann A, Kramer A, Michalsen A, Pivovarova-Ramich O.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41186047/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same parent cohort; high-dimensional exploratory comparisons. Within-arm changes cannot establish early-timing superiority or clinical benefit.","assessmentId":"41186047","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41193410","pmid":"41193410","doi":"10.1111/sji.70067","title":"Beyond Energy Fuel: Ketone Bodies as Multifaceted Modulators of T Cell and Anti-Tumour Immunity.","year":"2025","author":"Gu Z, Zhang M, Xia S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41193410/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41199408","pmid":"41199408","doi":"10.1186/s40814-025-01715-4","title":"Theory-based process evaluation of a non-randomised single-arm pilot study investigating time-restricted eating in the treatment of type 2 diabetes-the RESET2 pilot study.","year":"2025","author":"Termannsen AD, Bjerre N, Hansen GS, Jalking L, Færch K, Hempler NF, Quist JS, Varming A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41199408/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same cohort as PMID 40304655; feasibility/process data, not new controlled efficacy evidence.","assessmentId":"41199408","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41202521","pmid":"41202521","doi":"10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102193","title":"The effects of intermittent fasting on sleep quality and cardiometabolic health outcomes in adults with overweight/obesity status: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2025","author":"Yong YN, McCubbin AJ, O'Driscoll DM, St-Onge MP, Bonham MP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41202521/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41205742","pmid":"41205742","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2025.124077","title":"Time-restricted feeding induces white adipose browning and improves metabolic health independent of weight loss: an integrative multi-omics study.","year":"2025","author":"Zheng Y, Wang J, Zhang M, Chen Z, Wang Y, Sui J, Qiang W, Guo H, Jin L, Hou G, Shi B, He M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41205742/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Animal molecular findings; removal of fructose in some arms and tissue-specific mechanisms matter. No human disease-event or longevity evidence.","assessmentId":"41205742","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41213697","pmid":"41213697","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2025-099591","title":"Effect of time-restricted feeding on cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and the role of ApoE polymorphism: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.","year":"2025","author":"Chen J, Zhang X, Chen X, Yu W, Jia M, Zhu L, Liu Z, Hu J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41213697/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41214519","pmid":"41214519","doi":"10.1186/s12875-025-03027-1","title":"Cost-effectiveness of a periodic fasting-mimicking diet programme in patients with type 2 diabetes: a trial-based analysis and a lifetime model-based analysis.","year":"2025","author":"van den Burg EL, van Peet PG, Schoonakker MP, Esmeijer AC, Lamb HJ, Numans ME, Pijl H, van den Akker-van Marle ME.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41214519/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Projected complications/survival are not observed trial outcomes. Same FIT cohort, not independent evidence of longevity or cardiovascular prevention.","assessmentId":"41214519","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41218549","pmid":"41218549","doi":"10.1016/j.tranon.2025.102596","title":"Nutritional strategies against skeletal muscle wasting in cancer-associated cachexia: the role of β-hydroxybutyrate and polyunsaturated fatty acids.","year":"2026","author":"Hay B, Brun A, Fougerat A, Mazurak V, Le Bacquer O, Talvas J, Capel F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41218549/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41228563","pmid":"41228563","doi":"10.3390/nu17213492","title":"Neonatal Outcomes Following a Preconception Lifestyle Intervention in People at Risk of Gestational Diabetes: Secondary Findings from the BEFORE THE BEGINNING Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2025","author":"Sujan MAJ, Skarstad H, Rosvold G, Fougner SL, Follestad T, Nyrnes SA, Salvesen K, Moholdt T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41228563/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same BEFORE THE BEGINNING cohort as PMID 40925657; limited sample for rare harms, no established infant benefit.","assessmentId":"41228563","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41229715","pmid":"41229715","doi":"10.4103/ijem.ijem_56_25","title":"A Scoping Review of the Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Diabetes Regulation and Weight Control.","year":"2025","author":"Koo TH, Leong XB, Mohamed M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41229715/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41244074","pmid":"41244074","doi":"10.3389/fcell.2025.1678126","title":"The earliest impact of restricted protein intake during pregnancy on heart development in male mouse offspring.","year":"2025","author":"Folguieri MS, Calsa B, Boer PA, Gontijo JAR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41244074/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41244602","pmid":"41244602","doi":"10.1016/j.jceh.2025.103198","title":"Time Restricted Hypo-caloric Diet Achieves Better Insulin Sensitivity over Hypo-caloric Diet Alone in Patients With Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","author":"Sharma S, Bhattacharya S, Singh S, Patwa AK, Rungta S, Mishra AK, Chandra S, Goel A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41244602/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Surrogate insulin measure, selected population and short follow-up; no proven additional liver-disease outcome.","assessmentId":"41244602","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41268458","pmid":"41268458","doi":"10.21010/ajidv19i2s.7","title":"EFFECT OF DIURNAL INTERMITTENT FASTING (DIF) ON ANTIOXIDANT AND PRO INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS ACTIVITY IN MALE RAT MODEL OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.","year":"2025","author":"Ginting S, Ginting CN, Yulizal O, Siahaan JM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41268458/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Drug-induced rodent diabetes, not human efficacy; more fasting is not shown to be universally better or safe.","assessmentId":"41268458","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41289064","pmid":"41289064","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003900","title":"Comparative Efficacy of Various Exercise Types on Psychophysiological Outcomes in Colorectal Cancer Survivors: A Network Meta-Analysis.","year":"2026","author":"Batrakoulis A, Perivoliotis K, Courneya KS, Schmitz KH, Schwartz AL, Al-Mhanna SB, Liapis N, Tzovaras G, Baloyiannis I.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41289064/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Secondary synthesis; retained for potential citation tracing, not counted as an original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41291589","pmid":"41291589","doi":"10.1186/s12890-025-03996-0","title":"Prognostic role of pretreatment serum α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase in patients with small cell lung cancer.","year":"2025","author":"Xu Q, Liang M, Zhang F, Hou X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41291589/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41297274","pmid":"41297274","doi":"10.1016/j.jss.2025.10.027","title":"A Review to Assess the Safety and Health Outcomes of Religious Fasting in Ramadan in Patients Post Metabolic/Bariatric Surgery.","year":"2025","author":"Zil-E-Ali A, Sohail A, Ullah ZB, Chishti MB, Zil-E-Ali F, Farooka MW, Nimeri AA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41297274/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41305597","pmid":"41305597","doi":"10.3390/nu17223546","title":"Intermittent Fasting During Pregnancy and Neonatal Birth Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Giorno A, De Simone C, Lopez G, Pisaturo ML, Niccolini L, Guida M, Sarno L, Schettini SCA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41305597/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41309556","pmid":"41309556","doi":"10.1038/s41467-025-65678-z","title":"Flexible time-restricted eating combined with exercise in a free-living setting for middle-aged women with overweight/obesity: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2025","author":"Dai Z, Miyashita M, Poon ET, Tian XY, Yu AP, Sit CH, Wong SH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41309556/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short study in one population; exact energy intake, lean-mass effects and adverse-event collection require full text. No long-term disease outcomes.","assessmentId":"41309556","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41310471","pmid":"41310471","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06788-7","title":"Effects of 15:9 time-restricted eating on cognitive function and anthropometric parameters among the elderly with mild cognitive impairment: an assessor-blinded, pilot randomized controlled trial.","year":"2025","author":"Wang J, Wang F, Shi M, Chen H, Liu Q, Liu L, Xu X, He C, Xu L, Hu X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41310471/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"wang","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:41318035","pmid":"41318035","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112955","title":"Glycemic variability before and during Ramadan fasting among adults with type 2 diabetes and hepatic cirrhosis: a prospective paired cohort using real‑time CGM.","year":"2026","author":"Firdausa S, Hasan I, Tahapary DL, Prasetya IB, Soebardi S, Rumende CM, Shatri H, Irawan C, Wisnu W.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41318035/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No non-fasting control, small selected compensated-cirrhosis sample; cannot generalize to decompensated disease or overall nutritional/liver safety.","assessmentId":"41318035","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41319216","pmid":"41319216","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c01386","title":"Glycogen-Linked TPGS Nanomicelles for Hypoxia-Responsive PD-L1 Targeting and Molecular Imaging of Breast Tumor.","year":"2026","author":"Randhave NV, Tamang R, Setia A, Mehata AK, Koch B, Muthu MS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41319216/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41323696","pmid":"41323696","doi":"10.1039/d5ra06597f","title":"Glycogen for Smyd3-antisense oligonucleotide delivery and enhanced liver cancer gene therapy.","year":"2025","author":"Bai N, Huang Y, Shen J, Peng Y, Zhang H, Hou D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41323696/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41328526","pmid":"41328526","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwaf259","title":"Calibrated dietary patterns and cancer risk in the women's health initiative cohorts.","year":"2026","author":"Zhang X, Vasan S, Zheng C, Prentice RL, Navarro SL, Tinker L, Raftery D, Gowda GAN, Van Horn L, Sun Y, Tabung FK, Pan K, Lampe JW, Neuhouser ML.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41328526/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41333512","pmid":"41333512","doi":"10.7759/cureus.95899","title":"Appropriate Intervention Diets to Manage Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among Adults in Australia: A Systematic Review.","year":"2025","author":"Almarhabi AS, Alkhari AE, Binmahfoz A, Tawhari AO, Almehwari SA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41333512/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41339802","pmid":"41339802","doi":"10.1186/s12885-025-15359-3","title":"Global, regional, and national burdens of bladder cancer attributable to high fasting plasma glucose from 1990 to 2021, with future forecasts to 2050: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021.","year":"2025","author":"Lan K, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Hong T, Liu X, Hu Y, Lin W, Hong X, Zhang Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41339802/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41340042","pmid":"41340042","doi":"10.1186/s12887-025-06298-w","title":"Study protocol for a randomized clinical trial to reduce weight among youth with obesity using time-restricted eating: the TRECO study.","year":"2025","author":"Shi X, Jiang P, Wang P, Guo X, Ye M, Jiang Z, Chen Y, Fan T, Mao G, Zhou C, Zhao L, Zhang M, Wu L, Wang J, Peng H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41340042/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41342185","pmid":"41342185","doi":"10.1111/dom.70343","title":"Safety and effectiveness of tirzepatide during Ramadan fasting: Real-world evidence from patients with type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh.","year":"2026","author":"Rahman MH, Selim S, Afsana F, Hoque MA, Saifuddin M, Alam MS, Sharifuzzaman M, Hannan MA, Hasan MN, Kamrul-Hasan ABM, Mustari M, Ahammed A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41342185/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Potent drug co-intervention and selection prevent attributing benefit to fasting; short observational sample cannot rule out uncommon harms.","assessmentId":"41342185","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41351878","pmid":"41351878","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf206","title":"Effect of 8-Hour Time-Restricted Eating (16/8 TRE) on Glucose Metabolism and Lipid Profile in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","year":"2026","author":"Wong PS, Wan K, Dai Z, Yu AP, Wong SH, Poon ET.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41351878/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41366586","pmid":"41366586","doi":"10.1007/s13668-025-00702-8","title":"Effects of Exercise or Diet or Combined Interventions on Treatment Efficacy of Chemotherapy for Cancer: A Systematic Review.","year":"2025","author":"Crespo-Garcia C, Bettariga F, Taaffe DR, Peddle-McIntyre CJ, Campbell JP, Jeffery E, Markarian AM, Borsati A, Avancini A, Pilotto S, Galvao DA, Newton RU.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41366586/","searches":["cancer","muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41372565","pmid":"41372565","doi":"10.1007/s11357-025-02035-4","title":"Effect of fasting-mimicking diet on markers of autophagy and metabolic health in human subjects.","year":"2026","author":"Espinoza SE, Park S, Connolly G, Qi W, Zhang N, Semwal M, Li Y, Lauzon M, Salmon AB, Hsu W, Wei M, Musi N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41372565/","searches":["glucose","autophagy"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"espinoza","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:41372862","pmid":"41372862","doi":"10.1186/s12876-025-04535-1","title":"Comparative efficacy of different diet modalities on metabolic profiles and liver functions in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: a network meta-analysis.","year":"2025","author":"Zou J, Tian F, Cui S, Hou J, Li Z, Wei Y, Cui H, Li Y, Zhou S, He Z, Ma X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41372862/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Secondary synthesis; retained for potential citation tracing, not counted as an original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41375220","pmid":"41375220","doi":"10.3390/molecules30234624","title":"Functional and Mechanistic Insights of 3-Hydroxybutyrate (3-OBA) in Bladder Cancer.","year":"2025","author":"Silva A, Félix AM, Gonçalves CS, Longatto-Filho A, Baltazar F, Afonso J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41375220/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Chick embryo model is not a mouse or human trial; no patient efficacy. Cell-specific dual fuel/signaling effects require context.","assessmentId":"41375220","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41381023","pmid":"41381023","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115200","title":"The combination of physical activity and late-time-restricted eating improves eating behavior, cognitive performance and cardiovascular parameters in women living with excess body weight.","year":"2026","author":"Miladi S, Hammouda O, Miladi Trabelsi SJ, Miladi SC, Ameur R, Driss T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41381023/","searches":["weight","muscle","cognition"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Title emphasizes late timing but results/conclusion favor early timing; no exercise-only or early-only arm to isolate effects. Multiple endpoints and small groups.","assessmentId":"41381023","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41398969","pmid":"41398969","doi":"10.1186/s12986-025-01055-3","title":"Nutritional approaches in combating therapeutic resistance and enhancing treatment efficacy in cancer: the impact of ketogenic diets.","year":"2025","author":"Wang L, Shafiei Asheghabadi P, Mashhadikhan S, Nasirzade S, Ettehad Y, Gholamrezaie S, Jafari F, Rahmani M, Mehdizadeh S, Zali N, Farahani N, Reiter RJ, Entezari M, Alimohammadi M, Taheriazam A, Rahimzadeh P, Hushmandi K, Hashemi M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41398969/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41401338","pmid":"41401338","doi":"10.36740/wlek/210261","title":"The impact of intermittent fasting on cognitive function and neuroprotection: A literature review.","year":"2025","author":"Polak A, Kosiń K, Liszka W, Malina M, Kiwior J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41401338/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41405605","pmid":"41405605","doi":"10.1007/s00066-025-02499-5","title":"Survival outcomes of rectal and head and neck cancer patients receiving radio(chemo)therapy with a ketogenic diet. A post-hoc analysis from the KETOCOMP trial.","year":"2026","author":"Klement RJ, Sweeney RA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41405605/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"ketocompsurvival","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually.","assessmentId":"41405605"},{"id":"MED:41409569","pmid":"41409569","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2025.1718105","title":"The effect of intermittent fasting on hedonic hunger: a pilot prospective cohort study based on Ramadan intermittent fasting.","year":"2025","author":"Selen H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41409569/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No non-fasting control; modest transient changes, self-report and no long-term adherence/weight outcome.","assessmentId":"41409569","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41422294","pmid":"41422294","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-33000-y","title":"Astragalus polysaccharide alleviates diabetic nephropathy via SIRT1-dependent activation of FOXO3a/BNIP3 pathway to enhance podocyte autophagy.","year":"2025","author":"Guo M, Dai Y, Zhuang X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41422294/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41449401","pmid":"41449401","doi":"10.1186/s12885-025-15475-0","title":"The effect of exercise intervention on IGF axis and metabolic markers regulation in breast cancer patients: a systematic review with pairwise, network, and dose-response meta-analyses.","year":"2025","author":"Chen BA, Qin WH, Chen HB, Yang QH, Yuan Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41449401/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41454305","pmid":"41454305","doi":"10.1186/s12902-025-02134-5","title":"Effectiveness of empagliflozin in reducing hypoglycemic events as compared to sulfonylurea in type 2 diabetes patients during fasting in Ramadan: a single-center study.","year":"2025","author":"Kiran Z, Fatima N, Baloch AA, Shaikh KUS, Hasan SM, Khan MU.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41454305/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Baseline differences and missing denominator/effect interval limit comparison; symptom versus hospitalization definition needs checking. Not fasting efficacy.","assessmentId":"41454305","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41470894","pmid":"41470894","doi":"10.3390/nu17243949","title":"Endocrine Adaptations to Prolonged Fasting: From Physiology, Clinical Uncertainties, Translational Challenges to Healthspan Implications.","year":"2025","author":"Herman R, Trsan J, Lipar L, Jensterle M, Janez A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41470894/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41478229","pmid":"41478229","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2025.12.002","title":"Beneficial effects of time-restricted eating on some cardiometabolic factors and anthropometric measures in adults with type 2 diabetes: an umbrella meta-analysis of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2026","author":"Molani-Gol R, Safari S, Esmaeil Zadeh Tolouei S, Rafraf M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41478229/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41478598","pmid":"41478598","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101269","title":"Time-Restricted Eating in Metabolic and Clinical Health: a Current Evidence and Mechanistic Insights.","year":"2026","author":"Minari TP, Pisani LP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41478598/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41482876","pmid":"41482876","doi":"10.1177/10815589251409732","title":"Effect of monotherapeutic caloric restriction diet on cardiometabolic parameters in adults with overweight or obesity: Insights from meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2026","author":"Duc TQ, Khanh ND, Dang DK, Chi VTQ, Huyen NTH, Nguyen KV, Huong NTT.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41482876/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41485450","pmid":"41485450","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2025.11.025","title":"Effects of 5:2 intermittent fasting meal replacement on body composition and abdominal fat distribution in overweight and obese adults with early type 2 diabetes.","year":"2026","author":"Yu D, Zou M, Cheng B, Yang P, Huang D, Pan Q, Guo L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41485450/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Subset of the existing EARLY trial; meal replacements and calorie reduction are bundled with timing. No long-term complication or medication-replacement safety conclusion.","assessmentId":"41485450","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41486909","pmid":"41486909","doi":"10.3393/ac.2025.00521.0074","title":"Safety and patient's satisfaction of preoperative carbohydrate drink until 2 hours before colorectal cancer surgery: a single-center, prospective randomized controlled trial.","year":"2025","author":"Lee YM, Kim KE, Bae SU, Baek SK, Jeong WK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41486909/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"procedural-fasting","reason":"Fasting is procedural preparation rather than a therapeutic fasting intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41489243","pmid":"41489243","doi":"10.26355/eurrev_202512_37563","title":"Publisher Correction: Effects of effective antithyroid therapy on adiposity and skeletal muscle in patients with hyperthyroidism across gender and age groups.","year":"2025","author":"Zhou HY, Deng SS, Wei SY, Chen SG, Lai LH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41489243/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"notice","reason":"Correction, addendum or retraction notice; retained for linked-source checking, not counted as an independent outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41492277","pmid":"41492277","doi":"10.1016/j.obpill.2025.100226","title":"Association of Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Christian fasting on appetite hormones and insulin sensitivity in type-II diabetes and healthy subjects in Ethiopia.","year":"2026","author":"Michael A, Baye K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41492277/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Cannot isolate timing from vegetarian diet/energy restriction; no diabetes-incidence/remission endpoint. HOMA-IR is not itself a direct beta-cell function measure.","assessmentId":"41492277","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41495530","pmid":"41495530","doi":"10.1007/s13730-025-01067-1","title":"Congenital nephrotic syndrome in a newborn with glycogen storage disease and Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) mutation.","year":"2026","author":"Annicchiarico Petruzzelli L, De Marco O, Improda N, Giannattasio P, Luongo I, Carucci M, Brunetti B, Serio V, Minale B, Malgieri G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41495530/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41501473","pmid":"41501473","doi":"10.1038/s41430-025-01693-z","title":"The impact of intermittent fasting during weight reduction in people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized clinical trial.","year":"2026","author":"M Abdel Fattah S, M Abbassi M, Abd Elshafy S, A Hegazy M, F Farid S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41501473/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short single-center study; actual calories, medication reductions, adherence and registration timing need full text before asserting a timing-specific effect.","assessmentId":"41501473","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41508774","pmid":"41508774","doi":"10.1096/fj.202501928rr","title":"TNF/TNFR1 is a Key Regulator of Prolonged Fasting-Induced Decrease in Adipose Tissue.","year":"2026","author":"de Oliveira ACC, Babêtto AM, Silva ML, de Souza Barbosa Lacerda L, de Souza Rodrigues T, de Oliveira MC, Rouault C, Gautier EL, Oliveira AG, Clément K, Teixeira MM, Marcelin G, Ferreira AVM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41508774/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Human tissue association is not a fasting trial. Inflammatory signaling can be adaptive in this context; reduced inflammation is not a universal mechanistic explanation.","assessmentId":"41508774","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41515178","pmid":"41515178","doi":"10.3390/nu18010060","title":"Psychological and Psychiatric Consequences of Prolonged Fasting: Neurobiological, Clinical, and Therapeutic Perspectives.","year":"2025","author":"Bonaccorsi V, Romeo VM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41515178/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41515236","pmid":"41515236","doi":"10.3390/nu18010119","title":"Intermittent Fasting and Probiotics for Gut Microbiota Modulation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review.","year":"2025","author":"Zhang Z, Wang S, Sun G, Pan D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41515236/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41526965","pmid":"41526965","doi":"10.1186/s41043-025-01221-6","title":"Time-restricted eating in overweight and obese adults: an evidence summary and clinical recommendations.","year":"2026","author":"Liu H, Zheng Z, Shangguan F, Guo Y, Yu H, Yu J, Su Y, Li Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41526965/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41527226","pmid":"41527226","doi":"10.1111/dom.70469","title":"Impact of intermittent fasting on self-regulatory behaviour and sleep in participants with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: A secondary analysis of the INTERFAST-2 randomised controlled trial.","year":"2026","author":"Ramirez-Obermayer A, Tripolt NJ, Pferschy PN, Kojzar H, Azhar K, Aziz F, Müller A, Sourij C, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Žukauskaitė K, Horvath A, Stadlbauer V, Vajda C, Fazekas C, Leal Garcia S, Wagner-Skacel J, Sourij H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41527226/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same parent cohort as PMID 36508320; self-reported unblinded secondary outcomes with multiple comparisons. Support and successful weight loss may contribute.","assessmentId":"41527226","access":"Full article text checked, including methods and reported results; independent duplicate review and all supplements not completed."},{"id":"MED:41532393","pmid":"41532393","doi":"10.1111/cen.70094","title":"Time-Restricted Eating to Improve Metabolic Abnormalities in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (TimeMAP).","year":"2026","author":"Floyd R, Dyer A, Gibney J, Alawami F, Owens L, Phelan N, Rakovac A, Swan P, LeRoux CW, Behan LA, Duggan SN.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41532393/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tiny selected completer sample, not powered efficacy or fertility study; no serious event does not establish broad safety.","assessmentId":"41532393","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41540572","pmid":"41540572","doi":"10.1017/s0007114525106120","title":"Evaluation of the effect of different intermittent fasting regimens on metabolic parameters in healthy male Wistar rats.","year":"2026","author":"Soares NL, Andrade ADDS, Dutra MLDV, Dutra LMG, Lima MDC, Cordeiro AMTM, Bandeira AAES, Alves AF, Lima MDS, Batista KS, Aquino JS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41540572/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Healthy rodent physiology and small groups; not proof of optimal human regimen. Exact energy matching and tissue-analysis units require full text.","assessmentId":"41540572","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41546786","pmid":"41546786","doi":"10.1007/s10552-025-02102-3","title":"Inflammation and insulin profiles in men assigned to exercise vs. usual care for prostate cancer: results from the active surveillance exercise (ASX) randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","author":"Pace WA, Olshen A, Wang Y, Kenfield SA, Van Blarigan EL, Graff RE, Cowan J, Wang L, Tenggara I, Lopez K, Encabo K, Jones LW, Panchal N, Cooperberg MR, Carroll PR, Luke A, Pollak M, Chan JM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41546786/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41553367","pmid":"41553367","doi":"10.1177/19322968251411965","title":"Automated Insulin Delivery Systems Are Safe During Prolonged Religious Jewish Fasting Among Adolescents and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes.","year":"2026","author":"Heifetz EM, Auerbach A, Avnon-Ziv C, Koolyk Fialkoff R, Levy-Khademi F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41553367/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Many changed device settings; repeated days and selected users limit generalization. Completion rate implies substantial interruption, not universal safety.","assessmentId":"41553367","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41586225","pmid":"41586225","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2025.1731915","title":"Ketosis suppression and ageing (KetoSAge): the effect of suppressing ketosis on SHBG and sex hormone profiles in healthy premenopausal women, and its implications for cancer risk and therapy.","year":"2025","author":"Cooper ID, Petagine L, Soto-Mota A, Duraj T, Seyfried TN, Lee DC, Cooper N, Kyriakidou Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41586225/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Selected long-term ketogenic users, menstrual-cycle effects and multiple correlations; no cancer incidence/treatment or aging outcome despite title. Low ketones alone are not established disease.","assessmentId":"41586225","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41586347","pmid":"41586347","doi":"10.1136/bmjmed-2024-001071","title":"Effects of timing and eating duration of time restricted eating on metabolic outcomes: systematic review and network meta-analysis.","year":"2026","author":"Chen YE, Tsai HL, Tu YK, Chen LW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41586347/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Secondary synthesis; retained for potential citation tracing, not counted as an original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41587446","pmid":"41587446","doi":"10.2196/58930","title":"A Brief Web-Based and Mobile Intervention of Intermittent Fasting With Meal Support for Weight Loss Among Adults With Overweight and Obesity in Japan: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","author":"Noda T, Shimamoto T, Kiyohara K, Imanaka M, Nishioka N, Tateyama Y, Iwami T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41587446/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Multicomponent program; weight benefit largely accompanied by muscle loss. Small short study cannot establish broad safety or metabolic benefit.","assessmentId":"41587446","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41594546","pmid":"41594546","doi":"10.3390/biom16010004","title":"The Function and Mechanism of OXCT1 in Tumor Progression as a Critical Ketone Body Metabolic Enzyme.","year":"2025","author":"Qin W, Hu W, Geng Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41594546/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41599851","pmid":"41599851","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","title":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity.","year":"2026","author":"Monda A, Casillo M, Allocca S, Moscatelli F, La Marra M, Monda V, Di Maio G, Vasco P, Monda M, Polito R, Messina G, Messina A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41599851/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Very small groups; no ordinary balanced-diet control, exploratory hormone mediation and terminology ADF5:2 is nonstandard. Hormone association is not mechanism proof.","assessmentId":"41599851","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41602405","pmid":"41602405","doi":"10.3389/fonc.2025.1677835","title":"Prospective evaluation of chemotherapy-induced dyslipidemia in early breast cancer: implications for cardiovascular risk.","year":"2025","author":"Rusinova L, Medvedieva J, Santova Z, Kozarova M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41602405/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41649312","pmid":"41649312","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf308","title":"Effects of Dietary Weight Loss on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Individuals With Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review.","year":"2026","author":"Ashtary-Larky D, Rezaeyeh AP, Hajizadeh L, Salarpour A, Shouhani Z, Alipour M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41649312/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Secondary synthesis; retained for potential citation tracing, not counted as an original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41664097","pmid":"41664097","doi":"10.1186/s13098-025-02081-0","title":"Correction: Effect of intermittent fasting, portfolio-moderate-carbohydrate, and anti-inflammatory diets on cardio-metabolic status in pre-diabetic patients; an open-label randomized clinical trial.","year":"2026","author":"Pasdar Y, Saber A, Rezvani N, Bozorgi S, Moradi S, Cheshmeh S, Niazi H, Najafi F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41664097/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"notice","reason":"Correction, addendum or retraction notice; retained for linked-source checking, not counted as an independent outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41669107","pmid":"41669107","doi":"10.3389/fonc.2026.1741727","title":"Case Report: Mixed ductal-lobular carcinoma consisting of invasive lobular carcinoma with a glycogen-rich clear cell pattern and elevated tumor mutation burden.","year":"2026","author":"Kawachi K, Tang X, Kasajima R, Katayama K, Yamaguchi R, Yamaguchi K, Furukawa Y, Imoto S, Miyano S, Yoshioka E, Washimi K, Okubo Y, Sato S, Yokose T, Miyagi Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41669107/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41669288","pmid":"41669288","doi":"10.4103/abr.abr_81_23","title":"Investigating the Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","year":"2025","author":"Masoumi R, Javadian P, Ahmadi A, Sepehrni M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41669288/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41679537","pmid":"41679537","doi":"10.1016/j.cct.2026.108257","title":"Trial design: Evaluating the safety, feasibility, and acceptability of time-restricted eating in pregnant women with obesity.","year":"2026","author":"DiPiazza B, Patel B, Li Y, Tardif A, Pezley L, Fought-Boudaia A, Steffen A, Buhimschi I, Burton T, Varady K, Koenig MD, Tussing-Humphreys L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41679537/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41687432","pmid":"41687432","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2026.01.001","title":"Time-restricted eating shows a modest reduction in fat mass in resistance-trained individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2026","author":"Ali AM, Messenburger GP, Neves Collares LD, Nuñez FF, Pieniz S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41687432/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41691265","pmid":"41691265","doi":"10.1186/s13058-026-02234-7","title":"4-Hydroxybutyrate (4HB) released from poly-4-hydroxybutyrate scaffolds does not impact hallmark phenotypes of cancer in malignant or non-malignant breast cells.","year":"2026","author":"Elahi SF, Martin DP, Wan Y, Zhang L, Romero DJ, Kommeri R, Cramer MC, Reavie L, Mercer AC, Ardila DC, Hussey GS, Badylak SF.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41691265/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41692034","pmid":"41692034","doi":"10.1002/14651858.cd015610.pub2","title":"Intermittent fasting for adults with overweight or obesity.","year":"2026","author":"Garegnani LI, Oltra G, Ivaldi D, Burgos MA, Andrenacci PJ, Rico S, Boyd M, Radler D, Escobar Liquitay CM, Madrid E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41692034/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41693941","pmid":"41693941","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1699384","title":"Effects of intermittent fasting on HbA1c and weight in insulin versus oral hypoglycemic therapy-treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2026","author":"Al Qudah J, Beni ND, Ibrahim N, Khader S, Dempsey L, Butler AE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41693941/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41696110","pmid":"41696110","doi":"10.4239/wjd.v17.i2.115495","title":"Safety and efficacy of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in adults with type 2 diabetes fasting during Ramadan: A meta-analysis.","year":"2026","author":"Kamrul-Hasan ABM, Shaikh S, Ashraf H, Kuchay MS, Nagendra L, Dutta D, Pappachan JM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41696110/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Secondary synthesis; retained for potential citation tracing, not counted as an original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41709237","pmid":"41709237","doi":"10.1186/s12964-026-02728-z","title":"Glycogen synthase 1 promotes breast cancer progression by promoting IκBα ubiquitination and degradation independent of its canonical enzyme function.","year":"2026","author":"Zhuo S, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Chen Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41709237/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"zhuogys1","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:41714893","pmid":"41714893","doi":"10.5534/wjmh.250248","title":"Restoring NAD⁺-Sirtuins Signaling: A Novel Approach to Combat Male Reproductive Aging.","year":"2026","author":"Zhou L, Lan X, Wang M, Li X, Zeng X, Peng S, Zhang J, Li J, Dong L, Yu X, Yang F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41714893/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41726214","pmid":"41726214","doi":"10.1155/jobe/6409069","title":"Intermittent Fasting May Enhance Resistance Training Effects on the Body Composition of Obese Males, Without Affecting Muscular Strength and Anabolic Index.","year":"2026","author":"Farahmand Khoshkebijari A, Ebrahimi M, Jorbonian A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41726214/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small short trial; exact calorie/protein intake and body-composition measurement need checking. No detected strength loss is not comprehensive muscle safety.","assessmentId":"41726214","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41731205","pmid":"41731205","doi":"10.1007/s10238-026-02085-8","title":"β-Hydroxybutyrate, a primary metabolite of ketogenic diets and its dual role in modulating colorectal cancer: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic insights.","year":"2026","author":"Rashidi P, Bagheri Z, Khodayar Z, Tarkashvand S, Elahirad N, Akhoondi R, Moghaddam SH, Sanati M, Haghighatjou R, Yekani R, Mehboodi M, Banimahdidehkordi A, Rabiei S, Dinvari H, Maleki MH.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41731205/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41736129","pmid":"41736129","doi":"10.1186/s13098-026-02107-1","title":"Effects of intensive lifestyle modification incorporating calorie-carbohydrate restriction with or without time-restricted feeding on eating disorder psychopathology and diabetes-related distress in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","author":"Mohammadpour S, Hadaegh F, Zayeri F, Hosseinpour-Niazi S, Badrooj N, Shab-Bidar S, Mirmiran P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41736129/","searches":["glucose","populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Bundled treatment and selected population; adjusted distress effects attenuated. Indexed correction PMID 42260648 requires review.","assessmentId":"41736129","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41766355","pmid":"41766355","doi":"10.1093/gerona/glag061","title":"Caloric restriction and time-restricted eating in older adults with overweight or obesity: The Health, Aging, and Later-Life Outcomes Pilot Study.","year":"2026","author":"Houston DK, Fanning J, Nicklas BJ, Delany JP, Hsu FC, Chen SH, Walkup M, Neiberg RH, Stowe CL, Kennedy K, Espeland MA, Ard JD, Miller ME, Rejeski WJ, Kritchevsky SB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41766355/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"hallo","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:41780645","pmid":"41780645","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113196","title":"Insulin delivery modality and Ramadan fasting interruption, glycemic control, and fear of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes: a prospective, multicenter study from Saudi Arabia.","year":"2026","author":"Al-Sofiani ME, Alharthi SK, Alsuhaibani M, Alhashem A, Almurashi A, Almigbal TH, Alamoudi RM, Zarif H, Alzaman N, Almehthel M, Mohammed S, Kalyani RR, Klonoff DC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41780645/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Nonrandomized, extremely small one-device group and baseline differences; possible overlap with prior device cohorts. Not fasting efficacy.","assessmentId":"41780645","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41781186","pmid":"41781186","doi":"","title":"PPP1R3C functions as a tumor suppressor in endometrial cancer through promotion of glycogen synthesis.","year":"2026","author":"Seol HS, Kim J, Oh JH, Choi E, Lee S, Nam EJ, Kim J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41781186/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-abstract-and-publication-type","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Editorial, news or commentary on research reported elsewhere. Retain for reference tracing; do not count as an independent original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41783821","pmid":"41783821","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1739995","title":"Effects of time-restricted eating on weight loss, sleep, and quality of life in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patients with obesity: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","author":"Wen Y, Yang X, Chen J, Xie S, Zhou J, Zhang X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41783821/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Weight-loss efficacy claim exceeds null between-group BMI result; no stated improvement in objectively measured apnea severity, multiple subscales and short follow-up.","assessmentId":"41783821","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41790744","pmid":"41790744","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0337259","title":"Phosphorylations of serines 21/9 in glycogen synthase kinase 3α/β are dispensable for V600EBRAF-driven premalignant tumour development in the mouse intestine.","year":"2026","author":"Farahmand P, Rzasa P, Green C, Hey F, Giblett S, Jin H, West K, Sylvius NB, Pritchard CA, Rufini A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41790744/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41794025","pmid":"41794025","doi":"10.1016/j.cell.2026.02.004","title":"β-hydroxybutyrate enhances the metabolic fitness of CAR T cells in cancer.","year":"2026","author":"Liu S, Guruprasad P, Ramasubramanian R, Madhu B, Paruzzo L, Han K, Kelly A, Shestov A, Xu HN, Carturan A, Zhou C, Amses KR, Afriat A, Litichevskiy L, Lin J, Dubowitz E, Tangal N, Zhang J, McSween A, Tan M, Stella F, Lee A, Nason S, Hua X, Schneider M, Sleeman M, Zhang Y, Gabrielli G, Yang Z, Pajarillo R, Patel R, Ghilardi G, Patel V, Joshi A, Jiang S, Jiang Y, Porazzi P, Tchou JC, Keith B, Li M, Chong E, Schuster SJ, Milone M, Rabinowitz J, O'Connor RS, Thaiss CA, Levy M, Ruella M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41794025/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Healthy volunteers were not cancer patients receiving effective treatment. Mechanism fuels immune cells, not universal starvation of cancer; patient efficacy still unestablished.","assessmentId":"41794025","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41795161","pmid":"41795161","doi":"10.1002/pan.70167","title":"Effects of Prolonged Preoperative Fasting on Blood Glucose Levels in Pediatric Elective Surgeries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","year":"2026","author":"Ramachandran S, Kundra P, Velayudhan S, Deepthy MS, Mathew JL, Loganathan S, Sharma M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41795161/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41796223","pmid":"41796223","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-43599-1","title":"Ramadan fasting and adverse outcomes in cirrhosis: primary risk estimates with associated independent predictors.","year":"2026","author":"Prasetya IB, Hasan I, Pribadi RR, Tahapary DL, Nababan SHH, Shatri H, Subekti I, Firdausa S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41796223/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Observational period comparison, but clinically important harms; stable average liver scores do not negate increased admissions/bleeding. Possible overlap with compensated-cirrhosis glucose report needs checking.","assessmentId":"41796223","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41799631","pmid":"41799631","doi":"10.3389/fcdhc.2026.1792614","title":"Nutrition-induced remission of type 2 diabetes: mechanisms, clinical evidence, and future directions-a mini review.","year":"2026","author":"Pescari D, Mihuta S, Bena A, Pui R, Paul C, Stoian D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41799631/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41801605","pmid":"41801605","doi":"10.1007/s13668-026-00742-8","title":"Time-Restricted Eating, Cardiometabolic Health in Obesity and The Optimal Length of the Eating Window.","year":"2026","author":"Silva BM, Benzoni GG, de Lima Viliod MC, Fogagnolo C, Abud GF, Ortiz GU, de Sousa Neto IV, Rossini-Venturini AC, Travieso SG, de Freitas EC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41801605/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41805449","pmid":"41805449","doi":"10.1177/15347354261426272","title":"Therapeutic Fasting as a Novel Approach to Mitigate Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Breast Cancer Patients undergoing Aromatase Inhibitor Therapy: A Feasibility Study Protocol.","year":"2026","author":"Meyer H, Koppold DA, Shaker O, Eden L, Schiffmann L, Konigorski S, Cramer H, Choi KA, Einsele H, Winkler M, Löffler C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41805449/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41806970","pmid":"41806970","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003962","title":"The Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding and Exercise on Cardiometabolic Health in Sedentary Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","author":"Peng L, Chen L, Xia J, Zhou J, Shi N, Cheng R, Shu L, Huang J, Hu M, Liao J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41806970/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Eight weeks is not long term despite framing. Surrogate cardiovascular outcomes, small groups and lean-mass loss require balanced interpretation.","assessmentId":"41806970","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41812627","pmid":"41812627","doi":"10.1016/j.smrv.2026.102266","title":"Corrigendum to \"The effects of intermittent fasting on sleep quality and cardiometabolic health outcomes in adults with overweight/obesity status: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials\" [Sleep Medicine Reviews 84 (2025) 102193].","year":"2026","author":"Yong YN, McCubbin AJ, O'Driscoll DM, St-Onge MP, Bonham MP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41812627/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"notice","reason":"Correction, addendum or retraction notice; retained for linked-source checking, not counted as an independent outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41814085","pmid":"41814085","doi":"10.1038/s41366-026-02042-1","title":"The effects of time-restricted eating on energy balance regulation in adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes.","year":"2026","author":"Kramer CK, Zinman B, Feig DS, Retnakaran R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41814085/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Fasting did not eliminate compensatory appetite physiology after weight loss; same parent trial, not independent efficacy evidence. Leptin units require full-text verification.","assessmentId":"41814085","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41815829","pmid":"41815829","doi":"10.1016/j.jceh.2026.103499","title":"Reply to Letter to Editor: 'Time Restricted Hypo-caloric Diet Achieves Better Insulin Sensitivity over Hypo-caloric Diet Alone in Patients With Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial'.","year":"2026","author":"Sharma S, Bhattacharya S, Singh S, Mishra AK, Goel A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41815829/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"commentary","reason":"Commentary or correspondence; original outcome report must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41817106","pmid":"41817106","doi":"10.1002/cncr.70343","title":"A randomized phase II trial of gemcitabine, nab-paclitaxel, cisplatin with or without a medically supervised ketogenic diet for patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer.","year":"2026","author":"Jameson GS, Roe DJ, Borazanci E, Hanna DL, Roberts CGP, Pelster MS, Frank RC, Alistar AT, Miller AM, Wiedmeier-Nutor JE, Algaze SD, Zoller AR, Hallberg SJ, Wertheim BC, Lee K, Cridebring D, Rabinowitz JD, Gately S, Keppler J, Sharma S, Von Hoff DD, Rasco DW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41817106/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"jameson","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:41818195","pmid":"41818195","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0343494","title":"Time restricted EAting for Type 2 diabetes and MEtabolic health: The TEA TIME trial study protocol.","year":"2026","author":"Retnakaran M, Lessa VL, Kramer CK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41818195/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41821360","pmid":"41821360","doi":"10.1002/pros.70154","title":"Does Insulin Resistance Predict Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms? Results From the Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer (REDUCE) Trial.","year":"2026","author":"Zheng R, Daniels JP, Mirocha JM, Hernández-Tirado A, Moreira DM, Fowke JH, Freedland SJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41821360/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41824520","pmid":"41824520","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0340961","title":"Effects of protein sources at sahur on anaerobic power and strength during Ramadan in combat sport athletes: A single blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced crossover study design.","year":"2026","author":"Demirli A, Ulupınar S, Işım AT, Kesler A, Terzi M, Gençoğlu C, Özbay S, Ionel M, Ouergui I, Ardigò LP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41824520/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tests meal composition during fasting, not health benefit; narrow athletic sample and meal-timing differences.","assessmentId":"41824520","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41832653","pmid":"41832653","doi":"10.62438/tunismed.v103i8.5777","title":"Comparative Effects of 16:8 Intermittent Fasting and Continuous Caloric Restriction on Metabolic Syndrome Components in obese Women: A Non-randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.","year":"2025","author":"Dhieb N, Ben Othman R, Karmous I, Mizouri R, Nouira M, Gamoudi A, Kacem A, Douiri W, Ben Mansour N, Jamoussi H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41832653/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Baseline BMI substantially differed and allocation was not random; cannot isolate timing from selection/adherence or infer causal subgroup superiority.","assessmentId":"41832653","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41834498","pmid":"41834498","doi":"10.1158/0008-5472.can-25-2174","title":"PAK5-Mediated Suppression of β-Hydroxybutyrate Production Promotes Breast Cancer Metastasis and Can Be Overcome with Ketogenic Diet.","year":"2026","author":"Xing Y, Tan Y, Hu B, Zhang H, Li Y, Zuo J, Liu Y, Han F, Sun SL, Wang X, Li Y, Li F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41834498/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Positive preclinical finding, not a patient diet-treatment trial. Mechanism concerns phosphorylation/protein regulation, not universal glycogen starvation; likely resolves an existing 2026 breast-cancer lead.","assessmentId":"41834498","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41847435","pmid":"41847435","doi":"10.1093/lifemeta/loaf038","title":"Aberrant miR-378 expression promotes hepatic lipid accumulation via hijacking the bile acid-regulated autophagy.","year":"2026","author":"Niu Z, Yan Y, Liu W, Yao Q, Chen J, Shen S, Yu J, Ma M, Li Z, Wu Y, Li Y, Hu C, Zeng H, Gao X, Li Y, Jiang J, Ying H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41847435/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41852630","pmid":"41852630","doi":"10.1021/acsptsci.5c00807","title":"A Novel Tumor-Targeting Drug-Delivery System of Docetaxel-Loaded Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) Nanoparticles Binding with a Specific Lectin: Design, Preparation, and Evaluation.","year":"2026","author":"Dong WF, Li F, Bi J, Li B, Zhang Y, Zang J, Li FQ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41852630/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41852658","pmid":"41852658","doi":"10.1016/j.jceh.2026.103503","title":"Comments on \"Time Restricted Hypo-caloric Diet Achieves Better Insulin Sensitivity over Hypo-caloric Diet Alone in Patients with Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial\": Considerations Regarding Outcome Reporting.","year":"2026","author":"Hamsho M, Shkorfu W, Fadel A, Ranneh Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41852658/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"commentary","reason":"Commentary or correspondence; original outcome report must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41856835","pmid":"41856835","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2026.104632","title":"Comment on \"The impact of intermittent fasting and Mediterranean diet on older adults' physical health and quality of life: a randomized clinical trial\".","year":"2026","author":"Deng C, Li J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41856835/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"commentary","reason":"Commentary or correspondence; original outcome report must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41873677","pmid":"41873677","doi":"10.1042/bcj20240504","title":"Dapagliflozin regulates autophagy in nephropathy associated with non-diabetic obesity via elevated plasma β-hydroxybutyrate levels.","year":"2026","author":"Kong Y, Peng X, Fan W, Zhang L, Wu Y, Zheng M, Shan C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41873677/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Drug/precursor exposure rather than fasting; total control structure needs full-text verification. No human kidney-protection or fasting-timing result.","assessmentId":"41873677","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41883415","pmid":"41883415","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1772836","title":"Optimal dosage of exercise combined with intermittent fasting for body composition and cardiometabolic health in adults: a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis.","year":"2026","author":"Jiao M, Yan H, Zhang B, Zhao X, Li J, Harun MT.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41883415/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41884295","pmid":"41884295","doi":"10.3389/fnbeh.2026.1780775","title":"Case Report: Wernicke's encephalopathy induced by prolonged fasting due to apparent psychogenic dysphagia.","year":"2026","author":"Mills L, Zou H, Alnounou A, Smeltzer M, Kravchenko T, Gomes T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41884295/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Not elective fasting; relevant to prolonged inadequate intake, but cannot estimate risk from defined fasting protocols.","assessmentId":"41884295","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41895748","pmid":"41895748","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.18087","title":"Methoxy and Ketone Substitutions of Resveratrol Enhance Its Anticancer Activity by Increasing MEK and ERK Binding Affinity in Colorectal Cancer Cells.","year":"2026","author":"Saelim P, Ei ZZ, Racha S, Yokoya M, Yamashita R, Chunhacha P, Chanvorachote P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41895748/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41896647","pmid":"41896647","doi":"10.1038/s41591-026-04316-7","title":"Time-restricted eating for body weight management in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","author":"Corapi S, Runchey MC, Lyons J, Alonso de Leon M, Pavlou V, Lin S, Ezpeleta M, Gabel K, Tussing-Humphreys L, Oddo VM, Alexandria SJ, Sanchez J, Vidmar AP, Varady KA, Cienfuegos S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41896647/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Supports a weight-management alternative, not superiority or established fertility benefit; exact attrition/safety details need full text.","assessmentId":"41896647","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41928294","pmid":"41928294","doi":"10.1186/s13023-026-04264-y","title":"Randomized investigation to evaluate phenylalanine fluctuation after overnight fasting in PKU patients treated with prolonged-release versus standard amino acid protein substitute.","year":"2026","author":"Daly A, Ilgaz F, Evans S, Ashmore C, Pinto A, MacDonald A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41928294/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tests disease-specific nutrition support, not fasting benefit; indexed correction PMID 42538557 and abstract sign/units need checking.","assessmentId":"41928294","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41928885","pmid":"41928885","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2026.1758805","title":"Effect of a 5:2 intermittent fasting diet on obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.","year":"2026","author":"An W, Chen F, Wang B, Zhou S, Jiang L, An B, Cui Z, Ou X, Huang W, Yan H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41928885/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Abstract inconsistently calls a three-group study single-arm; no randomization, bundled replacement/energy changes and no live-birth endpoint.","assessmentId":"41928885","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41936947","pmid":"41936947","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113242","title":"A prospective evaluation of attitudes, behaviors, and clinical outcomes among Jordanian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes who fasted during Ramadan: a comparison of the 2021 and 2026 IDF-DAR risk scores.","year":"2026","author":"Odeh R, Murad H, Hani FB, Gharaibeh L, Bdeir L, Sarhan D, Sarhan Z, Alkhalaileh S, Alassaf A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41936947/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small observational sample; aggregate days are not independent patients and completion does not establish absence of hypoglycemia or other harm.","assessmentId":"41936947","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41952561","pmid":"41952561","doi":"","title":"Demographic Impact and Clinical Insights: A Comprehensive Analysis of Glycogen-Rich Carcinoma of the Breast Using National Cancer Database Data (2004-2020).","year":"2024","author":"Demangone MR, Karam KA, Zafar A, Lee D, Puvvadi S, Nakshbandi N, Hsia B, Heng N, Sam P, Heise W, Silberstein P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41952561/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41964777","pmid":"41964777","doi":"10.1007/s11695-026-08654-w","title":"Conversion Bariatric Surgery, Ketogenic Diet, and Intermittent Fasting in Bariatric Surgery Patients with Recurrent Weight Gain: a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","author":"Şen S, Erdem NZ, Durak D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41964777/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Very short and small with interventions of very different intensity; cannot establish long-term surgical equivalence or nutritional safety.","assessmentId":"41964777","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41964971","pmid":"41964971","doi":"10.1002/edm2.70209","title":"The Effect of Integrated Lifestyle Intervention Incorporating Calorie-Carbohydrate Restriction With or Without Time-Restricted Feeding for Remission of Type 2 Diabetes (DIREM): A Single Blind Randomised Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","author":"Badrooj N, Esteghamati A, Djafarian K, Yekaninejad MS, Mohammadpour S, Dankoob V, Reyhan SK, Abbaszade M, Emamgholipour S, Shab-Bidar S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41964971/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Remission definition and medication-free duration need verification. Similar cohort/protocol to PMID 41736129 but different registration: resolve overlap before treating as independent.","assessmentId":"41964971","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41973605","pmid":"41973605","doi":"10.1530/etj-25-0305","title":"Preliminary study on ketone body metabolism in anaplastic thyroid cancer.","year":"2026","author":"Wang J, Mao Y, Xuan Z, Li Z, Tang X, Yang K, Xing M, Zhu X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41973605/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"wangthyroid","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually.","assessmentId":"41973605"},{"id":"MED:41978216","pmid":"41978216","doi":"10.3390/nu18071166","title":"A Prolonged Nightly Fasting Plus Telehealth Coaching Intervention (PNF+) for Men on Androgen Deprivation Therapy for PCa: A Pilot Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","author":"Wen KY, Freedman J, Zarrabi KK, Slamon R, Smith R, Liang J, Mille P, Tester WJ, Kelly W.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41978216/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Endpoint weights differed but baseline-adjusted change comparisons were null; no progression/survival endpoint. Combined coaching prevents isolation of timing.","assessmentId":"41978216","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41981772","pmid":"41981772","doi":"10.14814/phy2.70851","title":"Mature-onset obesity in p62-deficient male mice maintains skeletal muscle mass despite metabolic dysfunction.","year":"2026","author":"Kim DH, Salazar G, Klemp A, Hwang HS, Yeh M, Panton LB, Kim JS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41981772/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41986177","pmid":"41986177","doi":"10.1016/j.molmed.2026.04.001","title":"β-hydroxybutyrate supplementation boosts the tumor-killing potential of CAR T cells.","year":"2026","author":"Adamopoulos C, Papavassiliou KA, Papavassiliou AG.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41986177/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"commentary","reason":"Commentary or correspondence; original outcome report must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41986966","pmid":"41986966","doi":"10.1111/dme.70328","title":"Safety and efficacy of intermittent fasting with or without exercise in people living with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes-The INTERFAST-3 study design.","year":"2026","author":"Sourij C, Müller A, Al-Baghdadi A, Aziz F, Tripolt NJ, Pferschy PN, Andritz E, Kojzar H, Stadlbauer V, Garcia SL, Sourij H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41986966/","searches":["weight","glucose","muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"protocol-without-results","reason":"Study design report without outcome results in the indexed record.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41991563","pmid":"41991563","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-48209-8","title":"Adaptation to glucose restriction and β-hydroxybutyrate supplementation is associated with metabolic flexibility in lung cancer cells.","year":"2026","author":"Shirian FI, Safari-Alighiarloo N, Mohebbi A, Tabatabaei SM, Karami A, Vaezi MA, Bahar A, Salimi V, Tavakoli-Yaraki M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41991563/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Measures outside cells do not directly establish intracellular flux, cancer-cell death or clinical benefit; functional validation explicitly remains needed.","assessmentId":"41991563","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:41994097","pmid":"41994097","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1772246","title":"Duration-dependent effects of water-only fasting on blood lipids: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and threshold meta-regression.","year":"2026","author":"Çamli A, Ülker İ, Terzi M, Yağan E, Özbay S, Ulupınar S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41994097/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:41998348","pmid":"41998348","doi":"10.1038/s41430-026-01749-8","title":"Combination of prolonged water fasting and GLP-1 for refractory morbid obesity: Case report.","year":"2026","author":"Palmisano T, Roeschenthaler P, Passerini H, Shin T, Guarraia D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41998348/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Extreme case with multiple interventions and likely major fluid shifts; no partitioned fat-loss estimate or general safety inference. Does not justify longer unsupervised fasting.","assessmentId":"41998348","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42004545","pmid":"42004545","doi":"10.1016/j.bbrep.2026.102571","title":"Exploring cannabinoid receptor CB1 autophagy and the obesity phenotype of p62-deficient mice.","year":"2026","author":"Keller C, Rading S, Candur B, Bindila L, Loers G, Karsak M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42004545/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42018499","pmid":"42018499","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0345940","title":"Changes in anthropometric indices, lifestyle patterns, and mental stress with ramadan intermittent fasting among healthy students: A prospective cohort study.","year":"2026","author":"Al-Dalaeen A, Alhasan E, Saleh E, Atawneh S, Barakat T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42018499/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Abstract reverses weight values and contradicts itself on sleep direction; unreliable quantitative summary until full text is reconciled. No causal comparison.","assessmentId":"42018499","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42024845","pmid":"42024845","doi":"10.1200/go-25-00505","title":"Low-Dose Versus Standard-Dose Abiraterone in Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Multicenter Randomized Phase III Trial.","year":"2026","author":"Noronha V, Shah M, Kapoor A, Menon N, Patil V, Kurup AR, Dhar A, Goud S, More S, Yadav A, Agarwal A, Sable N, Chavan N, Pradosh A, Shirsat A, Gota V, Shetake A, Sharma S, Mishra BK, Gupta A, Sansar B, Sonawane S, Prabhash K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42024845/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42025926","pmid":"42025926","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113276","title":"Effects of time-restricted eating on glycemic control and variability in individuals with overweight/obesity and prediabetes: A secondary analysis of the RESET randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","author":"Kloura C, Jensen MM, Ekblond TS, Pedersen HE, Raben A, Clemmensen KKB, Færch K, Blond MB, Quist JS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42025926/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Subset of PMID 38588687 parent trial; transient secondary finding, not independent evidence of durable diabetes prevention.","assessmentId":"42025926","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42026671","pmid":"42026671","doi":"10.1186/s12957-026-04367-7","title":"Association of preoperative insulin resistance surrogate indices with the risk of anastomotic leakage after colorectal cancer resection: a multicenter retrospective cohort.","year":"2026","author":"Shamohammadi M, Mohammadi HR, Porrzani MK, Yiasemidou M, Tizmaghz A, Bahardoust M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42026671/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42045759","pmid":"42045759","doi":"10.1007/s11695-026-08707-0","title":"Effects of Time-Restricted Eating With Calorie Restriction Versus Calorie Restriction on Health Outcomes in Patients With Weight Regain Post-Sleeve Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","author":"Ghoreishy SM, Alemrajabi M, Razeghi Jahromi S, Mohammadzadeh M, Noormohammadi M, Shidfar F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42045759/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Substantial attrition, small sample and within-arm findings; does not support superiority and raises nutritional questions requiring longer follow-up.","assessmentId":"42045759","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42056740","pmid":"42056740","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2026.01.009","title":"Physiological safety and Multi-Tissue metabolic adaptation under a novel intermittent prolonged fasting regimen.","year":"2026","author":"Sui X, Guo Y, Wu F, Wang H, Yang C, Zhang H, Jiang S, Dai Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42056740/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Rat tolerance does not establish safe human fasting durations; group sizes, survival counts and allocation require full text.","assessmentId":"42056740","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42058454","pmid":"42058454","doi":"10.1093/lifemeta/loaf042","title":"Hepatocyte-specific DDAH1 regulates fasting-induced hepatic lipid metabolism via modulating FABP1 expression and AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy.","year":"2026","author":"Luo K, Shen X, Wang S, Li F, Jianggewaer Y, Sun W, Lu Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42058454/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"This tests a genetically altered mouse liver, not an autophagy start time or a cancer treatment in humans.","assessmentId":"42058454","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42059326","pmid":"42059326","doi":"10.1111/jch.70265","title":"24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring during Ramadan Fasting: A Three-Year Cross-Sectional Study From a Tertiary Medical Center in Turkey.","year":"2026","author":"Celik M, Kaleli MF, Gezer M, Moloshova N, Kan MU, Feyzullahoglu E, Kesriklioglu S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42059326/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"More diabetes and kidney disease in the nonfasting group; selection and confounding limit causal and safety conclusions.","assessmentId":"42059326","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42060951","pmid":"42060951","doi":"10.1016/j.cllc.2026.03.017","title":"Brief Report: A Pilot Study Evaluating the Feasibility, Safety, and Compliance With a Fasting-Mimicking Diet in Patients With Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.","year":"2026","author":"Ghaddar F, Ahmed S, Kirsch B, Jennewein L, Uhrich MM, Althouse SK, Longo V, Jalal S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42060951/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Selected patients, one cycle and no comparator; no tumor-response or survival benefit was established.","assessmentId":"42060951","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42063220","pmid":"42063220","doi":"10.1093/jncics/pkag045","title":"Exploration of body mass index and circulating metabolic factors as predictors of metformin benefit in the Canadian Cancer Trials Group MA.32.","year":"2026","author":"Goodwin PJ, Ennis M, Chen BE, Gelmon KA, Whelan TJ, Ligibel JA, Thompson AM, Shepherd LE, Parulekar WR, Dowling R, Stambolic V.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42063220/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42076661","pmid":"42076661","doi":"10.3390/s26082552","title":"Temporal and Behaviour-Aware Multimodal Modelling for Hour-Ahead Hypoglycaemia Prediction During Ramadan Fasting in Type 1 Diabetes.","year":"2026","author":"Alkhateeb M, AlSaad R, Brahim Belhaouari S, Aziz S, Ahmed A, Ali H, Al-Mohanadi D, Mohamud K, Al-Naimi N, Alsaud A, Al-Sharshani H, Sheikh JI, Baagar K, Abd-Alrazaq A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42076661/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Prediction accuracy is not evidence that fasting improves diabetes or that the model prevents complications; external prospective validation is needed.","assessmentId":"42076661","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42081078","pmid":"42081078","doi":"10.1096/fj.202504830rr","title":"Effects of Intermittent Fasting-Mimicking Diet on Pancreatic Islet Plasticity: Immunohistochemical, Ultrastructural, and Metabolic Profiles.","year":"2026","author":"Harer CM, Boulgaropoulos B, Ehall B, Bogensperger L, Bounab K, Pernitsch D, Franz J, Herbsthofer L, Kotzbeck P, Krstic J, Prokesch A, Prietl B, Kolb D, Pieber TR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42081078/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Cell-marker changes do not establish regeneration of functional beta cells in people or diabetes remission.","assessmentId":"42081078","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42090326","pmid":"42090326","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuag064","title":"Efficacy of Different Modes of Intermittent Fasting for Decreasing Visceral and Subcutaneous Fat in Adults With Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.","year":"2026","author":"Khalafi M, Ghasemi F, Sakhaei MH, Omidian K, Habibi Maleki A, Symonds ME, Rosenkranz SK, Tinsley GM, Rohani H, Rafiei H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42090326/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Secondary synthesis; retained for potential citation tracing, not counted as an original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42092517","pmid":"42092517","doi":"10.1016/j.clnesp.2026.103316","title":"The effectiveness of 5:2 intermittent fasting compared with continuous caloric restriction in the treatment of recurrent weight gain after metabolic bariatric surgery: A non-inferiority, short-term, pilot feasibility study.","year":"2026","author":"Henao-Carrillo DC, Forero AM, Gómez AM, Robledo S, Pinzón F, Mikler R, Yepes C, Muñoz-Velandia O.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42092517/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small, short pilot and a broad noninferiority margin; a significant within-group change is not evidence that fasting was superior.","assessmentId":"42092517","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42097900","pmid":"42097900","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2026.104641","title":"The effects of low carbohydrate diets including intermittent fasting on body weight, glycaemia, and quality of life measures in adults with type 1 diabetes and overweight/obesity: a systematic review.","year":"2026","author":"Zhen XM, Purcell AR, Glastras SJ, Twigg SM, Wong J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42097900/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42101451","pmid":"42101451","doi":"10.1177/02601060261446178","title":"Effects of intermittent fasting combined with a ketogenic diet versus a hypocaloric diet on metabolic outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A controlled clinical study.","year":"2026","author":"Barrionuevo-Burgos E, García-García RM, Muñoz L, Arreguín-Coronado A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42101451/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Nonrandom allocation, combined interventions and no clear between-group effect estimates in the abstract prevent attribution to fasting alone.","assessmentId":"42101451","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42119972","pmid":"42119972","doi":"10.1016/j.eprac.2026.05.001","title":"Latest Advances in Therapeutic Recommendations for Managing Type 2 Diabetes in People Who Fast During Ramadan.","year":"2026","author":"Algozi RI, Haris PI, Abu-Median AB.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42119972/","searches":["religious"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42124054","pmid":"42124054","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","title":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures.","year":"2026","author":"Couto-Alfonso S, Cenit MC, Sanz-Pérez CM, Iguacel I.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42124054/","searches":["muscle","cognition"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42125912","pmid":"42125912","doi":"10.20960/nh.06590","title":"[Effectiveness of therapeutic strategies based on dietary patterns on cardiovascular and hepatic markers in individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) ‒ A systematic review of clinical trials].","year":"2026","author":"Rivera Marín VA, Sanchez C, Herrera-Santelices A, Ramírez Araya LA, Yáñez-Barros E, Cofré S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42125912/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Secondary synthesis; retained for potential citation tracing, not counted as an original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42153914","pmid":"42153914","doi":"10.1158/0008-5472.can-25-2379","title":"Ketogenic Diet Prevents Obesity-Associated Pancreatic Cancer Independent of Weight Loss and Induces Pancreatic Metabolic Reprogramming.","year":"2026","author":"Vélez-Bonet E, Gumpper-Fedus K, Chasser KM, Hurst ZA, Torres-Rosado A, Hsueh HY, Pita-Grisanti V, Liette A, Vulic G, Choueiry F, Zhang H, Gold A, Zhu J, Knoblaugh SE, Culp S, Volek JS, Cruz-Monserrate Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42153914/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Prevention/progression in selected mouse models is not treatment efficacy in patients; the result does not demonstrate universal inability of tumors to use ketones.","assessmentId":"42153914","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42158253","pmid":"42158253","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1809040","title":"Nutritional, sleep, physical activity, and quality-of-life changes during Ramadan fasting: a prospective comparative study.","year":"2026","author":"Geçgil Demir E, Öner Sayar C, Karaağaç RM, Erdem NZ, Tarakçı Filiz NG, Bayraktaroğlu E, Samancı RA, Mızrak E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42158253/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Self-selection and simultaneous lifestyle changes limit causal attribution; transient changes are not established durable health benefits.","assessmentId":"42158253","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42162048","pmid":"42162048","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-49117-7","title":"Glycaemic control during Ramadan in adults with type 1 diabetes using continuous glucose monitoring in Saudi Arabia.","year":"2026","author":"Surrati AMQ, Alfadhli E, Almuarshi A, Aljohani A, Alanzi M, Aljohany S, Alanize NF.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42162048/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Observational and selected fasting participants; treatment changes and behavior may contribute. The findings do not support a general glucose-control benefit.","assessmentId":"42162048","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42162440","pmid":"42162440","doi":"10.1007/s00262-026-04420-0","title":"β-hydroxybutyrate potentiates anti-tumor immunity by modulating cytotoxic CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T cell responses.","year":"2026","author":"Bai Y, Xue H, Bao Y, Pan Y, Tang J, Wang M, Wang Y, Xu J, Huang J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42162440/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"This supports a context-specific immune mechanism, not starvation of every cancer cell or clinical efficacy of fasting.","assessmentId":"42162440","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42174681","pmid":"42174681","doi":"10.1186/s13063-026-09785-2","title":"After-School to Pre-Sleep Energy Restriction for obesity in primary school children in grades 3-6: protocol for a parallel, randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","author":"Xie X, Lv Y, Li X, He Y, Li L, Xuan X, Liu X, Yang H, Liang X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42174681/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42182822","pmid":"42182822","doi":"10.59368/agingbio.20230013","title":"When a Calorie Is Not a Calorie: Metabolic and Molecular Effects of Intermittent Fasting in Humans; Exploratory Outcomes of a Randomized Clinical Trial.","year":"2023","author":"Tosti V, Barve RA, Bertozzi B, Veronese N, Spelta F, Cava E, Mattson MP, Piccio L, Early DS, Head RD, Fontana L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42182822/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Exploratory colon/transcriptomic aging pathways do not prove longer life. Publication year/indexing discrepancy needs metadata verification before timeline placement.","assessmentId":"42182822","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42184893","pmid":"42184893","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113337","title":"Insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio intensification during Ramadan in young people using advanced hybrid closed-loop therapy: A prospective quasi-experimental pilot study.","year":"2026","author":"Deeb A, Yaqoob N, Beck RH, Suliman S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42184893/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Nonrandom allocation and attrition; this tests insulin management during fasting, not the health benefit of fasting itself.","assessmentId":"42184893","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42186347","pmid":"42186347","doi":"10.1002/cncr.70371","title":"Genetic ancestry-concordant ceramide metabolism and response to androgen receptor pathway inhibition in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.","year":"2026","author":"Piwarski SA, Howard LE, Paul MA, Bachelder N, LaCroix B, Clayton A, Allen D, Kephart J, Armstrong AJ, Patierno SR, George DJ, Hyslop T, Freedman JA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42186347/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42190452","pmid":"42190452","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2026.04.016","title":"The CHRONO trial: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial of early time-restricted eating in patients with breast or rectal cancer.","year":"2026","author":"Salvy SJ, Figueiredo JC, Atkins KM, Hollis RH, Jahan N, Gunnells DJ, Sleight AG, Gresham G, Diniz MA, Richman JS, Gong J, Zaghiyan K, Heslin MJ, Lee KJ, Sarfraz H, Peterson CM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42190452/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42192131","pmid":"42192131","doi":"10.1038/s41467-026-73519-w","title":"Very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in treatment-naïve women with endometrial cancer and overweight: a randomized feasibility study.","year":"2026","author":"Dantas E, Hootman KC, Moyer J, Tomberlin M, Curran K, Ramesh B, Price H, Kim J, McPherson AC, Hurd MA, Zhu YS, Plodkowski AJ, Nagase E, Tsomides A, Cuevas BM, Martin ML, Nguyen J, Bennetti G, Rodriguez GB, Chang K, Mezzancello M, Gardner GJ, Broach V, Mueller JJ, Sonoda Y, Zivanovic O, Leitao MM, Iasonos A, Soldan K, Carthew K, Hom V, Villamater FN, Chaari RR, Gorski K, Sigouros M, Aghajanian C, Elemento O, Cantley LC, Hopkins BD, Weigelt B, Ellenson LH, Hacker K, Abu-Rustum NR, Makker V, Goncalves MD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42192131/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"dantasketo","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually.","assessmentId":"42192131"},{"id":"MED:42194907","pmid":"42194907","doi":"10.3390/jcm15103946","title":"Ketogenic and Low-Carbohydrate Diets in Prostate Cancer: Metabolic Rationale, Preclinical Evidence, and Preliminary Clinical Data.","year":"2026","author":"Manfrini S, Malgeri A, Mone C, Francesco LD, Pecora G, Mazzilli R, Defeudis G, Khazrai MY, Faggiano A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42194907/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42207075","pmid":"42207075","doi":"10.1590/s0004-2803.24612025-111","title":"TIME-RESTRICTED EATING IN MASLD: THE IMPERATIVE TO PRESERVE MUSCLE MASS AND PREVENT WEIGHT CYCLING FOR SUSTAINABLE CLINICAL BENEFIT.","year":"2026","author":"Ketenci YB, Demiröz H, Akca M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42207075/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42208206","pmid":"42208206","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2026.106686","title":"Exploring the impact of intermittent fasting plus time-restricted eating versus calorie restriction on eating behavior, mood, sleep, quality of life in adults with obesity.","year":"2026","author":"Teong XT, Liu K, Vincent AD, Liu B, Wittert GA, Hutchison AT, Heilbronn LK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42208206/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Secondary analysis of an existing trial, not a new independent cohort; unequal support relative to standard care and exploratory mediation limit mechanism claims.","assessmentId":"42208206","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42210795","pmid":"42210795","doi":"10.1158/2767-9764.crc-26-0155","title":"Associations between Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake and Metabolic Syndrome among Postmenopausal Black Women with Obesity and a Family History of Breast Cancer.","year":"2026","author":"Post SM, Dash C, Bright M, Hicks J, Gleason Mills M, Adams-Campbell LL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42210795/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42221753","pmid":"42221753","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1816555","title":"Effects of combining exercise with a 16:8 time-restricted eating protocol on body composition and glucose-lipid metabolism in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2026","author":"Liu H, Hu G, Ma X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42221753/","searches":["glucose","muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42221756","pmid":"42221756","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1818813","title":"The effects of intermittent fasting on BMI, fasting blood glucose, and blood pressure in women with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis with dose-response relationships.","year":"2026","author":"He H, Qin Z, Liu K, Wang Z, Wang J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42221756/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42224680","pmid":"42224680","doi":"10.1615/critrevimmunol.2026062879","title":"SLC2A1-Dependent Ketone Metabolism Regulates Tumor Progression and Immunotherapy Efficacy in Lung Adenocarcinoma.","year":"2026","author":"Feng X, Gao L, Xue Y, Zhang Y, Cao H, Wange T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42224680/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No fasting intervention or patient treatment comparison; a prognostic signature is not demonstrated immunotherapy benefit.","assessmentId":"42224680","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42227869","pmid":"42227869","doi":"10.1177/02601060261450439","title":"Feasibility and preliminary evaluation of a lacto-vegetarian diet combined with intermittent fasting in women with type 2 diabetes: A pilot randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","author":"Mahajan A, Muley A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42227869/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Very small ongoing-trial pilot, combined diet changes and primarily within-group results; no reliable superiority estimate. The abstract contains a malformed weight percentage.","assessmentId":"42227869","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42229885","pmid":"42229885","doi":"10.1002/oby.70228","title":"Time-Restricted Eating Promotes Weight Loss and Favorable Changes in Adipose in Obesity: The TREAD Randomized Control Trial.","year":"2026","author":"Wilkinson MJ, Padilla E, Wang Y, Raygani S, Manoogian ENC, Laing K, Tong K, Liu L, Van D, Nguyen J, Saltiel AR, Reilly SM, O'Neal M, Panda S, Majithia AR, Taub PR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42229885/","searches":["weight"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"tread","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:42234546","pmid":"42234546","doi":"10.1080/10408398.2026.2681938","title":"The efficacy of carbohydrate-restricted diets on reducing visceral and liver fat in individuals with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and pairwise and network meta-analyses.","year":"2026","author":"Khalafi M, Habibi Maleki A, Ehsanifar M, Aghaeinejad M, Sakhaei MH, Rosenkranz SK, Symonds ME, Ramezani F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42234546/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42237427","pmid":"42237427","doi":"10.1186/s40814-026-01848-0","title":"A feasibility randomised controlled trial of water-only fasting prior to CAPOX chemotherapy for stage 2/3 colorectal cancer.","year":"2026","author":"Herbert G, England C, Shingler E, Barker RM, Perks CM, Searle A, Whitmarsh A, Ness A, Saunders M, Atkinson C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42237427/","searches":["prolonged","cancer"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"swift","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:42237513","pmid":"42237513","doi":"","title":"[Long-Term Survival in Three Cases with Pulmonary Metastases from Colorectal Cancer Given Low-Dose S-1 Under a Regimen Combining a Carbohydrate-Restricted Ketogenic Diet, Metformin, Vitamin D, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, and Other Complementary Therapies].","year":"2026","author":"Yamazaki F, Saegusa Y, Kobayashi M, Murata N, Moriya T, Miyazaki M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42237513/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Three selected cases cannot isolate the diet effect or establish that ketones starved cancer; standard cancer treatment and multiple other interventions confound attribution.","assessmentId":"42237513","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42242847","pmid":"42242847","doi":"10.6133/apjcn.202606_35(3).0003","title":"Efficacy of intermittent fasting on blood glucose and weight in type 2 diabetes and prediabetes: A comparison with ad libitum and continuous energy restriction diets.","year":"2026","author":"Chen J, Liu P, Wang M, Yan X, Li J, Guo J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42242847/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Meta-analysis of 14 trials, not a new original participant cohort. Useful secondary context, but its 899 participants must not be added to the underlying trial counts.","assessmentId":"42242847","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:42243328","pmid":"42243328","doi":"10.1038/s41388-026-03835-4","title":"High-fat diet promotes colorectal cancer via carnitine/acetylcarnitine-driven CPT1A metabolic reprogramming and the intervention of β-hydroxybutyrate.","year":"2026","author":"Su F, Zhou S, Gao Q, Lai M, Li J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42243328/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"The human component tested diagnostic biomarkers, not ketogenic or fasting treatment; prevention claims remain preclinical.","assessmentId":"42243328","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42251202","pmid":"42251202","doi":"10.1007/s00125-026-06762-x","title":"Time-restricted eating versus dietetic guidance on glycaemic outcomes in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes: a non-inferiority randomised clinical trial.","year":"2026","author":"Parr EB, Charrouf R, Hutchison AT, Flint SA, Teong XT, Vincent AD, Bravo-Garcia AP, Siviour Z, Wittert GA, Brennan L, Devlin BL, Hawley JA, Heilbronn LK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42251202/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"parr","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:42260648","pmid":"42260648","doi":"10.1186/s13098-026-02199-9","title":"Correction: Effects of intensive lifestyle modification incorporating calorie-carbohydrate restriction with or without time-restricted feeding on eating disorder psychopathology and diabetes-related distress in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","author":"Mohammadpour S, Hadaegh F, Zayeri F, Hosseinpour-Niazi S, Badrooj N, Shab-Bidar S, Mirmiran P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42260648/","searches":["glucose","populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"notice","reason":"Correction, addendum or retraction notice; retained for linked-source checking, not counted as an independent outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42272904","pmid":"42272904","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1823259","title":"Early but not late time-restricted eating improves an actigraphy-estimated sleep quality in women with overweight or obesity: secondary analysis of the crossover ChronoFast trial.","year":"2026","author":"Peters B, Jokisch J, Schwarz J, Schuppelius B, Pfeiffer AFH, Michalsen A, Kramer A, Pivovarova-Ramich O.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42272904/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"The favorable title relies on within-arm changes, which do not establish early eating was superior; short secondary analysis with multiple outcomes.","assessmentId":"42272904","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42274090","pmid":"42274090","doi":"10.1111/cas.70447","title":"Ketogenic Diet and β-Hydroxybutyrate Suppress Bladder Cancer Growth and Enhance Anti-PD-L1 Immunotherapy Efficacy.","year":"2026","author":"Zeng Y, Gu G, Yang L, Fan B, Cui H, Yan L, Liu Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42274090/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"zengbladder","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:42277575","pmid":"42277575","doi":"10.1111/jhn.70293","title":"Effect of Time-Restricted Eating on Metabolic Adaptation in Adults With Severe Obesity During Early Phase of Weight Loss.","year":"2026","author":"de Moraes Campos TA, Brasil RLF, Bezerra FF.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42277575/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"One-week physiology cannot establish durable weight-loss advantage; randomized and analyzed arm counts need clarification.","assessmentId":"42277575","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42277712","pmid":"42277712","doi":"10.1186/s12882-026-05091-w","title":"Ramadan and Kidney Disease (RaK) risk assessment tool. Potential risk calculator for evaluating the risk of Ramadan fasting in chronic kidney disease patients.","year":"2026","author":"Boobes Y, Nagelkerke N, Alkindi F, Afandi B, Abdelbaki H, Mahmoud EA, Almeqbaali FY, Alyahyaei MI, Sahyouni JE, Al-Kuwaiti AA, Abukhater A, Albloushi AG, Alshehyari AM, Shukri SFA, Alketbi RM, Alaryani MS, Alketbi FA, Al Ahbabi AM, Fahmawee TAR, Alantall WM, Yahya NA, Baynouna AlKetbi LM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42277712/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A model-development/validation cohort is not a randomized safety comparison. Event counts are not necessarily numbers of affected people; external validation is needed.","assessmentId":"42277712","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42278628","pmid":"42278628","doi":"10.3390/ijms27115103","title":"β-Hydroxybutyrate Inhibits Angiogenesis, Suppresses Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Growth, and Enhances Gemcitabine Antitumor Activity.","year":"2026","author":"Labanie Y, Arafat K, Sulaiman S, Al-Azawi AM, Attoub S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42278628/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Preclinical, dose-dependent results; chick embryos are not human patients, and no fasting regimen or survival benefit was tested.","assessmentId":"42278628","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42280443","pmid":"42280443","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","title":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","year":"2026","author":"Xing K, Liu R, Peng S, Zi X, Lian L, Yang B, Cen Y, Li Y, Zhao Y, Zhang Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42280443/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42280458","pmid":"42280458","doi":"10.3390/nu18111817","title":"Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Male and Female Reproductive Hormones, Fertility, and Sexual Function: A Comprehensive Review with Emphasis on the Existing Evidence Gap in Women.","year":"2026","author":"La Vignera S, Condorelli RA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42280458/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42280467","pmid":"42280467","doi":"10.3390/nu18111824","title":"Relationship Between Sleep and Meal Timing with Glycemia Parameters in Individuals with Obesity Participating in a Randomized Time-Restricted Eating Study.","year":"2026","author":"Reutrakul S, Simon SL, Wang Q, Manoogian ENC, Panda S, Ryu S, Gao Z, Griffiths C, Helgeson E, Mashek DG, Oldenburg N, Chow LS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42280467/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Meal-sleep intervals were not independently randomized. Association and lower glucose do not automatically indicate clinical benefit; overlaps the parent trial.","assessmentId":"42280467","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42285824","pmid":"42285824","doi":"10.1016/j.soncn.2026.152261","title":"A Qualitative Analysis of Cancer Survivors' Experience in a Time-Restricted Eating vs Control Clinical Trial to Address Cancer-Related Fatigue.","year":"2026","author":"Kerner JR, Clingan CL, Palesh O, Emadi A, Duckworth AL, Kleckner AS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42285824/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Experiences do not establish fatigue efficacy or cancer control; this is the same trial as the quantitative fatigue report, not an independent efficacy cohort.","assessmentId":"42285824","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42302513","pmid":"42302513","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2026.106706","title":"Effects of an early, late, and self-selected time-restricted eating intervention on weight loss maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity: A 12-month follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","author":"Camacho-Cardenosa A, Merchán-Ramírez E, Clavero-Jimeno A, De-la-O A, Romero-Noguera JM, Martín-Rodríguez JL, Muñoz-Torres M, Labayen I, Ruiz JR, Dote-Montero M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42302513/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Selected follow-up sample from the trial family; attrition and reduced adherence limit durability claims. Body composition used bioimpedance.","assessmentId":"42302513","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42342126","pmid":"42342126","doi":"10.1016/j.clnesp.2026.103415","title":"Intermittent fasting strategies for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: A systematic review and frequentist network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2026","author":"Abu Suilik H, Farid Gadelmawla A, Rifai M, Alhawi M, Ashour A, Abdalshafy H, Abdullah Bataineh O, Rezq H, Bani Hani A, Elkhattib I, Abuelazm M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42342126/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42354625","pmid":"42354625","doi":"10.3390/healthcare14121768","title":"Effects of an 8-Week Time-Restricted Eating and Walking Exercise on Regional Fat Distribution and Lean Mass in Women with Hidden Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","author":"Chen S, Kortas J, Ren Y, Zhou H, Liu H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42354625/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small sample, attrition and retrospective registration; within-group changes cannot establish superiority or a definite causal muscle-loss effect.","assessmentId":"42354625","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42362648","pmid":"42362648","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-57602-2","title":"Gastric ultrasound reveals no association between prolonged fasting duration and gastric residual volume in pediatric patients.","year":"2026","author":"Wu Q, Liu B, Wang Z, Chen L, Liu H, Zou Q, Zhao Y, Ding Z, Chen L, Zheng Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42362648/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"procedural-fasting","reason":"Fasting is procedural preparation rather than a therapeutic fasting intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42363285","pmid":"42363285","doi":"10.1186/s13063-026-09860-8","title":"Investigating the effect of intermittent fasting (time-restricted eating) with and without calorie restriction compared to calorie restriction on anthropometric parameters, depression score, and metabolic factors in patients with major depression disorder and obesity: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","author":"Bagherzadeh-Karimi A, Mesri Alamdari N, Hosseini L, Maghsoumi-Norouzabad L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42363285/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42369048","pmid":"42369048","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2026.1849550","title":"Time-restricted eating versus calorie restriction for improving biomarkers of age in adults with overweight or obesity and incipient fatty liver disease: protocol for the ENSATI randomized controlled parallel groups trial.","year":"2026","author":"Celada-Guerrero JA, Rubio-Gordón L, Jiménez-Perez Y, López-Lora L, López-González A, Delbuono S, Huertas A, Martínez-Urbistondo D, Ordovás JM, de la O V, Daimiel L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42369048/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42371138","pmid":"42371138","doi":"10.1007/s00394-026-04034-3","title":"Effect of two types of time-restricted eating on glycemic, lipid indices, and weight in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","author":"Aminian M, Hajshafiha M, Heidari M, Daneghian S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42371138/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short trial with no clinical reproductive outcomes or long-term complications; absence of an effect in one arm does not itself prove early-versus-late superiority.","assessmentId":"42371138","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42373041","pmid":"42373041","doi":"10.1016/j.clinre.2026.102875","title":"Effect of intermittent fasting on hepatic steatosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.","year":"2026","author":"Liu Q, Zhang L, Wang Y, Li J, Li Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42373041/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42373885","pmid":"42373885","doi":"10.1007/s11357-026-02362-0","title":"Study protocol for FAXAge: a randomized, controlled clinical trial of fasting and exercise to slow aging in humans.","year":"2026","author":"Fals EB, Springborg EC, Berthelsen AB, Nyeman-Nielsen J, Larsen S, Scheibye-Knudsen M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42373885/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42375777","pmid":"42375777","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1872454","title":"Time-restricted eating and metabolic health: implications for nutritional strategies and weight loss.","year":"2026","author":"Schimenes BC, Alvarenga TA, Tufik SB, Tufik S, Andersen ML.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42375777/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42383913","pmid":"42383913","doi":"10.1177/02601060261464874","title":"Cardiometabolic status among shift workers under meal time regulation: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2026","author":"Wulandari F, Khoiriyah IE, Naim AJ, Walker AN, Atmaka DR, Khuang IA, Feng Q.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42383913/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:4239418","pmid":"4239418","doi":"10.1007/bf00524776","title":"[Glycogen in the nuclei of ehrlich-ascites-tumor cells].","year":"1969","author":"Scholz W, Paweletz N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4239418/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"4239418","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:42396015","pmid":"42396015","doi":"10.1021/acsomega.6c01297","title":"Glycyrrhetinic Acid-Grafted Glycogen Nanoparticles Mediated Hepatic Delivery of Survivin Antisense Oligonucleotides for Liver Cancer-Targeted Gene Therapy.","year":"2026","author":"Zhang H, Li S, Cui R, He X, Liu S, Yin F, Zhang Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42396015/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42413768","pmid":"42413768","doi":"10.1016/j.jhepr.2026.101956","title":"Time-restricted eating, liver health, and fecal microbiota in adults with overweight or obesity: A randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","author":"Dote-Montero M, Clavero-Jimeno A, Cortés-Martín A, Lopez-Pascual A, Merchán-Ramírez E, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Concepción M, Osés M, López-Vázquez A, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Martin-Olmedo JJ, Jurado-Fasoli L, De-la-O A, García Pérez PV, Gálvez J, Rodriguez-Nogales A, Garcia F, Habimana CM, Vázquez MJ, Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Avila MA, Martín-Rodríguez JL, Cabeza R, Muñoz-Torres M, Labayen I, Ruiz JR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42413768/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Secondary outcomes were not separately powered. This shares participants with other reports from the same trial and should not be counted as a separate trial.","assessmentId":"42413768","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42415543","pmid":"42415543","doi":"10.1002/ardp.70298","title":"Structural Optimization Strategy for α,β-Unsaturated Ketone TrxR Inhibitors: From Enhanced Pharmacokinetics to Improved Tumor Selectivity.","year":"2026","author":"Wang X, Du Y, Ning W, Shen B, Liang G, Zhao Y, Ga L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42415543/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42421917","pmid":"42421917","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1879031","title":"Effects of intermittent fasting combined with resistance training on training adaptations: an exploratory multilevel meta-analysis.","year":"2026","author":"Zhang M, Wang S, Wutichat S, Tanphanich T, Li H, Zhang X.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42421917/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42425570","pmid":"42425570","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2026-121738","title":"Effects of a fasting-mimicking diet on long-term prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer undergoing radical resection: protocol for a multicentre, prospective, randomised controlled trial.","year":"2026","author":"Guo M, Sun Z, Zhong Z, Hu H, Qiu Y, Liu S, Yimin N, Tong C, Liang F, Ji C, Xu J, Deng X, Miao C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42425570/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42428742","pmid":"42428742","doi":"10.18502/ijph.v54i11.20393","title":"Effectiveness of a Smartphone-Based Self-Management App (BeHealth app) for Women with Breast Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2025","author":"Kim HS, Kim HJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42428742/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42429418","pmid":"42429418","doi":"10.1177/02601060261467643","title":"Impact of time-restricted eating on reproductive hormones and androgen markers in adult females: A systematic review.","year":"2026","author":"Jirapak A, Adams E, Black GM, Devlin BL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42429418/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42431239","pmid":"42431239","doi":"10.1016/j.appet.2026.108718","title":"Effects of intensive lifestyle interventions with calorie-carbohydrate-restricted diet versus time-restricted eating on appetite and binge eating in type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","author":"Mohammadpour S, Hadaegh F, Zayeri F, Hosseinpour-Niazi S, Badrooj N, Dankoob V, Shab-Bidar S, Mirmiran P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42431239/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Multicomponent intervention; no evidence that fasting alone caused the changes. Trial-family overlap should be retained when counting participants.","assessmentId":"42431239","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42434325","pmid":"42434325","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.72078","title":"The Effects of Fasting and Caloric Restriction on Reproductive Hormones: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and GRADE Assessment.","year":"2026","author":"Ghoreishy SM, Rafiei S, Atabaki Y, Jafarbeglou N, Hamidi N, Noormohammadi M, Fatahi P, Ghaemi S, Shidfar F, Shidfar F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42434325/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42440276","pmid":"42440276","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuag092","title":"Duration-Dependent Changes in Body Composition During Prolonged Fasting: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","year":"2026","author":"Ulupınar S, Terzi M, Çamli A, Asan S, Şeran B, İnce İ, Gençoğlu C, Çabuk S, Yağan E, Özbay S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42440276/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Secondary synthesis; retained for potential citation tracing, not counted as an original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42442697","pmid":"42442697","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101722","title":"Time-Restricted Eating during a Bulking Phase Is Associated with Reduced Fat Accumulation, while Muscle and Strength Gains Are Maintained: A 12-Wk Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","author":"Gavanda S, Arnet L, Löffler D, Dissemond J, Havers T, Wiewelhove T, Geisler S, Held S, Brinkmann C, Isenmann E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42442697/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Unequal achieved calorie intake prevents attribution to timing alone; small trial and bioimpedance body-composition measurements.","assessmentId":"42442697","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42445422","pmid":"42445422","doi":"10.21037/tcr-2026-0916","title":"A nomogram based on systemic inflammatory markers: development and validation for predicting postoperative overall survival in gastric cancer.","year":"2026","author":"Yang L, Cao X, Gu Y, Ye J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42445422/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42447995","pmid":"42447995","doi":"10.1016/j.jbc.2026.113332","title":"Conditional dependency of oncogenic KRAS in driving ketone body catabolism and pancreatic cancer growth.","year":"2026","author":"Wang R, Li X, Zhang T, Chen Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Wang X, Cao L, Lu Z, Ma L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42447995/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"wangketones","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:42451100","pmid":"42451100","doi":"10.3390/nu18132096","title":"The Effects of Time-Restricted Eating in Women with Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","year":"2026","author":"Hamsho M, Bensaoua M, Shkorfu W, Ranneh Y, Kalam F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42451100/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42455364","pmid":"42455364","doi":"10.1007/s00520-026-10982-7","title":"Effect of combined lifestyle intervention on cardiometabolic risk in cancer survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2026","author":"Tang Y, Huang Y, Xing W.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42455364/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42463249","pmid":"42463249","doi":"10.1016/j.advnut.2026.100663","title":"Intermittent Fasting and Fat-Free Mass Outcomes in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Scoping Review.","year":"2026","author":"Santero S, Blagojević BD, Merzah M, Celada Guerrero JA, Cena H, Ordovas JM, Ruiz LD.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42463249/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42471709","pmid":"42471709","doi":"10.1186/s13063-026-09905-y","title":"The effects of time-restricted eating in comparison with energy-restricted diet on expression of BMAL-1 and miRNA-let-7f-1-3p genes, circadian rhythm status, sleep quality, metabolic and anthropometric markers in obese women: a study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial.","year":"2026","author":"Tavakoli A, Kermani N, Zamani P, Gargari BP, Dehghan P, Mirzaei K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42471709/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42492498","pmid":"42492498","doi":"10.2196/86281","title":"Exploring the Feasibility, Acceptability, and Safety of a 4:3 Intermittent Fasting Weight Loss Program Among Stage I-III Breast Cancer Survivors With Overweight or Obesity: Protocol for a 6-Month Proof-of-Concept Feasibility Trial.","year":"2026","author":"Oselinsky KM, Hill EB, Ostendorf DM, Pan Z, Bing K, Wayland LT, Simpson C, Clark KC, Sandoval A, Thomas EA, Marker RJ, Kabos P, MacLean PS, Catenacci VA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42492498/","searches":["weight","cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42502140","pmid":"42502140","doi":"10.1007/s40477-026-01198-w","title":"Beyond drug discontinuation and prolonged fasting: gastric ultrasound as a third option for patients taking GLP-1 receptor agonists.","year":"2026","author":"Vetrugno L, De Vico P, Brunetti DJ, Bellini V, Deana C, Bignami EG, Biasucci DG.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42502140/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"procedural-fasting","reason":"Fasting is procedural preparation rather than a therapeutic fasting intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42507108","pmid":"42507108","doi":"10.1007/s00125-026-06792-5","title":"Effects of time-restricted eating on markers of glucose metabolism and regulation in individuals with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.","year":"2026","author":"Viple F, Pedersen SS, Andersen TH, Raben A, Termannsen AD, Salling J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42507108/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42508996","pmid":"42508996","doi":"10.1002/oby.70270","title":"Time-Restricted Eating on Appetite and Inflammation in Adults With Obesity and Prediabetes: A Randomized Feeding Study.","year":"2026","author":"Duan D, Carnell S, Pilla SJ, Chung ST, Clark JM, Maruthur NM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42508996/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Secondary analysis of the parent trial, not an independent cohort; small sample cannot rule out modest effects.","assessmentId":"42508996","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42520714","pmid":"42520714","doi":"10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.107510","title":"Impact of a 4-week time-restricted eating (16:8) intervention on working memory and attentional control in adult women: A randomized controlled pilot.","year":"2026","author":"McLeod SC, Surrey T, McCormack JC, Conner TS, Peng M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42520714/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"mcleod","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:42528610","pmid":"42528610","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1853598","title":"Comparative efficacy of dietary interventions for overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","year":"2026","author":"Xu R, Chang Y, Su E, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Ma X, Han X, Zhu R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42528610/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42530457","pmid":"42530457","doi":"10.1148/ryct.250547","title":"Effects of a Fasting-mimicking Diet on MRI-assessed Cardiac Structure and Function in Participants with Type 2 Diabetes.","year":"2026","author":"Chen R, Westenberg JJM, van den Burg EL, Schoonakker MP, le Cessie S, van Peet PG, Pijl H, Lamb HJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42530457/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same FIT cohort as other reports; surrogate imaging outcomes do not establish fewer heart attacks or heart-failure events. One reported confidence interval crosses zero despite P=.04, requiring full-text clarification.","assessmentId":"42530457","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42532322","pmid":"42532322","doi":"10.1016/j.cellsig.2026.112774","title":"A combined stimulus of acute fasting and exercise modulates hippocampal mitochondrial quality control in healthy mice.","year":"2026","author":"Csikos V, Hauger B, Strope T, Lysaker C, Smith K, Allen J, McCoin CS, Thyfault JP, Wilkins HM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42532322/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A brain-specific mouse flux experiment does not set a whole-body human fasting clock or demonstrate cancer-cell removal; exact fasting duration and group sizes need full text.","assessmentId":"42532322","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:4253580","pmid":"4253580","doi":"10.1007/bf00531214","title":"[Resistance to colchicine in a glycogen-containing subline of the Ehrlich-Lettré-ascites-tumour].","year":"1970","author":"Granzow C, Ehe-Galster U.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4253580/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"4253580","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:42538557","pmid":"42538557","doi":"10.1186/s13023-026-04386-3","title":"Correction: Randomized investigation to evaluate phenylalanine fluctuation after overnight fasting in PKU patients treated with prolonged-release versus standard amino acid protein substitute.","year":"2026","author":"Daly A, Ilgaz F, Evans S, Ashmore C, Pinto A, MacDonald A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42538557/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"notice","reason":"Correction, addendum or retraction notice; retained for linked-source checking, not counted as an independent outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42554102","pmid":"42554102","doi":"10.1177/15305627261476425","title":"Telehealth Monitoring to Determine the Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Blood Pressure in Congestive Heart Failure Patients.","year":"2026","author":"Clarke M, Gokalp H, Gedikli O.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42554102/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"The conclusion about no health effects exceeds these two measurements. Unknown sample size, clinical selection and no hospitalization or mortality comparison limit safety claims.","assessmentId":"42554102","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42587291","pmid":"42587291","doi":"10.1186/s12967-026-08742-6","title":"Acetoacetate-GPR43 axis epigenetically silences IL-6/CSF1 to restrict TAMs-driven metastatic lung cancer.","year":"2026","author":"Yuan S, Xiao B, Ni S, Liu W, Hou M, Jiang Y, Jia L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42587291/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No human dietary treatment trial; immune signaling is a different mechanism from depriving cancer cells of glycogen.","assessmentId":"42587291","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42588093","pmid":"42588093","doi":"10.3390/nu18152470","title":"Effects of Nordic Walking Combined with High-Protein Intake and Time-Restricted Eating on Muscle-Related Outcomes in Postmenopausal Women: A Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","author":"Yang Y, Zhu Y, Ossowski Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42588093/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No walking-only, protein-only or fasting-only arm, so the contribution of fasting cannot be isolated; short follow-up.","assessmentId":"42588093","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42588098","pmid":"42588098","doi":"10.3390/nu18152475","title":"Effects of Three Consecutive Days of Diurnal Intermittent Fasting on Cognitive Function, Psychomotor Vigilance, and Sleep Quality in Adolescent Male Soccer Players: A Quasi-Experimental Parallel-Group Study.","year":"2026","author":"Baati H, Ouni S, Ayachi F, Amor F, Yıldız M, Ceylan Hİ, Muntean RI, Chrif O, Faris ME, Dhahbi W.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42588098/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small nonrandomized study; no significant impairment is not proof of safety or equivalence, particularly in adolescents.","assessmentId":"42588098","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42588121","pmid":"42588121","doi":"10.3390/nu18152498","title":"Metabolic Therapy in Glioblastoma-Mapping the Evidence for Ketogenic Diet as an Adjunctive Strategy.","year":"2026","author":"Wiśniewska D, Winiarska M, Krupa-Nurcek S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42588121/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42588234","pmid":"42588234","doi":"10.3390/healthcare14152266","title":"Mediterranean Diet vs. Time-Restricted Eating: Effects on Circadian Rhythm and Appetite Markers in Female Patients with Multiple Sclerosis-A Pilot Study.","year":"2026","author":"İnbaşı EG, Çakır Biçer N, İşcan D, Bayram E, Türker PF.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42588234/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small short trial with no untreated arm or demonstrated improvement in MS activity/disability; weight fell despite intended maintenance.","assessmentId":"42588234","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42589697","pmid":"42589697","doi":"10.3390/ijms27157047","title":"Nutrition as Modulator of Oxidative Stress in Cancer Prevention and Treatment.","year":"2026","author":"Vallorani L, Balashova T, Cremon C, Vivarelli F, Canistro D, Morosini C, Paolini M, Rossi A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42589697/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42589710","pmid":"42589710","doi":"10.3390/ijms27157059","title":"A β-Hydroxybutyrylation-FOXM1/CENPA Axis Links Ketone-Body Metabolism to Mitotic Transcription in Basal-like Breast Cancer.","year":"2026","author":"Tovar H, Hernández-Lemus E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42589710/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No ketone or dietary intervention was performed; the proposed tumor-promoting effect remains a hypothesis rather than demonstrated treatment harm.","assessmentId":"42589710","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42591454","pmid":"42591454","doi":"10.21037/tcr-2026-0785","title":"METTL17 promotes gastric cancer progression via inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3β to activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling.","year":"2026","author":"Gao M, Zhang Y, Bao W, Shi Y, Chen W, Liu Y, Wang R, Zhang N, Zhang L, Jia L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42591454/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"kinase-signaling","reason":"Kinase signaling or drug-target study, without a direct fasting intervention or cancer fuel-dependence test in its stated question. Glycogen synthase kinase is not glycogen itself.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42594524","pmid":"42594524","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2026.07.006","title":"Protocol for the CLOCKS study: A 4-arm randomized controlled trial testing the independent and combined effects of 2 chronotherapies-early time-restricted eating and daytime bright light therapy-in adults with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2026","author":"Steger FL, Salvy SJ, Vaughan TB, Lowry C, Richman JS, Gamble KL, Garvey WT, Scheer FAJL, Peterson CM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42594524/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"protocol","reason":"Study design or protocol without outcome results; trial results must be assessed separately.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42606524","pmid":"42606524","doi":"10.2337/dc26-1093","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Time-Restricted Eating in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","author":"Runchey MC, Corapi S, Pavlou V, Cienfuegos S, Lin S, Ezpeleta M, Gabel K, Tussing-Humphreys L, Oddo VM, Alexandria SJ, Sanchez J, Unterman T, Chow LS, Vidmar AP, Reutrakul S, Varady KA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42606524/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Underpowered for rare safety events. The abstract gives a weight confidence interval inconsistent with its stated nonsignificance; exact weight estimates need full-text verification.","assessmentId":"42606524","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42617287","pmid":"42617287","doi":"10.1016/j.ctarc.2026.101366","title":"A direct comparison of butyrate, 4-phenylbutyrate, and β-hydroxybutyrate in an in vitro tumor therapy model.","year":"2026","author":"Katsika H, Purps D, Montag C, Ludwig F, Marx C, Schwenkschuster I, Glei M, Meyer FB, Thierbach R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42617287/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A non-colon cell model cannot establish clinical cancer-treatment efficacy; the compounds should not be treated as interchangeable.","assessmentId":"42617287","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42633004","pmid":"42633004","doi":"10.1177/11795514261480411","title":"Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Insulin Sensitivity, Glycemic Control, and Metabolic Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review.","year":"2026","author":"Ampofo E, Amoako M, Turkson FD, Apprey C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42633004/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42654261","pmid":"42654261","doi":"10.3390/nu18162681","title":"Effects of the Mediterranean Diet, Ketogenic Diet, and Intermittent Fasting on Iron Metabolism and Iron Deficiency Risk in Adults with Obesity: A Systematic Literature Review.","year":"2026","author":"La Vignera S, Condorelli R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42654261/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42663912","pmid":"42663912","doi":"10.1007/s11655-026-4043-x","title":"Gypenosides Induce Preadipocyte Browning via FXR/Rubicon Pathway-Mediated Inhibition of Autophagy.","year":"2026","author":"Wang YQ, Chen C, Shen YK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42663912/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42672002","pmid":"42672002","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0349740","title":"Longitudinal changes in intracortical excitability during Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting: A paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation study.","year":"2026","author":"Kim M, Mostafa IM, Al-Sharman A, Saad N, Khalil H, Hadoush H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42672002/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Excitability is not a demonstrated cognitive benefit. Sleep/circadian changes were inseparable, and no post-Ramadan control measurements tested persistence.","assessmentId":"42672002","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42679899","pmid":"42679899","doi":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101506","title":"Serum-based biomarker development for dietary macronutrient densities and their association with breast and colorectal cancer risk in a cohort of postmenopausal females.","year":"2026","author":"Prentice RL, Aragaki AK, Lampe JW, Neuhouser ML, Manson JE, Raftery D, Gowda GN, Huang Y, Tinker LF, Navarro SL, Lane DS, Zheng C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42679899/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42680483","pmid":"42680483","doi":"","title":"PPP1R3C functions as a tumor suppressor in endometrial cancer through promotion of glycogen synthesis.","year":"2026","author":"Seol HS, Kim J, Oh JH, Choi E, Lee S, Nam EJ, Kim J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42680483/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-abstract-and-publication-type","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Editorial, news or commentary on research reported elsewhere. Retain for reference tracing; do not count as an independent original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42688433","pmid":"42688433","doi":"10.3389/fmed.2026.1752499","title":"Comparative effectiveness of daytime versus nighttime paravertebral block analgesia on intraoperative hemodynamics in older lung cancer patients: a target trial emulation study.","year":"2026","author":"Wang Q, Zhuo L, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Yang K, Wei S, Yang J, Ma X, Han X, Zheng H, Xu Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42688433/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42721581","pmid":"42721581","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2026.106778","title":"Reduced dietary protein intake does not alter autophagy in human blood: A randomized crossover study in healthy adults.","year":"2026","author":"Singh S, Fourrier C, Hein LK, Bensalem J, Martin A, Hattersley KJ, King B, Teong XT, Baker K, Lange K, Barker G, Gore JR, Heilbronn LK, Sargeant TJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42721581/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"singh","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:42729291","pmid":"42729291","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2026.1932701","title":"Development and validation of a hypoglycemia risk prediction model for hospitalized type 2 diabetes patients following laparoscopic colorectal cancer resection: a retrospective cohort study.","year":"2026","author":"Zhuo Y, Zheng Y, Xu J, Li X, Huang W, Ji L, Cai, Chen Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42729291/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, diagnostic association, pathology description, or delivery material is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42743072","pmid":"42743072","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuag137","title":"Effects of Time-Restricted Eating Combined with Exercise on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Health in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","year":"2026","author":"Ai J, Jiang Y, Tang L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42743072/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Secondary synthesis; retained for potential citation tracing, not counted as an original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42746281","pmid":"42746281","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.72264","title":"Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Weight Loss in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials.","year":"2026","author":"Manzoor HMI, Sultan MT, Hameed A, Noman AM, Khalid M, Kazmi M, Sohail A, Ramadan MF, Zongo E, Rahim MA, Al-Asmari F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42746281/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42754908","pmid":"42754908","doi":"10.1186/s13073-026-01765-0","title":"Machine learning identifies microbiome and clinical predictors of sustained weight loss following prolonged fasting.","year":"2026","author":"Kaufhold G, Bartolomaeus TUP, Schütte K, Schütte T, Kamboj S, Löber U, Rahn G, McParland V, Braun L, Markó L, Mammadli M, Krannich A, Bahr LS, Gutmann F, Paul F, Ducarmon QR, Zeller G, Mesnage R, Wilck N, Zernecke A, Oefner PJ, Gronwald W, Müller DN, Forslund-Startceva SK, Bähring S, Bartolomaeus H, Siebert N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42754908/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"leaner","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually.","assessmentId":"42754908"},{"id":"MED:42760922","pmid":"42760922","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2026.1922149","title":"Pre-Ramadan time-below-range stratifies the simulated pump basal-rate dose-response during Ramadan fasting: a five-policy paired virtual-patient study.","year":"2026","author":"Banjar A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42760922/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No actual clinical trial or patient outcome; simulation cannot establish a safe insulin adjustment or fasting benefit.","assessmentId":"42760922","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42763329","pmid":"42763329","doi":"10.1007/s00394-026-04108-2","title":"Serum lipidomic profiles associated with Mediterranean diet in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors: an exploratory study.","year":"2026","author":"Lee JH, Park JS, Park JJ, Lee JW, Chu SH, Lee HW, Yoon YR, Seong SJ, Gwon MR.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42763329/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, mechanism, or descriptive pathology is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42767428","pmid":"42767428","doi":"10.1016/j.bbamcr.2026.120225","title":"Prevotella histicola improves metabolic-associated fatty liver disease by promoting lipid droplet autophagy and inhibiting ER stress.","year":"2026","author":"Liao J, Yuan Q, Luo L, Chen F, Zhang Z.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42767428/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, mechanism, or descriptive pathology is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42769245","pmid":"42769245","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2026.1923463","title":"Changes in circulating immune cells and cytokines after high-intensity aerobic exercise in patients with prostate cancer undergoing active surveillance from the ERASE randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","author":"Kang DW, Patel D, Field CJ, Boulé NG, Fairey AS, Schadler KL, Courneya KS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42769245/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, mechanism, or descriptive pathology is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42780843","pmid":"42780843","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1910444","title":"Time-restricted eating and gut microbiota alpha diversity in adults with overweight or obesity: an updated rapid systematic review.","year":"2026","author":"Zhai YM, Liu X, Wang Z, Wang M, Tang G, Liu Y, Liang H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42780843/","searches":["weight"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42783395","pmid":"42783395","doi":"10.3390/medsci14050522","title":"Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Intradialytic Hypoglycemia and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Diabetes on Maintenance Hemodialysis: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study in Southern Thailand.","year":"2026","author":"Saman A, Patumanond J, Chatatikun M, Phongphithakchai A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42783395/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Highly supervised, selected population and nonrandom allocation; cannot generalize to unsupervised fasting or rule out uncommon serious harm.","assessmentId":"42783395","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42788200","pmid":"42788200","doi":"10.1017/s0007114526108484","title":"Interaction between time-restricted eating and high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic outcomes in women with overweight or obesity: a 2 × 2 factorial randomised controlled trial.","year":"2026","author":"Duc TQ, Nguyen Di K, Quy PN.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42788200/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Short trial; secondary report from the same cohort as other nutrition/follow-up papers. Favorable per-protocol exercise findings are more vulnerable to attrition bias.","assessmentId":"42788200","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42798803","pmid":"42798803","doi":"10.3892/ol.2026.15860","title":"[Retracted] Remodeling of energy metabolism by a ketone body and medium-chain fatty acid suppressed the proliferation of CT26 mouse colon cancer cells.","year":"2026","author":"Kadochi Y, Mori S, Fujiwara-Tani R, Luo Y, Nishiguchi Y, Kishi S, Fujii K, Ohmori H, Kuniyasu H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42798803/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"notice","reason":"Correction, addendum or retraction notice; retained for linked-source checking, not counted as an independent outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42810956","pmid":"42810956","doi":"10.1016/j.hoc.2026.08.009","title":"Ketone-targeting Approaches in Glioma.","year":"2026","author":"Ioannou M, Schreck KC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42810956/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42812993","pmid":"42812993","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1915344","title":"Intermittent and periodic fasting: molecular mechanisms, health benefits and research challenges.","year":"2026","author":"Liu Y, Guo H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42812993/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42816069","pmid":"42816069","doi":"10.1093/tbm/ibag069","title":"Intermittent fasting versus continuous calorie energy reduction in prostate cancer patients on active surveillance.","year":"2026","author":"Yeary KHK, Yu H, Hussein AA, Varady K, DiCarlo E, Escaldi A, Tang L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42816069/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"included","stage":"source extraction","studyId":"yeary","reason":"Included in the selected evidence library; access and extraction limits are recorded individually."},{"id":"MED:42819508","pmid":"42819508","doi":"10.1210/jendso/bvag216","title":"The effect of time-restricted eating accompanied by weight loss on thyroid function in adults with type 2 diabetes.","year":"2026","author":"Jeyakumar Y, Retnakaran R, Feig DS, Zinman B, Kramer CK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42819508/","searches":["weight","glucose"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Same crossover cohort as prior metabolic/hormone reports; not a separate trial and not evidence for treating thyroid disease.","assessmentId":"42819508","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42820931","pmid":"42820931","doi":"10.1111/jhn.70340","title":"A Systematic Review of Nutrition Interventions for Shift Workers, With Subgroup Analysis of First Responder Populations.","year":"2026","author":"Booker AJ, Powell S, Fallowfield JL, Gibson R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42820931/","searches":["populations"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42824572","pmid":"42824572","doi":"10.1007/s40200-026-02088-y","title":"Ramadan fasting in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency: evaluation of the risk of complications, quality of life and sleep, and associated factors.","year":"2026","author":"Sta J, Chihaoui M, Mabrouk M, Kamoun E, Belhadjsliman C, Khessairi N, Oueslati I, Yazidi M, Chaker F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42824572/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small sample with very imprecise risk-factor estimates. Likely overlapping cohort with PMID 41108503; do not count as independent evidence without registry/method confirmation.","assessmentId":"42824572","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42836214","pmid":"42836214","doi":"10.1080/20905998.2026.2637371","title":"The safety and efficacy of metformin on metabolic syndrome parameters in prostate cancer patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2026","author":"Alharran AM, Alsaid MA, Hussain AA, Aladwani FA, Alaradi H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42836214/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42847405","pmid":"42847405","doi":"10.1093/abm/kaag060","title":"Feasibility and acceptability of 8-h time-restricted eating combined with aerobic or resistance training in older adults with prediabetes and obesity.","year":"2026","author":"Sanchez Perez J, Czyzewski O, Hamm A, Fought-Boudaia A, Cares K, Motl RW, Gabel K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42847405/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No nonfasting comparator, so it cannot estimate the added benefit of timed eating; clinical outcomes were exploratory.","assessmentId":"42847405","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42865256","pmid":"42865256","doi":"10.1042/bst20260632","title":"Increasing autophagy with fasting and diet: separating fact from fiction.","year":"2026","author":"Singh S, Sargeant TJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42865256/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42866537","pmid":"42866537","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2026.1944574","title":"Physical activity and improvement of physiological parameters by training.","year":"2026","author":"de Melo Reis RA, Arida RM, da Nobrega ACL, de Mattos JDM, Freitas HR, Ramos MCS, Fortunato RS, Matta L, Ferreira GC, Canetti C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42866537/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42868613","pmid":"42868613","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2026-0138","title":"Time-Restricted Ketogenic Diet Combined with Exercise Improves Cardiorespiratory Fitness but Compromises Sleep Quality in Overweight and Obese Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","author":"Wu Z, Kong Z, Hu M, Shi Q, Nie J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42868613/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Diet composition, timing, weight loss and exercise are bundled; very short follow-up, attrition and relative fitness measures limit attribution and durability.","assessmentId":"42868613","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42872651","pmid":"42872651","doi":"10.2174/0115733998495346261007070830","title":"Chronotherapeutic and Circadian Rhythm-Based Strategies in Diabetes Management: A Critical Opinion Based on Evidences.","year":"2026","author":"Singh V, Suresh N, Saini S, Dwivedi S, Bansal A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42872651/","searches":["glucose"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"secondary-source","reason":"Critical opinion without an original outcome study.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42875601","pmid":"42875601","doi":"10.1038/s41391-026-01165-w","title":"Metabolic and oncological effects of metformin added to ADT in prostate cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis including STAMPEDE.","year":"2026","author":"Fakhri F, Alkhairi Z, Sarhan T, Imran G, Imran L, Moola R, Darwish R, Al-Majmuei A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42875601/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42879592","pmid":"42879592","doi":"10.1590/0001-3765202620240672","title":"Time-restricted feeding with resistance training is not superior to conventional feeding for body composition and muscle strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":"2026","author":"Verdi AMOH, Soares JM, Andrade MJ, Mazur CE, Gonçalves DC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42879592/","searches":["muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42884706","pmid":"42884706","doi":"10.3390/nu18193255","title":"Effects of Body-Mass-Scaled Protein and Leucine Supplementation on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Blood Markers During Weight Loss in Older Men-A Randomized Controlled Trial.","year":"2026","author":"Pang BWJ, Yang Y, Cheon BK.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42884706/","searches":["weight","muscle"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, mechanism, or descriptive pathology is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42891564","pmid":"42891564","doi":"10.1177/19322968261493574","title":"Timing of Insulin Glargine Administration During Intermittent Ramadan Fasting in patients With Type1 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial (GLARIF).","year":"2026","author":"Alamoudi R, Alqarni A, Alsubaiee M, Khogeer G, Saleh Y, Aljawharji A, Zarif H, Alaidarous S, Khashwayn S, Hassanein M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42891564/","searches":["religious"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tests insulin timing, not fasting versus nonfasting. Serious events and frequent interruption argue against reading a null between-group result as proof that fasting was safe.","assessmentId":"42891564","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42895896","pmid":"42895896","doi":"10.1158/2767-9764.crc-26-0556","title":"Biomarker Modulation by Aspirin and Metformin for Colorectal Cancer Prevention: Results from the ASAMET Randomized Phase II Trial.","year":"2026","author":"Briata IM, Carbone A, Foersch S, Tagscherer KE, Roth W, Scherer D, Buttiron Webber T, Clavarezza M, Burhenne J, Oliva M, D'Amico M, Giancarli G, Oppezzi M, Romagnoli P, Dalla Libera M, Stabuc B, Bachleitner-Hofmann T, Petrera M, Paleari L, Puntoni M, Ulrich CM, DeCensi A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42895896/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, mechanism, or descriptive pathology is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42904186","pmid":"42904186","doi":"10.1080/27694127.2026.2748072","title":"Rethinking autophagy during odontogenesis through autophagic flux.","year":"2026","author":"Calsa B, Aline Boer P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42904186/","searches":["autophagy"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, mechanism, or descriptive pathology is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42905131","pmid":"42905131","doi":"10.1096/fj.202603664rr","title":"β-Hydroxybutyrate in Cancer: From Alternative Fuel to a Context-Dependent Metabolic Signal.","year":"2026","author":"Wang Q, Bai Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42905131/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:42906553","pmid":"42906553","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2026.09.017","title":"Weight loss during intermittent fasting, not Mediterranean diet quality alone, is associated with lower inflammation: A randomized controlled trial.","year":"2026","author":"Warmbrunn MV, Tosti V, Biswas RK, Bertozzi B, Cagigas ML, Veronese N, Spelta F, Piccio L, Head RD, Rodrigues RR, Early DS, Zhou Y, Trinchieri G, Fiorito G, Fontana L.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42906553/","searches":["weight"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"The sequential phase does not isolate fasting from elapsed time and energy deficit; results do not establish that Mediterranean diet quality never affects inflammation.","assessmentId":"42906553","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:42911093","pmid":"42911093","doi":"10.1177/13872877261497622","title":"Time restricted eating through self-regulatory behaviors for metabolic and cognitive health in mild cognitive impairment: Feasibility and acceptability findings from the TEMPO trial. ","year":"2026","author":"Smith PJ, Ingle KK, Nakamura Z, Strauman T, Keyserling T, Parker D, Nelson C, Muoio DM, Huffman KM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42911093/","searches":["cognition"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"The report presents recruitment/adherence outcomes, not cognitive improvement or prevention of dementia; planned sample size is not actual enrollment.","assessmentId":"42911093","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:4297352","pmid":"4297352","doi":"","title":"[Histochemical studies on intracellular glycogen metabolism in AH l3 ascites tumor cells. 1. Autoradiographic study on the AH l3 cell cycle].","year":"1967","author":"Ieiri Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4297352/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"4297352","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:4297353","pmid":"4297353","doi":"","title":"[Histochemical studies on intracellular glycogen metabolism in AH 13 ascites tumor cells. 2. AH 13 cell cycle and intracellular reaction of glycogen, phosphorylase and UDPG-glycogen glucosyltransferase].","year":"1967","author":"Ieiri Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4297353/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"4297353","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:4297354","pmid":"4297354","doi":"","title":"[Histochemical studies on intracellular glycogen metabolism in AH 13 ascites tumor cells. 3. Autoradiographic study on RNA synthesis in the AH-13 cell and intracellular glycogen in the cell cycle].","year":"1967","author":"Ieiri Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4297354/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"4297354","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:4302888","pmid":"4302888","doi":"","title":"[FDPase and glycogen synthetase in liver cancer--comparison with enzymes of the liver and muscles].","year":"1968","author":"Tsuiki S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4302888/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Indexed review of enzyme activity, not an original fasting intervention or independent cancer experiment.","assessmentId":"4302888","access":"Original bibliographic record and review publication type checked; no abstract indexed."},{"id":"MED:4310237","pmid":"4310237","doi":"","title":"Increase of glycogen and oligosaccharide contents in ascites tumor cells under the influence of alkylating agents.","year":"1969","author":"Tashiro T, Sakurai Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4310237/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"4310237","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:4330425","pmid":"4330425","doi":"10.1016/0304-4165(71)90116-4","title":"Transformation of glucosamine to glycogen and lactate by ascites tumor cells.","year":"1971","author":"Sukeno T, Kikuchi H, Saeki H, Tsuiki S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4330425/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"4330425","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:4344667","pmid":"4344667","doi":"10.1007/bf00307089","title":"Elimination of intranuclear glycogen and its transport to the cytoplasm in Ehrlich-Lettré mouse-ascites-tumour.","year":"1972","author":"Paweletz N, Granzow C.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4344667/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"4344667","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:4350046","pmid":"4350046","doi":"","title":"[Changes of hepatic glycogen, lactic acid, glucose-6-phosphatase activity and succinate dehydrogenase in the sourse of tumor development under the influence of B thymus extract].","year":"1973","author":"Potop I, Boeru V, Panaitiu G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4350046/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"4350046","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:4393511","pmid":"4393511","doi":"10.1016/s0021-9258(18)63021-2","title":"Biosynthesis of an O-alkyl analogue of phosphatidic acid and O-alkylglycerols via O-alkyl ketone intermediates by microsomal enzymes of Ehrlich ascites tumor.","year":"1970","author":"Wykle RL, Snyder F.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4393511/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:5047713","pmid":"5047713","doi":"10.1016/0005-2744(72)90011-3","title":"Inactivation of glycogen synthase by the tumor inhibitor vernolepin.","year":"1972","author":"Smith CH, Larner J, Thomas AM, Kupchan SM.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5047713/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"5047713","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:5073294","pmid":"5073294","doi":"10.1016/0014-2964(72)90048-5","title":"Studies of the liver glycogen of mice during the growth of a glycogen-free and a glycogen-containing subline of the Ehrlich-Lettré ascites tumour.","year":"1972","author":"Granzow C, Beheim P.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5073294/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"5073294","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:5075359","pmid":"5075359","doi":"10.1002/1097-0142(197209)30:3<749::aid-cncr2820300324>3.0.co;2-9","title":"Glycogen-rich adenoma of the parotid gland. An uncommon benign clear-cell tumor resembling certain clear-cell carcinomas of salivary origin.","year":"1972","author":"Goldman RL, Klein HZ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5075359/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, mechanism, or descriptive pathology is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:5148385","pmid":"5148385","doi":"","title":"[Phosphorylase and glycogen in epidermoid cancer of the lung and benign proliferations of the squamous epithelium of the bronchi].","year":"1971","author":"Badmaeva VV.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5148385/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"5148385","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:5224642","pmid":"5224642","doi":"","title":"[Cytochemical examinations of glycogen in the salivary cells in patients with cancer of the oral cavity].","year":"1966","author":"Danielewiczowa K.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5224642/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, mechanism, or descriptive pathology is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:529126","pmid":"529126","doi":"","title":"Radiotelemetric measurement of normal human small bowel motor activity during prolonged fasting [proceedings].","year":"1979","author":"Archer L, Benson MJ, Green WJ, Hardy RJ, Thompson DG, Wingate DL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/529126/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"529126","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:5443437","pmid":"5443437","doi":"","title":"Effect of alkylating agents on glycogen phosphorylase activity of ascites tumor cells.","year":"1970","author":"Tashiro T, Sakurai Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5443437/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"5443437","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:5443438","pmid":"5443438","doi":"","title":"Effect of alkylating agents on glycogen synthetase activity of ascites tumor cells.","year":"1970","author":"Tashiro T, Sakurai Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5443438/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"5443438","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:5466039","pmid":"5466039","doi":"","title":"[The effect of tumor development in the body on the deposition of glycogen in the liver].","year":"1970","author":"Tagi-Zade SB, Shapot VS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5466039/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"5466039","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:5556597","pmid":"5556597","doi":"10.3109/00365517109080222","title":"Human forearm muscle metabolism during exercise. VI. Substrate utilization in prolonged fasting.","year":"1971","author":"Hagenfeldt L, Wahren J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5556597/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"5556597","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:5845153","pmid":"5845153","doi":"","title":"[Mathematical analysis of body weight changes following complete prolonged fasting by human subjects].","year":"1965","author":"Shapiro IuL, Sternin LE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5845153/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"5845153","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:5956662","pmid":"5956662","doi":"","title":"Increase of glycogen and oligosaccharide contents in ascites tumor cells by action of nitrogen mustard.","year":"1966","author":"Tashiro T, Aoshima M, Sakurai Y.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5956662/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"5956662","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:6118869","pmid":"6118869","doi":"10.1073/pnas.78.11.7214","title":"Ketone-body metabolism in glioma and neuroblastoma cells.","year":"1981","author":"Patel MS, Russell JJ, Gershman H.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6118869/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Direct metabolic counterexample to universal ketone incapacity, but not a clinical diet trial.","assessmentId":"6118869","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:6147189","pmid":"6147189","doi":"","title":"Role of acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase in acetoacetate utilization by tumor cells.","year":"1984","author":"Tisdale MJ.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6147189/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Mechanistic evidence against universal inability to use ketones; clinical dietary effects untested.","assessmentId":"6147189","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:6183569","pmid":"6183569","doi":"10.1016/s0026-895x(25)15122-5","title":"Calmodulin inhibitors activate glycogen phosphorylase B to A conversion in C6 glioma cells.","year":"1982","author":"Norman JA, Staehelin M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6183569/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"6183569","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:6207036","pmid":"6207036","doi":"10.1055/s-0029-1210375","title":"Nucleic acids, glycogen deposition and adrenal gland steroidogenesis in rats with a pituitary mammotropic tumor (MtTF4).","year":"1984","author":"Klepac R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6207036/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Host effects of a hormone-secreting tumor, not evidence that fasting treats cancer.","assessmentId":"6207036","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:6255997","pmid":"6255997","doi":"10.1016/0005-2736(80)90389-2","title":"Plasma membrane heterogeneity in ascites tumor cells. Isolation of a light and a heavy membrane fraction of the glycogen-free Ehrlich-Lettré substrain.","year":"1980","author":"Haeffner EW, Kolbe K, Schroeter D, Paweletz N.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6255997/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Membrane fractionation and biochemical isolation methods in a glycogen-free tumor substrain; no test of fasting, cancer fuel dependence or relevant autophagy outcomes.","assessmentId":"6255997","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:6265468","pmid":"6265468","doi":"10.1083/jcb.89.3.475","title":"Role of nuclear glycogen synthase and cytoplasmic UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase in the biosynthesis of nuclear glycogen in HD33 Ehrlich-Lettré ascites tumor cells.","year":"1981","author":"Granzow C, Kopun M, Zimmermann HP.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6265468/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Biological capability, not dependence or a patient fasting outcome.","assessmentId":"6265468","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:6322985","pmid":"6322985","doi":"","title":"Effects of total parenteral nutrition and chemotherapy on the metabolic derangements in small cell lung cancer.","year":"1984","author":"Russell DM, Shike M, Marliss EB, Detsky AS, Shepherd FA, Feld R, Evans WK, Jeejeebhoy KN.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6322985/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, mechanism, or descriptive pathology is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:6354950","pmid":"6354950","doi":"","title":"Reduced uptake and esterification of free fatty acids during prolonged fasting.","year":"1983","author":"Wirth A, Ritthaler F, Roth A, Schlierf G.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6354950/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No nonfasting control or clinical event endpoint; small biopsy subset.","assessmentId":"6354950","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:6398316","pmid":"6398316","doi":"","title":"Insulin secretion in human obesity: effects of prolonged fasting and refeeding.","year":"1984","author":"Bolinder J, Engfeldt P, Gunnarsson R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6398316/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A reversible secretion change is not diabetes remission or permanent insulin reset.","assessmentId":"6398316","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:6417664","pmid":"6417664","doi":"10.1073/pnas.80.23.7170","title":"Modification of glycogen synthase activity in isolated rat hepatocytes by tumor-promoting phorbol esters: evidence for differential regulation of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase.","year":"1983","author":"Roach PJ, Goldman M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6417664/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Tumor-promoting chemicals were tested in isolated normal rat liver cells for enzyme regulation; this does not test cancer nutrient dependence or a fasting intervention.","assessmentId":"6417664","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:6418376","pmid":"6418376","doi":"","title":"Growth-related enzymatic control of glycogen metabolism in cultured human tumor cells.","year":"1984","author":"Rousset M, Paris H, Chevalier G, Terrain B, Murat JC, Zweibaum A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6418376/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Correlative cell physiology, not proof that glycogen depletion will kill tumors.","assessmentId":"6418376","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:6539682","pmid":"6539682","doi":"10.1007/bf01015214","title":"Metabolic effects of testosterone during prolonged physical exercise and fasting.","year":"1984","author":"Guezennec CY, Ferre P, Serrurier B, Merino D, Aymonod M, Pesquies PC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6539682/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Hormone manipulation confounds attribution to fasting; no human clinical outcome.","assessmentId":"6539682","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:6542054","pmid":"6542054","doi":"10.1016/0278-6915(84)90169-8","title":"Skin-tumour promoting activity of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide--a potent lipid-peroxidizing agent.","year":"1984","author":"Logani MK, Sambuco CP, Forbes PD, Davies RE.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6542054/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:6546172","pmid":"6546172","doi":"","title":"Cytochemical study on the glycogen content in neutrophils from peripheral blood of patients with gastrointestinal cancer.","year":"1984","author":"Sulowicz W.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6546172/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, mechanism, or descriptive pathology is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:6594997","pmid":"6594997","doi":"10.1042/bj2240067","title":"Turnover of succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid CoA-transferase in glioma and neuroblastoma cells. Specific influence of acetoacetate in neuroblastoma cells.","year":"1984","author":"Haney PM, Bolinger L, Raefsky C, Patel MS.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6594997/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Shows adaptive ketone-processing capacity, not a fasting treatment effect.","assessmentId":"6594997","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:6669932","pmid":"6669932","doi":"10.3109/00365528309181637","title":"The fasting levels and the postprandial response of gastroenteropancreatic hormones before and after prolonged fasting.","year":"1983","author":"Oktedalen O, Opstad PK, Waldum H, Jorde R.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6669932/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No independent nonfasting control, clinical benefit endpoint or universal timing inference.","assessmentId":"6669932","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:6724863","pmid":"6724863","doi":"","title":"Effect of prolonged fasting on heme metabolism in the rat.","year":"1984","author":"Lahav M, Schoenfeld N, Epstein O, Greenblat Y, Atsmon A.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6724863/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"A disease-model mechanism and potential safety signal, not a human treatment or risk-frequency estimate.","assessmentId":"6724863","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:679499","pmid":"679499","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2265.1978.tb03568.x","title":"Simultaneous study of cortisol, growth hormone and prolactin nyctohemeral variations in normal and obese subjects. Influence of prolonged fasting in obesity.","year":"1978","author":"Copinschi G, De Laet MH, Brion JP, Leclercq R, L'Hermite M, Robyn C, Virasoro E, Van Cauter E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/679499/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Small nonrandomized comparison; hormone elevation is not evidence of rejuvenation or clinical benefit.","assessmentId":"679499","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:6850533","pmid":"6850533","doi":"10.1002/1097-0142(19830701)52:1<105::aid-cncr2820520120>3.0.co;2-b","title":"Glycogen-rich tumor of the oral minor salivary glands. A histochemical and ultrastructural study.","year":"1983","author":"Chaudhry AP, Cutler LS, Satchidanand S, Labay G, Raj MS, Lin CC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6850533/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, mechanism, or descriptive pathology is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:6889494","pmid":"6889494","doi":"10.1007/bf02334064","title":"Effects of prolonged physical exercise and fasting upon plasma testosterone level in rats.","year":"1982","author":"Guezennec CY, Ferre P, Serrurier B, Merino D, Pesquies PC.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6889494/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Animal endocrine response; fasting and exercise conditions are distinct and cannot establish human benefit.","assessmentId":"6889494","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:7104307","pmid":"7104307","doi":"10.1021/bi00541a028","title":"Inhibition of hexokinase and protein kinase activities of tumor cells by a chloromethyl ketone derivative of lactic acid.","year":"1982","author":"Johnson JH, Zimniak A, Racker E.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7104307/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title","reasonCode":"chemical-word-match","reason":"Ketone refers to a chemical structure, drug, material or unrelated derivative rather than metabolic ketone-body use or a ketogenic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:7167010","pmid":"7167010","doi":"","title":"[Metabolic correlations of thyroid hormone changes induced by complete fasting in obese patients].","year":"1982","author":"Lefebvre J, Wemeau JL, Dhondt JL, Wemeau-Jacquemont C, Coliche V, Linquette M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7167010/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"7167010","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:7361502","pmid":"7361502","doi":"","title":"[Action of hydrazine sulfate on energy metabolism and glycogen synthesis in animal liver and tumor cells].","year":"1980","author":"Misheneva VS, Burova TM, Goriukhina TA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7361502/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"7361502","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."},{"id":"MED:7459858","pmid":"7459858","doi":"","title":"Presence of glycogen and growth-related variations in 58 cultured human tumor cell lines of various tissue origins.","year":"1981","author":"Rousset M, Zweibaum A, Fogh J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7459858/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Presence of glycogen does not establish that every cancer requires it to survive, or that fasting removes it. Fifty-eight cell lines are not 58 treated patients.","assessmentId":"7459858","access":"Original publisher abstract checked at Cancer Research, 1981;41:1165–1170; full methods not verified."},{"id":"MED:7569738","pmid":"7569738","doi":"10.3109/00365519509104973","title":"Hypercholesterolaemia of prolonged fasting and cholesterol lowering of re-feeding in lean human subjects.","year":"1995","author":"Thampy KG.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7569738/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Biomarker changes vary by measurement time; no cardiovascular outcome, randomized comparison or evidence of lasting benefit.","assessmentId":"7569738","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:7954294","pmid":"7954294","doi":"10.1002/1097-0142(19941101)74:9+<2734::aid-cncr2820741824>3.0.co;2-u","title":"The scope of nutrition intervention trials with cancer-related endpoints.","year":"1994","author":"Chlebowski RT, Grosvenor M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7954294/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title and indexed publication type","reasonCode":"secondary","reason":"Secondary synthesis or review; not a separate original outcome study. Retained for reference tracing.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:8108273","pmid":"8108273","doi":"10.1080/01635589309514291","title":"Alterations in postprandial glycogen and lipid synthesis in cachectic tumor-bearing rats.","year":"1993","author":"Emery PW, Carpenter TT, Obeid OA.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8108273/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Host liver metabolism in cancer wasting, not proof tumors require glycogen; no fasting treatment or survival test.","assessmentId":"8108273","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:8302151","pmid":"8302151","doi":"","title":"Prolonged fasting in pediatric outpatients does not cause hypoglycemia.","year":"1993","author":"Huang SJ, Lee KC, Lai YY, Su HP, Tsai YC, Yeh FC, Chang CL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8302151/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"procedural-fasting","reason":"Fasting concerns pediatric procedural preparation rather than a therapeutic intervention.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:833012","pmid":"833012","doi":"10.1007/bf00491071","title":"Intranuclear synthesized and native glycogen particles in human gastric cancer: ultrastructure and histochemistry.","year":"1977","author":"Ohyumi M, Takano S.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/833012/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Localization and synthesis do not establish essential fuel use or fasting-induced tumor killing.","assessmentId":"833012","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:8834942","pmid":"8834942","doi":"","title":"A case of \"eating disorder NOS\": aeromedical implications of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria.","year":"1996","author":"Berg JS, Moore JL.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8834942/","searches":["populations"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Fasting occurred with other disordered eating behaviors; one case cannot estimate incidence or show effects of supervised fasting.","assessmentId":"8834942","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:9200157","pmid":"9200157","doi":"10.1080/01635589709514559","title":"Effect of acute acipimox administration on the rates of lipid and glycogen synthesis in cachectic tumor-bearing rats.","year":"1997","author":"Obeid OA, Emery PW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9200157/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Drug effects on host metabolism during cancer wasting; no tumor starvation, fasting-benefit or survival conclusion.","assessmentId":"9200157","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:9374844","pmid":"9374844","doi":"10.1152/ajprenal.1997.273.5.f796","title":"Control of excretion of potassium: lessons from studies during prolonged total fasting in human subjects.","year":"1997","author":"Lin SH, Cheema-Dhadli S, Gowrishankar M, Marliss EB, Kamel KS, Halperin ML.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9374844/","searches":["prolonged"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Very small physiological experiments; participant overlap, fasting duration and clinical adverse-event rates not fully described in abstract.","assessmentId":"9374844","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:9405232","pmid":"9405232","doi":"10.1006/bbrc.1997.7732","title":"Mechanism of depletion of liver glycogen in cancer cachexia.","year":"1997","author":"Hirai K, Ishiko O, Tisdale M.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9405232/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Host glycogen loss during cancer wasting is not evidence that fasting removes cancer; no patient intervention.","assessmentId":"9405232","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:9507514","pmid":"9507514","doi":"10.1080/01635589809514641","title":"Glycogen synthesis in tumor-bearing rats after ingestion of a high-glycerol meal.","year":"1998","author":"Obeid OA, Alhamdan AA, Emery PW.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9507514/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Host liver metabolism, not cancer-cell glycogen dependence or a clinical fasting benefit.","assessmentId":"9507514","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:9581683","pmid":"9581683","doi":"10.1002/hep.510270515","title":"Interleukin 1beta and interleukin 6, but not tumor necrosis factor alpha, inhibit insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis in rat hepatocytes.","year":"1998","author":"Kanemaki T, Kitade H, Kaibori M, Sakitani K, Hiramatsu Y, Kamiyama Y, Ito S, Okumura T.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9581683/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"excluded","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Normal rat liver-cell cytokine signaling study. Tumor necrosis factor is a cytokine name here; no tumor model, fasting intervention or cancer fuel dependency was tested.","assessmentId":"9581683","access":"Original indexed abstract checked."},{"id":"MED:9619867","pmid":"9619867","doi":"10.1016/s0304-3835(98)00016-0","title":"Glycogen content in the gastric mucosa of partially resected stomach; a possible relationship with the development of cancer.","year":"1998","author":"Skwarski L, Namiot Z, Stasiewicz J, Kemona A, Kralisz M, Górski J.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9619867/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"assessed","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"Suggested cancer-risk connection was a hypothesis; no prospective risk estimate, glycogen-deprivation intervention or fasting comparison.","assessmentId":"9619867","access":"Original indexed abstract checked; full-text details not independently verified."},{"id":"MED:9714315","pmid":"9714315","doi":"10.1016/s0006-2952(98)00114-2","title":"In vivo inhibition of nitric oxide synthase gene expression by curcumin, a cancer preventive natural product with anti-inflammatory properties.","year":"1998","author":"Chan MM, Huang HI, Fenton MR, Fong D.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9714315/","searches":["cancer"],"status":"excluded","stage":"title-and-metadata","reasonCode":"outside-scope","reason":"Intervention, mechanism, or descriptive pathology is outside the fasting, cancer-fuel, and fasting-related autophagy scope.","checked":"2026-10-24"},{"id":"MED:996238","pmid":"996238","doi":"","title":"[Effect of irradiation with fast electrons on the uridine diphosphate glucose mechanism of glycogen synthesis in NKly tumors, spleen and liver of tumor bearing mice].","year":"1976","author":"Goriukhina TA, Misheneva VS, Burova TM, Seĭts IF.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/996238/","searches":["mechanisms"],"status":"source-unavailable","stage":"source-specific assessment","reason":"No indexed abstract was available and the checked original-source links did not yield readable methods/results. Retained as an access-limited record; not counted as evidence for or against a benefit.","assessmentId":"996238","access":"Bibliographic record checked; repository/publisher access attempted on 2026-10-24. Original results unavailable through the checked routes."}]}